Carbohidratos

Introducción

Monosacáridos

Oligosacáridos

Polisacáridos
Carbohidratos

Celulosa n

INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS Y
HUMANIDADES
Carbohidratos
Introducción

Monosacáridos

Oligosacáridos

Polisacáridos
 Introducción
¿Que es un carbohidrato?

Son polihidroxi aldehídos o cetonas o

compuestos que conducen a ellos por hidrólisis
y sus derivados.

Se denominan Hidratos de carbono por

responder muchos de ellos a la formula
empírica:

C (H2O)n
 Introducción
¿Que es un carbohidrato?

Se producen en la fotosíntesis.
Las plantas verdes contienen clorofila que
capta de la luz solar la energía necesaria para
realizar el proceso:

6 CO2 + H2 O

C6(H2O)6 + 6 O2
 Introducción
¿Como se clasifican?
C
a Aldosas
r Monosacáridos
b
Azúcares Cetosas
o
h -2 Di
i Oligosacáridos
-3 Tri
d
r -4 tetr
a -5 pent
t Polisacáridos
-6 Hex
o
-7 Hept
s
Carbohidratos
Introducción

Monosacáridos

Oligosacáridos

Polisacáridos
 Monosacáridos

Estructura

Reacciones y derivados

Aislamiento y análisis
 Monosacáridos
Estructura

Aldosas

Cetosas

Estructura cíclica
 Monosacáridos Estructura

Aldosas
Tres carbonos: Aldotriosas

CHO CHO

H C OH HO C H

CH 2 O H CH 2 O H

D (+) L (-) currentpoint 192

Gliceraldéhido
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Enantiómeros Enantiómeros
CHO CHO CHO CHO

H C OH HO C H HO C H H C OH

H C OH HO C H H C OH HO C H

CH 2 O H CH 2 O H CH 2 O H CH 2 O H
currentpoint 192837465 currentpoi
D-eritrosa L-eritrosa D-treosa L-treosa
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H C OH H C OH HO C H HO C H

H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH

H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH

CH2 OH currentpoint 192837465

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Seis carbonos: Aldohexosas

D-xilosa D-lixosa
CHO
CHO CHO
CHO

H C OH
HO C H OH HO C H
H C

H C OH HO H
H C OH C
HO C H

HO C H
HO C H HO C H
HO C H

H C OH
H C OH H C OH
H C OH

C H 2OH
currentpoint 192837465 currentpoint 192837465currentpoint 192837465 currentpoin
C H OH C H OH 2
C H OH 2
2

D-gulosa D-idosa D-galactosa D-talosa

 Monosacáridos
Estructura

Aldosas

Cetosas

Estructura cíclica
 Monosacáridos Estructura
Cetosas
Tres carbonos: Cetotriosa

CH2 OH
C O
CH2 OH
Dihidroxiacetona
 Monosacáridos Estructura
Cetosas
Cuatro carbonos: Cetotetrosas
CH2 OH CH2 OH
C O C O
H C OH HO C H
CH2 OH CH2 OH

D-eritrulosa L-eritrulosa
 Monosacáridos Estructura
Cetosas
Cinco carbonos: Cetopentosas
CH2OH CH2OH
C O C O
H C OH HO C H
H C OH H C OH
CH2OH CH2OH

D-ribulosa D-xilulosa
 Monosacáridos Estructura
Cetosas
Cinco carbonos: Cetopentosas

CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH

C O C O C O C O
H C OH HO C H H C OH HO C H
H C OH H C OH HO C H HO C H
H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH

D-psicosa D-fructosa D-Sorbosa D-tagatosa

D-ribulosa D-xilulosa
 Monosacáridos
Estructura

Aldosas

Cetosas

Estructura cíclica
 Monosacáridos Estructura
Estructura cíclica

H O
HO C H H C OH
C
H C OH H C OH
H C OH O
O HO C H
HO C H
HO C H
H C OH H C OH
H C OH
H C H C
H C OH
CH 2OH CH2OH
CH2OH

-D-glucopiranosa D-glucosa -D-glucopiranosa

Anillo de 6 miembros Como el del pirano

O
piranosas
 Monosacáridos Estructura
Estructura cíclica

HOCH2 O
HO C CH2OH HOCH 2 C OH
C
HO C H O HO C H O
HO C H
H C OH H C OH
H C OH
H C
H C
H C OH CH2OH
CH 2OH
CH2OH

-D-fructofuranosa D-fructosa -D-fructofuranosa

Anillo de 5 miembros Como el del furano

O
furanosas
 Monosacáridos Estructura
Estructura cíclica
CH 2OH
HO C H O
H C OH H H OH
O
HO C H OH H H
HO
H C OH
H C H OH

CH2OH

Estructura en proyección de Estructura en proyección de

Fischer Haworth
 Monosacáridos Estructura
Estructura cíclica
CH 2OH
HO C H O
H C OH H H OH
O
HO C H OH H H
HO
H C OH
HOCH2 C H OH
H

Estructura en proyección de Estructura en proyección de

Fischer Haworth
Una permutación
Inversión en C5
 Monosacáridos Estructura
Estructura cíclica
CH 2OH
HO C H O
H C OH H H OH

HO C H O OH H H
HO
H C OH
HOCH2 C H H OH

Estructura en proyección de Estructura en proyección de

Fischer Haworth
Dos permutaciones
Igual configuración
 Monosacáridos Estructura
Estructura cíclica
CH 2OH
HO C H O
H C OH H H OH

HO C H O OH H H
HO
H C OH
HOCH2 C H H OH

Estructura en proyección de Estructura en proyección de

Fischer Haworth

Los sustituyentes a la izquierda en Fischer

están hacia arriba en Hawort
 Monosacáridos Estructura
Estructura cíclica
CH2OH
O HO CH2OH
H H OH
O
OH H H HO
HO
HO OH
H OH

Estructura en proyección de
Haworth Conformación silla
 Monosacáridos Estructura
Estructura cíclica
C4
CH2OH
O HO CH2OH
H H OH
O
OH H H HO
HO
HO OH
H OH
C1
Estructura en proyección de
Haworth Conformación silla
C41 o también C1
 Disacáridos

Los disacáridos están formados por la

unión de dos monosacáridos
Disacáridos
Disacáridos
Disacáridos
Disacáridos
 Polisacáridos

Celulosa: Polisacárido estructural de los vegetales en los

que constituye la pared celular.
Es el componente principal de la madera (el 50% es
celulosa) algodón, cáñamo etc.
Disacáridos