TEST 3 Two American cities. I still remember my visit very/too clearly.

La diferencia entre las palabras very y too puede ser confusa para los estudiantes de ingls. very = muy too = demasiado La palabra very significa a un alto grado mientras la palabra too indica ue es e!cesivo "m#s de lo necesario$. The coffee is very hot. "El caf est# muy caliente.$ The coffee is too hot to drink. "El caf est# demasiado caliente para tomar.$

%ew &or' is very lively and plenty/ plentyful/full Plenty of means (enoug) and more*. It is used before singular uncountable and plural nouns. T)ere is plenty of time. Plenty of shops accept credit cards. Es como decir...m#s ue de sobra. T)e worst t)ing were t)e ta!idrivers. Apart from as'ing/ charging/costing
A product costs an amount of money. A seller c)arges an amount of money for a product.

T)ey didnt 'now )ow to get/arrive/reac) to places everyone )as )eard of+ li'e t)e Empire State. We arrived home at 8 pm. We got home at 8 pm. Ambas siginifican "llegamos a casa a la 8 de la tarde"+ si bien ,arrive, es un verbo un poco m#s formal. Esto no significa ue utili-ar ,get, sea vulgar ni muc)o menos. Es+ sencillamente+ m#s colo uial y por ello+ un poco m#s utili-ado. Sin embargo+ tambin es cierto ue+ cuando utili-amos ,get,+ es necesario indicar el lugar al ue llegamos+ cosa ue no sucede con ,arrive,. En los e.emplos anteriores no )ay diferencia+ dado ue )emos especificado a d/nde llegamos "a casa$. Sin embargo+ si uisisemos decir algo como0 "Deberan haber llegado hace una hora" "no estamos especificando a d/nde deber1an )aber llegado$+ dir1amos0 They should have arrived an hour ago + pero no They should have got an hour ago

2ara ue la segunda oraci/n fuese correcta+ deber1amos a3adir el lugar y decir algo como0 T)ey s)ould )ave got here an )our ago 4 Deberan haber llegadoaqu hace una hora

T)ey s)ould )ave got home an )our ago 4 Deberan haber llegado a casa hace una hora.
Las diferencias entre reach y arrive son las siguientes. 2ara empe-ar+ estos dos verbos significan lo mismo0 5llegar6+6 to get somew)ere6. 5Reach es un verbo transitivo, y arrive no lo es.Esto nos uiere decir ue6 reac)6 toma un complemento directo+ mientras ue arrive lleva preposici/n. 2or e.emplo en tu oraci/n con6 reac)60 I reac)ed !ondon at 7088 p.m. "9ecuerda ue para decir+ por e.emplo+ ,a las 3088 p.m, usamos la preposici/n AT0 ,at 3088 p.m,$ I arrived in London at 7088 p.m Si te fi.as+ 5arrive6 lleva preposici/n+ lo ue lo )ace un verbo intransitivo+ mientras ue 5reac)6 no lleva preposici/n y toma directamente el complemento+ ue en este caso es ,London,. %o ovidemos ue 5arrive lleva las preposiciones at e in.

:saremos 5arrive at para decir ue uno llega a un punto o lugar determinado en general+ como por e.emplo0 sc)ool+ t)e stadium+ etc; y usaremos 5arrive in con ciudades o pa1ses+ o incluso meses. 59eac)6 y 5arrive in/at6 son verbos casi intercambiables+ pero tienen una pe ue31sima variaci/n en el conte!to. 5Arrive6 representa la acci/n de manera concreta. 59eac)6 se usa cuando uno va de camino a un lugar. <eamos algunos e.emplos0 I arrived at sc)ool 4 Llegu a la escuela (Hecho concreto) I )ad to ta'e t)at way to reach sc)ool 4 Tuve que tomar ese camino para llegar a la escuela. ( ba de camino) I arrived in Santiago at 3088 p.m 4 Llegu a !antiago a las " de la tarde (Hecho concreto) I reached Santiago at 3088 p.m 4 Llegu a !antiago a las " de la tarde ( bas de camino a !antiago) & para finali-ar+ )ay una pe ue3a curiosidad con el sustantivo 5)ome6 y el verbo

5arrive6. =on ,)ome, no usamos preposiciones+ sino ue simplemente las obviamos. E.emplos0 I>m )ome 4 #sto$ en casa I left my passport )ome 4 De% mi pasaporte en la casa I arrived )ome 4 Llegu a casa.

I prefered boston to/t)an %& 2refer ? to & 2refer ? over & It sound more american englis). 2refer ? t)an & but to li'e ? better t)an &+ to rat)er @doA ? t)an &+ etc. TEST B. TEC2S. Temps are people w)o come to wor' w)en anyone else is ill or in/at/on holiday/s. De re uired of / for a temp.

A secretary is re uired to ma'e calls but actually/instantly/t)is time/ these days a computer programmer needs to manage programms. Apart from t)at/ as "ell as t)at+ I li'e ... Igual no usa actually por ue no )ay coma detr#s. TEST E. A STF9C I% TGE CF:%TAI%S. To powr down H diluviar. De soa'ed to t)e s'in. TEST I. Jirst day at a new sc)ool. I got into trouble sometimes but I don>t t)in' it did me any harm/ )urt / pain/ wrong.

&ou are uite rig)t+ Agostin. T)ese verbs and related nouns and ad.ectives are uite close in meaning and use+ but t)ere are a number of distinguis)ing c)aracteristics. hurt #verb$ If part of your body hurts+ you feel pain t)ere. If you hurtsomeone+ you cause t)em to feel pain. %ote t)at verbs t)at refer to p)ysical feelings "hurt+ ache+ etc$ can often be used in simple or progressive tenses wit) no difference in meaning0 Gave you been 'noc'ed overK Tell me w)ere it hurts / it>shurting. L Cy arm hurts.

 &ou>re hurting my arm. Fuc)M Non>t touc) me. T)at hurtsM &ou can also hurt someone%s feelings+ and cause t)em to feel emotional pain0 I t)in' s)e>s going to be hurt. I don>t t)in' s)e>ll ever fall in love again. O)at hurt me most was t)e betrayal. Gow could )e be)ave li'e t)atK hurt #noun&ad'ective$ The hurt t)at s)e felt was deep and would only be softened wit) t)e passing of time. T)ey were suffering from s)oc' but did not seem to be ot)erwise hurt.

in'ure #verb$ In t)e sentence describing people suffering from s)oc' above+hurt could be replaced by in'ured. If you in'ure somebody+ you cause p)ysical damage to part of t)eir body usually t)e result of an accident or t)roug) fig)ting0 A number of bombs )ave e!ploded+ seriously in'uringscores of people. T)e demonstrators in'ured a number of innocent people w)en t)ey started t)rowing stones. in'ured & in'ury #nouns$ & in'ured #ad'$ The in'ured were ta'en to )ospital by air4ambulance. Their in'uries were t)oug)t to be serious. Ge was not seriously in'ured+ t)oug) )is coac) too' )im off at )alf4time as a precaution. Two minutes of in'ury time were played at t)e end of t)e fist )alf.

"ound #verb$ If you "ound somebody+ you inflict p)ysical damage on part of t)eir body+ especially a cut or a )ole in t)eir fles) caused by a gun+ a 'nife or some ot)er weapon+ often in battle. T)ere was no escape. T)ey "ere mortally "ounded by t)e enemy fire. T)e driver of t)e 9ed4=ross ambulance "as "ounded by t)e s)rapnel. In Englis)+ it is often a matter of 'nowing w)ic) ad.ectives collocate wit) w)ic) nouns and w)ic) adverbs go wit) w)ic) verbs. In t)is particular word family+ t)e adverb4verb collocations are normally as follows0 badly hurt / seriously in'ured /mortally "ounded. &ou will also )ave noticed t)at wit) t)ese verbs t)e passive voice is often used. "ound #noun$ & "ounded #ad'$ T)e open "ound really needed stitc)es and too' a long time to )eal. T)e four "ounded men were ta'en to t)e field )ospital in t)e bac' of t)e Peep. Oe also )ave t)e e!pressions0 to rub salt into the "ound+ i.e. to ma'e an unpleasant situation even worse and to lick one%s"ounds+ i.e. to slowly recover after being defeated or made to feel as)amed or un)appy0 I didn>t want to rub salt into the "ound so decided not to mention Dob>s infidelity.

T)e Dritis) team could only retire and lick their "oundsafter suc) a compre)ensive defeat on Spanis) soil.

damage #verb$ It is t)ings t)at are damaged+ not people. (amage is t)e p)ysical )arm t)at is caused to an ob.ect. Core abstract ualities+ suc) as reputations and t)e economy can also be damaged. =ompare t)e following0 T)e car "as so badly damaged in t)e accident t)at it was barely wort) repairing. O)en )e got )ome+ )e discovered t)at t)e vase )e )ad boug)t had been damaged. If )e continues drin'ing li'e t)at+ )is reputation as a defence lawyer "ill be damaged. Gig) inflation "as damaging t)e country>s economy. damage #noun$ & damaged #ad'$ Gowever+ we can also spea' of someone being brain) damaged"not brain4in.ured$ or suffering brain damage. Dut t)is is an e!ception. %ormally damage relates to inanimate ob.ects0 2rofessional bo!ers sometimes suffer irreversible braindamage. It was a )uge bomb and the damage caused to t)e s)opping precinct was uite e!tensive. Oe also )ave t)e informal e!pression0 What%s the damage* meaning >O)at is the damage to my purse or my poc'etK> in ot)er words0 O)at do I owe you in payment for t)is service or t)ese goodsK0 T)an's very muc) for t)e wor' you )ave done on t)ose curtains. What%s the damage* harm #verb$ 2eople F9 t)ings can be harmed or physically damaged0 T)e ban' robbers were an!ious not to harm anyone. Oit)out doubt+t)e burning of fossil fuels harms t)e environment in w)ic) we live harm #noun$ Oe )ave a number of e!pressions wit) t)e noun harm w)ic) are confusingly similar0 "ill come to no harm+ it "ill do no harm toQ+ there%s no harm inQ+ no harm done0 Oill my dog be all rig)t wit) youK L Ge>ll be fine. Ge>ll come to no harm in my garden. It "ill do / can do no harm to remind )im to ta'e t)e medication before )e goes to bed. S)e mig)t not agree+ but there%s no harm in as'ing )er to postpone t)e meeting. I>m sorry to cras) into you li'e t)atM Are you all rig)tK L I>m fine. +o harm done, harmful & harmless #ad's$ -armful and harmless describe somet)ing t)at )as or does not )ave a bad effect on somet)ing else0 Ge loo's uite ferocious and bar's uite loudly+ but )e>s uite harmless. T)e harmful effects of smo'ing on people>s )ealt) is well4documented. If you would li'e more practice more please visit our .essage /oard in t)e 0ou, .e and 1s part of our website.

1p till then = hasta entonces.

H NripH goteo; dropH soltar+ caer; spillH derramar+ verter. TEST R. TGE 2A2E9 =GASE " .uego de pistas$ 2repositions S Time Englis) on in days of t)e wee' mont)s / seasons time of day year :sage E!ample on Conday in August / in winter in t)e morning in T88R in an )our at nig)t at t)e wee'end at )alf past nine since U7V8 for T years T years ago before T88I ten to si! "B0B8$ ten past si! "R0U8$ from Conday to/till Jriday Ge is on )oliday until Jriday. I will be bac' by R o*cloc'. Dy UU o>cloc'+ I )ad read five pages.

after a certain period of time (&hen') for night

at

for &ee(end a certain point of time (&hen')

since for ago before to past to / till / until till / until

from a certain point of time "past till now$ over a certain period of time "past till now$ a certain time in t)e past earlier t)an a certain point of time telling t)e time telling t)e time mar'ing t)e beginning and end of a period of time going to last

in t)e sense of ho& long something is in t)e sense of at the latest

up to a certain time

by

Prepositions 2 Place #Position and (irection$ Englis) in :sage room+ building+ street+ town+ country boo'+ paper etc. car+ ta!i E!ample in t)e 'itc)en+ in London in t)e boo' in t)e car+ in a ta!i

Englis) picture+ world

:sage

E!ample in t)e picture+ in t)e world at t)e door+ at t)e station at t)e table at a concert+ at t)e party at t)e cinema+ at sc)ool+ at wor' t)e picture on t)e wall London lies on t)e T)ames. on t)e table on t)e left on t)e first floor on t)e bus+ on a plane on T<+ on t)e radio Pane is standing by / ne!t to / beside t)e car. t)e bag is under t)e table t)e fis) are below t)e surface put a .ac'et over your s)irt over UR years of age wal' over t)e bridge climb over t)e wall a pat) above t)e la'e wal' across t)e bridge swim across t)e la'e drive t)roug) t)e tunnel go to t)e cinema go to London / Ireland go to bed go into t)e 'itc)en / t)e )ouse go B steps towards t)e )ouse .ump onto t)e table a flower from t)e garden

meaning ne)t to* b$ an ob%ect for table

at on for events place w)ere you are to do somet)ing typical "watc) a film+ study+ wor'$ attac)ed for a place wit) a river being on a surface for a certain side "left+ rig)t$ for a floor in a )ouse for public transport

for television* radio

by+ ne!t to+ beside under below over left or rig)t of somebody or somet)ing on t)e ground+ lower t)an "or covered by$ somet)ing else lower t)an somet)ing else but above ground covered by somet)ing else

meaning more than getting to t)e ot)er side "also across$

overcoming an obstacle )ig)er t)an somet)ing else+ but not directly over it

above

across

getting to t)e ot)er side "also over$

getting to t)e ot)er side

t)roug)

somet)ing wit) limits on top+ bottom and t)e sides movement to person or building movement to a place or country

to

for bed
into towards onto from enter a room / a building

movement in t)e direction of somet)ing "but not directly to it$ movement to t)e top of somet)ing

in t)e sense of &here +rom

Englis)

:sage

E!ample

4 T)e first people to reac) t)e finis) win t)e award/ price / pri3e& reward.

4"ards

Re"ards

4 re"ard is something 4n a"ard is an honor #such as a medal or #usually money$ given in trophy$ that is conferred for merit, .eaning5 return for a person%s usually after a decision made by a service, merit, hardship, committee of 'udges etc. A pri-e is an award given to someone in recognition of an ac)ievement. In contrast+ a price is an amount of money "or some ot)er currency$ t)at you pay to obtain owners)ip of somet)ing. Fnce again+ t)is mista'e is uite popular among Werman native spea'ers because in Werman+ t)e word ,reis encompasses bot) meanings. T)ere were a lot of audience/ sig)tseers/spectators/watc)ers+

One that watches or observes . Xue vigila+ vaya.

Spectator H observa un evento+ de forma m#s pasiva por asi decirlo.. To wander H vagar+ pasearse+ deambular. TEST V. arctic encounter. 4 T)ey )ave set/ gone /put/ left out to reac) t)e %ort) 2ole by foot/ on foot. Set outH salir de via.e+ emprender un via.e.
T)e correct preposition is on alt)oug) people tend to use by. At an e!am+ always c)oose on foot.

Living on vegetables. H <ivir de verduras. TEST 7. T)e first lady of crime A boo' s)ows attractive T)ey will e!plain to us / us t)e rules
The indirect object of "explain" is ALWAYS introduced by "to".

2ass / spend t)e time

De convicted. to pronounce (someone) guilty of an offence TEST U8. A DFFY 9E<IEO.

TF 2:T :2 H NA9 ALFPACIE%TF. Electric s)oc' 0 occurs upon contact of a ")uman$ body part wit) any source of electricity t)at causes a sufficient current t)roug) t)e s'in+ muscles+ or )air.

Z NE9I<ATES. Jail Z To be failures 0 ser fracasos. =ourage Z encouragement. Wift Z Wifted " people$+ relacionado con la velocidad mental...

(on%t look a gift horse in the mouth H a caballo regalado no mires dientes.

=ontinous / continual.
Continual means repeated but with breaks in between chronic. !"ample# $he continual problem of our car not starting forced us to sell it. Continuous means without interruption in an unbroken stream of time or space. !"ample# $he continuous dripping of the faucet drove me cra%y.

Accompany S accompaniment. =)eer S c)eerfully Delieve S beliefs. Noubt S doubtful Cobile4inmobilice 9etire4 retirement. Warm 2 "armth !ong)length "ide)"idth)"iden "ampliar$. 6trong)strengthen 6ell)sale. 6ettle)settlement In these sentences, that and which are introducing whats known as a restrictive relative clause. This is a clause containing essential information about the noun that comes before it. If you leave out this type of clause, the meaning of the sentence is affected indeed, it will probably not make much sense at all. Restrictive relative clauses can be introduced by that, which, whose, who, or whom. The other type of relative clause is known as a non-restrictive relative clause. This kind of clause contains e tra information that could be left out of the sentence without affecting the meaning or structure. !onrestrictive clauses can be introduced by which, whose, who, or whom, but you should never use that to introduce them.