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j.1.. _,! _::. j> o, _,1& _., L _31,.1s
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\ # ) \ (

1l& ,. o <, _::. ,1. : floting point number
e

X d(0.d . d4..dk) b ` b

,l.1.
D1#0 0<d1(b-1)
1. ) _!3 ( e o3: = k

B 2 b15 b8 b16
HYa decimat octal decimat
binary

1l& ,x oa, fe(x)
1l. : x 14.128 fe(x) 0.
14128 ` 10

\ `
` \
` ) ::. = ( I * ` + I * Y + \ * I = I ) `Y\ = ( x

1l. : ` ) `\,\ = ( \ ) x (
\ ) ``` = ( ` ) `\ (

\
\ `\
\ Y Y `\
` \ +
-----
----- --
--
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` `,+ = \ * I .
\ ) `` . ``` = ( ` ) `\,\ ( ` `,\ =
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,\ = \ * ,\


J.1. :1. o3: : single and double presision

1. o, o,, oJ> .;. o, o,, &,

,l.1. o, o,, 1 o.,, :&1, :1. o3: i!
'
,l.1. o, o,, & 1>l :&1, J.1. o3: i!
1l. : z 2.2 x 46. 8609 y46.8607

z
o3:1, single k3
? = --------

x-y
\,\
z
? = ------------------------ = ---------
\+,I+ - \+,I+ x-y


\,\ \,\ z

Double + = k \ = k = ------------- = -------- -------
--- = ----
Y -
\+,I+Y - \+,I+ x-y

`,` * ` =
` - L L ` - L
e
Under fl0W , , : xd(0.d1d2 .dk)b `b>(0.1) b`b b`b b


L-1
3eps = o.,. J <& ::. _,s& > ----
xl b
X0 > --- X4 < [ X [ IF
-

Over flow , . :
U e
X d ( 0.d1 d2 .. Dk) b ` b < 1`b


u
_sx ::. _,i, > ----- xu b


o,1 _, if [x[> xu ---- > x inf

_:& L3 _:& :. : Rounding and chapping
e
3 13 _:& L3 :. k x d( 0.d1 d2 ... dk )
b ` b

e
_:& L3 f1c (x ) d ( 0.d1 d2 .. Dk ) b ` b


e
D ( 0.d1 d2 ..dk) b ` b if 0<d < B/2
F1r ( x ) k k+1
E -----------
D( 0.d1d2 . dk)+(0.0 0 .1) ] B`B IF B/2<d <B-1
K+1 ----------
k-1

X23.368 y23.381 k2 : 1l.

\
\
F1(x) 0. 23368 `10 f1(y)0.23381` 10
\
\
K4 f1c(x) 0.2336 ` 10 f1c(y) 0.23` 10
\ 2
F1R(X) 0.2334 ` 10 F1R(Y)0.23 `10
1L>
ERROR

i! a ! _,,J3 a 1s.! :&1, Eaabcdut Error (a) AE ( a) [a- a
[


[ a-a [

Ea Relative Error (a) RE (a) --------

[ a [


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1l. : ::. Y,`\ = A _,,J3 !:J. 1, ! -
----- :,>: _1&.

Y
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Y
Ea [a - a[ [0.31428`10-0.31415`10[
\ -
`
0.31415`10 0.000 13`10 0.13 `10 Y,`\`: = A a
\ -
Y - ,`Y * ` Ea
Ea--------------------- 0.413815`10
a[ 0.31415`10 [
<ls. : ,l& _. :1Jl.! &,, _,.. _1L> ! j.1.. : <&,-
!, :

[ a-a [ [ Na-Na [
E Na N[a-a[NEa ENa ---------------- --------- Ea
[ a [ [ Na [

_::. o1,.1s : 1L> 1&l. :
` - - ,'== : --',- .-'= .,- -, '- '--- -, -,-- -'- .
`
x X x x
e 1 ----- ----- ------ Error c -------
n! n ! ! `
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x x x
sin x 1 ----- ------ - ------ ..
! ` ! ` !
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` - `
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^


10 * `` ~ ---- ` * ``

` * ` ~ ----- ` * `
Ron ----- ~0.1*10 ---------------------
ha ---- ~ 0.139 * 10 ~ ------ ` * `











( ,- : I1 ( I1 (x) I1 (y) ) x y # x-y
-
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0.37*10

`` * `
Ron 0.37 * 10 ---------------------

ha 0.377 *10 ~ ------- ``` * `

( - :

1 ( I1 (x) * I1 (y) ) x Oy # x*y
` -
.'`- : 03000 * 0.697 0 . 03 * 10 * 0.197 * 10
` -
`` * `

* `
---------------------
ron0.79 * 10
~ ---- `` * ` `` * `

ha 0.793 * 10

- ( ,--- :
# x y 1( I1 (x) . I1(y) ) x ` -
- .'` : ` - ` * ` `
``^`` * ` ---------------- -------------
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ron 0.22 * 10 `` * `
-
0.2220 * 10 ha 0.22 * 10

,'- ' , ,' '-= -- - '- - -' , '- , - ' -- - , '- x 1.07 - '-= - - -
-,,' ---- '-' _--- , '=- ,'== , -,- '-= '-= .
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2.7 x 2.9 x 3.16 x .67





- 1 (x) 0.107 * 10 k3

`
-- -'= ,-- ,'- - -- x I1 ( I1 (x) * I1 (x) )
0.107 *10
0.107 *10 2
1(x)0.11*10 ---------------
`
0.0 11 * 10 0.11 * 10


X : I1 ( I1(2.7) * I1 (x) ) 2.7
``` * `
1 ( 2.9 x) 0.336 * 10 `` * `
` ---------------
0.3363 * 10 0.3363 * 10
16 x I1 ( I1 (x) * I1 ( 3.16) )

` * `
`
`` * `
`
--------------- I1 ( 3.16 x ) 0.336 * 10
`
10 * 0.3312 0.3312 * 10



















10 * 67
10 * 0.332
10 * 0.336
---------------------------
` -
0.00 * 10 - 0. * 10 -1 1
- 0. * 10 - 0.00 * 10
`
0.33 * 10 0.33 * 10
--------------- ----------------
`
0.33 * 10
0.33 * 10
67 * 10
----------------
_-,-- '--- _,'+- ',= * `

`
2.7 ( 1.07) 2.9 (1.07 ) 3.16 ( 1.07 ) .67 -1.29737 --'- '---
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a a a 0.133 * 10 0.12973667 * 10 0.0326132

Ea 0.0326132
a -------- ---------------------- 0.021376
a 0.127367*10

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23 0.2321
3 967 .
-
---- ,-- _''= ,''= w 0.111111 * 10
_-,-- '--- _', '--- '=- ,'== _--- ,'==
- -
0.1092 * 10 2321 0.309 10 0.372 * 10

.... .... ..... ......

- -
0.1 199 0. * 10 0.3713 * 10

..... .... ... .....


-
( y O x ) O w 0.737 * 10 .27 0. * 10 0.100

O ... ... .... ....


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-
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a-a 0. * 10
x 23 0.6666 ... X0.66667














0.66699293

x-x10 .666 .. 0. 666671 0.000003333
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x -'- ,=- _-- '- _- .
x-y 0.666 .. 0.66699293 0.0003317
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x-y 0.3317 * 10 0. * 10

y ,=- _-- '- -'- . -n
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`'
3.11926 H

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X 22 7 3.119292
3 113 3.119292
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````^ ` k3 2.236


- - -
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E a Ea E , Ea- Ea E


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A 0.2 * 3.12 * 0.333 * 2.236 0.2 Ea

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A 0.6 ER 0.2 EA
ETOT

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0.6 - 0.00132 n 3 0.6 0.00132













'+',- , _-',- ,'== : '' _-'- W ( X1 , X2 .., Xn) ,-- , xi xi Ex ,-' - --'-


--' , ,- - .-'= ,'== '--- . I ( x1 , x2 , x3 , .xn ) E I I ( x1 , x2 , .. xn)
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EI gIgx1 Ex1 gI gx2 Ex2 .. gI gxn Exn

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X 3 1.333 * Ex , Ex 0. * 10
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x 3.12 Ey , Ey 0. * 10
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V xyz E ( 1.333) ( 3.12 ) ( 1.667) E

- 19.01 92 # E
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ETOT 0.02 19.02 0.02 V 19 . 02 0.0 2











`
`
,-- : _-'- ( X,,Z) X Z -,,' ---- ' --- -'=,' ,'== `'-= --' --- --'- , ,-'-- ,'-'--
( K ) X .123 , 1.23 , Z 1. 00 2

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-,,' ---- ' , '+-'-= ' .-'= ,'== , _-,-- '--- . -'' ( a ( 1 a


1.621 - 0.0013 a 1.621 0.0013

0.27 0.0002 1 a 0. 27 0.0002

,-- : '--- x , y --' ,-, ,- - Ea ` x 123000

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'=- ,'== '--- log ( x y ) -,,' ---- ' .

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,-- : _'- -,'- -='-- --'=- ---,'=- ( r 3.1) '+ -- '- .




















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` - '-' - -- , -
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` - --'- '- , ` - , A ,-'

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` - '-' - -- , :

,- : _-'- '' I --'-- a, } ,'- -''-' --'- --,, y ,- I(a) , I() '--- -, x0 ,- A,
_-- - --' -,=, :
y

I(0) ()

(x0) y0
(x0) y0
(a)
x
y0 a

,-' - - ,- - '-,-',

'' I -'- - a,} , --'- --,, I( a) I() 0 '--- -, -''-' ,- a, _-- - --' -,=,-

( ) Q ', _-'- -, I -,- -',= .

_'--,, _-'- I ) . `
I()
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(a)
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I(x) y
2a332 32

1 21
1a11 2
a

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Ste 1 aa1 , 1 , 1 a11 2
--' -, 1 II I( 1) 0

II I( 1 ) # 0 I( 1 ) I(a1) 0 a2 a1 , 21 or 2

( a1) I( 1) ~ 0 a2 1 , 2 1 or

Ste 2 2 a2 2 2
-,- =- :
an n t0 1
xn1 - xn t01
an n an t01






t
I

I

t


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Start
X1, x2 , Q--,';'
Y1f(x1)
Y2f(x2)
Y1`y2<0


X1-x2[< t 01 [
X2x3
Y1`y2<0
X3x1+x2/ 2
Y3 f( x 3 )
X1x3
X3x1+x2/2
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End
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t


` -
_-'- -, .'`- I(x) x x 10 -- '- ' ` -,,' ---- .
-
ToI 10
`
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`
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a 1 I (1) - 0

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( x) n ann2 n an n
``` `` 2 `
1.796 ``` 1. ` `
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-'-- ,--' , --- -''-- ', ,-- -, ,'- , ,' . --`= ,,- -, ,' _,-- - _-'- ,
-- _-- .

--'- _-- -'-=- -, - '-, ,'- _--'-- , .

, _,''- -+= ` ,''- -'-- --'=- ,- . S

_-'- '' -'- - a , } , --'- --,, I(a) I() 0 , --'- .s ''--- -, n


`'






n
- ''- } ,,= - -- _- -,',- n -a 2

n -, _-,-- '--- --'- _- .

` X1 u a 2 '-`'
2a 2 x2 u a 2

n
xn u a 2
n
n a 2 .- .'`-

- - -
n to I 10 a 2 10 or 2-1 2 10

- n lx2 - 1x10 n ~13.2 n ~ 1

Itraitio metho

` --'- '- , ) : -', (

,- : _-'- '' I -'- - a,} ,- - ' _-'- ,' , --'- --,, x g (x) - ,'- ,,=- ,-,,--
X ,-= ' a, ,-'- --'- : g(x) c a, } _-'- -''-' g ( x ) '' , -,- -',= --'` =-- -, ,''-
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( x) 0 x g(x) yx
g(x)
`
X 10 x - 0

`
`-
X - x 10 g (x )







x g(x)
e

y I(x)


x


'-`' : u g(x) I( u) 0 u --' -,

(u ) I(u) 0 u

g ( x) I(x) x x u g ( u) I(u) u I(u) 0

I ( u) 0 u g (u)

g (x) I( x) x
x 0 x( u) I(u) u g ( u) u

--'- '- , : _-'- '' I ( x) '- - - a, } , --'- --,, I ( u) 0 , u g( u) =,'- -=- --'-
-,,''' --'-- n 0,1,2,3, .. X n1 g ( xn)

_-'- -, -, --- - I ( x) -,- -',= ''- . y x y1 g(x0) x1
(x0) y(x2)
g(x) y
y(x1)

y2 g(x2) x2

yx y
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x
`
g(x) X0 _-'-,- _,''-
2
(x0) g(x1)

-=',-, _,''-

X0



g (x) yx y


g (x0)
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X
-', , : X0

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- - ,'' '- =,'- _-
- .,- ' --'--' '- _-'- --'=- x n1 y ( xn)

,'''- =,'- :
` - x c a, } g (x) c a, }

` - x c a, } : g (x) } 1

X n1 g ( xn) '-`' g(x) 1

'' u --'- -, : u g (x)
X n1 u g (x n ) - g (u)

(xn ) g (x n) g ( u) xn u g (xn) g ( u) ( xn u) g( xn) x n1 u g (x)
(xn u)

En xn u
En 1 x n 1 u
``

-',- en 1 ' -, en _- -= -, --- - -',- , --'- _- ,- .

( x) e n 1 en g (x ) 1





























,-- : , .S -,- --'--' , `-'- .= -+= ' -,- '-, --'-- --'- -, '---' - . _--- - - ' -, -
` -,, '-- --'=-
x
1) e x 2 0
-x
2) 2e - sin x 0

1) 1.162 , 1. 1
start
X1 Q- -,'; ',
X2g (x1)
X1-x2[< t01 [
X2 ~';=
end
X1x2
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-,,- , . ,-- ' : y I(x)


Tan I (x0) I(x0) x0 x1

( x0 x1) I ( x0) I(x0)
u
X0 I(x0) I(x0) x0 X2 x0 X3


X1 x0 I(x0) I(x0)


X n 1 xn I(xn) I( xn) n 0,1,2,3,,....

X n1 xn I( xn) I ( xn)

X n1 g ( xn) _,''- = - g( x) 1


g (xn) xn - I( xn) I( xn )

` `
g ( xn ) 1- I( xn) I(xn) I(xn) I(xn) I(xn) } I(xn) * I(xn) I(xn) }



`
I(xn) I(xn)
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g ( x) u
X n 1 u g ( xn) g ( u)
g ( xn) - ,',- ,- =-- '-'- ' x u ,- =- '-= '- ,- _- '=-'

`
( xn) g ( u) ( x- u) g ( u) ( x- u) g (S) 2 ! * X S u

`
( u) I ( u) I ( u) I ( x) } 0

`
X n 1 u g ( u) ( x- u) g ( s ) 2! - g ( u)

`
X n 1 u ( x- u) g ( s ) 2!

X n 1 u e n 1 xn - u en
`
---'- --' ,- =- '+-,' ,- =-' y ax `
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Start
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[x1 - x2 [< to1
X2 ~';=
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`

( x ) x os x
Xn os xn
(x) 1 sin x x n1 xn -
1 sin xn

X0 3 x1 3 os 3
1sin 3
Xn n

- ``^` . `
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( x) 7x x n1 xn - xn ````
1.21
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X1 1- 1 - 1.3937
7
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( x) 3 os x - e xn
3 xn sin xn - e
X n 1 xn - xn
3 os xn - e

`
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Roots 6.71106






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X roots (I)
- 3.7913 , 1.610 , 0.7913 , -0.610

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I 1
(1) (1) ) ` (
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-,-=- ,'-- Iinite iIIerene : '-' _-, x --- _- --'--' -`-=' , ' --'- '-, .-'- .,-= -
. ` . ,-, .-'- Iorwar iIIerene : (
A Ii Ii1 Ii
`
--
A Ii A Ii1 - A Ii Ii 2 - Ii 1 - Ii1 Ii Ii 2 2Ii 1 Ii
N n n-1
A Ii A Ii 1 - A Ii

, .-'- ( assewor iIIerene ) : Ii Ii Ii -1 D

i D Ii - DI1 (I Ii- 1 ) ( Ii-1 Ii- 2 ) Ii 2Ii 1 D
N n-1 n-1
DIi D Ii - D Ii 1

,- .-'- ( enter iIIerent ) : s Ii Ii1 - Ii- 1

`
S Ii sIi 1 - sIi 1 ( Ii2 - Ii ) - ( Ii Ii 2 ) Ii 1 - 2Ii Ii 2
















-,,- ,-, .-'- .,- : ( N)
h xi1 - xi '' .,=
x- xi
s
n

(n) ) ` ) ( ` (
P n (x) I0 (x- x0 ) I0 (x- x0 ) ( x- x1) I0 .. ( x- x0 ) ..( x- xn-1) I0
X- x0 sh

A Ix x1- I0 ) ` (
-
0
X1-x0 h
`
(x- x0) (x-x1) (x- x0 ) ( x- x0 x0 x1) sh (sh h ) s ( s -1 ) h
Sh sh - sh
` ` ` `
(2) I1 I0 A Io n AI0
0
X2 x0 2h 2h

N s(s-1) 2 s(s-1)(s-2) 3 s(s-1) (s-2) ..(s n1)
Pn(x) I0 s A I0 A I0 A I0 . AI0
2! 3! N!

S(s-1) 2 s(s-1)(s-2) 3 s(s-1)(s-2)..(s- n1 ) n
Pn (x) Ii sAIi A Ii AIi .. A Ii
2! 3! N!

S s! s(s-1).(s- x1) s
: k } , 0 } 1 --
(s-k) ! k! k!

N n n n n-1 n n-2 2
(a) 0 } a 1 } a 2 } a ...


S s 2 s n
P n (x) Ii 1 } A Ii 2 } A Ii . n } A Ii




=,- : .,- N ='-- ,'- ) ='-- _-', ,- ( -, _- '- .,-= ,, . ,-- XI - '--- ,-,-- '
X ,,' _- - - .

.'`- : -,,''' --'=- ---,'=- --'- _- ,- , .,-= 2.1 : log ( 2.1) ?

`
A I

A Ii

Ii A
`
A Ii

I A

itan(xi)

x








X1-x20.139



X0 2
```
-`



-


- ``

- ``

``




-

-

-
```

- ``

0.3779

``

``

`
``

^``

``

``

````
X1 2.2

X2 2.

X3 2.6

X 2.

X 3


I 1
x- xi 2.1 2.2
H 0.2 , s - 0.2
H 0.2
S(s-1) 2 s(s-1)(s-2) 3 s(s-1)(s-2)(s-3)
( 2.1) ( 2.1) I0 s AI AI0 AI0 AI 0
2! 3! !
(- 0.2) ( - 0.2 1 )
P(2.17) 0.30103 (- 0.2) ( 0.0136) ( - 0.0036)
2
(- 0.2)(- 0.2 1) (- 0.2 -2) (- 0.2)(-0.2-1)(-0.2-2)(- 0.2-3)
(0.0007) * (- 0.0001)
`
P ( 2.13) 0.332
'-= ,-'- log (2.1) 0.3323

,-- : =-' y --= - ' x --,-=- - '- ` -,,' ---- , .,-= ,' --'- ' --'--' '- .






` `` ` x
` ` `` y



` - `
Ans : y 1.022 x - 0.002 x 1.766 * 10 x ( - 0 )
-^


,-- : .,- -'- -,,- , ' --'--' '- ' _-'- '--- , --'- .,-- ' -,-=- -`-=' .,-= , ,' --'- ,'-
=- _-'- ` -,- '-= ,- , .

X 0 0.2 0. 0.6 0.

P 1 1.16 1.6 2. 3.6




























-,,- , _-', ,- .,- : Newtons akwar Irmol
N
,- _- --'--' , .,- ' ,''- --'- ' ,'+--' - .,-= - - -,- =-- ,-,- - .
(1) (2) (n)
Pn (x) I0 (x-x0) I0 (x-x0) (x-x1) I0 .. (x-x0)(x-x1).(x-xn-1)I0
-

S x-xi
H
I0
X-x0 sh
1-I0 I1
0
x-x0 h
` h
(x-x0) (x-x1) sh ( x- x0 x0-x1) sh ( sh h ) s(s1) h

0 2I2
2h2

S(s 1) 2 2 s(s1)(s2) 3 s(s1)..(sn-1) n
Pn(x) I0 s DI1 DI DI3 . DIn
2! 3! N!



DI
`
DIi

DIi

I

x



DI3

`
I2

I3

VI1

I2

VI3
0

1

2



3
X0

X1

X2



X3

S(s1) 2 s(s1)- ..(sn- 1) n
Pn(x) In s In In ... In
2! N!



=,- : '=' ' =- , -'-- _ '- '--- ='=' ' , , , , .-'- .,-= --'- ,'-'-'- = .
A I0 I1 I0
A I0 I1
V I1 I1 I0


3 A
`
A I2

A I

I

x



0 A

`
A I 0
`
A I 1

0 A

1 A
`
A I1
0

1

2

3
X0

X1

X2

X3

S(s1) 2 s(s1) .(sn-1) n
P n (x) In s In-1 A In-2 .. A I0
2! N!
s1 2 sn-1 n s
Pn(x) In 1 } A I n 1 2 } A I n- 2 . n } A I 0

-,,''' '--- , .,-= ' --'--' '- 2.a -,- '-= ' . 2.a ) ? log (

`
I A

I A

Ii A
`
Ii A

Ii A
(x)log (x) x
`` ` X0 2
`` - ``` `` X1 2.2
- `` - `` ^`` X2 2.
- ` - `` - ``` `` `` X3 2.6
- `` ` `` X 2.
```` X 3

S(s1) 2 s(s1)(s2) 2 s(s1)(s2)(s3) 2
Ps (x) Is s AI AI3 A I2 AI1
2! 3! ! S(s1)(s2)(s3)(s) 2
A I0
!
(- 0.)(- 0.1)
Ps(2.2) 0.7712 ( - 0.)(0.02996) (- 0.0022) ... 0.623971
`

Log (2.) 0. 61397997


-,,- ,- _-', ,- .,- : Newtons enteral Irmol
`
N I
- '---' - ,-'- x ,- _- ,'-'-'- , .- - ' .
X0 x0
X1x0h
X2 x0-h
X3 x02h
X x0 2h
,- _- ,','= -,,- .-'- .,- - ' ,-'-- ,' .'= . --'- -,',= :
S(s1) 2 s(s1)(s-1) 3
Pn (x) I0 s A I1 A I 1 A I 1 ..
A I I1 I0 2! 3!

S 12 I 12 A I s 12 A
S 12 I 12 I1 I0
S(s1)
Pn(x) I 0 I 12 I1 ...
2!
,- _- , ='-- ,'- ' -,,- ,--- .-'- .,- .= .
X0 x0
X1 x0 h s(s-1) 2
X2 x0h n(x) I0 s I - 12 sI 1 .
2!
X3 x0 2h
X x0 2h
- '=- - ,'+',- - ` , ` ,- _- _-= '- ' .

S(s I 12 s I 12 ) s 2 s(s -1) 2 2
Pn(x) I0 sI 1 (( s I 32 s I 32 ))
2 2! 3!
` `
S( s-1)
S I -2 ..
! `








`

2 3
X I A I I A Ii A Ii A Ii

x-2 I-2 1
A I -2 2
x-1 I-1 1 A I-2 3
x0 I0 A I -1 A I 2
`
A I 0 A I-1 A I-2
`
2 A I 0 x1 I1
1 A
` ` ` ` ` X2 I2
( AI0 AI-1) s 2 s(s-1) ( AI -1 AI -2 ) s(s-1)
Pn (x) I0 A I -1 AI-2
2 2! 3! 2 !

2 2 2 2 2 2
S(s-1)(s-2) A I2 A I -3 s( s-1)( s-2) 6
( ) A I -3 .
! 2 6!

2n-1 2n-1 ` ` ` ` `
) A I-n A I n 1 ) ( s(s-1)( s-2) .(s-(n-1) (
(2n-1) ! 2
` ` ` ` ` `
S(s-1)(s-2)-(s-(n-1))
2nI-n
(2n)!

















* ,-,- - n - -,- _-- --,- .,- =' '-= --'- . '' , n ,-,,- _- --'- , .
.'`- : '--- , .,-= - =,- '- I ( 1.) -,- ',- =- ,-'- '- ' .



I A

i A
`
i A

i A

(x)

x




`^



```

`````


- `````

- ^^
````


- `````

- `^^

- ```^

- ````

`````

`^

````

`^`^`^

```
X2 1

X1 1.3
``
X0 1.6

X1 1,9

X2 2.2


` ` ` ` `
A I-1 A I -2 s(s-1) s s(AI0AI-1)
P (x) I0 s I-1 ( )
` ! ! ` `
` `
S(s-1)
A I -2
!











'





x- x0 1.-1.6
S - 0.33
N 0.3
`
(-0.33) -0.1663-0.17316
s) 0.9 ( - 0.33) ( ) (- 0.0099 )
` `

` ` `
(-0.33)(0.33-1) (0.006723 0.0110271) (-0.33)(-0.33 1) ( 0.0003 )
` `
```

,-- : .,- ' --'--' '- N '--- ( 12.2) -,,' ---- , .,-= ' ' . ,- 7

` ` `` `` `

^^ `` ``^^ `^ ``
(12.2) 0.329 ANS

,-'' ', ,- ,' '-= -- : , '-- ,',- , .-'- , - -,`= ,,'--'- .-', _-', ,- ,'-
-,=, --'' -'- . = - ,' '-= -- -, '---' - N ' ' n1 ,- _- ,-= , ,- - =-- .

(x) (x- x1) * ( x- x1) * . (x- xn) a0 ( x-x0) (x-x2)(x-xn) a 1
(x- x0 ) (x- x1) (x-x3) .. (x-xn) a 2 .. (x- x0) (x- x1) .(x- xn-1) an

,-'-- .'= a = ' ,'- ,- _- ,,- ,, n1 =-- ( xi ,Ii) '--- Ii ,' '-= -- '--- ,









-







_-'-= - --'- '-, ',-, - : n ( xi) Ii
I 0,1,2,...n

X x0 n(x0 ) (x0 x1) (x0 x2) ..(x0 xn) a 0 I 0
0
A0
(x0-x1)(x0-x2) .(x0 xn)
Xx1 n(x1)(x1-x0)(x1-x2)..(x1- xn) a1 I1
(x1-x0)(x1-x2).(x1-xn)

n In
(xn-x0)(xn-x1).(xn-xn-1)
--'' ,-'-- .'= a ,- _- ,'-','= .,- - ' .


(x-x1)(x-x2).(x-xn) (x-x0)(x-x2).(x-xn)
Pn(x) I0 I1
(x0-x1)(x0-x2).(x0-xn) (x1-x0)(x1-x2)..(x1-xn)

(x-x0)(x-x1)..(x-xn-1)
In
( xn-x0)(xn-x1) .(xn-xn-1)
n

xi xx1x2.xn

n

xi x0 ,x1...


i0
n n
n(x) ( x-xi ) Ii

i0 j0 xi-xj









'--- _-',- : ase Intion
x- x1
=-- - .,' =- ,'--- _-'- l 0 (x) x0
X0 x1
x-x0
=-- - .,' =- ,'--- _-'- x1 l 1 (x)
X1 x0

(x-x1)(x-x2)
-- _-'- =-- - ,- =- ,'- x0 l 2
(x0 x1) (x0 x2)

(x-x0)(x-x1).(x-xk-1)(x-xk1)..(x- xn) n x-xi
L k (x)
(xk-x0)(xk-x1).(xk-xk1).(xk-xn) 11 xk-xi
I1
I # k n

'--'=- - ',- . ` . ^` -='- ` `` n(x) lk(x) I x
. ` . ^` -='- `` - ^ ---'+ k0
'- .,' ' _-', ',- ,'+--' n
x- xi
Lk (x) 11 xk-xi
I0

I# k





`












---, : ^ . ` . ^` -='- ` - ` ---'+ . ` . ^` -='- `` ^
.'`- : ' ,, ' , -,,' ---- , _-',- ,'- ' -''-- ,' '-= -- I( 2) -,,' ---- ' .

x-xj 3
P3 (x) 11
xi-x j i0 j0

J#1

P3 (x) lk(x)I k
k 0
x- xi (x-x1)(x-x2)(x-x3)
L 0 (x) 11
I 0 x0- xi (x0-x1)(x0-x2)(x0-x3)
I# 0

L 0 (2) (2-1.)(2-2.)(2-) - 0.2222
(1-1.)(1- 2.)(1 )


(x-xi) (x-x0)(x-x2)(x-x3) 0. l 1 (2) `` l 1 (x)
X1-xi (x1-x0)(x1-x2)(x1-x3) i0
I# 1

(x-x0)(x-x1)(x-x2) x-xi
L 2 (2) `` l 2 (x)
(x2-x0)(x2-x1)(x2-x3) x2-xi i0
I #2
(x-x0)(x-x1)(x-x2) x-xi
(x) x
``
`

^
X0 1
X1 1.2
X2 2.
X3
^
) ` ( l 3 - ``` `` l 3 (x)
(x3-x0)(x3-x1)(x3-x2) x3-xi i0
I#3

P3(x) l 0 (x) I0 l1(x)I 1 I2 L 2 (x) L 3 (X) I 3 ( - 0.02222)(2.2) (0.) (3.3)
(0.)(.) ( - 0.0222) (0.) 3(2) .11
Jx ` n
.'`- : .''--' - =,-- .''--' -, .,- '- .-' ` ` k (a)
1-(sina) sinx y 12}

--' , .- - .''--' ,-'-- .,-= -, ' -,- _- -,- k(2)1.727 , k(1) 1.09


K(3) 1.1 ,- =- ,' '-= -- ' --'--' '- ` ' _-,-- k(3.) -,,' ---- ' .

`
P2 (x) L k(x) I k

I 0
`
x- xi (x-x1) ( x- x2) L 0 ( 3.) 0.333 `` L 0 (X)
x0 xi (x0-x1)(x0-x3)
I 0
I# 0
`
X xi (x x0) (x- x2) L 1 (3.) 1.0167 `` L 1 ( X)
I 0 x1 xi ( x1 x0) (x1 x2 )
I# 1

`
X -xi (x-x0)(x-x1) L 2 (3.) - 0.12 `` L 2 (X)
I 0 x2- xi (x2 x0)(x2-x1)
I#2

P 2 (X) L0 (x) k0 L 1 (x) k1 L 2(x) k2
0.0333 * 1.709 1.0167 * 1 . 2 ( -0. 12) 1.71
2 ( 3.) 1.22

,- --,' ---- --'' , ' --'--' '- ' --' _- , .,-= =-- '+ ' ,- =- ,' '-= -- -, ,--
' ,, ' , I(3) -,- '-= ' .



P3 (x) 20.21 ans
(x) X
``
``^
``

```
`
``
`
^
`

,-- : _-,-- '--- ' ' --'--' '- , -', , ,' --'- ,'- ' --'' ', ,- ,' '-= -- '---





_-'- --- `` -,- '-= ' . I( 0.2) ?

X 0.1 0.2 0.3 0. 0.

(x) 0.0993 0.197 0.292 0.3992 0.7993

( 0. 0.2) 0.97 12 ans
-- , : '--- I --= - x, y --' --- ,--- .,-= , ,- - .

-'' ( '--- I( 0 , y ) -,- --'=- ' .

( '--- I ' y7 , x10 - -,,' --- .

=,- : -+= - ,- =- _-',-',- ' x ,y -,- --'--'
.

F( 80 , y) ? f( 106 , 75) 172. 86 ans
Q-;-- -~- ans p(80 , y) 168 - 0.1 (y- 20) - 0.00075 ( y-20) ( y- 50 )
X0 80
I(x,y) I (1) I(2)

`^ `
`` `
``` `
--= - _-'- x, y () , y)

' ^ ' X / y
'` '^ '
'^` '^ '^ ^
'` '` '` '
'` '^' '^ ''
' '' '* '
`
P(100,y )
P ( 120 , y)




x I(x , 7 ) ` --= 7 ) (0 ,
` --= ( 100, 7)
` --= ^ --= ( 120 , 7 )
P(x, 7) ` --= `
X 10 (10 , 7) --= ``







_-', ,- ,'== --'=- : '' n (x) ', ,- ,' '-= -- I ( x) -''-' --'- :
Pn (x) ~ I(x)
'- ' '+-' ,'- ,-,- - s --'- ,',= , - '-- .
Pn (x) - I (x) s (x)
P n (x) - I (x) s (x) 0
.'= s ,- _- -,- , .- - ' :
S(x) (x- x0) (x- x1) (x- x2) ..(x-xn) g(x)

P n(x) - I(x) - (x- x0 ) (x- x1) (x- x2) ..(x- xn) g (x) 0

--'=- ,'- g (x) _- _-'- -, ' w (t) ,- _- --'--' , .- - .

W(t) n (x) I(x) (t x0) (t- x1) .(t- xn) g(x) *
W(t) ='-- - xn , .x1 , x0 --' _- - -'- . n1

=-- - -,- -= t x '-'- * -- -',= - '- -'- t x . - --' -, -,--

W(t ) , n2 -'- -, . '' w(t) -''-' --'- --,, w(t) --`= ,,- '- -, -, ,- '-' -

-- _- w(t) -'-- n1 -'- -, w (t) ,- n -'- -, w (t) -'-- n -1 -'- -, .

N1
W (t) ,- _- '-= ' ' -, ,' -'- -, -'-- .
``
Y I(x)

X0 x1 x2 x3


N1
D
W (t) I(t) - In(t) - (t x0 ) ( t x1) ..(t xn) g(x) } 0
N1
Dt
' -, '' t s ,- ,'-'-'- .














. . ... ., .., L.. . L. . .,
,. _,.. :, ......., L.. ,.. _. ,. ,. .

















. L.. . ... .., L... . L. . .,
,.. _. ,. .. L> :, ......., .


``
h
Y I(x)
) (x p
i

A B

















=,- : --' '- =' , , .''--' -

dx x dx x pn dx x f
b
a
b
a
b
a
) ( ) ( ) (

+ =


._ . .. _.. , . _,., . ,
.. nII .. _. ...... .

dx nf
n
n s s s
f
:
s s
f s f dx x f
b
a
b
a

+
+ +

+ + =

.
!
) 1 )...( 1 (
.... 2
!
) 1 (
. . ) (

+

dx
n
f
n
h
b
a
n
n s s
) (
) 1 ( 1
) 1 (
) )...( 1 (

+ +
+



* .. ... :.. . .., a ..
.. .._ :, _..> .. .. ,... .... :, ,
> ,.. ,. ., ,. ... ,. .





`

+ + + + + =

B
A
N N
H
F F F F
H
F F
H
DX X F ) ( ... ) (
2
) (
2
) (
1 2 2 1 1 1
YI(x)
X0 x1 x2 x3
a
2 n
x
1 n
x
n
x
b









) (
2
, ) (
2
) ( ) (
1 0
1
0 0 1
2
0 0
1
0
0 0
F F
H
XH F F
S
S F HDS F F DX X P FWDX
B
A
I
B
A
+ =

+ = = =

+


LOCAL ERROR

=

=
1
0
3
3
) (

2
6
) (
21
) 1 (
F
S S
H HDS F
S S
XDX
B
A



* .... a .. , n L.. . . .. ... ....
,.> ..:. ,.. ,. .. L> :, _... .












) 2 ... 2 2 (
2
1 2 1 0 N N
F F F F F
H
+ + + + + =

+ + + + +

B
A
N
F F F F F
ZN
A B
DX X F
N
) 2 ... 2 2 ( ) (
1
2 1 0


GLABAL ERROR : ) (
12
))... (
12
( ) (
12
3 3 3
N I
F
H
F
H
F
H
+
[ ]
I I N
N
X X X X F N
F F F
H
< < < =
+ + =

1 0
2 1
3
) (
) ( ... ) ( ) (
12


`'


Global error : ) 2 ( ) ( 2
12
) (
12
3
h f h
a b
nf
h
=

=

.:. : _,.. ,
x
e x f = ) ( .... . , ., _,L
x1. .. x3. .,.. :.. .



X f(x) x f(x)
2.8 16.445 1.6 4.953
3.0 20.088 1.8 6.050
3.2 24.533 2.0 7.389
3.4 29.964 2.2 9.025
3.6 36.598 2.4 11.823
3.8 44.701 2.6 13.464


[ ] fv f: f f f f
h
dx x f + + + + + + =

2 6 2 ... 2 2 1 2 1
2
) (
. 13
. 1


[ ] 99 . 23 96 . 29 ...) 023 . 11 02 . 9 39 . 7 ( 2 . 6
2
.
= + + + + = oso
L o


{
0323 . 0 . 1 *
1296 . 0 . 2 *
2 ) . (
12
. 1 . 3
) ( 2
12
=
=

e
e
L o f h
a b
Eror
1296 . 0 0323 . 0 < Erorr


91 . 23 . 1 . 3
. 3
. 1
== =

e e exdx



129 . 0 0 . 0 0323 . 0 0 . 0 99 . 23 91 . 23 < < = Erorr



._.. :.. 13 . a .. , ....
:, .. ..., L.. . ... ,... ...
,. _,.. : ... ,.> ,.. ,. ,. . .
`-
h
h
0
x
a b
2
x
1
x
0
x













h
x x
s
0

=

0 = = s a x

2 = = s b x

hds f
:
s s
f s f dx x p dx x f
a
b
a
b
a
.)
!
) 1 (
( ) ( ) (
2
0 0
2

+ + = =




) (
3
) (
2 1 0
f f f
h
dx x f
b
a
+ + =

0 ) (
! 3
) 2 )( 1 (
3
2
0
=

ds f h
s s s

Loal Erorr :

) (
90
) (
!
) 3 )( 2 )( 1 (
) (
2
) (
2
0
=

f
h
ds f h
s s s s
Loal Erorr :
2 0
x x < <

_ .... .> a .. , n .... ... ,...
,.. ,. ,. ,. _,.. :, _... L.. .
... ,.> :

) 2 ... 2 2 (
3
) (
1 2 3 2 1 0 n n n
b
a
f f f f f f f f
h
dx x f + + + + + + + + =

`
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2
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2
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+ + = ) ( ) ( ) (
90
2
) ( ) ( ) (
2
n
f f f
h
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n
x x f
n
< < ) (
2
) (



) (
6 1
) (
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2

= = f h
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f
h h
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) 1 (
) (
) ( 0 )) ( )( 1 ( 0 ) (
) 1 (
) 1 (
+

= = +
+
+
n
x g x g n
f
f
n
n



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+

=
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.

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= x s

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0
20
40
60
80
100
x0 x1 x2 x3


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,. _,.. s _. ,.. ,.
,, _. :.. .

^`
0
10
20
30
40
50
x_1 x0 x1 x2 x3 x4


,. : _..
3
1
,, _.. ,
_,. , , .L> . ... _.
,... .. .. .L> .

+
1
0

1
x
dx
...... ., n
s
n n
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h 2 . 0

1 0 1
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=

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x x

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1

1
3
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3
1

1
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0
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+
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h
x
s
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=
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0
0
=
=
= =
s x
x
x
s x

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
x0 x1 x2 x3
North
West
East
^`

hds
s s
s
s s
s dx x dx x f
f f f f p
b
a
b
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! 3
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( ) ( ) (
0
3
0
2
3
0 0 0 3
3


+

+ + =
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3
) (
3 1 0
f f f f
b
a
s
h
dx x f + + + =

=
3
0

2
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3 0
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0
3
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!
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: .
x x
f
h
f
h
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error loxal
.... . a .. , n ,.. .... . ,..
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... ,.> ,.. _. ,. ,. ,. :


0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
x0 x2 x4 x6 x
n-
2
xn
North
West
East


) 3 3 ..... 2 3 2 3 3 (

3
) (
1 2 6 3 2 1 0
f f f f f f f f f
n n n
B
A
h DX X F + + + + + + + + + + =

=
f h
a b
r globalerro
) (
0



_..

3
,,. _.. , L.. ,,
.. _,. , .L> ... . ... _.
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...

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7
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3 . 6

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3

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dx x f dx x f dx x f
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=

=

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3
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. 0 3 . 0
= + +

+
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+ =
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12
)
1 0
(
2
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1
3
1
0
f
x
x
h
dx x f
h
h
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=
) (
9
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3
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2

2 1 0
2
0
f
h
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x
x
h
dx x f
h

+ + =
=
x
x
h
dx x f
h
f
h
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0
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0
3
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3
) (
3
) (

3 2 1 0

+ + + + =
=
x
x
h
dx x f
h
f
h
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0
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9

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2
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7
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+ + + + =
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12096
27
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2
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7
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0
f
h
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x
x
sh
dx X f
h

+ + + + + + =
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f
h
f f f f f f f
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0
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10
9
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10
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6
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... :.. : , . ,.
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d
c
b
a
b
a
b
a

= ) . ( ) . (
d v c
b x a



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,. _. :.. :,. ... .
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.. ... ...

3
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99 . 0
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672 . 93 . 3 177 . 3 3 . 2 6 . 1
2
379 . 7 21 . 6 0 . . 3 2 . 2 . 2
1 . 11 03 . 10 122 . 136 . 6 09 . 9 3

+ + + = + + + = =
3
. 1 3 2 1 0
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2
. 0
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2
) 2 . 0 , ( 2 . 0

h
dx x f v
[ ]

+ + + = + + + = =
3
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2
. 0
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2
) 3 . 0 . ( 3 . 0
f f f f
h
dx x f v

= =
3
. 1
622 . 6 ) . 0 . ( . 0 dx x f v

= =
3
. 1
236 . ) . 0 . ( . 0 dx x f v

+ + + + = + + + + =
6 . 0
2 . 0 3 2 1 0
) 0236 ( ) 622 . 6 ( 2 ) 007 . ( 31 . 3 (
3
1 . 0
) 2 (
3
) . (
f f f f f
h
dv v x f
66 . 2 ) 73 . 9 = +

= =
3
. 1
13 . 9 ) 6 . 0 . ( 6 . 0 dx x f v
,. : ...

7 . 0
. 0
6 . 0
2 . 0
sin vdvdx
f
x
.. ,..> .
. : . . .... ...... .,
., . y.x 1 . 0 = = v x
, : . . . _.. ...... _.,
., 1 . 0 = = v x
,. : ., ... ,.. _,..

=
x
dx x f
x
0
2
sin ) (
.... .... ,.... , X L ., .
_,., . :.. . .., ., .
,.. , ,. ,. I(x) ,

. 0
..., .L> ,... ,.,.. ,.. ,.,
.,
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3
1

., dx x
ln
) (
3
1

:.> ... .. >.. L

. ... ..>, .L> .: ...,
^-
023 . 0

=
h
n