C.P.C.M. Comentado

CODIGO PROCESAL
CIVIL Y MERCANTIL
COMENTADO
PLENO DEL CONSEJO

NACIONAL DE LA JUDICATURA
Presidente:
Lic. David Gonzalo Cabezas Flores
Consejales Propietarios:
Dr. Jorge Efran Campos
Lic. Jos Ricardo Chigila Durn
Licda. Nora Victorina Montoya Martnez
Lic. Carlos Arnulfo Cndido
Licda. Rosa Margarita Romagoza de Lpez Bertrand
Lic. Santos Cecilio Treminio Salmern
CDIGO PROCESAL CIVIL

Y MERCANTIL. COMENTADO
Elaborado por:
Dr. Juan Carlos Cabaas Garca
Dr. Oscar Antonio Canales Cisco
Dr. Santiago Garderes
Julio 2010
Presentacin
El Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura es el ente al que la Constitucin de la Repblica delega
la responsabilidad de capacitar a Magistrados y Jueces, una misin que cumple, en los ltimos
aos, con especial nfasis.
Por ello, tras la aprobacin y posterior entrada en vigencia del Cdigo Procesal Civil
y Mercantil, el CNJ ha impulsado una capacitacin sobre la nueva normativa para la
comunidad jurdica del pas y como complemento entrega esta obra comentada, que sin duda,
ser de vital apoyo para comprender los objetivos que persigue la Ley y los nuevos procesos.
Esta obra coordinada por el Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura constituye un primer esfuerzo
por documentar un cambio de legislacin que sustituye a ms de 100 aos de la anterior
normativa, una razn por la que el estudio, anlisis y revisin del cumplimiento de los
objetivos trazados, al momento de aprobar el nuevo Cdigo, debe ser permanente, sobre todo
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Sin duda alguna, los argumentos y explicaciones contenidas en este texto, elaborado desde
la ptica y experiencia de los autores, servirn a los miembros de la comunidad jurdica
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una imposicin de criterios.
Los comentarios al Cdigo Procesal Civil y Mercantil han sido elaborados por tres expertos
en esta materia:
Dr. Juan Carlos Cabaas Garca: Magistrado de la Audiencia Nacional de Espaa y experto
en Derecho Constitucional.
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura

Dr. Santiago Garderes: Experto de nacionalidad uruguaya quien particip en la capacitacin
QUX]T[ILIXWZMT+WV[MRW6IKQWVITLMTI2]LQKI\]ZIaVITUMV\MNWZU~XIZ\MLMTIKWUQ[Q~V
de destacados juristas en la seleccin de Magistrados y Jueces civiles y mercantiles.
Dr. Oscar Antonio Canales Cisco: Experto nacional.
4IZM^Q[Q~VVITLMT\M`\WM[\]^WIKIZOWLMTXZWKM[ITQ[\I2W[u)V\WVQW5IZ\yVMbaMT+WV[MRW
Nacional de la Judicatura, como parte de su responsabilidad, se complace en entregar esta
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herramienta de consulta, anlisis y orientacin de la prctica en materia Civil y Mercantil,
segn las nuevas disposiciones contenidas en el Cdigo y de acuerdo a la Constitucin y la
realidad salvadorea.
LIC. DAVID GONZALO CABEZAS FLORES
PRESIDENTE DEL CONSEJO NACIONAL DE LA JUDICATURA
Repblica de El Salvador
Escuela de Capacitacin Judicial
Dr. Arturo Zeledn Castrillo
ESCUELA DE
C A PA C ITA C IO N
NDICE
LIBRO PRIMERO.
DISPOSICIONES GENERALES
1
2
3
4
El Titulo Preliminar. Principios del Proceso y Aplicacin de las

Normas Procesales.
Artculos 1-20
Titulo Primero. Jurisdiccin y Competencia de los Tribunales
Artculos 21-57
Titulo Segundo. Las Partes Procesales
Artculos 58-89
Ttulo Tercero. El Objeto del Proceso
Artculos 90-94
Captulo Primero. La Pretensin Procesal
Artculos 95-97
Captulo Segundo. Acumulaciones
Artculos 98-104
Captulo Tercero. Acumulacin de Pretensiones
Artculos 105-125
Captulo Cuarto. Acumulacin de Procesos
Artculos 126-132
Capitulo Quinto. Finalizacin Anticipada del Proceso
Artculos 133-139
Captulo Sexto. Caducidad de la Instancia
Titulo Cuarto. Actividad Procesal
Artculos 140-148
Captulo Primero. Lugar, Tiempo y Forma
Artculos 149-159
Captulo Segundo. Cooperacin Judicial Internacional
Artculos 160-168
Captulo Tercero. Escritos y Expedientes
15
Artculos 169-192
Captulo Cuarto. Comunicaciones Judiciales
Artculos 193-211
Captulo Quinto. Sustanciacin del Proceso y Audiencias
Artculos 212-231
Capitulo Sexto. Resoluciones Judiciales
Artculos 232-238
Capitulo Sptimo. Nulidad de las Actuaciones Procesales
LIBRO SEGUNDO.
LOS PROCESOS DECLARATIVOS

1
Titulo Primero. Disposiciones Comunes

Artculos 239-245
Captulo Primero. Clases de Proceso Declarativos
Artculos 246-254
Captulo Segundo. El Acto de Conciliacin
Artculos 255-262
Captulo Tercero. Diligencias Preliminares
Artculos 263-270
Captulo Cuarto. Cuestiones Incidentales
Artculos 271-275
Captulo Quinto. Condena en costas
Titulo Segundo. El Proceso Comn
Artculos 276-289
Captulo Primero. Los Actos de Alegacin
Artculos 290-311
Capitulo Segundo. Audiencia Preparatoria
Artculos 312-329
Captulo Tercero. Actividad Probatoria
Artculos 330-401
Captulo Cuarto. Medios Probatorios
Artculos 402-410
Captulo Quinto. Audiencia Probatoria
Captulo Sexto. Alegatos Finales y Sentencia
Artculos 411-417
Titulo Tercero. El Proceso Abreviado
Artculos 418-430
235
Ttulo Cuarto. Las Medidas Cautelares

Artculos 431-456
LIBRO TERCERO.
PROCESOS ESPECIALES
1
2
3
4
LIBRO CUARTO.
LOS MEDIOS DE IMPUGNACION

1
2
3
4
5
485
Titulo Primero. El Proceso Ejecutivo

Artculos 457-470
Titulo Segundo. Los Procesos Posesorios
Artculos 471-476
Ttulo Tercero. Los Procesos de Inquilinato
Artculos 477-488
Titulo Cuarto. Los Procesos Monitorios
Artculos 489-500
531
Titulo Primero. Disposiciones Generales

Artculos 501-502
Titulo Segundo. Recurso de Revocatoria
Artculos 503-507
Ttulo Tercero. Recurso de Apelacin
Artculos 508-518
Titulo Cuarto. Recurso de Casacin
Artculos 519-539
Titulo Quinto. Revisin de Sentencias Firmes
Artculos 540-550
LIBRO QUINTO.
LA EJECUCION FORZOSA
1
2
3
4
Titulo Primero. Disposiciones Generales

Artculos 551-591
Titulo Segundo. La Ejecucin Provisional
Artculos 592-603
Ttulo Tercero. La Ejecucin Dineraria
Artculos 604-674
Titulo Cuarto. La Ejecucin de Hacer, No Hacer y Dar Cosa
Determinada
Artculos 675-699
Titulo Final. Capitulo nico. Disposiciones Finales
Artculos 700-707
635
LIBRO SEXTO
DISPOSICIONES FINALES1
actualizacin
de
695
Cuantas de las multas

Derogatorias disposicin transitoria
ANEXOS
1
Tabla de Concordancias (para bsqueda rpida del lector de

norma similar del nuevo CPCM y el anterior
698
ABREVIATURAS
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art./arts.
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c./cs.
cc.
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C.A.D.H.
C.I.D.H.
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C.I.D.I.P.
cit./cits.
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C.P.
C.P.P.
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C.P.C.C.N.A.
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CT
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autores varios
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Convencin Americana sobre Derechos Humanos
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Internacional Privado
citado/citados
Cdigo Modelo de Procesos Colectivos para
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Constitucin de la Repblica
Cdigo Penal
Cdigo Procesal Penal
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Cdigo Procesal Civil y Comercial de la Nacin
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Cdigo Procesal Penal
Corte Suprema de Justicia
Cdigo de Trabajo
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edicin
Editorial
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esp.
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P.G.R.
R.D.P.I.
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R.P.C. Puerto Rico

especialmente
foja/fojas
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Instituto Iberoamericano de
Derecho Procesal
Juzgado de lo Civil
Juzgado de lo Mercantil
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Ley del ejercicio notarial de la jurisdiccin
voluntaria y de otras diligencias
Ley de Inquilinato
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Ley de la Financiera Nacional de la
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Prstamo
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Repblica
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Procuradura General de la Repblica
Revista de Derecho Procesal
Iberoamericana
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Reglas de Procedimiento Civil (Puerto
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Revista Uruguaya de Derecho Procesal

sentencia
Sala de lo Civil, Corte Suprema de Justicia
Sala de lo Constitucional, Corte Suprema de
Justicia
Sentencia de la Sala de lo Civil
Sentencia de la Sala de lo Constitucional
sin fecha
siguientes
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Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos
Tribunal Constitucional de Espaa
ltima obra citada
verbigracia
volumen
vuelta
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Cdigo Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
LIBRO PRIMERO
TTULO PRELIMINAR
PRINCIPIOS DEL PROCESO Y APLICACIN
DE LAS NORMAS PROCESALES.
CAPTULO PRIMERO
PRINCIPIOS PROCESALES
Juan Carlos Cabaas Garca
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1.2 EL TTULO PRELIMINAR, CONTENIDO Y FINALIDAD

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de la ley:
1.3 DERECHOS BSICOS DE LOS JUSTICIABLES

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QV\MZTWK]\WZQIXWVQMVLWVIV\QKQXILIUMV\MTI[IK\]IKQWVM[TWY]M\IUJQuVLMJMZnUW\QÎZ[M
MVLMZMKPW>MZT\QUIUMV\MTI[;;<+M[XI}WT LMLMMVMZW.2#
LMLMLQKQMUJZM.2#!LMLMMVMZW.2#a!!LM LM[MX\QMUJZM.2
#\WLI[MTTI[MVK]IV\WI[]IXTQKIKQ~VITXZWKM[WKQ^QTaTI[IV\MZQWZM[[MV\MVKQI[Y]MIPy[M
citan.
)[y\IUJQuVTWMV\QMVLMTI;ITILMTW+Q^QTLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM-T;ITÎLWZITXZWKTIUIZ
XWZMRMUXTWMV[];MV\MVKQILMLMLQKQMUJZMLMLQK\ILIITI[PWZI[ZMNIXMTIKQ~V
;;Y]M"TIO]ZILMTZMKPIbWin limine litisCLMTILMUIVLIE[MPILQ[M}ILWIVLMVW
XZWZZWOIZMT\ZnUQ\MLM]VXZWKM[WY]MNI\ITUMV\MLM^MVLZnMV]VI[MV\MVKQILM[M[\QUI\WZQI
XWZM^QLMV\M[^QKQW[QV[]J[IVIJTM[aY]MXWZ[]VI\]ZITMbIVWILUQ\MVKWZZMKKQ~V-TTWMV
UWLWITO]VW^QWTIMTLMZMKPWLMIKKQ~VVQZMXZM[MV\I]VWJ[\nK]TWITIKKM[WITIR][\QKQIa
ITLMJQLWXZWKM[W
4I \]\MTI R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT [M XZMLQKI KWVNWZUM I M[\M IZ\ +8+5 LM IUJI[ XIZ\M[ LMT
XZWKM[WaXIZI\WLI[TI[QV[\IVKQI[aOZILW[LMR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VKWV[\Z]auVLW[MMV\ZM[M\IXI[
K]aI KWV[MK]KQ~V I [] ^Mb LMXMVLM M[\ZQK\IUMV\M LMT K]UXTQUQMV\W LM TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[
TMOITM[ M[\IJTMKQLW[ XWZ TI TMa" I IKKM[W I TW[ \ZQJ]VITM[ a Y]M VW [M XZWL]bKI XWZ \IV\W
TI QVILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M LM TI LMUIVLI W [WTQKQ\]L XZM[MV\ILI XWZ MT R][\QKQIJTM LM UIVMZI
IZJQ\ZIZQIVQQVUW\QÎLI#J\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WZM[XMK\Q^WMV\WLI[[][NI[M[a
K LQK\ILW LM ]VI LMKQ[Q~V LM NWVLW I UMVW[ QV[Q[\QUW[ Y]M KWVK]ZZI ]VI KQZK]V[\IVKQI
XZWKM[ITY]MTWQUXQLI
17

1.3.1.2 Obligacin de resolver (art. 15):
O
Enunciado:
-T R]Mb VW XWLZn JIRW VQVOV XZM\M`\W LMRIZ LM ZM[WT^MZ VQ IXTIbIZ LQTI\IZ W VMOIZ TI
LMKQ[Q~VLMTI[K]M[\QWVM[LMJI\QLI[MVMTXZWKM[W
-T QVK]UXTQUQMV\W LM TI[ WJTQOIKQWVM[ KWV\MVQLI[ MV M[\M +~LQOW [MZn [IVKQWVILW LM
KWVNWZUQLILITWM[\IJTMKQLWMVTI4Ma7ZOnVQKI2]LQKQIT
O
Aplicacin:
+WUW ]V KWZZMTI\W LMT LMZMKPW I TI \]\MTI R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT LMT R][\QKQIJTM aI UMVKQWVILW MT
+~LQOW[IVKQWVIMVM[\MW\ZWXZMKMX\WTIKWVWKQLIXZWPQJQKQ~VLMTnon liquet, a cuya virtud y
LIVLWXWZ[]X]M[\WY]MVWM`Q[\MVKQZK]V[\IVKQI[LMWZLMVXZWKM[ITY]MTWQUXQLIVMTR]Mb
LMJMXZW^MMZ[QMUXZMI]VIZM[X]M[\ILMNWVLWZM[XMK\WLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VY]M[MTMXTIV\MI
6WX]MLMMTR]bOILWZMVKWV[MK]MVKQI[][XMVLMZMTXZWKMLQUQMV\W[QVKI][IXZM^Q[\IMVTI
TMaaIKZMLQ\ILIMVTW[PMKPW[8MZW[WJZM\WLW]VI^Mb[MPIVKWUXTM\ILWTW[\ZnUQ\M[LMT
UQ[UW PI LM LQK\IZ ZM[WT]KQ~V LMVQ\QÎ MV MT M`XMLQMV\M [QV Y]M X]MLI LMRIZ LM ZM[WT^MZ
VQVO]VW LM TW[ X]V\W[ KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW[ MV M[M XZWKM[W IL]KQMVLW L]LI[ W QOVWZIVKQI [WJZM
K~UWIXTQKIZWQV\MZXZM\IZTITMaVQTIXZM[]V\IQVR][\QKQIUI\MZQITLMTILMKQ[Q~VY]MMV[]
KI[W\MVLZyIY]MILWX\IZKWUWM`K][IXIZIVWPIKMZTW
,MJMX]M[ZM[WT^MZMTR]MbWKWTMOQWLM5IOQ[\ZILW[TWY]MXZWKMLILMJMLIZ]VI[WT]KQ~V
ITKWVQK\WLMQV\MZM[M[XTIV\MILW[QVY]MTMY]MXIR][\QKIZMT[QTMVKQWKWUWZM[X]M[\I-T
QVK]UXTQUQMV\WLMM[\MLMJMZR]LQKQITKWUW[MXZM^QMVMMVM[\IUQ[UIVWZUILMT+~LQOW
XZWKM[ITTTMÎZnIXIZMRILITIIXMZ\]ZILMTI[ZM[XWV[IJQTQLILM[IY]MPIaIT]OIZKQ^QTXMVIT
aILUQVQ[\ZI\QÎ[IVKQWVILWZIXIZIMTR]bOILWZ
1.3.1.3 Principio de gratuidad de la justicia (art. 16):

O
Enunciado:
<WLIXMZ[WVI\QMVMLMZMKPWIY]M[MTMQUXIZ\IR][\QKQIOZI\]Q\IUMV\M
O
Aplicacin:
4I OZI\]QLIL LM TI R][\QKQI [M KWVMK\I IY]y MV XZQUMZ \uZUQVW KWV TI VW M`QOQJQTQLIL MV
OMVMZITIY]QMVM[IK\IVMVTW[XZWKM[W[LMTXIOWIT-[\ILWLM]VQUX]M[\WZMKIZOW]W\ZW
\QXWLMQUXW[QKQ~VMKWV~UQKIXWZMTUMZWPMKPWLM[WTQKQ\IZTIIK\]IKQ~VLMTW[\ZQJ]VITM[-T
-[\ILWVWKWJZIXWZTIXZM[\IKQ~VLMTIIK\Q^QLILR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT
)[QUQ[UWM[\MXZMKMX\WIJZMTIX]MZ\IXIZITIOZI\]QLILLMTI[KW[\I[XZWKM[ITM[IY]QMVM[
VMKM[Q\IV TQ\QOIZ a KIZMbKIV LM ZMK]Z[W[ MKWV~UQKW[ [QMUXZM a K]IVLW TW[ [WTQKQ\IV\M[ LM
18

LQKPWJMVMKQWK]UXTIVKWVTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[aKWVLQKQWVM[M[\IJTMKQLW[VWZUI\QÎUMV\MXIZI
MTW\WZOIUQMV\WLMTUQ[UWIKZMLQ\IKQ~VLM[][Q\]IKQ~VMKWV~UQKIZMIT
1.3.2 Sujecin del proceso a la Constitucin y las leyes:

1.3.2.1 Vinculacin a la Constitucin, leyes y dems normas (art. 2):
O
Enunciado:
4W[R]MKM[M[\nV^QVK]TILW[XWZTIVWZUI\QÎKWV[\Q\]KQWVITTI[TMaM[aLMUn[VWZUI[LMT
WZLMVIUQMV\WR]ZyLQKW[QVY]MX]MLIVLM[KWVWKMZTI[VQLM[WJMLMKMZTI[
<WLWR]MbIQV[\IVKQILMXIZ\MWLMWKQWLMJMZnMÌUQVIZXZM^QIUMV\MTIKWV[\Q\]KQWVITQLIL
LMTI[VWZUI[LMK]aIÎTQLMbLMXMVLITI\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMK]ITY]QMZXZWKM[WWMTN]VLIUMV\W
LM TI[ LMKQ[QWVM[ Y]M ILWX\MV MV MT UQ[UW# a [Q ITO]VI LM MTTI[ KWV\ZILQKM TI VWZUI\QÎ
KWV[\Q\]KQWVIT TI LMKTIZIZn QVIXTQKIJTM MV ZM[WT]KQ~V LMJQLIUMV\M UW\QÎLI MV TI Y]M
[M KWV[QOVMV TI LQ[XW[QKQ~V K]aI QVIXTQKIJQTQLIL [M LMKTIZI MT LMZMKPW XZQVKQXQW W ÎTWZ
KWV[\Q\]KQWVITY]M[MKWV[QLMZIQVNZQVOQLWaTI[M[XMKyKI[ZIbWVM[Y]MN]VLIUMV\IV
4I[XZ]MJI[Y]M[MP]JQMZMVWJ\MVQLWLQZMK\IWQVLQZMK\IUMV\MKWVQVNZIKKQ~VLMLMZMKPW[
WTQJMZ\ILM[N]VLIUMV\ITM[VW[]Z\QZnVMNMK\W
O
Aplicacin:
-TXZQUMZWLMTW[LW[XZMKMX\W[LMLQKILW[IKWV[IOZIZMTXZQVKQXQWLMTMOITQLILXZWKM[ITKWV
]VITKIVKMIUXTQWXIZ\MI[yLMTI+WV[\Q\]KQ~VXIZIIJZIbIZ\IUJQuVMTUIZKWLMTI[VWZUI[
LMZIVOWTMOITaMV[]KI[WZMOTIUMV\IZQI[
-V M[\M IZ\ [M ZMKWOM TI ^QOMVKQI LMT QUXMZQW LM TI TMOITQLIL LM[LM MT X]V\W LM ^Q[\I LMT
N]VLIUMV\W LM \WLI[ TI[ LMKQ[QWVM[ R]LQKQITM[ MT K]IT VW X]MLM [MZ W\ZW Y]M TI[ N]MV\M[
M[\IJTMKQLI[ XWZ MT WZLMVIUQMV\W LM[\MZZIVLW I[y \WLI \MV\IKQ~V LM IZJQ\ZIZQMLIL
^WT]V\IZQ[UWaLQ[KZQUQVIKQ~VXWZUW\Q^W[[]JRM\Q^W[LMTR]bOILWZKWUXTM\ILWT]MOWKWVTW
M[\IJTMKQLWMVMTIZ\!
)PWZIJQMV\QMVM]VTyUQ\MTI[]RMKQ~VITITMOITQLILaM[K]IVLWXZMKQ[IUMV\MTIVWZUI[M
U]M[\ZIKWV\ZIZQIITW[XW[\]TILW[KWV[\Q\]KQWVITM[
-V\IT[Q\]IKQ~VNIK]T\IITR]MbLMTIKI][IM[\MIZ\+8+5XIZIQVIXTQKIZMTLQ[XW[Q\Q^WLM
Y]M[M\ZI\MTWY]M[QOVQKIKWUW[]VWUJZMQVLQKIVWY]MMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITX]MLIQVÎTQLIZ
TIVWZUIVQLMKTIZIZ[]V]TQLILNWZUITKWVMNMK\W[ erga omnesXW\M[\ILu[\IY]MTMKWZZM[XWVLM
I TI ;ITI +WV[\Q\]KQWVIT LM TI +WZ\M ;]XZMUI MV MT nUJQ\W LM [][ KWUXM\MVKQI[ [QVW Y]M
K]ITY]QMZR]MbX]MLMLMKZM\IZ[]VWIXTQKIKQ~VITKI[WKWVKZM\WXWZIXZMKQIZ[]KWV\ZILQKKQ~V
KWV ITO]VW LM TW[ LMZMKPW[ N]VLIUMV\ITM[ ] W\ZW UIVLI\W KWV[\Q\]KQWVIT M`XTQKnVLWTW
I[y MV [] ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT [][KMX\QJTM XWZ TW LMUn[ LMT KWV\ZWT XWZ ^yI LM ZMK]Z[W[ Y]M
KWZZM[XWVLI
19

-V[MO]VLWT]OIZKWUW]VI[]JM[XMKQMLMTKWV\ZWTLMTMOITQLILXZWKM[ITIXZW^MKPIMTXnZZINW
\MZKMZWaT\QUWLMM[\MIZ\+8+5XIZI[IVKQWVIZTIXZWPQJQKQ~VOMVMZITLMT][WR]LQKQIT
LM TI[ XZ]MJI[ QTyKQ\I[ TWY]MT]MOW[M KWUXTMUMV\I KWV TWZMO]TILWMVMTIZ\XnZZINW
[MO]VLW;MK]ITQKIIY]yTIQTQKQ\]LXZW[KZQ\IKWUWXZQVKQXQWZMK\WZLM\WLWXZWKM[WLM[LM
MTXTIVWLM[]QVKWV[\Q\]KQWVITQLILaVWXWZTI[QUXTMQVNZIKKQ~VITITMOITQLILLMX]ZIJTM
LM[LMT]MOW\IUJQuVMVK]IV\WKWUXWZ\ITIQVWJ[MZÎVKQILM]VXZMKMX\WLMT+~LQOWXMZW
VWXWZMTQUXMZI\Q^WOMVuZQKWLMM[\MIZ\[QVWLMTUn[M[XMKyKWIZ\XnZZINW[XZQUMZW
a\MZKMZW+8+5
-`\MVLQMVLWILMUn[TI\IZILMM[IQVMKIKQIVW[WTIUMV\MITI[^]TVMZIKQWVM[LQZMK\I[[QVW
\IUJQuVITI[QVLQZMK\I[Y]M[MKI][MVITW[LMZMKPW[WTQJMZ\ILM[N]VLIUMV\ITM[[WJZM\WLW
K]IVLWXIZIMTLM[K]JZQUQMV\WLMN]MV\M[LMXZ]MJI[MMUXTMIVQV\ZWUQ[QWVM[QTMOy\QUI[IM[W[
LMZMKPW[N]VLIUMV\ITM[Y]MT]MOW[MQV\MV\IVTQUXQIZUMLQIV\M]VI[WTQKQ\]LXW[\MZQWZIT
~ZOIVWR]LQKQITXIZIY]MKIX\MM[IN]MV\MLMXZ]MJILMUIVMZIWZ\WLWÌ
1.3.2.2 Principio de legalidad (art. 3):

O
Enunciado:
<WLWXZWKM[WLMJMZn\ZIUQ\IZ[MIV\MR]MbKWUXM\MV\MaKWVNWZUMITI[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[LMM[\M
K~LQOWTI[Y]MVWXWLZnV[MZIT\MZILI[XWZVQVOV[]RM\WXZWKM[IT
4I[NWZUITQLILM[XZM^Q[\I[[WVQUXMZI\QÎ[+]IVLWTINWZUILMTW[IK\W[XZWKM[ITM[VWM[\u
M`XZM[IUMV\MLM\MZUQVILIXWZTMa[MILWX\IZnTIY]MZM[]T\MQVLQ[XMV[IJTMWQL~VMIXIZITI
VITQLILXMZ[MO]QLI
O
Aplicacin:
-VM[\IW\ZI^MZ\QMV\MLMTITMOITQLILXZWKM[IT[MXMZ[QO]MI[MO]ZIZY]M\WLW[TW[IK\W[LMT
XZWKM[W[MZQRIVXWZTWM[\IJTMKQLWLMUIVMZIXZM^QIXWZMT+~LQOW[QVY]MX]MLIVZMTIRIZ[MW
QVIXTQKIZ[M[][ZMOTI[VQM`KMXKQWVIZ[MVQUWL]TIZ[MMTKWV\MVQLWLMTI[UQ[UI[I^WT]V\ILLMT
R]MbaLMTI[XIZ\M[+WVQVLMXMVLMVKQII[yLM[QMTQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLM]VZMY]Q[Q\WXZWKM[IT
XMZUQ\MWVWTI[]J[IVIKQ~VaIKIZZMIWVWTIXuZLQLILM\ZnUQ\M[WTIV]TQLILLMTWIK\]ILW
LMNMK\]W[IUMV\M K]M[\QWVM[ Y]M PI LM ZM[WT^MZ KILI VWZUI JIRW VQVOV KWVKMX\W X]MLM
XZMLQKIZ[MY]MTI[VWZUI[XZWKM[ITM[[WVILUWVQ\QÎ[VQLM^QMVMVLMK]UXTQUQMV\W^WT]V\IZQW
8WZKWV\ZI\WLI[TI[VWZUI[XZWKM[ITM[[WVQUXMZI\QÎ[QVKT][WIY]MTTI[Y]MW\WZOIVIT[]RM\W
TIXW[QJQTQLILLMWX\IZMV\ZMLW[KWVL]K\I[XW[QJTM[XWZMRN]MZW[\MZZQ\WZQITM[MTMK\Q^W[X]M[
QVKT][WMV\WVKM[VW[MPIKM[QVWIK\]IZLMV\ZWLMTW[TyUQ\M[LMTWXMZUQ\QLWTMOITUMV\M
8WZT\QUWK]IVLWNIT\MZMO]TIKQ~VM[XMKyKI[WJZMMTUWLWLMTTMÎZIKIJW]VIK\WLMXIZ\M
WLMTR]MbLQ[XWVMM[\MIZ\LMT+~LQOWY]MMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITLMJMZn\MVMZMVK]MV\I[M
MV\QMVLMY]MXWZIVITWOyIIY]MTTINWZUITQLILY]MZM[]T\MIR][\ILIITKWV\M`\WLMTIK\WaITI
VITQLILY]M[MXMZ[QO]MKWVuT
20
1.3.3 Actuacin de las partes dentro del proceso:

1.3.3.1 Principio de defensa y contradiccin (art. 4):
O
Enunciado:
-T []RM\W KWV\ZI Y]QMV [M LQZQRI TI XZM\MV[Q~V \QMVM LMZMKPW I LMNMVLMZ[M MV MT XZWKM[W
QV\MZ^QVQMVLWMVTI[IK\]IKQWVM[aIZ\QK]TIVLWTW[UMLQW[LMXZ]MJIXMZ\QVMV\M[-V\WLWKI[W
KILIXIZ\M\QMVMLMZMKPWIKWV\IZKWVTIWXWZ\]VQLILLMM`XWVMZ[]IZO]UMV\IKQ~VaZMJI\QZ
TILMTIKWV\ZIZQIa[~TWK]IVLWM`XZM[IUMV\MTWLQ[XWVOITITMaXWLZnVILWX\IZ[MLMKQ[QWVM[
[QVWyZXZM^QIUMV\MI]VILMTI[XIZ\M[
O
Aplicacin:
;QMUXZMLMV\ZWLMTI[OIZIV\yI[XZWKM[ITM[QVKT]aMMTV]M^W+~LQOWLW[LMMTTI[Y]MQVK]UJMV
ZM[XMK\QÎUMV\M I TW[ XZQVKQXQW[ LM LMNMV[I I]LQMVKQI a KWV\ZILQKKQ~V LM ]V TILW a I TI
QO]ITLILXZWKM[ITLMTW\ZW-VTWY]MPIKMITW[\ZM[XZQUMZW[IT]LQLW[MVMTIZ\[MLMVM
[QV\u\QKIUMV\M[]KWV\MVQLW"IV\M\WLWTILMNMV[IMV\MVLQLIKWUWLMZMKPWIITMOIZaXZWJIZ
TWY]MQV\MZM[MITIXZM\MV[Q~VLMKILIXIZ\MMVKILIM[\ILWLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WTWY]MQUXTQKI
Y]M VW X]MLM VMOIZ[M QVR][\QKILIUMV\M MT MUXTMW LM ]V \ZnUQ\M ] WXWZ\]VQLIL XZWKM[IT
XZM^Q[\WMVTITMaXIZIXWLMZ^MZ\MZITMOIKQWVM[[WTQKQ\IZXZ]MJI[QV\MZ^MVQZMV[]XZnK\QKI
K]IVLWTITMaTWLQ[XWVOIXQuV[M[MMVTW[QV\MZZWOI\WZQW[WZITM[NWZUITQbIZZMK]Z[W[XMLQZ
TIMRMK]KQ~VLMTWIKWZLILWaILWX\IZIY]MTTI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[Y]MIXIZMbKIVTMOITUMV\M
XW[QJTM[
4I I]LQMVKQI a TI KWV\ZILQKKQ~V I [] ^Mb KWVKQMZVMV I TI QVQKQI\QÎ LM IKKQ~V a ZMIKKQ~V
LMV\ZWLMTXZWKM[WKWVNWZUM[MWK]XMTIXW[QKQ~VZM[XMK\QÎLMLMUIVLIV\MWLMUIVLILW
[QV XMZR]QKQW LM ZMKWVWKMZ Y]M \IUJQuV M[\M T\QUW MT []RM\W XI[Q^W VW [~TW \QMVM LMZMKPW
I WXWVMZ[M I TI XZM\MV[Q~V LML]KQLI MV [] KWV\ZI [QVW \IUJQuV a LMV\ZW LM KQMZ\W[ TyUQ\M[
I QV\ZWL]KQZ I[QUQ[UW [][ XZWXQI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ XWZ MR XWZ UMLQW LM ]VI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V#
a Y]M \IUJQuV MT IK\WZ X]MLM VMKM[Q\IZ KWV\ZILMKQZ NZMV\M I TW ITMOILW XWZ MT LMUIVLILW
MV QVKQLMV\M[ a ZMK]Z[W[ UWV\ILW[ XWZ M[\M T\QUW )[QUQ[UW M[\W[ \ZM[ LMZMKPW[ LMNMV[I
I]LQMVKQI KWV\ZILQKKQ~V [~TW X]MLMV KMLMZ W ^MZ[M [IKZQKILW[ \MUXWZITUMV\M K]IVLW
XWZZIbWVM[LM]ZOMVKQIZM[]T\MVMKM[IZQWILWX\IZ]VIUMLQLIXZW^Q[WZQI[QVM[K]KPIZITI[
XIZ\M[WITUMVW[IITO]VILMMTTIXMZWMV\WVKM[LMJMZnZM[\IJTMKMZ[Ma posterioriMTLMZMKPWLM
I]LQMVKQIXIZITI^MZQKIKQ~VWTMÎV\IUQMV\WLMTIUMLQLIMV\IT[MV\QLWPIJZnY]M^MZMT
ZMKWZZQLWKWV[\Q\]KQWVITN]\]ZWLM]VXZMKMX\WKWUWMTIZ\+8+5Y]MLMUWLWOMVuZQKW
[]XZQUMMT\ZnUQ\MLMI]LQMVKQIXZM^QWITIILWXKQ~VLM\WLI[TI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[
1.3.3.2 Principio de igualdad procesal (art. 5):

O
Enunciado:
4I[XIZ\M[LQ[XWVLZnVLMTW[UQ[UW[LMZMKPW[WJTQOIKQWVM[KIZOI[aXW[QJQTQLILM[XZWKM[ITM[
L]ZIV\MMTLM[IZZWTTWLMTXZWKM[W
21

4I[TQUQ\IKQWVM[ITIQO]ITLILY]MLQ[XWVOIM[\M+~LQOWVWLMJMVIXTQKIZ[MLMUWLW\ITY]M
OMVMZMV]VIXuZLQLIQZZMXIZIJTMLMTLMZMKPWITIXZW\MKKQ~VR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT
O
Aplicacin:
4I QO]ITLIL MV MT XZWKM[W LM^QMVM MUQVMV\MUMV\M ]VI QO]ITLIL NWZUIT VW UI\MZQIT 4I[
XIZ\M[ MV\ZIV IT TQ\QOQW ZWLMILI[ LM ]VI[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ XMZ[WVITM[ XZWXQI[ Y]M TI[ PIKM
LQ^MZ[I[ MV\ZM [y a Y]M MT XZWKM[W MV [y UQ[UW VW M[\n TTIUILW I UWLQKIZ [Q IKI[W TI[
KWV[MK]MVKQI[UI\MZQITM[LMTI[MV\MVKQILMNWVLW
,MTWY]M[M\ZI\IMVM[\MnUJQ\WY]MIPWZI[MKWUMV\IUn[JQMVM[LMY]MTI[XIZ\M[PIVLM
OWbIZLMTI[UQ[UI[WXWZ\]VQLILM[LMITMOIKQ~VaXZ]MJILMV\ZWLMTXZWKM[WY]MTW[IK\W[LM
u[\W[VWX]MLMVQZMVKIUQVILW[INI^WZMKMZI]VI[WTILMMTTI[#Y]MMTR]MbVWPILMXZMR]bOIZ
MTLM[MVTIKMLMTIKWV\QMVLIMVVMVN]VKQ~VITIXW[QKQ~VLM]VWaW\ZWKWV\MVLQMV\M
-VWKI[QWVM[QVKT][WTITMa\QMVMY]MQV\ZWL]KQZKQMZ\W[UMKIVQ[UW[LMLM[QO]ITLILUI\MZQIT
MV\ZMXIZ\M[LMV\ZWLMTI litisR][\IUMV\MKWVMTVLMI[MO]ZIZIY]MTTIQO]ITLILNWZUIT<IT
M[MTKI[WLMO]ZI[\IVLQ[XIZM[XMZWM`XTQKIJTM[LM[LMM[\IXMZ[XMK\QÎKWUWMTJMVMKQW
LM R][\QKQI OZI\]Q\I XIZI Y]QMV KIZMKM LM ZMK]Z[W[ MKWV~UQKW[ a TI ZM^Q[Q~V LM [MV\MVKQI
ZUMITLMUIVLILWY]MXWZZIbWVM[LMN]MZbIUIaWZVWX]LWKWUXIZMKMZaLMNMVLMZ[MMV
la instancia.
,MJMO]IZLIZTIVWZUIMVM[\W[KI[W[[QMUXZM]V[MV\QLWLMTIXZWXWZKQWVITQLIL\IV\WMV
K]IV\WITVJ][KILWKWUWITW[MNMK\W[Y]M[MLM[XZMVLIVLM[]IXTQKIKQ~VXZMKQ[IUMV\M
XIZIVWKZMIZ]VUITUIaWZY]MIY]MTY]MXZM\MVLyIKWZZMOQZ
1.4 PRINCIPIOS QUE GARANTIZAN EL CARCTER ROGADO DEL ORDEN

JURISDICCIONAL CIVIL Y MERCANTIL:
1.4.1 Principio dispositivo (art. 6):
O
Enunciado:
4IQVQKQIKQ~VLM\WLWXZWKM[WKQ^QTWUMZKIV\QTKWZZM[XWVLMIT\Q\]TIZLMTLMZMKPW[]JRM\Q^W
W QV\MZu[ TMOy\QUW Y]M [M LQ[K]\M MV MT XZWKM[W# a LQKPW \Q\]TIZ KWV[MZÎZn [QMUXZM TI
LQ[XWVQJQTQLILLMTIXZM\MV[Q~V
4I[XIZ\M[XWLZnVMNMK\]IZTW[IK\W[LMLQ[XW[QKQ~VQV\ZIXZWKM[ITM[Y]MM[\QUMVKWV^MVQMV\M[
\MZUQVIZ MT XZWKM[W ]VQTI\MZITUMV\M W XWZ IK]MZLW MV\ZM TI[ UQ[UI[ a ZMK]ZZQZ LM TI[
ZM[WT]KQWVM[Y]MTM[[MIVOZI^W[I[LMKWVNWZUQLILITWLQ[X]M[\WMVM[\M+~LQOW
O
Aplicacin:
)XIZMKMVMVM[\MXZMKMX\WTI[UIVQNM[\IKQWVM[Jn[QKI[LMTXZQVKQXQWLQ[XW[Q\Q^WWLMR][\QKQI
ZWOILIJIRWMTY]M[MOWJQMZVIVTW[XZWKM[W[ZMOQLW[XWZMT+8+5,MUIVMZIM`XZM[I[M
22

LM\MZUQVIY]MTIQVQKQI\QÎXIZITIIXMZ\]ZILMTW[XZWKM[W[KWZZM[XWVLM[QMUXZMITI[XIZ\M[a
VWIT\ZQJ]VITXZW[KZQJQMVLWI[yK]ITY]QMZ\MV\IKQ~VLMXZWKM[WQVY]Q[Q\Q^W\IV\WMVTIXZQUMZI
QV[\IVKQIKWUWMVTW[OZILW[[]XMZQWZM[ZMK]Z[W[LMR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VZMK]ZZQZLMTI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[
Y]M TM[ [MIV OZI^W[I[ 6W [M WT^QLM KWV \WLW Y]M LMV\ZW LMT KWVKMX\W LM XIZ\M \IUJQuV
KIJM[Q\]IZIT5QVQ[\MZQW.Q[KITaITI8ZWK]ZIL]ZyI/MVMZITLMTI:MXJTQKIXWZTWY]MTI
LMNMV[ILMTW[QV\MZM[M[XJTQKW[VWY]MLILM[K]QLILI[~TWY]MTI[WTQKQ\]LLMKWUXW[QKQ~V
LMTW[KWVQK\W[VWX]MLMZMKIMZR][\IUMV\MMVY]QMVM[\nTTIUILWIZM[WT^MZTW[LMUIVMZI
QUXIZKQITMQVLMXMVLQMV\MKWUWWK]ZZMKWVTW[\ZQJ]VITM[LMR][\QKQI
=V[MO]VLWKWUXWVMV\MLMTXZQVKQXQWLQ[XW[Q\Q^WLMZQÎLW\IUJQuVLMM[\MXZMKMX\W[MZMMZM
ITIVITQbIKQ~VLMTIKWV\QMVLII\ZIû[LMTINWZUITQbIKQ~VLMUMKIVQ[UW[I]\WKWUXW[Q\Q^W[
I]\WZQbILW[TMOITUMV\M-[\WM[MTLM\ZIQUQMV\WLMTI[]V\WIT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITLMRIVLWITI[
XIZ\M[MVWKI[QWVM[LMUIVMZI]VQTI\MZITaMVW\ZI[LMKWV[]VW[]\MZUQVIKQ~V^WT]V\IZQI
IV\QKQXILI
-[\IXW[QJQTQLILY]MLIX]M[OIZIV\QbILIKWUWXZQVKQXQWLMTXZWKM[W[QMUXZMaK]IVLWKWUW
T]MOWXZMKQ[IMT+~LQOWVW[MKWVK]TY]MKWVMTTWTITMOITQLILaTW[LMZMKPW[LM\MZKMZW[^MZ
IZ\+8+5
-V\ZMUMLQI[IXIZMKM]V\MZKMZKWUXWVMV\MLMTIR][\QKQIZWOILIIY]yMVM[\MIZ\I[WUILI
LM UIVMZI QUXTyKQ\I KWV[MZÎZn [QMUXZM TI LQ[XWVQJQTQLIL LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V" [M \ZI\I LMT
XWLMZM`KT][Q^WLMTI[XIZ\M[[QVKIJQLILMQVRMZMVKQIR]LQKQITXIZITILMTQUQ\IKQ~VLMTWJRM\W
LM TI KWV\ZW^MZ[QI 8IXMT Y]M ZMKIM LM UIVMZI XZMLWUQVIV\M I]VY]M VW M`KT][QÎ MV MT
LMUIVLIV\MWMVMTLMUIVLILWK]IVLWZMKWV^QMVMKWVMTMVZQY]MKQUQMV\WWJRM\Q^WLMTI
KWV\ZW^MZ[QI Y]M IXWZ\IV XW[QJTM[ M`KMXKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[ a XMZMV\WZQI[ LMT []RM\W XI[Q^W a
LM TI[ ITMOIKQWVM[ LM TW[ M^MV\]ITM[ \MZKMZW[ KWILa]ÎV\M[ M QV\MZ^QVQMV\M[ XZW^WKILW[ MV
LMVQ\QÎ"XIZ\M[<WLWTWK]ITUIZKIMTTyUQ\MLMTIIK\]IKQ~VR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITMVWZLMVITI
VMKM[IZQIKWVOZ]MVKQILMTI[MV\MVKQI
1.4.2 Principio de aportacin (art. 7):

O
Enunciado:
4W[PMKPW[MVY]M[MN]VLIUMV\MTIXZM\MV[Q~VaTIWXW[QKQ~VY]M[MKWVWKMMVMTXZWKM[W
[~TWXWLZnV[MZQV\ZWL]KQLW[ITLMJI\MXWZTI[XIZ\M[
4IIK\Q^QLILXZWJI\WZQILMJMZMKIMZM`KT][QÎUMV\M[WJZMTW[PMKPW[IZUILW[XWZTI[XIZ\M[
WXWZTW[Y]M\QMVMVTIKITQLILLM\MZKMZW[LMKWVNWZUQLILITI[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[LMM[\MK~LQOW
MV[]KI[W#MVKWV[MK]MVKQIMTR]MbVWXWLZn\WUIZMVKWV[QLMZIKQ~V]VIXZ]MJI[WJZMPMKPW[
Y]MVWP]JQMZIV[QLWIZUILW[WLQ[K]\QLW[XWZTI[XIZ\M[W\MZKMZW[
4IXZWXW[QKQ~VLMTIXZ]MJIKWZZM[XWVLMM`KT][QÎUMV\MITI[XIZ\M[W\MZKMZW[#[QVMUJIZOW
ZM[XMK\W LM XZ]MJI Y]M aI N]M LMJQLI a WXWZ\]VIUMV\M IXWZ\ILI a KWV\ZW^MZ\QLI XWZ TI[
XIZ\M[MTR]MbXWLZnWZLMVIZLQTQOMVKQI[XIZIUMRWZXZW^MMZKWVMTVLMM[KTIZMKMZITOV
X]V\WW[K]ZWWKWV\ZILQK\WZQWLMKWVNWZUQLILITWLQ[X]M[\WMVM[\M+~LQOW
23

O
Aplicacin:
+WV J]MVI \uKVQKI XZWKM[IT MT +~LQOW [MXIZI KWUW PMUW[ ^Q[\W MV MT IZ\ TW Y]M M[ MT
XZQVKQXQWLQ[XW[Q\Q^WLMIY]MTW\ZWXZQVKQXQWLMIXWZ\IKQ~VMVM[\MIZ\Y]M\QMVMY]M^MZ
LMUIVMZIUn[KWVKZM\IKWVTIQUXW[QKQ~VITI[XIZ\M[LMTIKIZOILMITMOIKQ~VaXZ]MJILM
TW[PMKPW[N]VLIV\M[LM[][XZM\MV[QWVM[;QJIRWMTXZQVKQXQWLQ[XW[Q\Q^WLM[K]JZQUW[Y]M[WV
TI[XIZ\M[aVWMT\ZQJ]VITY]QMVM[LM\MZUQVIV[WJZMY]uZMTIKQ~VWM[\ILWR]ZyLQKWY]QMZMV
Y]M[MLQ[K]\IaKWVY]uITKIVKMWJRM\Q^WXWZUWZLMTXZQVKQXQWLMIXWZ\IKQ~V[IJMUW[IPWZI
\IUJQuVY]MMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT\IUXWKWX]MLMIa]LIZITI[XIZ\M[IKWVNMKKQWVIZMTZMTI\W
LMTW[PMKPW[R]ZyLQKIUMV\MZMTMÎV\M[aY]M[QZ^MVXIZI[W[\MVMZ[][ZM[XMK\QÎ[XM\QKQWVM[
LM\]\MTIVQXZWXWVMZY]uUMLQW[LMKWV^QKKQ~VX]MLMVZM[]T\IZUn[\QTM[aMKIKM[XIZITI
LMUW[\ZIKQ~VLMTI^MZIKQLILLMIY]MTTI[IZUIKQWVM[TWY]MUn[ILMTIV\M\QMVM[]KWZZMTI\W
MVTWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\LMTXZWXQW+~LQOW
A I[y [QV ZWUXMZ KWV M[\M M[\ILW LM KW[I[ UIV\MVQMVLW MT R]Mb ]VI XW[QKQ~V M[MVKQIT LM
WJ[MZÎLWZM`\MZVWITIQVQKQI\QÎLMXZ]MJII]VY]MKWVXTMVQ\]LLMNIK]T\ILM[XIZIXZW^MMZ
M[W [y I TI XZnK\QKI LM IY]MTTI[ Y]M XMLQLI[ XZM^QIUMV\M XWZ TI[ XIZ\M[ IXIZMKMV KWUW
XMZ\QVMV\M[\QTM[aVWQTyKQ\I[I]\WZQbIKWV\WLWM[\MIZ\+8+5MV[]T\QUWXnZZINWTI
O]ZILMTI[TTIUILI[LQTQOMVKQI[XIZIUMRWZXZW^MMZK]aIVITQLILMV\WLWKI[WVWM[TILM
[]XTQZTIVMOTQOMVKQILMTI[XIZ\M[MV[]KIZOILMXZWXW[QKQ~VLMXZ]MJI[[QVWTILMI]`QTQIZ
IT XZWXQW \ZQJ]VIT MV TI QV\MTMKKQ~V LM TI[ XZ]MJI[ aI XZIK\QKILI[ K]IVLW ITO]VI IZZWRI
L]LI[XMZQKQITM[W[K]ZI[WIUJQO]I[XWZMRMUXTW8MZUQ\QMVLWMVLMVQ\QÎITR]MbWZLMVIZ
LM WKQW M[I[ LQTQOMVKQI[ [QV Y]M TI[ XIZ\M[ X]MLIV WXWVMZ[M I MTTW I TW []UW ZMK]ZZQZ TI
[MV\MVKQI[QKWV[QLMZIVY]MPIPIJQLWM`KM[WLMR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VWY]MTI[]X]M[\ILQTQOMVKQIVW
PIKM[QVW[][\Q\]QZITIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIMV[]KIZOIXZWJI\WZQIZM[XMK\QÎ
1.5 PRINCIPIOS RELATIVOS A LAS OBLIGACIONES DE LOS SUJETOS:

1.5.1 Obligacin de colaborar (art. 12):
O
Enunciado:
<WLI XMZ[WVI W I]\WZQLIL M[\n MV TI WJTQOIKQ~V LM KWTIJWZIZ KWV TI R][\QKQI K]IVLW [MIV
ZMY]MZQLI[ XIZI MTTW -V KWV[MK]MVKQI I Y]QMV [M VQMO]M I KWTIJWZIZ [M TM QUXWVLZn ]VI
U]T\IK]aWUWV\W[MOVTIOZI^MLILLMTKI[W[MRIZnMV\ZMKQVKWaLQMb[ITIZQW[UyVQUW[
Un[IT\W[^QOMV\M[;QMTPMKPWN]MZMKWV[\Q\]\Q^WLMLMTQ\WMTR]MbKMZ\QKIZnTWKWVL]KMV\MI
TI.Q[KITyI/MVMZITLMTI:MXJTQKI
O
Aplicacin:
4I TMa LMVM TW[ LQ[\QV\W[ UWLW[ MV Y]M PI LM XZWL]KQZ[M MT LMJMZ LM KWTIJWZIKQ~V IT Y]M
IT]LMM[\MXZMKMX\WaY]M^QVK]TI[MOVMTKI[W\IV\WITI[XIZ\M[KWUWITW[\MZKMZW[Y]M
LMJMV ZMITQbIZ ]VI IK\Q^QLIL W IXWZ\IZ ]VI QVNWZUIKQ~V \QT IT XZWKM[W \M[\QOW[# XMZQ\W[#
\MZKMZW[Y]MZMKQJMV]VIVW\QKIKQ~VR]LQKQITLMTLMUIVLILW#WY]MLMJMVPIKMZM`PQJQKQ~V
de un documento relevante en la litis M\K 6W [M \ZI\I IY]y LMT K]UXTQUQMV\W LM ]VI
24

KIZOI XZWKM[IT X]M[ u[\I[ TTMÎV IXIZMRILI[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[ M[\ZQK\IUMV\M XZWKM[ITM[ XWZ []
QVIK\Q^QLIL XuZLQLI LM TI M`XMK\I\QÎ LM WJ\MVMZ ]V ZM[]T\ILW NI^WZIJTM QV\MZTWK]\WZQW W
LMVQ\Q^WLMPIJMZIK\]ILW[QVWLMWJTQOIKQWVM[LMTI[Y]MMT[]RM\WVWX]MLM[][\ZIMZ[MI
UMVW[Y]MUMLQMR][\IKI][IKWV]VIZMXMZK][Q~V[QVW[IVKQWVILWZII\ZIû[LM]VIU]T\I
K]aW[TyUQ\M[aI[MRIVIY]ya[MOVMT[]X]M[\WITIIXMZ\]ZI\IUJQuVLMZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL
XMVITXWZWJ[\Z]KKQ~VITIR][\QKQI
1.5.2 Principio de veracidad, lealtad, buena fe y probidad procesal (art. 13):

O
Enunciado:
4I[XIZ\M[[][ZMXZM[MV\IV\M[[][IJWOILW[aMVOMVMZITK]ITY]QMZXIZ\yKQXMMVMTXZWKM[W
LMJMZnV IK\]IZ KWV ^MZIKQLIL TMIT\IL J]MVI NM a XZWJQLIL XZWKM[IT -T R]Mb XZWK]ZIZn
QUXMLQZ\WLIKWVL]K\IY]MQUXTQY]MIK\Q^QLILQTyKQ\IWOMVMZMLQTIKQ~VQVLMJQLILMTXZWKM[W
4I QVNZIKKQ~V LM TI[ WJTQOIKQWVM[ LM ^MZIKQLIL TMIT\IL J]MVI NM a XZWJQLIL XZWKM[IT [M
[IVKQWVIZn KWV TI KWVLMVI MV KW[\I[ a KWV MT ZM[IZKQUQMV\W LM TW[ LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ Y]M
P]JQMZIKI][ILWMTQVNZIK\WZ#[QVXMZR]QKQWLMY]MMTR]MbZMUQ\IITI;MKKQ~VLM1V^M[\QOIKQ~V
8ZWNM[QWVITLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM2][\QKQITIZM[XMK\QÎKMZ\QKIKQ~V[WJZMTIKWVL]K\ILM
TW[IJWOILW[QV\MZ^QVQMV\M[
;QTIQVNZIKKQ~VN]M[MKWV[\Q\]\QÎLMTLMTQ\WLMNIT[MLILMTR]MbKMZ\QKIZnTWKWVL]KMV\MITI
.Q[KITyI/MVMZITLMTI:MXJTQKI
O
Aplicacin:
8WZ TW Y]M ZM[XMK\I I TI[ XIZ\M[ a I Y]QMVM[ TI[ ZMXZM[MV\IV a LMNQMVLMV MV R]QKQW
ZMXZM[MV\IV\M[TMOITM[^WT]V\IZQW[aLMTIJWOILWY]MMRMZKQ\ITIXW[\]TIKQ~VQUXWVMMTIZ\
IUWTLIZ[]KWUXWZ\IUQMV\WITW[LMJMZM[LM"
I >MZIKQLIL"VW[M\ZI\I\IV\WLM]V[MV\QLWIJ[WT]\WLMT\uZUQVWX]M[ZM[]T\ILQNyKQT
Y]M TI[ XIZ\M[ XWZ MRMUXTW VW QVK]ZZIV MV QUXZMKQ[QWVM[ a MZZWZM[ NZMK]MV\M[ IT
IZ\QK]TIZMTZMTI\WLM[][ITMOIKQWVM[IKMZKILMK~UWWK]ZZQMZWVTW[PMKPW[LMTKI[W
TWY]MM`XTQKIILMUn[Y]MLMJIM`Q[\QZ]VINI[MLMXZ]MJITW[PMKPW[VW[M\QMVMV
XWZ ^MZLIL XWZY]M [y I UMVW[ Y]M TI W\ZI XIZ\M TW[ ILUQ\I ;M \ZI\I MV M[\M IZ\
[WJZM\WLWLMVWIUXIZIZMTMVOI}WaMTNIT[MIUQMV\WKWV[KQMV\MLMTW[LI\W[
ZMTMÎV\M[ IT XZWKM[W MUXMbIVLW XWZ TI QLMV\QKIKQ~V LM TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI MV TI
LMUIVLIKWVMTVLM[IKIZ]VXZW^MKPWM[X]ZQWLMTIUMV\QZIY]MTILMUIVLIVWTM
M[IVW\QKILIM\K6W[MX]MLMUIVQX]TIZKWVN]VLQZVQMV\WZXMKMZKWV[KQMV\MUMV\M
TI TIJWZ LMT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT a [Q I[y [M PIKM MT []RM\W M[\IZn QVK]ZZQMVLW MV ]VI
KWVL]K\IXZWPQJQLI
J 4MIT\IL"M[]V[QV~VQUWLMTI\ZQJ]\WIV\MZQWZ[]IV\y\M[Q[[MZyITI\ZIQKQ~VaMTNZI]LM
)]VY]MKILIXIZ\MUIV\QMVM[]XZWXQIXW[QKQ~VMVTIKWV\QMVLIaVW\QMVMXWZY]u
KMLMZ MV [][ TMOy\QUI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ VQ KWUXIZ\QZ [] M[\ZI\MOQI LM LMNMV[I KWV []
25

WXWVMV\M\IUXWKWKIJMVTW[KWUXWZ\IUQMV\W[NZI]L]TMV\W[VQMTWK]T\IUQMV\WLM
LI\W[ a XZ]MJI[ ,M ITTy MT ZyOQLW [Q[\MUI XZMKT][Q^W Y]M QV\ZWL]KM MT +~LQOW MV
UI\MZQILMXZ]MJILWK]UMV\ITaXMZQKQITM^Q\IVLWTIIXIZQKQ~VLMu[\I[XWZ[WZXZM[I
WMV]VUWUMV\WLMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[MVTI[Y]MMTXMZR]LQKILWVWX]MLMZMIKKQWVIZ
K
*]MVINM"IT]LMI]VIZMK\Q\]LaPWVZILMbMVTW[IK\W[IKWUXWZ\IZ[MKWVNWZUM[M
M[XMZILMKILIXIZ\M1UXTQKIY]MVW[MLMJM[W[\MVMZIY]MTTWY]MKWV[KQMV\MUMV\M
[M [IJM KWV\ZIZQW I TI TMa a I TI ZMITQLIL LM TI[ KW[I[ VQ I XZWK]ZIZ ]V XMZR]QKQW
QTMOy\QUWWQTMOITITIKWV\ZIXIZ\M
L 8ZWJQLILXZWKM[IT"TIXZWJQLILM[[QV~VQUWLMPWVZILMbaXWZ\IV\WLMTIJ]MVINM
XZWKM[IT
;MOV[M[M}ITIILMUn[MVM[\MIZ\+8+5TIQVNZIKKQ~VLMM[\W[M[\nVLIZM[LMKWV[]T\I
XWLZn[MZZMXMTQLILMLQ^MZ[I[UIVMZI[JQMV[MIUMLQIV\MTIQUXW[QKQ~VLMKW[\I[^MZIZ\
XnZZINW[MO]VLWaXnZZINWXZQUMZWLMT+~LQOW#[MIUMLQIV\M]VIKWVLMVIXWZLI}W[
aXMZR]QKQW[aMVMTKI[WLMTIJWOILW[]XW[QJTMZM[XWV[IJQTQLILKQ^QTXMVITaLMWV\WT~OQKI
LQ[KQXTQVIZQI[QO]QMVLWMTR]MbTW[KWVL]K\W[WKQITM[Y]MIY]y[MXZMûVXIZIKILI[Q\]IKQ~V
1.6 PRINCIPIOS DEL PROCEDIMIENTO:

1.6.1 Principio de oralidad (art. 8):
O
Enunciado:
-V TW[ XZWKM[W[ KQ^QTM[ a UMZKIV\QTM[ TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[ [M ZMITQbIZnV LM NWZUI
XZMLWUQVIV\MUMV\M WZIT [QV XMZR]QKQW LM TI LWK]UMV\IKQ~V LM TW[ IK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ Y]M
LMJIVPIKMZ[MKWV[\IZXWZM[KZQ\WaLMTI[IXWZ\IKQWVM[LWK]UMV\ITM[Y]MMVM[\MK~LQOW[M
M[\IJTMKMV
O
Aplicacin:
;M}ITIM[\MIZ\ +8+5TIZMOTIY]MT]MOWLM[IZZWTTIMT+~LQOWITZMO]TIZKILI]VWLMTW[
XZWKM[W[MVMT[MV\QLWLMXZQUIZTIZMITQbIKQ~VWZIT^MZJITLMTI[ITMOIKQWVM[aTI[XZ]MJI[
\IV\WMV[]QV\MZ^MVKQ~VXWZTI[XIZ\M[KWUWXWZMT\Q\]TIZLMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITI[yTII]LQMVKQI
XZMXIZI\WZQILMTR]QKQWKWUVWTILMXZ]MJILMu[\MaLMTIJZM^QILW
,M\WLW[UWLW[LMJMVLMRIZ[MI[IT^WaI[yTWPIKMM[\IVWZUIY]MVWZMKWOMTIWZITQLIL
IJ[WT]\IIY]MTTW[IK\W[Y]MXWZ[]KWUXTMRQLILTITMaXZMMZMY]M[MXZM[MV\MVXWZM[KZQ\W
LMUIVLI LM TW[ XZWKM[W[ LMKTIZI\Q^W[# QV\MZXW[QKQ~V LM ZMK]Z[W[# [WTQKQ\]L LM UMLQLI[
KI]\MTIZM[aMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[INZMV\MIIY]MTTW[W\ZW[LWVLMTIWZITQLIL[MXZMûXWZUW\Q^W[
LM MKWVWUyI XZWKM[IT KWV\M[\IKQ~V MV MT R]QKQW IJZM^QILW a [M QUXWVM I\MVLQMVLW I TI
VI\]ZITMbIKWV^MVQMV\MUMV\MM`QJTMLMTIK\WXZWKM[ITMVIZI[INIKQTQ\IZTIJ[Y]MLILMTI
^MZLILZMITLM[IZZWTTWLMTW[QV\MZZWOI\WZQW[LMXZ]MJI
26

:M[XMK\W LM \WLI[ TI[ KWUXIZMKMVKQI[ a ^Q[\I[ Y]M [M XZIK\QY]MV WZITUMV\M LMJMZn VW
WJ[\IV\MO]IZLIZ[M]VZMOQ[\ZWNMPIKQMV\MLM[]KWV\MVQLWKWUWUyVQUWI\ZIû[LMTIO]ZI
LMTIK\IM[KZQ\IaMV[]KI[WXWZQV[\Z]UMV\W[I]LQW^Q[]ITM[LMOZIJIKQ~V^MZIZ\[
LMT+~LQOW
1.6.2 Principio de publicidad (art. 9):

O
Enunciado:
4I[I]LQMVKQI[LM\WLW[TW[XZWKM[W[XZM^Q[\W[MVM[\M+~LQOW[MZnVXJTQKI[[IT^WY]MMT
R]MbLMWKQWWIQV[\IVKQILMXIZ\MLQ[XWVOITWKWV\ZIZyWXWZZIbWVM[LM[MO]ZQLILVIKQWVIT
LMUWZITWLMWZLMVXJTQKWWLMXZW\MKKQ~VLMTIXZQÎKQLILLMITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[
4IZM[\ZQKKQ~VLMTIX]JTQKQLILLMTI[I]LQMVKQI[LMJMZnIKWZLIZ[MMVZM[WT]KQ~VLMJQLIUMV\M
UW\QÎLIMVTIY]M[MXZMKQ[MVLMUIVMZIM`XZM[IaKTIZITI[ZIbWVM[LMLQKPIZM[\ZQKKQ~V
I[yKWUWTILM\MZUQVIKQ~VLMY]QMVM[ILMUn[LMTI[XIZ\M[[][IXWLMZILW[WZMXZM[MV\IV\M[
XWLZnVM[\IZXZM[MV\M[MVTI[UQ[UI[
4I[XIZ\M[[][IXWLMZILW[ZMXZM[MV\IV\M[TW[IJWOILW[aK]ITY]QMZIW\ZIXMZ[WVIY]MITMO]M
ITOVQV\MZu[R]ZyLQKIUMV\MXZW\MOQLW\MVLZnVIKKM[WITM`XMLQMV\MR]LQKQIT
O
Aplicacin:
+WV\MUXTI MT IZ\ ! LMT +~LQOW [MOV KWZZMK\IUMV\M M[XMKQKI LW[ KTI[M[ LM X]JTQKQLIL
QV\ZIXZWKM[W"TIXZQUMZILMMTTI[ZMQ\MZILIT]MOWMVMTIZ\M[TILMTI[I]LQMVKQI[WZITM[
XnZZINW[ XZQUMZW a [MO]VLW a M[ ]VI X]JTQKQLIL Y]M IJIZKI \IV\W I TI[ XIZ\M[ LMT TQ\QOQW
como a los terceros.
;]XWVMY]MMTIKKM[WITI[^Q[\I[VWLMJM[MZXZWPQJQLWWTQUQ\ILW[IT^WMTMUMV\ITM[ZIbWVM[
LM M[XIKQW Ny[QKW [QVW M[ XIZI XZW\MOMZ ]V JQMV R]ZyLQKW []XMZQWZ KWUW X]MLMV [MZ TI[
KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ZMNMZQLI[MVM[\MXnZZINWXZQUMZWZIbWVM[LM[MO]ZQLILVIKQWVITLMUWZITW
LMWZLMVXJTQKWWLMXZW\MKKQ~VLMTIXZQÎKQLILLMITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[
8MZUQ\M M[\I X]JTQKQLIL LM TI[ I]LQMVKQI[ MT KWVWKQUQMV\W [QU]T\nVMW LM TW IK\]ILW a
TI M^Q\IKQ~V LM K]ITY]QMZ KWVR]ZI IUI}W W IZ\QKQW MV XZM[MV\IZ KWUW ZMITQbILI ]VI
KWUXIZMKMVKQUI\MZQITUMV\MQVM`Q[\MV\M
6WX]MLMWJ^QIZ[MI[yTWY]M\WLW[PIV^Q[\WaM[W[QOVQKIY]MY]QMVM[PIVXZM[MVKQILWTI
^Q[\I[MKWV^QMZ\MVMV\M[\QOW[LQZMK\W[LMTITQUXQMbIaTMOITQLILLMTXZWKM[W
+]IVLW XWZ KWVK]ZZQZ ITO]VI LM IY]MTTI[ KI][I[ OZI^M[ [M WZLMVI TI KMTMJZIKQ~V LM TI
I]LQMVKQIIX]MZ\IKMZZILIMT\ZQJ]VITUIV\MVLZnKWUWUyVQUWTIOIZIV\yILMTIX]JTQKQLILI
TI[XIZ\M[[IT^WY]MTIKWVL]K\IQVOWJMZVIJTMLMITO]VILMMTTI[WJTQO]MIY]M[MILM[ITWRILI
LMTI[ITI[][IXWLMZILW[aZMXZM[MV\IV\M[QVKT]aMVLWI[][IJWOILW[aLQ[XWVLZn[Q[MTM
XMZUQ\MMTIKKM[WIITO]QMVUn[IKI[WLMUIVMZIVMKM[IZQIQV\MZ^MVKQ~VLM\M[\QOW[aXMZQ\W[
27

.QVITUMV\MMTT\QUWXnZZINWLMTXZMKMX\W[MZMMZMITI[MO]VLIUWLITQLILLMX]JTQKQLILTI
LMTKWVR]V\WLMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[Ny[QKIUMV\M#MTM`XMLQMV\MTQUQ\ILIu[\I[QMUXZMITI[XIZ\M[
LMTXZWKM[WZMXZM[MV\IV\MMVR]QKQWa[][IJWOILW[[QJQMVTIVWZUILMRIIJQMZ\ITIIT\MZVI\QÎ
I KWV[MV\QZ TI TMK\]ZI LM TW[ I]\W[ I ]V \MZKMZW Y]M ITMO]M ITOV QV\MZu[ R]ZyLQKIUMV\M
XZW\MOQLW
0]MTOILMKQZY]MM[\WLMJMZnKWVKMLMZ[MLMUIVMZIZM[\ZQK\QÎ[QPIJTIUW[LM]V\MZKMZWY]M
VWÎIXMLQZ[]XMZ[WVIKQ~VKWUWKWILa]ÎV\M[QVWY]M[MÎIUIV\MVMZN]MZILMTLMJI\M
X]M[VQ[QY]QMZIMTUMZWPMKPWLMY]MVWXZM\MVLIa priori]VXZWX~[Q\WQVLQOVWX]MLMR][\QKIZ
IKKMLMZI]VIQVNWZUIKQ~VY]MXWZ[]VI\]ZITMbIM[\nZM[MZÎLIITI[XIZ\M[LMTXZWKM[W
,MJMMV\MVLMZ[MY]M[~TWXIZI[ITÎO]IZLIZMTLMZMKPWLMM[M\MZKMZWMVKI[WVMKM[IZQWLI\W[
Y]MZMY]QMZMIV\M]VILMUIVLIIRMVIWXWZI]\WZQbIZTWW\ZITMaM[Y]M[MXMZUQ\QZn\ITKW[I
1.6.3 Principio de inmediacin (art. 10):

O
Enunciado:
-TR]MbLMJMZnXZM[QLQZXMZ[WVITUMV\M\IV\WTIKMTMJZIKQ~VLMI]LQMVKQI[KWUWTIXZnK\QKILM
TW[UMLQW[XZWJI\WZQW[Y]MLIVLWM`XZM[IUMV\MXZWPQJQLITILMTMOIKQ~VLMLQKPIXZM[MVKQI
[W XMVI LM V]TQLIL QV[]J[IVIJTM# M`KMX\W K]IVLW TI LQTQOMVKQI XZWJI\WZQI LMJI ZMITQbIZ[M
N]MZILMTIKQZK]V[KZQXKQ~VLMT\ZQJ]VITMVK]aWKI[WMTR]MbXWLZnMVKWUMVLIZTIUMLQIV\M
KWUQ[Q~VXZWKM[ITLMJQMVLWMTR]MbLMTMOILWXZM[QLQZTIXZnK\QKILMTIUQ[UI
O
Aplicacin:
:M[]T\I\IRIV\MM[\MIZ\LMT+8+5IT[IVKQWVIZTITTIUILIQVUMLQIKQ~V[]JRM\QÎR]LQKQIT
XIZILQ[\QVO]QZTILMTIWJRM\QÎ"XZMNMZMVKQILMXZ]MJI[LQZMK\I[NZMV\MIQVLQZMK\I[ITIY]M
\IUJQuVIT]LMXWZKQMZ\WMT+~LQOW"^MZIZ\MV\MVLQLIKWUWLMJMZLMTR]MbLMXZM[QLQZ
TI[I]LQMVKQI[aXZM[MVKQIZTIXZnK\QKILMTI[XZ]MJI[LMTI[Y]MT]MOWLMJMZnPIKMZIVnTQ[Q[
MV[][MV\MVKQIILMUn[LMQV\MZ^MVQZMVLQKPWIK\WMVMTMRMZKQKQWLM[][NIK]T\ILM[LMKWV\ZWT
QVILUQ[Q~VLMXZ]MJI[aXZMO]V\I[QUXMZ\QVMV\M[aIKTIZIKQ~VITI[XIZ\M[\M[\QOW[aXMZQ\W[
K]IVLWLMKTIZIV
+WUW LQKM M[\M LQ[XW[Q\Q^W [W XMVI LM V]TQLIL QV[]J[IVIJTM [Q I[y VW WK]ZZQMZM TW K]IT
ZMUIKPIT]MOWMTIZ\LMUIVMZIKWVKWZLIV\M
-[\WPILMQVKT]QZTW[KI[W[LM[][\Q\]KQ~VLMTR]MbIV\M[LMLQK\IZ[M[MV\MVKQIXWZK]ITY]QMZ
UW\Q^WTMOITR]JQTIKQ~V\ZI[TILWM\KMVK]aI\M[Q\]ZILMJMZMXM\QZ[MTII]LQMVKQIXZWJI\WZQI
KWV MT V]M^W R]Mb W TW[ UIOQ[\ZILW[ [Q MZI IV\M ]VI +nUIZI LM ;MO]VLI 1V[\IVKQI a [M
[][\Q\]a~ITO]VW
+WV\WLW[MM`KMXKQWVIVKQMZ\I[[Q\]IKQWVM[Y]MQUXQLMVad radiceTIXZM[MVKQILMTR]bOILWZMV
MTIK\WLMXZ]MJIKWUWM[TINIT\ILMR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VQV\MZVIWTIVMKM[QLILLMXZIK\QKIZIY]uTTI
MVMTM`\ZIVRMZWI\ZIû[LMTW[UMKIVQ[UW[LMKWWXMZIKQ~VQV\MZVIKQWVIT^MZIZ\+8+5
28
1.6.4 Principio de concentracin (art. 11):

O
Enunciado:
4W[IK\W[XZWKM[ITM[[MZMITQbIZnVKWVTIUIaWZXZW`QUQLIL\MUXWZITMV\ZMMTTW[LMJQMVLW
MT R]Mb KWVKMV\ZIZ MV ]VI UQ[UI [M[Q~V \WLW[ TW[ IK\W[ Y]M [MI XW[QJTM ZMITQbIZ# I[QUQ[UW
XZWK]ZIZnLMKQLQZMV]VIUQ[UIZM[WT]KQ~V\WLW[TW[X]V\W[XMVLQMV\M[
;Q ]VI I]LQMVKQI ZMY]QMZM Un[ LM ]VI [M[Q~V [M TTMÎZn I KIJW MV TW[ LyI[ []J[QO]QMV\M[
PI[\ILIZTIXWZKWVKT]QLIX]LQuVLW[MWZLMVIZXWZMTR]MbY]MTIUQ[UIKWV\QVMMVLyI[VW
PnJQTM[
O
Aplicacin:
-TXZQVKQXQWLMKWVKMV\ZIKQ~VY]MLIXMZNMK\IUMV\MLMVQ\Q^WMVMTIZ\LMT+~LQOWLM[LM
T]MOWPI[\IMTTyUQ\MLMTWY]MX]MLMLMKQZ]VIVWZUI+WV\WLWTIKWVKMV\ZIKQ~VM`QOMT]MOW
]VITIJWZIXTQKI\QÎLMTZM[XWV[IJTMLMILUQVQ[\ZIZR][\QKQIXZWOZIUIVLWXIZIKILIXZWKM[W
KWVKZM\WTW[IK\W[aKWUXIZMKMVKQI[WZITM[Y]MZM[]T\MVUMVM[\MZLMIK]MZLWIM[IXZW`QUQLIL
\MUXWZITY]MM`QOMTITMaXIZITI[I]LQMVKQI[LMXZ]MJI^MZIZ\!aIOW\IVLWPI[\ILWVLM
[MIXW[QJTMTIZM[WT]KQ~VLMTW[LQ^MZ[W[I[]V\W[XMVLQMV\M[MVTIUQ[UIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQIT
[IT^W K]IVLW TI KWUXTMRQLIL LMT \MUI TW QUXQLI I[y WK]ZZM KWV TI LMKQ[Q~V [WJZM KQMZ\I[
M`KMXKQWVM[XZWKM[ITM[XWZMRMUXTWMVTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQI
6W[M}ITI[QVMUJIZOWMTXZMKMX\WK]nTX]MLM[MZTI[IVKQ~VLMZQÎLILMTQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLM
M[\MUIVLI\WTWY]MX]MLMLQK]T\IZMVTIXZnK\QKI[]MNMK\Q^QLILUn[ITTnLMKQMZ\W[M`KM[W[
aIQVR][\QKILW[aMVK]IV\W\ITM[KWVO]ZILWZM[LMLQTIKQWVM[R]LQKQITM[KWV\ZIZQI[ITLMZMKPW
I]VIILMK]ILIXZW\MKKQ~VR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT
1.6.5 Principio de direccin y ordenacin del proceso (art. 14):

O
Enunciado:
4ILQZMKKQ~VLMTXZWKM[WM[\nKWVILIITR]MbY]QMVTIMRMZKMZnLMIK]MZLWITWM[\IJTMKQLW
MVM[\MK~LQOW
-V KWV[MK]MVKQI LMJMZn KWVL]KQZ TW[ XZWKM[W[ XWZ TI ^yI XZWKM[IT WZLMVILI XWZ TI TMa VW
WJ[\IV\MY]MTIXIZ\MQVK]ZZIMVMZZWZ1VQKQILWMTXZWKM[WMTR]MbQUX]T[IZn[]\ZIUQ\IKQ~V
LQ[XWVQMVLWTI[IK\]IKQWVM[WXWZ\]VI[aILMK]ILI[XIZIM^Q\IZ[]XIZITQbIKQ~VILMTIV\IVLW
[]\ZnUQ\MKWVTIUIaWZKMTMZQLILXW[QJTM#XWZ\IV\W[MZnZM[XWV[IJTMLMTIWZLMVIKQ~VLMT
XZWKM[WI[yKWUWLMK]ITY]QMZLMUWZIWKI[QWVILIXWZ[]VMOTQOMVKQI
O
Aplicacin:
6WXMZ[QO]M\IV\WM[\MIZ\+8+5ZMQ^QVLQKIZXWZQVVMKM[IZQWMTXIXMTLMTR]MbWKWTMOQW
LM 5IOQ[\ZILW[ MV [] KI[W KWUW LQZMK\WZM[ LMT XZWKM[W X]M[ M[ M^QLMV\M Y]M TI TMa VW PI
29

IZ\QK]TILW TI \]\MTI R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT MV UWLW \IT Y]M [MIV TW[ XIZ\QK]TIZM[ TW[ Y]M LMKQLIV
K]nVLWK~UWaL~VLMPIVLMZMITQbIZ[MTI[IK\]IKQWVM[[QVWY]MKWZZM[XWVLMIT\Q\]TIZLMTI
XW\M[\ILR]LQKQITLQZQOQZMTLMJI\MXZWKM[ITMV\WLWUWUMV\W
4]MOW TW Y]M IY]y MV LMVQ\QÎ [M XZM\MVLM M[\IJTMKMZ M[ ]V I[XMK\W Un[ KWVKZM\W LM M[I
\IZMILMLQZMKKQ~VLMTR]MbaM[TWY]MKWVMK\IKWVMTTTIUILWXZQVKQXQWLMQUX]T[WWKQIT
LMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WY]MM[ZMITUMV\MMTY]MIY]y[MKWV[IOZI)[]^QZ\]LX]M[PILM[MZ
MT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITMTR]Mb[]XMZ^Q[IVLWTITIJWZLMT;MKZM\IZQWaLMTN]VKQWVIZQWY]MTTMÎMT
\ZnUQ\MLMTM`XMLQMV\MaVWTI[XIZ\M[QV\MZ^QVQMV\M[MVuTY]QMVM[LMJMZnVXZW^MMZMV\WLW
UWUMV\W I TI KWV\QV]IKQ~V LMT \ZnUQ\M XZWKMLQUMV\IT ]VI ^Mb [M KWV[\I\I Y]M KWVK]ZZMV
TW[UW\Q^W[XIZIMTTWJQMV[MIXWZY]M[MKWVKMLM]VXTIbWau[\MaIPI^MVKQLW[MIXWZY]M
TI KWVL]K\I Y]M M[\IJI XMVLQMV\M XIZI IKWZLIZ TI IXMZ\]ZI LMT V]M^W IK\W aI PI [QLW
UI\MZQITQbILIM\K;QVVMKM[QLILXIZIMV\MVLMZVW[LMY]MTI[XIZ\M[\MVOIVKWV[\IV\MUMV\M
Y]MXMLQZTW
6W[MLMJMVLM\ZIUQ\IZTW[XZWKM[W[MVLMVQ\QÎXWZNZ]\WLMTIbIZVQXWZTIUIaWZWUMVWZ
QV[Q[\MVKQILMTW[TQ\QOIV\M[[WJZM\WLWLMTIK\WZY]MMVTIUIaWZyILMTW[KI[W[MTQV\MZM[ILW
MVY]MIÎVKMaWJ\MVOI]VILMKQ[Q~VLMVQ\QÎ[QVWXWZ]VQUXMZI\Q^WTMOITITY]MLMJMLIZ
[I\Q[NIKKQ~VLMWKQWMT\Q\]TIZLMTIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VMVKIZOILWLMTKI[Wa[WJZMMTY]MTI[XIZ\M[
X]MLMVXTIV\MIZ[]ZMKTIUIKQ~VMVKI[WLMQVWJ[MZÎVKQI-VMT\MUILMT7JRM\WLMTXZWKM[W
aTIKIL]KQLILLMTIQV[\IVKQI^MZMUW[TI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[LM\WLWM[\W
BIBLIOGRAFA:
-V]VIWJZILMLQKILIM[XMKyKIUMV\MIIVITQbIZMTKWV\MVQLWaITKIVKMLMTI[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[
LMT V]M^W +~LQOW 8ZWKM[IT +Q^QT a 5MZKIV\QT [ITÎLWZM}W MT IVnTQ[Q[ LM LWK\ZQVI Y]MLI
KWVLQKQWVILWXWZTIIK\]ITNIT\ILMX]JTQKIKQWVM[MV\WZVWITI[QV[\Q\]KQWVM[Y]Mu[\MZMO]TI
-V^QZ\]LLMMTTWPMUW[WX\ILW[QO]QMVLWTIUM\WLWTWOyILMTW[UIV]ITM[LMTILQ[KQXTQVI
XWZ ZMKWOMZ JQJTQWOZINyI M[XI}WTI LM IXWaW IT VIT LM KILI ]VW LM TW[ JTWY]M[ \MUn\QKW[
Y]MVW[\WKI\ZI\IZXIZIY]QMVM[Y]QMZIVXZWN]VLQbIZMV[]M[\]LQWLM[LMTIXMZ[XMK\QÎLMT
LMZMKPWKWUXIZILW\MVQMVLWMVK]MV\ILM[LMT]MOWY]M[M\ZI\I\IV[~TWLM]VIWZQMV\IKQ~V
MV]VKQI\QÎaVWM`PI][\QÎaY]MTIUQ[UILMJMKWUXTMUMV\IZ[MKWVTI[N]MV\M[LMIY]MT
XIy[Y]M[MM[KWRIKWUWZMNMZMVKQI-VM[\MXZQUMZIXIZ\ILWaMVZMTIKQ~VKWVMTLMZMKPWITI
XZW\MKKQ~VR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITaTW[XZQVKQXQW[LMTXZWKM[WKQ^QTZMKWUMVLIUW["):5-6<),-=
<MZM[I"4MKKQWVM[LM,MZMKPW8ZWKM[IT+Q^QT8ZWKM[WLMLMKTIZIKQ~VXZWKM[WLMMRMK]KQ~V
aXZWKM[W[M[XMKQITM[#5IZKQIT8WV[K]IZ\IMLQKQ~V5ILZQL!#*7::)27161-;<)
1OVIKQW ,-B81+)B7 /15j6-B 1OVIKQW a .-:66,-B .)::-:-; /MZUnV"
-TLMZMKPWITI\]\MTIR]LQKQITaMTZMK]Z[WLMIUXIZW"]VIZMM`Q~V[WJZMTIR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQIKWV[\Q\]KQWVIT
+Q^Q\I[5ILZQL!!#+)*)k);/):+)2]IV+IZTW[+WWZLQVILWZ"Comentarios prcticos
a la nueva Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil ))>><ZQ^Q]U5ILZQL#+)*)k);/):+)
2]IV +IZTW[" :MNWZUI KITQLIL LM TI R][\QKQI a \]\MTI R]LQKQIT LM NWVLW Estudios acerca de
la reforma de la Justicia en Espaa Vol. II (AA.VV.),)KILMUQILM2]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQIa4MOQ[TIKQ~V
a 5QVQ[\MZQW LM 2][\QKQI 5ILZQL XX !# +Z~VQKI [WJZM TI R]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI LMT
<ZQJ]VIT+WV[\Q\]KQWVITZM[XMK\WLMTLMZMKPWN]VLIUMV\ITITI\]\MTIR]LQKQITMNMK\QÎ"IZ\
30

+-MVLa reforma constitucional: hacia un nuevo pacto constituyente?: Actas de las XIV Jornadas
LMTI)[WKQIKQ~VLM4M\ZILW[LMT<ZQJ]VIT+WV[\Q\]KQWVIT+MV\ZWLM-[\]LQW[8WTy\QKW[a+WV[\Q\]KQWVITM[
a <ZQJ]VIT +WV[\Q\]KQWVIT 5ILZQL ! XX # -T LMZMKPW I TI QO]ITLIL MV TI )XTQKIKQ~V
Judicial de la Ley,)ZIVbILQ<PWU[WV:M]\MZ[+Qb]Z5MVWZ6IÎZZI#-TZMK]Z[WLM
IUXIZWY]MY]MZMUW["ZMM`QWVM[IXZWX~[Q\WLMTI4Ma7ZOnVQKILMLMUIaWLM
ZMNWZUIXIZKQITLMTI4Ma7ZOnVQKILMT<ZQJ]VIT+WV[\Q\]KQWVITRevista Espaola de Derecho
Constitucional,V 5ILZQLXX! #+)6)4-;+1;+77[KIZ)V\WVQW"Derecho
procesal civil salvadoreo, I.,=+)[MO]VLIMLQKQ~V-T;ITÎLWZ#+7:,657:-67
.I][\QVW+WWZLQVILWZ"Comentarios a la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil, 2 Vols (AA.VV.),)ZIVbILQ
5ILZQL # +7:,6 57:-67 .I][\QVW" 1V\ZWL]KKQ~V IT ,MZMKPW 8ZWKM[IT -=6;)
\MZKMZIMLQKQ~V8IUXTWVI!! #5IV]ITLM,MZMKPW8ZWKM[IT+Q^QT"IX]V\M[LM+n\MLZI=TbIUI
8IUXTWVI # -T LMZMKPW I WJ\MVMZ TI \]\MTI R]LQKQIT MNMK\QÎ MV TI WJZI KWTMK\QÎ
Derechos procesales fundamentales,+/825ILZQLXX#+7:<j;,756/=-B
>ITMV\yVa57:-67+)<-6)>yK\WZ"1V\ZWL]KKQ~VIT,MZMKPW8ZWKM[ITa,MZMKPW8ZWKM[IT+Q^QT
8IZ\M OMVMZIT <QZIV\ 4W *TIVKP IUJW[ [MO]VLI MLQKQ~V 5ILZQL # ,- 4) 741>)
;)6<7; )VLZu[ ,yMb8QKIbW /QUuVMb 1OVIKQW a >MOI[ <WZZM[ 2IQUM" ,MZMKPW 8ZWKM[IT
1V\ZWL]KKQ~V a ,MZMKPW 8ZWKM[IT +Q^QT -T XZWKM[W LM LMKTIZIKQ~V Editorial Universitaria Ramn
)ZMKM[ IUJW[ \MZKMZI MLQKQ~V 5ILZQL # /):*-: 447*:-/)< 2W[u" El derecho
ITI\]\MTIR]LQKQITMNMK\QÎMVTIR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQILMT<ZQJ]VIT+WV[\Q\]KQWVIT*W[KP*IZKMTWVI #
/15-67 ;-6,:) >QKMV\M" +WV[\Q\]KQ~V a XZWKM[W <MKVW[ 5ILZQL ! # ,MZMKPW 8ZWKM[IT
+Q^QT 1 -T XZWKM[W LM LMKTIZIKQ~V 8IZ\M OMVMZIT +~TM` [MO]VLI MLQKQ~V 5ILZQL a Los
LMZMKPW[ N]VLIUMV\ITM[ a [] XZW\MKKQ~V R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT +~TM` 5ILZQL # 4)6,761 ;7;)
VOMT/):,-:-;/);8)::1;IV\QIOW"+~LQOW/MVMZITLMT8ZWKM[WLMTI:MXJTQKI7ZQMV\IT
del Uruguay. Comentado, anotado con jurisprudencia. Vol. 1 y 2,-LQ\WZQIT*LM.4\LI5WV\M^QLMW
# 576<-:7 ):7+) 2]IV /5-B +7475-: 2]IV 4]Q[ 576<6
:-,76,7)TJMZ\Wa*):76)>14):;QT^QI",MZMKPW2]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT118ZWKM[W+Q^QT Tirant
4W*TIVKPMLQKQ~V>ITMVKQI #576<6:-,76,7)TJMZ\W"1VQKQIKQ~VITM[\]LQW
del derecho procesal,=VQ^MZ[QLILLM;ITIUIVKI! #7:<-44;:)57;5IV]MTDerecho
8ZWKM[IT+Q^QT)ZIVbILQ<PWU[WV:M]\MZ[WK\IÎMLQKQ~V+Qb]Z5MVWZ M1V\ZWL]KKQ~VIT
,MZMKPW8ZWKM[IT)ZIVbILQ<PWU[WV:M]\MZ[+Qb]Z5MVWZ#7:<1B6)>)+-::),)
;IV\QIOW"6W\I[-V\WZVWITKWVKMX\WLM,MZMKPW8ZWKM[ITActualidad Civil, n 3,5ILZQL
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31
1.7 REGLAS PARA LA APLICACIN DE LAS NORMAS PROCESALES

;=5):17" 1 UJQ\W UI\MZQIT LM IXTQKIKQ~V LMT +~LQOW 11 1V\MZXZM\IKQ~V
LM TI[ LQ[XW[QKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[ 111 1V\MOZIKQ~V LM TI[ VWZUI[ XZWKM[ITM[ 1>
)XTQKIKQ~V[]XTM\WZQILMT+~LQOW
1.7.1 mbito material de aplicacin del cdigo:

)JZM MT +IXy\]TW ;MO]VLW LMT <y\]TW 8ZMTQUQVIZ M[\M IZ\ XWZ MT Y]M [M RIV K]nTM[ [WV
TW[ XZWKM[W[ Y]M PIV LM ZMOQZ[M XWZ TI[ LQ[XW[QKQWVM[ LMT V]M^W +~LQOW LM[LM MT X]V\W LM
^Q[\IWJRM\Q^W-VMTXZQUMZKZQ\MZQWY]MLIVJIRW[]KWJMZ\]ZI\WLW[IY]MTTW[XZWKMLQUQMV\W[
LQZQOQLW[ITIZM[WT]KQ~VLMKWVQK\W[KQ^QTM[aUMZKIV\QTM[TWY]MI[]^Mba\ZIL]KQLWMV]VI
XMZ[XMK\QÎWZOnVQKI[QOVQKIVTW[XZWKM[W[[MO]QLW[XWZTW[R]bOILW[a\ZQJ]VITM[[ITÎLWZM}W[
LMM[\MWZLMVR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT[QVXMZR]QKQWLMTIIXTQKIKQ~V[]XTM\WZQILMT+~LQOWIW\ZW\QXW
LMXZWKM[W[^MZIZ\
)T \QMUXW [QV MUJIZOW M[\M UQ[UW XZMKMX\W IKTIZI Y]M X]MLMV M`Q[\QZ W\ZI[ N]MV\M[
VWZUI\QÎ[ ZMO]TILWZI[ LM TW[ IK\W[ LM TW[ XZWKM[W[ ZMOQLW[ XWZ MT +~LQOW UMVKQWVIVLW
XWZ MRMUXTW TW XZM^Q[\W MV \ZI\ILW[ QV\MZVIKQWVITM[ ^MZ MV M[\M TQJZW TW[ \MUI[ ZMTI\Q^W[
ITI KWUXM\MVKQI R]LQKQIT TI XZ]MJI a TI MRMK]KQ~V NWZbW[I a LM[LM T]MOW I W\ZI[ TMaM[ W
ZMOTIUMV\W[VIKQWVITM[LWVLM[MQVKT]aIITO]VILQ[XW[QKQ~VKWV\ZI[KMVLMVKQIXZWKM[ITMV
M[\IWJZILMKWUMV\IZQW[QZMUW[IT]LQMVLWIÎZQI[LMMTTI[
,M W\ZI XIZ\M MT UQ[UW IZ\ [M ZMMZM I TI[ LQTQOMVKQI[ R]LQKQITM[ VW KWV\MVKQW[I[ TI[
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<IUXWKW LM TW[ KI[W[ LWVLM MT I[]V\W [M ^]MTÎ KWV\MVKQW[W LM UIVMZI [WJZM^MVQLI X]M[
XZMKQ[IUMV\M LM WK]ZZQZ I[y [] \ZI\IUQMV\W XI[I I [MZ M`KT][QÎUMV\M LMTI KWUXM\MVKQI
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I]VY]MKWVMK\ILI[KWVIY]MTTW[XZWKMLQUQMV\W[LMR]ZQ[LQKKQ~V^WT]V\IZQIVWKWV\MVKQW[I[
[MTTMÎVIKIJWJIRWTIWZLMVWMTKWV\ZWTLQZMK\W[LMTR]MbITPIKMZNIT\IQUXM\ZIZ[]I]`QTQW
XWZ TI NIT\I LM KWTIJWZIKQ~V LM TW[ LM[\QVI\IZQW[ LMT ZMY]MZQUQMV\W LMT NMLI\IZQW" I[y XWZ
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IJZM^QILWXWZ[]ZIXQLMbaKWVKMV\ZIKQ~V
32
1.8 INTERPRETACIN DE LAS DISPOSICIONES PROCESALES:

,M IK]MZLW KWV MT IZ\ +~LQOW TI[ LQ[XW[QKQWVM[ LM u[\M LMJMZnV QV\MZXZM\IZ[M LM \IT
UWLWY]M[MXZWK]ZMTIXZW\MKKQ~VaMKIKQILMTW[LMZMKPW[LMTI[XMZ[WVI[aTIKWV[MK]KQ~V
LM TW[ VM[ Y]M KWV[IOZI TI +WV[\Q\]KQ~V LMV\ZW LMT ZM[XM\W IT XZQVKQXQW LM TMOITQLIL -V
KWV[MK]MVKQIMTR]MbLMJMZnM^Q\IZMTZQ\]ITQ[UWaTI[QV\MZXZM\IKQWVM[Y]M[]XMLQ\MVTIMKIKQI
LMTLMZMKPWII[XMK\W[UMZIUMV\MNWZUITM[
4W M`X]M[\W [QOVQKI Jn[QKIUMV\M Y]M MT XZQVKQXQW LM TMOITQLIL [QMUXZM XZM[MV\M MV TI
\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMTI[KI][I[R]LQKQITM[VWX]MLM[MZ[QVMUJIZOWTIM`K][IXIZITI^]TVMZIKQ~V
LMTW[LMZMKPW[LMTW[[]RM\W[Y]MQV\MZ^QMVMVMVMTTI[[MIVXIZ\M[W\MZKMZW[VQUW\Q^WXIZI
QVK]UXTQZ ITOV UIVLI\W KWV[\Q\]KQWVIT 6W [M \ZI\I aI LM Y]M ITOV XZMKMX\W KWVKZM\W
LM M[\M +~LQOW X]LQMZI ZMX]\IZ[M QVKWV[\Q\]KQWVIT [Q I[y WK]ZZM LMJMZn [MZ LQZMK\IUMV\M
QVIXTQKILWXWZMTR]bOILWZLMIK]MZLWITWM`QOQLWMVMTIZ\LMK]aW[Q[\MUILMKWV\ZWT
WJ^QIUMV\M VW M[\n M`QUQLW MT XZWXQW +~LQOW 8ZWKM[IT [QVW LM Y]M TI IXTQKIKQ~V M
QV\MZXZM\IKQ~V Y]M PIOI MT R]Mb LM [][ XZMKMX\W[ VW X]MLM ZM[]T\IZ MV [y UQ[UI \IUXWKW
inconstitucional.
-VKWVKZM\W[MZMMZMM[\MIZ\ ITZQ\]ITQ[UWaTI[QV\MTMKKQWVM[NWZUITM[W[WTMUVM[LMTIK\W
XZM^Q[\WMVTIVWZUIKWUWWJ[\nK]TWXIZITIMNMK\Q^QLILLMTLMZMKPW-[M^QLMV\MY]MVW[M
\ZI\ILM]VIKMV[]ZIITMTMUMV\WZQ\]IZQWWNWZUITLM\WLWIK\WLMTXZWKM[WX]M[\ITMTMUMV\W
deviene connatural a la actividad jurisdiccional.
) TW Y]M IX]V\I Un[ JQMV M[\M XZQVKQXQW LM [ITÎO]IZLI LM TW[ LMZMKPW[ M[ I Y]M
K]IVLW MT K]UXTQUQMV\W LM ]V ZMY]Q[Q\W M[\ZQK\IUMV\M NWZUIT KWVLQKQWVM MT IKKM[W I ]VI
LM\MZUQVILI [WTQKQ\]L LM \]\MTI MV KWVLQKQWVM[ \ITM[ Y]M ZM[]T\M MV TI XZnK\QKI LQNyKQT W
QUXW[QJTM[]ZMITQbIKQ~VXWZMTXTIbW\IVKWZ\WY]M[MKWVKMLMXWZMRWJQMV\ITZMY]Q[Q\W
ZM[]T\I WJRM\QÎUMV\M QV\QT I TW[ MNMK\W[ XZM\MVLQLW[ XWZ TI VWZUI [M QUXWVLZn LMT R]Mb
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NWZUIT
+WV TI KWV[MK]MVKQI MV [] KI[W LM XMZUQ\QZ [] M`QJQTQLIL XIZI KWV[QLMZIZTW []J[IVIJTM
LMV\ZWLM]VXTIbWZIbWVIJTMI]VY]MQVQKQITUMV\MVWLQOIVILITITMa
1.9 INTEGRACIN DE LAS NORMAS PROCESALES:

;M}ITIMTIZ\!LMT+~LQOWXWZ[]XIZ\MK~UWINZWV\IZTI[M^MV\]ITM[TIO]VI[LMTITMaKWV
MTVLMM^Q\IZTIXIZnTQ[Q[LMTIIK\Q^QLILXZWKM[ITWMTQUXZMR]bOIUQMV\WLMTI[K]M[\QWVM[
Y]M\QMVMVMVKWUMVLILI[TW[R]MKM[ZMK]uZLM[MTIXZWPQJQKQ~VLMTnon liquet
-V\IT[MV\QLW[MWZLMVIIK]LQZMVXZQUMZ\uZUQVWITIIVITWOyIKWVTWLQ[X]M[\WMVW\ZI[
VWZUI[LMTXZWXQW+~LQOWLQZQOQLI[IZMO]TIZIK\W[[MUMRIV\M[I[yTI[ZMOTI[LMTR]QKQWKWUV
ZM[XMK\WLMTIJZM^QILWaTW[XZWKM[W[M[XMKQITM[#MV[MO]VLWT]OIZaMV[]LMNMK\W[MIXTQKIZn
TI VWZUI\QÎ KWV[\Q\]KQWVIT a TW[ XZQVKQXQW[ Y]M LMZQÎV LM M[\M +~LQOW KWV M[XMKQIT
QUXWZ\IVKQIKIJMI}ILQZITW[QVKT]QLW[MVM[\M<y\]TW8ZMTQUQVIZ-V]V\MZKMZXMTLI}W
33

[QMUXZM[]J[QLQIZQWINIT\ILMTIV\MZQWZITIR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQILMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUITILWK\ZQVI
TMOIT# MV K]IZ\W T]OIZ I TI LWK\ZQVI KQMV\yKI TI LM TW[ M`XW[Q\WZM[ LMT LMZMKPW A MV
Y]QV\WaT\QUWT]OIZa[Q\WLI[TI[LMUn[VWM`Q[\QMZMVXIZIZM[WT^MZMTXZWJTMUILMY]M[M
\ZI\MMTR]MbLMJMZnPIKMZ][W[MOVM[\MIZ\!LMJ]MV[MV\QLWaZIb~VVI\]ZITY]M[WV
LW[\uZUQVW[[QV~VQUW[XIZIZMNMZQZ[MITMUXTMWLMTIT~OQKITIM`XMZQMVKQIM[LMKQZMT[MV\QLW
KWUVY]M[MTMXZM[]XWVMaM`QOMI\WLWR]Mb
+WUWX]MLMMV\ZM^MZ[MIXIZMKM]VILQNMZMVKQIM[MVKQITMV\ZMTW[\ZM[XZQUMZW[KZQ\MZQW[aTW[
LW[T\QUW["IY]uTTW[NWZUIVXIZ\MWKI[WLMTILWK\ZQVITMOIT[MQV\MOZIKWUWKWUXTMUMV\W
LMTI[N]MV\M[LMTWZLMVIUQMV\W#UQMV\ZI[Y]MTW[LW[T\QUW[KIZMKMVLMM[\IKWVLQKQ~Va[M
XZM[MV\IVKWUWUMZW[XIZnUM\ZW[LMWZQMV\IKQ~VITW[Y]MXWZM[WUQ[UWVWLMJMIK]LQZ[M
[IT^WMVKI[W[M`\ZMUW[aLM[LMT]MOWXZM^QIZyOQLIaKWV\ZI[\ILIKWUXZWJIKQ~VLMY]MVW
M[ XW[QJTM TTMOIZ I TI [WT]KQ~V LMT XZWJTMUI I \ZIû[ LM TW[ IV\MZQWZM[ 4W KWV\ZIZQW \ZIMZyI
KWV[QOWNnKQTM[XMZKQJQZTWTILM[R]ZQLQKIKQ~VLMTW[XZWKM[W[
1.10 APLICACIN SUPLETORIA DEL CDIGO:

.QVITUMV\MMTIZ\KWV[IOZIMTKIZnK\MZ[]XTM\WZQWLM\WLWMT+~LQOW8ZWKM[ITXIZITI
OMVMZITQLILLMTW[XZWKM[W[MV\IJTILW[MVTW[ZM[\IV\M[~ZLMVM[R]ZQ[LQKKQWVITM["MVLMNMK\W
LMLQ[XW[QKQ~VM[XMKyKIMVTI[TMaM[Y]MZMO]TIVXZWKM[W[LQ[\QV\W[LMTKQ^QTaUMZKIV\QTTI[
VWZUI[LMM[\MK~LQOW[MIXTQKIZnV[]XTM\WZQIUMV\M
-[LMKQZMTXZWXQW+~LQOW[MKWVO]ZIKWUWQV[\Z]UMV\WLMKQMZZMLMTWZLMVIUQMV\WXZWKM[IT
MV [] KWVR]V\W KWV\ZQJ]aMVLW XZMKQ[IUMV\M I M^Q\IZ TI[ TIO]VI[ TMOITM[ MV TW[ XZWKM[W[
LQ[\QV\W[ITW[Y]MKWV\MUXTIK]IVLWTI[TMaM[M[XMKyKI[VW\QMVMVZM[X]M[\IWLQZMK\IUMV\M
[MZMUQ\MVITWXZM^Q[\WMVuT8IZ\QK]TIZUMV\M\QTZM[]T\IM[\IIXTQKIKQ~V[]XTM\WZQIMV\WLW
TWY]M[MZMMZMITKWV\ZWTLMTIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VaKWUXM\MVKQILMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITIJ[\MVKQ~V
a ZMK][IKQ~V VW\QKIKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ XIZI ITKIVbIZ TI ^WT]V\IL LM TW[ ~ZOIVW[
KWTMOQILW[ KMTMJZIKQ~V a [][XMV[Q~V LM ^Q[\I[ W TI ZMO]TIKQ~V LM TW[ LQ[\QV\W[ UMLQW[ LM
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BIBLIOGRAFA:
>MZTIJQJTQWOZINyIZMKWUMVLILIITVITLMTIV\MZQWZ<y\]TW8ZMTQUQVIZ
34
1.11 JURISDICCIN Y COMPETENCIA DE LOS TRIBUNALES

Oscar Antonio Canales Cisco
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TINIT\ILMR]ZQ[LQKKQ~V
CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES
4I[VWZUI[XZQUIZQI[WZOnVQKI[LMKILI-[\ILWLQ[\ZQJ]aMVN]VKQWVM[ITI[QV[\Q\]KQWVM[Y]M
KWUXWVMVTIM[\Z]K\]ZIM[\I\IT#M[I[yKWUWTI+WV[\Q\]KQ~VLMTI:MXJTQKILM-T;ITÎLWZ
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TIM`XZM[Q~V[QO]QMV\M"+WZZM[XWVLMM`KT][QÎUMV\MIM[\MZOIVWTIXW\M[\ILLMR]bOIZa
PIKMZTWR]bOILWIZ\QVKQ[W+6,MTIKQ\ILIVWZUI[MLM[XZMVLMY]MMTZOIVW
R]LQKQITXW[MMTIN]VKQ~VLMILUQVQ[\ZIKQ~VLMR][\QKQIKWVM`KT][Q^QLILMVUI\MZQILMTQ\QOQW[
,MIPyTIQLMILMTIKWVO]ZIKQ~VLMTXZQVKQXQWLMM`KT][Q^QLILLMTIXW\M[\ILR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT
MT K]IT QVLQKI Y]M VQVOV W\ZW ~ZOIVW M[\I\IT X]MLM QVÎLQZ TI N]VKQ~V R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT
I[QOVILIITZOIVWR]LQKQITI[yTWMV\QMVLMZMQ\MZILIUMV\MTIR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQIKWV[\Q\]KQWVIT
salvadorea.;MV\ILITIQLMI[WJZMY]MLMJMMV\MVLMZ[MIK\]ITUMV\MXWZR]ZQ[LQKKQ~V[MM^Q\I
TIIXIZMV\MKWVN][Q~VKWVKMX\]ITNZMV\MITIKWVKMXKQ~VLMKWUXM\MVKQILMTIUIVMZIY]M
PQ[\~ZQKIUMV\MMT+8+ KWVKMJyIZM[XMK\WIUJI[QV[\Q\]KQWVM[XZWKM[ITM[

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M`KT][Q^QLILLMTIXW\M[\ILR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT[QOVQKIY]MVQVOVW\ZW~ZOIVWLMT/WJQMZVWVQMV\MXJTQKWLQ[\QV\W
ITZOIVW2]LQKQITX]MLMZMITQbIZMTLMZMKPWMV]VKI[WKWVKZM\WR]bOIVLWLMUWLWQZZM^WKIJTMaMRMK]\IVLW
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]VIXW[Q\QÎTIK]ITQUXTQKIY]M[IT^WKI[W[M`KMXKQWVITM[ZMO]TILW[XWZTITMaTII]\WLMNMV[I[MMVK]MV\ZIXZW[KZQ\I
MVMT-[\ILWLM,MZMKPW[ITÎLWZM}WI]VY]MMTR][\QKQIJTM\QMVMI[]LQ[XW[QKQ~VMTLMZMKPWLMIKKQ~VXIZIXMLQZ
ITW[\ZQJ]VITM[TIPM\MZWKWUXW[QKQ~VLMTW[KWVQK\W[MVTW[Y]M\MVOIQV\MZu[#a]VIVMOI\QÎTIK]ITQUXTQKI
Y]MTW[\ZQJ]VITM[VWLMJMVZMITQbIZW\ZIN]VKQ~VY]MR]bOIZaPIKMZMRMK]\IZTWR]bOILW#+QMZ\IUMV\M
MTXZQVKQXQWLMM`KT][Q^QLILLMTIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VM[IY]MTY]MTW[R][\QKQIJTM[\QMVMVLMV\ZWLMT-[\ILWXIZIY]MTI
N]VKQ~VLMILUQVQ[\ZIZR][\QKQI[~TW[MIJZQVLILIXWZMT[]RM\WY]MM[\uI]\WZQbILWKWV[\Q\]KQWVITUMV\MXIZITI
ZMITQbIKQ~V LM \IT KWUM\QLW ^MZJQOZIKQI XIZI MT KI[W [ITÎLWZM}W MT ZOIVW 2]LQKQIT KWVNWZUM TW LQ[XWVM MT
IZ\yK]TW+6-VM[MUIZKWN]MMTXZWXQW+WV[\Q\]aMV\MMTY]M\nKQ\IUMV\M^ML~ITI)LUQVQ[\ZIKQ~V8JTQKI
MTMRMZKQKQWLMR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VMV\MVLQLIM[\IT\QUIMV[]LWJTMI[XMK\W"MTLMKTIZI\Q^WWKWOVW[KQ\Q^WjuzgarKWUW
MTMRMK]\Q^Whacer ejecutar lo juzgado#8IZITWY]MI\I}MM[\I;ITIPIMV\MVLQLWaKQZK]V[KZQ\WMTXZQVKQXQW
de M`KT][Q^QLILLMTIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VITIQUX]OVIJQTQLILR]LQKQITLMTW[IK\W[ILUQVQ[\ZI\Q^W[K]IVLW[WJZMTW[UQ[UW[
VWY]MXINWZU]TIZaIZMK]Z[WWZMKTIUIKQ~VILUQVQ[\ZI\QÎITO]VI#XMZWMT\uZUQVWM`KT][Q^QLIL[QVUn[VW
LMJM VQ X]MLM [MZ QV\MZXZM\ILW KWUW IY]MT UWVWXWTQW [WJZM MT KWVWKQUQMV\W a LMKQ[Q~V MV ZMTIKQ~V KWV ]VI
KWV\ZW^MZ[QILMKIZnK\MZVM\IUMV\MILUQVQ[\ZI\QÎXWZXIZ\MLMTIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VM[LMKQZTIZM[WT]KQ~VLM[QUXTM[
KWV\ZW^MZ[QI[TMOITM[XWZY]MLM[MZI[yTIM`Q[\MVKQILMTI)LUQVQ[\ZIKQ~V8JTQKILMV\ZWLMTIVLIUQIRM-[\I\IT
[MZyIM[\uZQTQV\QT IT VW [MZTM XW[QJTM ^MZQKIZ MT K]UXTQUQMV\W a IXTQKIKQ~V LM IY]MTTI[ VWZUI[ R]ZyLQKI[ Y]M
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!
35

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M[TIQVLMTMOIJQTQLILWZOnVQKILMTMRMZKQKQWLMTIN]VKQ~VMVM[\]LQW
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LMTIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VX]MLM[MZM[\]LQILWLM[LM]VIÎZQMLILLMXMZ[XMK\QÎ[LM[LMTWJTIVKW
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1.11.1 Supuestos de jurisdiccin salvadorea

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1.11.1.1 Supuestos litigiosos de carcter exclusivo y absoluto.

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1.11.1.2. Supuestos litigiosos de carcter relativo

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1.11.1.3 Lmites de la jurisdiccin salvadorea

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1.11.1.4 Examen y efectos de la falta de jurisdiccin

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citadas del C.P.P.
59
1.2.10 Prejudicialidad civil o mercantil

*IRW TI ZJZQKI LM TI XZMR]LQKQITQLIL KQ^QT W UMZKIV\QT PWUWOuVMI ZM[]T\I XWKW XZWJIJTM Y]M
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XZMR]LQKQITQLILPM\MZWOuVMIY]MQV^WT]KZIVXZWKM[W[LMLQ[\QV\IVI\]ZITMbI#M[W[yM`KT]aMVLW
I TW[ XZWKM[W[ XMVITM[ XWZ \MVMZ ]VI ZMO]TIKQ~V M[XMKyKI -[\I K]M[\Q~V PM\MZWOuVMI [M
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IKWZLIZTI[][XMV[Q~VLMTXZWKM[WMVMTM[\ILWMVY]M[MMVK]MV\ZMVPI[\ITIVITQbIKQ~VLMT
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6ILI [M M`XZM[I MV K]IV\W I TI VMKM[QLIL LM IKZMLQ\IZ TI M`Q[\MVKQI LMT XZWKM[W KWVM`W
KWUWMTPMKPWY]MX]MLI\MVMZQV]MVKQILMKQ[QÎMVTIZM[WT]KQ~VXIZIMT\ZnUQ\MIV\MZQWZ
VQ \IUXWKW Y]QuV LMJMZn ZMIV]LIZ MT XZWKM[W [][XMVLQLW )V\M MT XZQUMZ ÎKyW LM TMa
LMJMIXTQKIZ[MTIQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VIVIT~OQKITW[M}ITILWMVMTIZ\ QVKQ[WWZLQVITa
+8+5+WVKT]aMVLW[yM[QVLQ[XMV[IJTMIKZMLQ\IZTIM`Q[\MVKQILMTW\ZWXZWKM[WKWVM`W
KWUWTIQV]MVKQILMKQ[QÎMVMTXZWKM[WY]M[MXZM\MVLM[][XMVLMZ
1.12.11 Impugnacin contra resolucin que decide la prejudicialidad

-[ ZIb~V LM QO]IT \ZI\IUQMV\W TMOQ[TI\Q^W MV \WZVW I TI UI\MZQI LM ZMK]Z[W[ R]LQKQITM[ TI
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LMKQLMTIXZMR]LQKQITQLILUIZKITIXZWKMLMVKQILMZMK]Z[WKWVKMLQLWXWZMTTW[MWNZMKMTW[
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XZWKMLMZn TI QV\MZXW[QKQ~V LMT ZMK]Z[W LM ZM^WKI\WZQI# [QV XMZR]QKQW Y]M LMVMOILW
TI XM\QKQ~V QUX]OVI\QÎ XWLZn ITMOIZ[M MV [MO]VLI QV[\IVKQI W JQMV L]ZIV\M TI
\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMTW[ZMK]Z[W[XMZ\QVMV\M[[MOVMTIZ\!QVKQ[WaMTIZ\QVKQ[W
+8+5
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60

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KI[WXZWKMLMZnMTZMK]Z[WLMKI[IKQ~VIZ\!QVKQ[W+8+5
1.12.12 Casos de excepcin a la suspensin preferente del proceso civil

y mercantil
+WVNWZUM I TI[ ZMM`QWVM[ ZMITQbILI[ PI[\I MT UWUMV\W [M X][W LM UIVQM[\W Y]M ]VW LM
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LMT XZWKM[W KQ^QT a UMZKIV\QT 4I IV\MZQWZ ZMOTI OMVMZIT XW[MM [][ M`KMXKQWVM[ KWVKZM\I[ a
LM\MZUQVILI[XWZTMa[MOVMTIZ\QVKQ[W+8+5
9]MLI [QV MNMK\W TI [][XMV[Q~V XWZ XZMR]LQKQITQLIL K]IVLW TI TMOQ[TIKQ~V XMVIT ZMY]QMZI
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8IZIVITQbIZTW[MNMK\W[LMTI[[MV\MVKQI[XZWV]VKQILI[MVTW[XZWKM[W[MV[MLMXMVITaTW[
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LMIXMTIKQ~VIXM[IZY]MTITMaVWM`XZM[M^QMVMIKWV[\Q\]QZ]VUW\Q^WLMNWVLWXWZQVNZIKKQ~VLMTMaXWZPIJMZ[M
IXTQKILWQVLMJQLIUMV\MTITMaLMIK]MZLWITIZ\+8+5
61
1.13 ABSTENCIN Y RECUSACIN

;=5):17" +76;1,-:)+176-; /-6-:)4-; +WUXM\MVKQI LM TI
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XWZ ]V TILW TI VMKM[QLIL KWV[\Q\]KQWVIT LM TI QUXIZKQITQLIL R]LQKQIT MV MT MRMZKQKQW LM TI
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Por la reubicacin de la abstencin y la recusacin en el C.P.C.M. de inmediato se reconoce
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;IV ;ITÎLWZ " :M[XMK\W I TI QUXIZKQITQLIL KWUW MTMUMV\W I ZM[XMK\IZ MV MT MRMZKQKQW LM
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KWUWTWM[MTKI[WLM]V2]MbLM8ZQUMZI1V[\IVKQILMJMLMPIKMZ[MKWVM`XZM[Q~VLMKI][IaXWZM[KZQ\W;++
LMTW+Q^QT;MKKQ~VLMT+MV\ZW;IV;ITÎLWZ-`X:-:, #a;,+nUIZILMTW
+Q^QT;MKKQ~VLMT+MV\ZW;IV;ITÎLWZ "
62

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-ZI QVM^Q\IJTM LQKPI ZMK\QKIKQ~V LM[LM K]ITY]QMZ XMZ[XMK\QÎ IY]MTTI[ VW K]UXTyIV KWV
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\IUJQuV MV MT +8+5 MV TW[ JMVMKQW[ MV K]IV\W I TI ZML]KKQ~V [QOVQKI\QÎ LM TI[
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y acreditarse en los criterios antes indicados.
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[MZTIXMZ[WVIQL~VMI[WJZMMTKWVWKQUQMV\WLMTW[PMKPW[Y]MXWVOIVMVL]LI[]QV\MOZQLIL
XZWNM[QWVIT ,M TI ZMLIKKQ~V a TMK\]ZI LMT IZ\ QVKQ[W +8+5 [M LM[XZMVLM Y]M TI
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1.13.1 Competencia de la abstencin y recusacin

1VQKQITUMV\MTIWXWZ\]VQLILLMTI[XIZ\M[MVXTIV\MIZMTQVKQLMV\MLMZMK][IKQ~V[MZnMTXZQUMZ
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63

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ILQNMZMVKQILMT+8+MTK]IT[MOVQV\MZXZM\IKQWVM[R]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQITM[\IV\WTWY]MIPWZIMV
ILMTIV\M[MKWVWKMKWUWIJ[\MVKQ~VaTIZMK][IKQ~VVWIXTQKIV\ITZMO]TIKQ~V
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Justicia en Pleno.
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a+8+5
1.13.2 Tramitacin de la abstencin

;M ZMKWVWKM TI TQUQ\ILI ZMO]TIKQ~V LMT \ZnUQ\M LM TI IJ[\MVKQ~V TW[ KWUMV\IZQW[ X]MLMV
IOZMOIZW\ZW[MTMUMV\W[QUXWZ\IV\M[#KWUWTI[][\ZIKKQ~VTMOITLMTINIK]T\ILLMLQ[XW[QKQ~V
LM TI[ XIZ\M[ ZM[XMK\W I TI UIVQNM[\IKQ~V LMT N]VKQWVIZQW R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT Y]M XZM\MVLM TI
IJ[\MVKQ~V IT KWV[QOVIZ[M Y]M TI[ XIZ\M[ VW X]MLMV ITTIVIZ[M XIZI Y]M [QOI KWVWKQMVLW MT
N]VKQWVIZQWKWVNWZUMITIZ\QVKQ[W+8+5
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[MV\MVKQILMVQ\QÎK]aWK]UXTQUQMV\WM[\nIKIZOWLMTN]VKQWVIZQWY]M[MM`K][IM[LMKQZ
[M\ZI\ILM]VK]UXTQUQMV\WLM[MV\MVKQIMRMK]\WZQILIY]M[QUXTMUMV\M[MM[\nMRMK]\IVLW
VWM`Q[\MXWZ\IV\WUW\Q^WXIZIM[\IJTMKMZY]MMTN]VKQWVIZQW[MZnXIZKQITMV[]XZWKMLMZ
X]M[TILMKQ[Q~VLMVQ\QÎMVMTR]QKQWaIN]M\WUILIaTIUQ[UIVWX]MLM[MZIT\MZILIa[WTW
[M\QMVMY]MK]UXTQZKWV[]NI[MMRMK]\QÎX]M[TINI[MKWOVW[KQ\QÎM[\naIIOW\ILI;++
LMTW+Q^QT;MKKQ~VLMT+MV\ZW;IV;ITÎLWZ
64

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IXWZ\IZ XZ]MJI *n[QKIUMV\M MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W [M ZML]KM IT UyVQUW# ]VI ^Mb MV^QILW MT
M[KZQ\W UW\QÎLW XWZ MT 2]Mb W 5IOQ[\ZILW Y]M XZM\MVLM TI IJ[\MVKQ~V PIKQI MT <ZQJ]VIT
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-V\WVKM[MT<ZQJ]VITZM[WT^MZnTIIJ[\MVKQ~VKWV\IVLW[~TWKWVTIIZO]UMV\IKQ~VR]LQKQITLMT
QVNMZQWZRMZnZY]QKW[QV[]RMKQ~VLMXTIbWXMZWM[W[yMVMT\QMUXWUn[JZM^MXW[QJTMIMNMK\W
LMVWWKI[QWVIZLMUWZIIZ\QVKQ[W+8+5
4IZM[WT]KQ~VY]MLMKQLMMTQVKQLMV\MX]MLM\WUIZLW[[MV\QLW[[MIM[\QUIVLWWLM[M[\QUIVLW
TIKI][ILMIJ[\MVKQ~VQV^WKILITIK]ITVWILUQ\MZMK]Z[WITO]VWX]M[MTVQKWQV\MZ^QVQMV\M
MV MT QVKQLMV\M N]M MT 2]Mb W 5IOQ[\ZILW QVNMZQWZ MV OZILW 4]MOW MT <ZQJ]VIT KWUXM\MV\M
TM PIZn [IJMZ IT N]VKQWVIZQW R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT Y]M XZM\MVLyI TI IJ[\MVKQ~V MT KWV\MVQLW LM TI
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ITI[XIZ\M[
1.13.3 Tramitacin de la recusacin

-TXZWKMLQUQMV\W[M}ITILWXIZITIZMK][IKQ~V[MM[\Z]K\]ZIKWUW]VIK]M[\Q~VQVKQLMV\ITKWV
\ZnUQ\MM[XMKQITMVMTIZ\LQ[\QV\WITUIZKILWMVMTIZ\a[QO]QMV\M[+8+5,QKPW
IXIZ\IUQMV\W KZMI ITO]VW[ ÎKyW[ M[MVKQITM[ XIZI KWUXTM\IZ TI \ZIUQ\IKQ~V KWUXTM\I \ITM[
LMKQMVKQI[QZnVIXIZMKQMVLWIUMLQLIY]MMV\ZMUW[MVUI\MZQI
-T M[KZQ\W LM ZMK][IKQ~V [MZn XZM[MV\ILW XWZ MT IJWOILW LM TI XIZ\M IV\M MT <ZQJ]VIT Y]M
KWVWbKILMTXZWKM[WXZQVKQXITMVM[\I[MM`XZM[IZnVZIbWVILIUMV\MTW[PMKPW[KWV[\Q\]\Q^W[
LMTUW\Q^WLMIXIZ\IUQMV\WR]V\WITILWK]UMV\IKQ~VXZWJI\WZQI[QTIP]JQMZM:MKQJQLWMT
M[KZQ\W MT N]VKQWVIZQW R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT ZMK][ILW XMLQZn WXQVQ~V I TI[ XIZ\M[ L]ZIV\M MT XTIbW
KWUVLM\ZM[LyI[4I[WXQVQWVM[X]MLMKWV\MVMZ"TIKWVNWZUQLILLMTIKWV\ZIZQI[MWXWVOI
ITUW\Q^WQV^WKILWXWZMTZMK][IV\MWJQMV[MILPQMZMVIT\ZnUQ\MQVQKQILWIOZMOIVLWW\ZW
motivo ms de recusacin.
>MVKQLWMTXTIbWIV\MZQWZ[MZMUQ\QZnLMQVUMLQI\WMTM`XMLQMV\MLMZMK][IKQ~VNWZUILWIT
<ZQJ]VITKWUXM\MV\MXIZI[]KWVWKQUQMV\WaLMKQ[Q~V#IOZMOIVLW]VQVNWZUMLMTZMK][ILW
LWVLM[MXZWV]VKQM[QKWVZUIWVWTIM`Q[\MVKQILMTIKI][IITMOILI\WLWTWIV\MZQWZ[MOV
MTIZ\QVKQ[W+8+5-`Q[\M]VIUWLITQLILIT\ZnUQ\MIV\MZQWZK]IVLWM[ZMK][ILW
]V5IOQ[\ZILWLMTI;ITILMTW+Q^QT#M[\IÎZQIV\M[MZML]KMMVY]MMTM`XMLQMV\MY]MLIZnMV
XWLMZLMTUQ[UW<ZQJ]VITY]MKWVWKMLMTXZWKM[WXZQVKQXITLnVLWTMK]UXTQUQMV\WITZM[\W
LMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WQVLQKILWMVMTXnZZINWIV\MZQWZIZ\QVKQ[W+8+5
-[LMZM[IT\IZY]MTIV]MÎTMaXZWKM[IT[]XZQUMKWUWZMY]Q[Q\WLMILUQ[QJQTQLILXIZIMTMRMZKQKQWLMTIZMK][IKQ~VY]M
MTIJWOILWXW[MINIK]T\ILM[XMKQIT[MOVTWUIZKIJIMTIZ\WZLQVIT+8+,MIPWZIMVILMTIV\MJI[\IZnV
TI[NIK]T\ILM[OMVMZITM[LMTUIVLI\WXIZIY]MMTXZWK]ZILWZX]MLIZMK][IZITW[N]VKQWVIZQW[R]ZQ[LQKKQWVITM[
65

=VI^MbM`X]M[\ITI[][\IVKQIKQ~VZMOTILILMTIZMK][IKQ~VM[QVM^Q\IJTMTMMZMV\ZMTyVMI[#M[
LMKQZLMJMUW[WNZMKMZZM[X]M[\I[I[]X]M[\W[VWZMO]TILW[MVTITMOQ[TIKQ~VMV\ZMM[W[KI[W[
X]MLMV UMVKQWVIZ[M TW[ [QO]QMV\M[" )KZMLQ\IKQ~V LM TI KI][I TMOIT N]VLILI MV PMKPW[ Y]M
ZMY]QMZIVUMLQW[LMXZWJI\WZQW[LQ[\QV\W[ITILWK]UMV\IT\ITKWUWTI\M[\QUWVQIT#TWIV\MZQWZ
MVKWV[WVIVKQIITIIXMZ\]ZILMTW[UW\Q^W[LMZMK][IKQ~VY]MX]MLMVQV^WKIZ[MXWZTI[XIZ\M[
LMIK]MZLWITIZ\QVKQ[W+8+5
)V\M TI WUQ[Q~V TMOQ[TI\QÎ []JZIaILI MT XIVWZIUI [M KWUXTM\I KWV TI QV\MOZIKQ~V LM TI[
VWZUI[ OMVMZITM[ XZM^Q[\I[ XIZI TI \ZIUQ\IKQ~V LM TI[ K]M[\QWVM[ QVKQLMV\ITM[ \IT a KWUW
VW[ QT][\ZI TI XIZ\M VIT LMT IZ\ QVKQ[W +8+5 ,M \IT UIVMZI Y]M TI ZMO]TIKQ~V
IXTQKIJTMMVMT[]X]M[\WVWZMOTILW[MZnTIKWV\MVQLIMVTW[IZ\[IT+8+5+]IVLW
TIKI][ITMOITLMZMK][IKQ~VQV^WKILIXWZTIXIZ\MINMK\ILIM[KWV[MV\QLIXWZMTN]VKQWVIZQW
R]ZQ[LQKKQWVITMVMTQVNWZUMMTQVKQLMV\M[MLMKQLQZn[QVUn[\ZnUQ\M
.]MZILMTW[[]X]M[\W[IV\MZQWZM[LQNyKQTUMV\MX]MLMKWVO]ZIZ[MW\ZW[LMUIaWZLQK]T\IL
MVKI[WLMIXIZMKMZM[\W[[MZnVZM[]MT\W[KWVNWZUMITI[ZMOTI[LMTLM[IZZWTTWLMTI[K]M[\QWVM[
QVKQLMV\ITM[KWUWY]MLWLQKPWWXWZ\]VIUMV\M
1.13.4 Efectos de la abstencin y recusacin

4W[ MNMK\W[ XZWL]KQLW[ XWZ MT XTIV\MIUQMV\W LMT QVKQLMV\M LM IJ[\MVKQ~V a ZMK][IKQ~V
ZM[XMK\QÎUMV\MX]MLMVLQ^QLQZ[MMVTW[UWUMV\W["XZQUMZWMNMK\W[XWZTIQV\MZXW[QKQ~VLMT
M[KZQ\WM`\ZIyLW[LMTW[IZ\[a+8+5#a[MO]VLWMNMK\W[LMZQÎLW[LMTILMKQ[Q~VLMT
QVKQLMV\MKWV\MVQLW[MVTW[IZ\[a+8+5TW[K]ITM[[MM[JWbIZnVIKWV\QV]IKQ~V
-VMTXZQUMZOZ]XWLMMNMK\W[XWZMTXTIV\MIUQMV\WLMTQVKQLMV\MLM[\IKIVTW[[QO]QMV\M["
6MKM[IZQIIK]U]TIKQ~VLM\WLW[TW[UW\Q^W[LMZMK][IKQ~VM`Q[\MV\M[IT\QMUXWLMXZWUW^MZ
MTQVKQLMV\M\IV\WLM]VIUQ[UIXIZ\MKWUWLM\WLI[TI[XIZ\M[QV\MZ^QVQMV\M[[WXMVILM
ZMKPIbWITXTIV\MIZ[MKWVXW[\MZQWZQLIL
-T XTIV\MIUQMV\W LM TI IJ[\MVKQ~V W TI ZMK][IKQ~V VW XZWL]KMV MT MNMK\W LM QVPQJQZ LMT
KWVWKQUQMV\WWQV\MZ^MVKQ~VIT2]MbKWVWKMLWZLMTI[]V\WXZQVKQXIT
-T N]VKQWVIZQW R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT VW XWLZn XZWV]VKQIZ ZM[WT]KQ~V VIT MV MT XZWKM[W W ZMK]Z[W
UQMV\ZI[M[\MXMVLQMV\MTILMKQ[Q~VLMTIZMK][IKQ~VWIJ[\MVKQ~V
8IZI MT [MO]VLW OZ]XW LM MNMK\W[ OMVMZILW[ XWZ MT XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V LMT
QVKQLMV\MZM[IT\IVTW[[QO]QMV\M["
-[\QUILI TI IJ[\MVKQ~V W TI ZMK][IKQ~V [M UIVLIZn I [MXIZIZ IT 2]Mb W 5IOQ[\ZILW LMT
KWVWKQUQMV\W[MIMVTIQV\MZ^MVKQ~VWZM[WT]KQ~VVITLMTXZWKM[WKQ^QTaUMZKIV\QT
;Q MT N]VKQWVIZQW I Y]QuV [M XZM\MVLI [MXIZIZ LMT KWVWKQUQMV\W LMT XZWKM[W XZWV]VKQIZM
ZM[WT]KQ~VVIT[MPIJQTQ\IITIXIZ\MINMK\ILIXIZIITMOIZLMTIV]TQLILLMTIUQ[UI
66

-T<ZQJ]VITKWUXM\MV\MMVMTQVKQLMV\MLM[QOVIZnY]QuVLMJMZn[]XTQZTMMVMTKIZOW[MOVTI
TMaWZOnVQKIZM[XMK\QÎ
,M[M[\QUILI a KWU]VQKILI TI LMKQ[Q~V LM TI IJ[\MVKQ~V W TI ZMK][IKQ~V MT N]VKQWVIZQW
R]ZQ[LQKKQWVITLMJMZnKWV\QV]IZKWVMTXZWKM[WLM[IXIZMKQMVLWTITQUQ\IKQ~VLMXZWV]VKQIZ
ZM[WT]KQ~VVITLMTXZWKM[W[QN]MZIMTKI[WXWZMTIÎVKMLMT\ZnUQ\M
,MTIT\QUIMV]UMZIKQ~VLMMNMK\W[[MLQ[\QVO]MTIXW[QJTMIV]TIKQ~VLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VVIT
M[\IVLWIVXMVLQMV\MTILMKQ[Q~VLMTQVKQLMV\MLMZMK][IKQ~VaIJ[\MVKQ~V#M[\W[MLMJMIT
\ZI\IUQMV\WTMOQ[TI\Q^WLILWXWZMT+8+]\QTQbIJITIO]ZILMTI9]MRIXWZI\MV\ILWXIZI
LMRIZ[QVMNMK\WTIZM[WT]KQ~VVIT)PWZIKWVTI^QOMVKQILMT+8+5IT[]XZQUQZTIXMVILM
I\MV\ILWLMJQ~]\QTQbIZTI6]TQLILLMIK\]IKQWVM[XZWKM[ITM[I[y[MTWOZITIUQ[UIVITQLIL
LM[MILITIK]ITM[LMRIZ[QVMNMK\WM[IZM[WT]KQ~VVIT
1.13.5 Decisin de la cuestin incidental

+WUW [M LQRW WXWZ\]VIUMV\M TI LMKQ[Q~V LILI KWV WKI[Q~V LMT QVKQLMV\M LM IJ[\MVKQ~V
a ZMK][IKQ~V KWUXZMVLMV ÎZQW[ XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[ MV\ZM M[\W[ K]IVLW MT KWV\MVQLW M[
M[\QUI\WZQWLMTUW\Q^WM`X]M[\WXWZMTN]VKQWVIZQWWITMOILWXWZTIXIZ\MQV\MZM[ILI)[yMT
<ZQJ]VITKWUXM\MV\MLMLMTQVKQLMV\MMVM[\]LQWLMJMZnLM[QOVIZMT2]MbW5IOQ[\ZILWY]QuV
LMJI[MO]QZKWVWKQMVLWTI\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMTXZWKM[WLMKWVNWZUQLILITWM[\IJTMKQLWMVTW[IZ\[
QVKQ[W[aa472
8WZW\ZWTILWLMIK]MZLWITIZ\QVKQ[W+8+5[QTILMKQ[Q~VM[LM[M[\QUI\WZQILMT
UW\Q^WLMLM[^QVK]TIKQ~VR]LQKQITILMUn[LMPIJQTQ\IZIT2]MbW5IOQ[\ZILW[IKWV\QV]IZKWV
TI\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMTXZWKM[W[MKWVLMVIZnMVKW[\I[ITZMK][IV\M
8IZI KWVKT]QZ MT KWV\MVQLW LM TI LMKQ[Q~V [WJZM TI K]M[\Q~V QVKQLMV\IT [M ZMKWVWKM
M`XZM[IUMV\MTIQUXW[QJQTQLILLMQUX]OVIKQ~VITI[XIZ\M[KWV\ZITI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[LQK\ILI[
MV MT QVKQLMV\M ,M IPy TI VMKM[IZQI KWVNWZUQLIL KWV TW LMKQLQLW \IT ZM[\ZQKKQ~V TMOQ[TI\QÎ
M[R][\QKIJTMX]M[MVKI[WLML]LI[QTITIJWZLMTN]VKQWVIZQWR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT[MIINMK\ILI[]
QUXIZKQITQLILLMJMZnLM[QOVIZ[MW\ZWLQ[\QV\W
1.13.6 Recusacin de perito

;Q JQMV M[ KQMZ\W MT +8+5 []XZQUM TI QV[\Q\]KQ~V LM TI <IKPI LM XMZQ\W[ ZMO]TILI MV
MT +8+ VW UMVW[ KQMZ\W M[ TI XMZ[Q[\MVKQI LM TI R][\QKIKQ~V LM IY]MTTI KWV[Q[\MV\M MV
TIM^MV\]ITINMK\IKQ~VMVTIKZMLQJQTQLILITUWUMV\WLMWNZMKMZ[]WXQVQ~VNIK]T\I\QÎ-[I
QVM^Q\IJTMZMITQLILM[ZM\WUILIMVTIV]MÎTMaXZWKM[ITKQ^QTaUMZKIV\QTXWZTI)J[\MVKQ~Va
ZMK][IKQ~VLMTXMZQ\WMVJMVMKQWLMTI[XIZ\M[ZMO]TILI[]KQV\IUMV\MMVMTIZ\ QVKQ[W[
a+8+5-VTIZMO]TIKQ~VKQ\ILIVW[LMRIKWVQV\MZZWOIV\M[[WJZMTIWXMZI\Q^QLILLM
TIZMK][IKQ~VTI[K]ITM[X]MLMV[MZZM[XWVLQLI[XWZ^yIQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VIVIT~OQKI\ITM[L]LI[
^MZ[IV [WJZM TW[ X]V\W[ [QO]QMV\M[" TW[ UW\Q^W[ LM IJ[\MVKQ~V a ZMK][IKQ~V MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W
IXTQKIJTM a TW[ MNMK\W[ LM TI LMKQ[Q~V LMT QVKQLMV\M# M[\I[ K]M[\QWVM[ [MZnV IJWZLILI[ I
continuacin.
67

1.13.6.1. Motivos de abstencin y recusacin
;WJZMTI[KI][I[LMIJ[\MVKQ~VMTQVKQ[WLMTIZ\ +8+5VWTI[UMVKQWVI#I]VY]M
LMJMMV\MVLMZ[MY]Mu[\I[[WVTI[UQ[UI[IXTQKIJTM[ITIZMK][IKQ~V-VK]IV\WITI[KI][I[
LMZMK][IKQ~VLMTXMZQ\WUMVKQWVILI[MVMTQVKQ[WLMTIIV\MZQWZVWZUIR]ZyLQKILMJMZnV
KWUXTM\IZ[MKWVTI[XZMKQ[QWVM[LMTIZ\+8+5
1.13.6.2. Procedimiento aplicable

-[\IK]M[\Q~VQVKQLMV\IT[M[]RM\IZnIT\ZnUQ\M[M}ITILWKWUWZMOTIOMVMZITIXIZ\QZLMTW[IZ\[
a[QO]QMV\M[LMT+8+5#MV^QZ\]LVWRIZ[M]V\ZnUQ\MLQ[\QV\W8IZITIKWUXM\MVKQI
N]VKQWVIT LMJMZn MV\MVLMZ[M Y]M M[ I\ZQJ]QLI IT UQ[UW 2]bOILWZ Y]M KWVWKM LMT WJRM\W
XZQVKQXITLMTXZWKM[W:M[XMK\WITIIJ[\MVKQ~VLMTXMZQ\WMT\ZnUQ\M[MZnJZM^MX]M[QV^WKILW
MTUW\Q^W[MXZWKMLMZnIVWUJZIZW\ZWXMZQ\WMVMTXTIbWLM\ZM[LyI[[QO]QMV\M[ITIZMKMXKQ~V
de la abstencin.
1.13.6.3. Efectos de la decisin del incidente.

8TIV\MILITIZMK][IKQ~VLMTXMZQ\WLMV\ZWLMTW[\ZM[LyI[[QO]QMV\M[I[]LM[QOVIKQ~VQUXQLM
TI ZMITQbIKQ~V LMT XMZQ\IRM PI[\I Y]M [M LMKQLI MT QVKQLMV\M# TI[ LMKQ[QWVM[ ILWX\ILI[ XWZ MT
<ZQJ]VITMVTI\ZIUQ\IKQ~V[WVQZZMK]ZZQJTM[#N]MZILMTXTIbWLMZMK][IKQ~VLMTXMZQ\W\WLI
[WTQKQ\]L M[ QVILUQ[QJTM XWZ M`\MUXWZnVMI KWV[QLMZnVLW[M KWV[MV\QLI TI LM[QOVIKQ~V LMT
M`XMZ\W
68
1.14 LAS PARTES PROCESALES.

;=5):17" 1 +WVKMX\W LM XIZ\M 11 4I KIXIKQLIL XIZI [MZ XIZ\M" KWVKMX\W
a LM\MZUQVIKQ~V 111 4I KIXIKQLIL XZWKM[IT" KWVKMX\W a LM\MZUQVIKQ~V 1>
<ZI\IUQMV\WXZWKM[ITLMTINIT\ILMKIXIKQLIL>4ITMOQ\QUIKQ~V"+WVKMX\W
a+TI[M["+WVKMX\W+TI[M[")4MOQ\QUIKQ~VLQZMK\I*4MOQ\QUIKQ~V
QVLQZMK\I"*+WVKMX\Wa[]X]M[\W[*+IZIK\MZM[<ZI\IUQMV\WXZWKM[IT
LMTITMOQ\QUIKQ~VMVOMVMZIT
1.14.1 Concepto de parte:

-[ XIZ\M \WLI XMZ[WVI Y]M IK\I LMV\ZW LM ]V XZWKM[W XIZI [W[\MVMZ ] WXWVMZ[M I ]VI
XZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLIMVLMNMV[ILM]VLMZMKPWWQV\MZu[TMOy\QUWXZWXQWaM`KMXKQWVITUMV\M
IRMVWMVTIKWUXW[QKQ~VLMTKWVQK\WR]ZyLQKWXTIV\MILW
,M[LM M[\I XMZ[XMK\QÎ M[ XIZ\M Y]QMV NWZUITQbI ]VI LMUIVLI MV MRMZKQKQW LM ]VI IKKQ~V
LM\MZUQVILIaTWM[\IUJQuVIY]MTKWV\ZIMTY]M[MLQZQOMLQKPIIKKQ~VY]MLIVLWXWZMTTW
^QVK]TILW[XWZTWY]M[MZM[]MTÎR]LQKQITUMV\M\IV\WLM[LMMTXTIVWXZWKM[ITMNMK\W[LMTI
TQ\Q[XMVLMVKQIKWVLMVIMVKW[\I[KWUWUI\MZQITM[LMZQÎLW[LMTIKW[IR]bOILI
8MZWM[\IUJQuVXIZ\MIY]MTTIXMZ[WVIY]MVWIXIZMKMMVXZQVKQXQWQVQKQIVLWTIKWV\QMVLIa
Y]M[QVMUJIZOWXWZ[]QV\MZu[MVMTZM[]T\ILWLMTXTMQ\WQVOZM[ILM[X]u[ITXZWKM[W[MIXWZY]M
M[KW\Q\]TIZLMTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQIT[MIXWZY]M[MÎI^MZINMK\ILWLMUIVMZIZMMRIXWZTI
[MV\MVKQI<WLWMTTWLMV\ZWLMTI[XI]\I[Y]MLITITMaXIZIXWLMZQV\MZ^MVQZKWVM[\MKIZnK\MZ
8IZI ILY]QZQZ TI KWVLQKQ~V LM XIZ\M M[ XZMKQ[W Y]M \WLI XMZ[WVI ZMVI LW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[" TI
KIXIKQLILMV[][LW[UIVQNM[\IKQWVM[XZQVKQXITM[aTITMOQ\QUIKQ~V+ILI]VILMMTTI[^QMVM
IZ\QK]TILIXWZTITMaaTI[^MZMUW[IKWV\QV]IKQ~V+WV\ITM[I\ZQJ]\W[\WLI^yI[MZnVMKM[IZQW
[QVMUJIZOW[]IKMX\IKQ~VKWUW\ITXIZ\MXWZMTR]MbLMTIKI][I;~TWY]QMVTW[WTQKQ\IaM[
ILUQ\QLWKWUWXIZ\MWY]QMV^QMVMLM[QOVILWKWUWLMUIVLILWMV]VILMUIVLIaM[\MVQLW
KWUW\ITXWZMTR]MbX]MLMILY]QZQZTW[LMZMKPW[aWJTQOIKQWVM[QVPMZMV\M[IM[IKWVLQKQ~V
+WVM[\WTWY]MY]MZMUW[LMKQZM[Y]M[MX]MLM\MVMZLMZMKPWWQV\MZu[LQZMK\WMVMTWJRM\W
TQ\QOQW[WLM[LMMTX]V\WLM^Q[\IUI\MZQITXMZWUQMV\ZI[[MXMZUIVMbKIN]MZILMTXZWKM[WMT
[]RM\W[MZn\MZKMZWaVWXIZ\M
;QMTR]MbQVKT][WLMUIVMZIMZZ~VMITMVQMOILQKPIXMZ[WVIKQ~VKWUWXIZ\MIY]uT[MO]QZn
[QMVLW\MZKMZWITUMVW[PI[\IY]MM[ILMKQ[Q~VR]LQKQITVW[MIZM^WKILIXWZW\ZIY]MI[yTW
declare.
1.14.2 La capacidad para ser parte: concepto y determinacin:

4I KIXIKQLIL XIZI [MZ XIZ\M QUXTQKI TI IX\Q\]L W XW[QJQTQLIL LM ]VI XMZ[WVI XIZI [MZ
ZMKWVWKQLI KWUW []RM\W IT Y]M ]V XZWKM[W X]MLM ^QVK]TIZ MV [] LM[IZZWTTW a ZM[]T\ILW# M[
69

LMKQZ]VIXMZ[WVIK]aW[LMZMKPW[WQV\MZM[M[TMOy\QUW[X]MLMV[MZUI\MZQILM]VXTMQ\WY]M
X]MLMIK\]IZLMV\ZWLMTXZWKM[WXIZI[]KWV[QO]QMV\MLMNMV[IaITY]MINMK\IZnTIKW[IR]bOILI
XZWL]KQLIMVMTUQ[UW
-VXZQVKQXQWM[\IKI\MOWZyIMVOTWJII\WLIXMZ[WVINy[QKIVI\]ZITaI\WLIXMZ[WVIR]ZyLQKI
Y]M X]MLIV [MZ ZMKWVWKQLI[ KWUW \IT XWZ MT WZLMVIUQMV\W R]ZyLQKW ;QV MUJIZOW a KWUW
IPWZI^MZMUW[MTV]M^W+~LQOWPIIÎVbILWUn[ITTnLMM[\IMTMUMV\ITKTI[QKIKQ~VKWVMT
VLMW\WZOIZTIXW[QJQTQLILLM[MZ[]RM\WR]LQKQITUMV\M\]\MTIJTMIY]QMVM[[QVK]UXTQZKWVMT
M[\I\]\WR]ZyLQKWVMKM[IZQWKWUXZMVLMV]VIZMITQLILP]UIVIWR]ZyLQKIY]M[MKWV[\Q\]aMMV
N]MV\MLMLMZMKPW[aWJTQOIKQWVM[K]aIXZW\MKKQ~V[MKWV[QLMZIVWX]MLMY]MLIZITUIZOMVLMT
WZLMVIUQMV\WXZWKM[IT-TIZ\ MV]UMZIMV\WVKM[TITQ[\ILMY]QMVM[X]MLMV\MVMZKIXIKQLIL
XIZI[MZXIZ\MMVMTY]MMVKWV\ZIUW[V]M^W[[]X]M[\W[PI[\IIPWZIQVuLQ\W["
1.14.2.1 Las personas fsicas:

<IV\WMVM[\MKI[WKWUWMVMTLMTI[XMZ[WVI[R]ZyLQKI[[MOVLQZMUW[T]MOWTIKIXIKQLIL
XIZI [MZ XIZ\M [M QLMV\QKI KWV TI XZWXQI XMZ[WVITQLIL KQ^QT LM UIVMZI Y]M [Q [M K]UXTMV
TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ M[\IJTMKQLW[ XWZ TI TMa XIZI [MZ \MVQLW KWUW XMZ[WVI Ny[QKI WJ\MVLZn
I]\WUn\QKIUMV\M\IUJQuVTIIX\Q\]LXIZI[MZ[]RM\WLM]VXZWKM[WKWVNWZUMIT +8+5
4IZM[X]M[\IIM[\MZM[XMK\WTIWNZMKMMTIZ\QVK+V;MOVMTK]IT[MZMKWVWKMKWUW
XMZ[WVIP]UIVII\WLW[MZP]UIVWLM[LMMTQV[\IV\MLMTIKWVKMXKQ~VVWWJ[\IV\MY]MMTIZ\
++LWVLM[M^QVK]TITIILY]Q[QKQ~VLMTIXMZ[WVITQLILKWVMTVIKQUQMV\WaTI[MXIZIKQ~V
LMTKTI][\ZWUI\MZVWLMTZMKQuVVIKQLWM[\IVLW^Q^W
)T UQ[UW \QMUXW PIJZn LM M[\IZ[M I TI[ LQ[XW[QKQWVM[ LMT LMZMKPW KWUV XIZI TI
LM\MZUQVIKQ~VLMTVLMTI^QLIP]UIVIIZ\[a[[aKWVMTTWLMTIKWVLQKQ~VLMXIZ\M
XWZ Y]QMV XZM^QIUMV\M TI PIJyI ILY]QZQLW MV ]V XZWKM[W -V M[M UWUMV\W [M XWVLZn MV
UIZKPIMTUMKIVQ[UWLMTI[]KM[Q~VXZWKM[ITIZ\[ +8+5[IT^WY]MVWPIaIVILQM
Y]M[W[\MVOI[]XW[QKQ~VY]MM[LQ[\QV\WIY]M[QMVLWTTIUILW[VWKWUXIZMbKIVLIVLWXQM
I[]IZKPQ^WIZ\
1.14.2.3 El concebido no nacido, para todos los efectos que le sean

favorables:
6WX]MLMWJ^QIZ[MMTPMKPWMV[MO]VLWT]OIZLMY]MMTXZWXQWWZLMVIUQMV\WKQ^QTZMKWVWKM
LM\MZUQVILW[ JMVMKQW[ IT nasciturus W KWVKMJQLW VW VIKQLW IV\M TI KWVLQKQ~V [][XMV[QÎ
LM [] VIKQUQMV\W N]\]ZW )[y WK]ZZM XWZ MRMUXTW IT W\WZOnZ[MTM LMZMKPW[ XIZI []KMLMZ XWZ
\ZIV[UQ[Q~V IZ\ ! MV ZMTIKQ~V KWV MT ! ++ XMZW \IUJQuV XIZI Y]M MT R]Mb KQ^QT
ILWX\MMÌZ\++K]ITY]QMZUMLQLIY]M[MMV\QMVLIVMKM[IZQIXIZIXZM[MZÎZ[][IT]LM
QV\MOZQLILNy[QKIUQMV\ZI[[MLM[IZZWTTIMVMTKTI][\ZWUI\MZVWa\IUJQuVXIZIXZW\MOMZ[][
M`XMK\I\QÎ[XI\ZQUWVQITM[
) K]aW \MVWZ" 4I TMa XZW\MOM TI ^QLI LMT Y]M M[\n XWZ VIKMZ -T 2]Mb MV KWV[MK]MVKQI \WUIZn I XM\QKQ~V LM
K]ITY]QMZIXMZ[WVIWLMWKQW\WLI[TI[XZW^QLMVKQI[Y]MTMXIZMbKIVKWV^MVQMV\M[XIZIXZW\MOMZTIM`Q[\MVKQILMT
VWVIKQLW[QMUXZMY]MKZMIY]MLMITOVUWLWXMTQOZI
70

)V\M M[\I ZMITQLIL ZM[]T\I XTI][QJTM TI [WT]KQ~V TMOQ[TI\QÎ LM I\ZQJ]QZTM KIXIKQLIL XZWKM[IT
al nasciturusXIZIY]MX]MLIVLMNMVLMZ[MNZWV\ITUMV\M[][LMZMKPW[MQV\MZM[M[TMOy\QUW[[QV
XMZR]QKQWLMY]MM^QLMV\MUMV\M\MVLZnY]MQV\MOZIZ[M[]KIXIKQLILLMWJZIZMVMTXZWKM[WXWZ
Y]QMVM[X]MLMVIK\]IZMV[]VWUJZM
4II\ZQJ]KQ~VLMTIKIXIKQLILXIZI[MZXIZ\MLMTnasciturus[MIV]LIITI^QOMVKQILMTPMKPW
Y]MTMLI[MV\QLWKWUWM[TIKWV\QV]IKQ~VLMTMUJIZIbWPI[\IY]M[MXZWL]KMVITUMV\MMT
VIKQUQMV\W;QM[\IM`XMK\I\QÎ[M^MNZ][\ZILIKWV[]U]MZ\ML]ZIV\MTIOM[\IKQ~VVWPIJZyI
ITKIVbILWTIXMZ[WVITQLILKQ^QTM`QOQLIIZ\QVVM++aM[W\IUJQuVZMXMZK]\QZyIMV]VI
I][MVKQILMTIKIXIKQLILXIZI[MZXIZ\MY]MTTMÎZyIITIZKPQ^WLMTXZWKM[WaIIJQMZ\WMÌZ\
+8+5WIQUXMLQZY]Mu[\M[MQVKWM[QVWPI[QLWILUQ\QLII\ZnUQ\MTILMUIVLIIV
)PWZIJQMVKWUW^MyIUW[MTIZ\ LMT+~LQOWM`XZM[IUMV\M[M}ITIY]MTIKIXIKQLILXIZI
[MZXIZ\MLMTKWVKMJQLWVWVIKQLW[~TWX]MLM[MZTWMVMRMZKQKQWLMIKKQWVM[LML]KQLI[XIZI
\WLW[TW[MNMK\W[Y]MTM[MIVNI^WZIJTM[M[LMKQZY]M[M\ZI\MLMZMKTIUIZLMZMKPW[[]JRM\Q^W[W
M`XMK\I\QÎ[LMLMZMKPW[#VWWJTQOIKQWVM[VQTILMKTIZIKQ~VLMXuZLQLIWM`\QVKQ~VLMLMZMKPW[
-TKWV\MVQLWLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VLM\MZUQVII[]^MbY]MMTnasciturus est llamado a asumir la
XW[QKQ~VLMXIZ\MIK\WZIMVMTXZWKM[WVWTILMLMUIVLILWXWZY]MM[\WT\QUW[]XWVLZyI
TI NWZUITQbIKQ~V LM ]VI LMUIVLI MV [] KWV\ZI KWV MT V LM Y]M [M LQK\M ]VI [MV\MVKQI
LMVMOI\WZQIWXMZR]LQKQITXIZI[][LMZMKPW[MQV\MZM[M[TMOy\QUW[aMV\ITKI[WTIUQ[UIVW[M
X]MLMIKMX\IZXWZY]MVWPIJZyIXIZ\MVWX]MLM[MZTWMTnasciturus6Q[QY]QMZITIXW[QJQTQLIL
LM XTIV\MIZ T]MOW ]VI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V I NI^WZ LMT nasciturus LMUIVLILW XWLZyI R][\QKIZ TI
ILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M LM ]VI LMUIVLI QVQKQIT MV [] KWV\ZI0IJZn Y]M M[XMZIZ [Q IKI[W IT
VIKQUQMV\WLMu[\MXIZIY]MaIX]MLI[MZXIZ\MI\WLW[TW[MNMK\W[NI^WZIJTM[aLM[NI^WZIJTM[
no slo como actor sino tambin como demandado.
1.14.2.3 Las personas jurdicas:

+WVNWZUM IV\QKQXIUW[ IV\M[ TI K]ITQLIL LM XIZ\M MV M[\M KI[W PI LM ^MVQZ LILI XWZ TI
IKZMLQ\IKQ~V LM TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ Y]M M[\IJTMKM TI TMOQ[TIKQ~V [][\IV\QÎ XIZI [] VIKQUQMV\W
XMZ[WVITQLIL R]ZyLQKI LMV\ZW LM ITO]VI LM TI[ UWLITQLILM[ ZMO]TILI[ MV LMZMKPW XJTQKW
~ZOIVW[LMTI[)LUQVQ[\ZIKQWVM[XJTQKI[KWZXWZIKQWVM[N]VLIKQWVM[WMVLMZMKPWXZQÎLW
I[WKQIKQWVM[KQ^QTM[[WKQMLILM[LMZM[XWV[IJQTQLILTQUQ\ILIWIV~VQUIUMZKIV\QTM[M\KM[\I[
T\QUI[KWV[\Q\]QLI[I\ZIû[LM[]QV[KZQXKQ~VMVMTZMOQ[\ZWKWUXM\MV\MIZ\[a[[++
IZ\[a[[++WU#IZ\LMTI4MaLMI[WKQIKQWVM[aN]VLIKQWVM[[QVVM[LMT]KZWM\K
<IUJQuVIY]yPIJZnY]MI\MVLMZITI[KI][I[LMM`\QVKQ~VLM[]XMZ[WVITQLILKWUWX]MLM
[MZTITQY]QLIKQ~VLMTIMUXZM[IW[]IJ[WZKQ~VXWZW\ZI[QMUXZMLMIK]MZLWITWZMO]TILWXWZ
el ordenamiento material.
1.14.2.4 Las masas patrimoniales o los patrimonios separados que carezcan

transitoriamente de titular:
4I TMa IZJQ\ZI \IUJQuV IY]y I TW[ M[\ZQK\W[ MNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ MT ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W LM ]VI
ZMITQLILMKWV~UQKIKWVNWZUILIXWZ]VKWVR]V\WLMJQMVM[aWJTQOIKQWVM[Y]MWZQOQVITUMV\M
71

XMZ\MVMKyIVI]V\Q\]TIZXMZ[WVINy[QKIWR]ZyLQKIaY]MXWZZIbWVM[VI\]ZITM[aLMTMaPIV
LMRILW LM [MZTW ;WV XI\ZQUWVQW[ [QV \Q\]TIZ I]VY]M [~TW \ZIV[Q\WZQIUMV\M X]M[ ]VI ^Mb
KWVKT]aI MT XZWKM[W KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M [MZnV WJRM\W LM \ZIV[UQ[Q~V W LM ZM\WZVW I [] \Q\]TIZ
anterior.
5QMV\ZI[\IV\WM[XZMKQ[WVW[WTIUMV\MY]MOWKMVLMXZW\MKKQ~VNZMV\MITI[IKKQWVM[R]LQKQITM[
IJQMZ\I[MVZMTIKQ~VKWVuTXWZTWY]M[MQUXTMUMV\IM[\IKKQ~VLMKWV[QLMZIZTW[[]RM\W[
I +WUWMRMUXTW[XIZILQOUn\QKW[IXIZMKMVLW["LM]VTILWMTLMTIPMZMVKQIaIKMV\M
LWVLM KWVNWZUM IT IZ\ ++ IT VW PIJMZ IXIZMKQLW PMZMLMZW[ [WTQKQ\IVLW []
LMKTIZIKQ~V KWUW \ITM[ MV TW[ LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ I TI NMKPI LM TI IXMZ\]ZI LM TI
[]KM[Q~VWJTQOIITR]MbIIKWZLIZTI[Q\]IKQ~VLMaIKMVKQIaILWX\IZUMLQLI[XIZI
TIKWV[MZÎKQ~VLMTIUI[IIV\M[LMZM[WT^MZTWY]MXZWKMLI[WJZMTI\Q\]TIZQLILLMT
XI\ZQUWVQW
J -T [MO]VLW KI[W M[ MT LMT []RM\W Y]MJZILW XMZ[WVI Ny[QKI W R]ZyLQKI Y]M \ZI[ TI
LMKTIZIKQ~VR]LQKQITLMY]QMJZIY]MLIXZQÎLWM`TMOMIZ\aKWVKWZLIV\M[++WU
LM TI ILUQVQ[\ZIKQ~V a LQ[XW[QKQ~V LM [][ LMZMKPW[ XI\ZQUWVQITM[ KWV M`KMXKQ~V
LM TW[ LM yVLWTM M[\ZQK\IUMV\M XMZ[WVIT W LMZQÎLW[ LM IK\Q^QLILM[ XMZ[WVITM[
XW[\MZQWZM[IZ\++WUPI[\I\IV\W[MXZWKMLII[]TQY]QLIKQ~VaZMXIZ\WMV\ZM
TW[IKZMMLWZM[WMV[]KI[W[M[WJZM[MITILMKTIZIKQ~VXWZXZW[XMZIZZMK]Z[WKWV\ZI
TI[MV\MVKQIZM[XMK\QÎ<IUJQuVIY]y[MZnVMKM[IZQWQV\MOZIZTIKIXIKQLILLMWJZIZ
LMTIUI[IXI\ZQUWVQIT
1.14.2.5 En calidad de demandadas las uniones y entidades que, sin haber

cumplido los requisitos legalmente establecidos para constituirse en
SHUVRQDVMXUtGLFDVDFW~HQHQHOWUiFRMXUtGLFR
I -V M[\I KI\MOWZyI [M KWUXZMVLM MV XZQUMZ T]OIZ MT []X]M[\W LM TI[ sociedades
irregulares, Y]M [WV IY]MTTI[ Y]M XM[M I IK\]IZ IV\M \MZKMZW[ KWUW ]VI XMZ[WVI
R]ZyLQKI KIZMKMV LM TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ XIZI [] KWV[\Q\]KQ~V LM IK]MZLW I ]VI LM TI[
NWZUI[I[WKQI\QÎ[Y]MZMKWVWKMMTWZLMVIUQMV\WIZ\++WUWMV\WLWKI[WTI
M[KZQ\]ZILMKWV[\Q\]KQ~VVWZM^Q[\M\WLW[TI[M`QOMVKQI[VMKM[IZQI[IZ\++WU
XWZTWY]MVWPI[QLWXW[QJTMQV[KZQJQZTIaKWVMTTW\MVMZT]OIZMTVIKQUQMV\WLM[]
XMZ[WVITQLILR]ZyLQKI

)V\MTIM^QLMVKQI[QVMUJIZOWLMY]MTIMV\QLILPIIK\]ILWMVMT\ZnKWR]ZyLQKW
QLMV\QKnVLW[MKWUW\ITILY]QZQMVLWLMZMKPW[aWJTQOIKQWVM[aLIVLWT]OIZ\IUJQuV
I M^MV\]ITM[ KWVQK\W[ [QMVLW XWZ MTTW ZMKWVWKQLI[ QVKT][W KWUW KWV\ZQJ]aMV\M[
tributariosMTIZ\ +8+5KWUWaIIV\M[TWPQKQMZIMTIZ\ LMT++WU
WX\IXWZI\ZQJ]QZTM[XMZ[WVITQLILXMZWVQKIUMV\MXIZIXWLMZIZ\QK]TIZTILMNMV[ILM
[][LMZMKPW[MQV\MZM[M[-[\WM[[QVY]MMTTWKWUXWZ\MMVIJ[WT]\W]VI[]J[IVIKQ~V
[WJZM^MVQLILM[]QZZMO]TIZQLILVQM`QUILM[IVKQWVM[XWZ[]NIT\ILMILMK]IKQ~VI
)[yMTIZ\41<*5a8;
72

TITMOITQLIL^MZIZ\ ++WUVQ\IUXWKWWJ[\MITIM`QOMVKQILMZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL
[WTQLIZQI LM TW[ [WKQW[ Y]M PIV XIZ\QKQXILW MV [] OM[\Q~V I[y KWUW TI LM [][
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adscrito a ella.
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73

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tributario KWVNWZUI ]V MV\M [QV XMZ[WVITQLIL R]ZyLQKI XZWXQI OMVMZILWZI LM LMZMKPW[ a
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1.14.3 La capacidad procesal: concepto y determinacin:

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M`Q[\MVKQILMTIIV\MZQWZ"[~TWY]QMVM[[MIVXIZ\M[MV]VXZWKM[WX]MLMVIK\]IZLMV\ZWLMuT
4IKIXIKQLILXZWKM[ITW\IUJQuVTTIUILIKIXIKQLILLMWJZIZLMV\ZWLMTI litisZM[XWVLM
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LM]VXZWKM[W[][KMX\QJTM[LMMVOMVLZIZTW[MNMK\W[I[QOVILW[XWZTMaLM[WXWZ\IZTI[KIZOI[
aWJTQOIKQWVM[LMZQÎLI[LM[]\ZIUQ\IKQ~VaMV[]KI[WLMOWbIZLMTW[LMZMKPW[\IUJQuV
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TMKWZZM[XWVLI
74

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KQ^QTUn[OMVuZQKI
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R]ZyLQKIXIZIUMRWZLMNMV[ILM[][LMZMKPW["\IUJQuVIY]y[MZnXZMKQ[ITIQV\MOZIKQ~V>MIUW["
1.14.3.1 En las personas fsicas:

9]QMVM[VWOWKMVLMTXTMVWMRMZKQKQWLM[][LMZMKPW[KQ^QTM[aIXWZZIbWVM[LM[]UQVWZyILM
MLILWI^QZ\]LLMPIJMZ[QLWQVKIXIKQ\ILW[UMLQIV\M[MV\MVKQILMJMZnVIK\]IZI\ZIû[LM
Y]QMVZM[]T\M[]ZMXZM[MV\IV\MIZ\!+8+54ILM[QOVIKQ~VLMu[\MX]MLM[MZ"
I 4MOIT" KWUW WK]ZZM KWV TW[ XZWOMVQ\WZM[ Y]M VW P]JQMZMV XMZLQLW TI I]\WZQLIL
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:MXJTQKIPI[\IY]MX]MLIVWUJZIZ[M]VZMXZM[MV\IV\MY]MX]MLIQV\MZ^MVQZKWUW
[]LMNMV[WZR]LQKQITIZ\+.a+8+5
J 2]LQKQIT" [MOV MT ZuOQUMV LM QVKIXIKQLIL W XZWLQOITQLIL M[\IJTMKQLW [WJZM TI
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]VXWLMZLMUIVLI\WM`XZM[W-[\IZyIUW[I[yIV\M]VIZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V^WT]V\IZQIY]MI]VY]M
VW NZMK]MV\M MV TI XZnK\QKI ZM[]T\I XMZNMK\IUMV\M ^nTQLI MV ,MZMKPW TI XIZ\M [MZn [QMUXZM
MT[]RM\WZMXZM[MV\ILWK]aW[LMZMKPW[MQV\MZM[M[TMOy\QUW[[M^MV\QTIV-[\IZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V
^WT]V\IZQI XWZ \MZKMZW LMJM LQNMZMVKQIZ[M I [] ^Mb LM TI ZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V R]LQKQIT LMT
8nZZINW[MO]VLWLMTUQ[UWIZ\+.";MM`KMX\IVLM\ITZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V"4W[IK\W[ZMTI\Q^W[ILMZMKPW[
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[yUQ[UW#4W[IK\W[ZMTI\Q^W[IJQMVM[M`KT]yLW[LMTIILUQVQ[\ZIKQ~VLMTW[XILZM[#a+]IVLWM`Q[\QMZMV
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75

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1.14.3.2 Por el concebido no nacido:

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Y]Mu[\MVWTIXW[MMaXWZ\IV\WPIKMNIT\I[]QV\MOZIKQ~VI\ZIû[LMY]QMVM[LMPIJMZVIKQLW
aIPIJZyIVLM\MV\ILWTII]\WZQLILXIZMV\IT[MOVTI[ZMOTI[LMT+~LQOWLM.IUQTQIaMV[]KI[W
XWZLM[QOVIKQ~VLMTR]Mb)MTTW[XIZMKMZZMNMZQZ[MMTIZ\ ++K]IVLW[MPIJTILMTK]ZILWZ
LMTW[LMZMKPW[M^MV\]ITM[LMTY]MM[\nXWZVIKMZ;QM[\ILM[QOVIKQ~VVW[MP]JQMZMMNMK\]ILW
IK\]IZyIMVLMNMV[ILM[][LMZMKPW[TI8ZWK]ZIL]ZyI/MVMZITLMTI:MXJTQKI
1.14.3.3 En las personas jurdicas:

5MLQIV\MTIIXWZ\IKQ~VLWK]UMV\ITR]V\WKWVMTM[KZQ\WLMLMUIVLIWLMKWV\M[\IKQ~VY]M
IKZMLQ\MTIKWV[\Q\]KQ~VNWZUITVIKQUQMV\WLMTII[WKQIKQ~VWMV\QLILLMY]M[M\ZI\MY]MLI
K]JQMZ\WMÌZ\+8+5MTI\ZQJ]\WLMTIKIXIKQLILXIZI[MZXIZ\MMVMTXZWKM[WI[IT^W
XW[QJTM[ WJRMKQWVM[ LMZQÎLI[ LM [] NIT[MLIL W LM TI M`Q[\MVKQI LM ]V PMKPW XW[\MZQWZ Y]M
XZWJI[M[]M`\QVKQ~VITI^QLIR]ZyLQKI)PWZIJQMVXZMKQ[IUMV\MXWZ[MZXMZ[WVIR]ZyLQKI
u[\I ZMY]QMZM UI\MZQITUMV\M LM TI QV\MZ^MVKQ~V LM ]VI W Un[ XMZ[WVI[ Ny[QKI[ Y]M MRMK]\MV
TW[ IK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ MV [] VWUJZM ) \ITM[ MNMK\W[ PIJZn Y]M M[\IZ[M I TW Y]M LQ[XWVOI MT
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TITMaWZMOTIUMV\WLWVLMM[\uXZM^Q[\I[]KZMIKQ~VaN]VKQWVIUQMV\WITUIZOMVMVKQMZ\I[
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TI[][KZQXKQ~VLMKWV\ZI\W[[WJZMILY]Q[QKQ~VLMQVU]MJTM[aLMJQMVM[U]MJTM[[]RM\W[ITQKQ\IKQ~V8IZI\ITM[
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76

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y las leyesITO]VI\IUJQuVM[IXTQKIJTMITW[LMUn[~ZOIVW[LMTI)LUQVQ[\ZIKQ~VXJTQKI.
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absoluta de un matrimonio.
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1.14.3.4 Por las masas patrimoniales o los patrimonios separados que

carezcan transitoriamente de titular:
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)[y"TIKWUXM\MVKQIWJRM\QÎLMTI+nUIZILM)XMTIKQ~VXIZIKWVWKMZMVXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQILMTI[LMUIVLI[KWV\ZI
MT-[\ILWaN]VKQWVITLMTI;ITILMTW+Q^QTLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUIXIZIZM[WT^MZTIIXMTIKQ~VKWV\ZI[MV\MVKQI
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-[\ILWU]VQKQXQWWQV[\Q\]KQ~VWKQITI]\~VWUI
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TI[IKKQWVM[aLMNMV[I[R]LQKQITM[LM[][ZM[XMK\Q^W[ZMXZM[MV\ILW[#aTI[XMZ[WVI[Y]M\MVOIVKZuLQ\W[KWV\ZITW[
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1.14.3.5 Por las uniones y entidades sin personalidad jurdicas:

.QVITUMV\M a IY]y [y LM UIVMZI M[XMKyKI [M}ITI MT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW Y]M TI[ ]VQWVM[ a
MV\QLILM[ [QV XMZ[WVITQLIL R]ZyLQKI VW \QMVMV KIXIKQLIL XZWKM[IT XWZ [y UQ[UI[ [QVW Y]M
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ILUQVQ[\ZILWZM[WLMY]QMVM[TW[MIVXWZLQ[XW[QKQ~VTMOITWLMY]QMVM[LMPMKPWIK\MVMVMT
\ZnKWR]ZyLQKWMV[]VWUJZMNZMV\MI\MZKMZW[8IZIM[\W[KI[W[XWLZn[MZ\QTY]MY]QMVÎaI
IQV\MZXWVMZTIIKKQ~V[WTQKQ\MLQTQOMVKQIXZMTQUQVIZITIUXIZWLMTIZ\+8+5IVLM
KWVWKMZ XZM^QIUMV\M TI QLMV\QLIL LM TI[ XMZ[WVI[ Y]M IK\IV MVTI LQZMKKQ~V W OM[\Q~V LM TI
MV\QLILWKWUW[]ZMXZM[MV\IV\MM`\MZVWaM^Q\IZ]VXW[QJTM~JQKMXZWKM[IT
1.14.4 Tratamiento procesal de la falta de capacidad:

<IV\WTIKIXIKQLILXIZI[MZXIZ\MKWUWTIKIXIKQLILXZWKM[ITKWV[\Q\]aMV^MZ\QMV\M[LM
]VXZM[]X]M[\W[]JRM\Q^WLMTXZWKM[W]VWLM[][XQTIZM[LMÎTQLMbXWZTWY]MVWM[XW[QJTM
XMZUQ\QZTIIXMZ\]ZIaLM[IZZWTTWLM]VTQ\QOQWMVMTY]M]VILMTI[XIZ\M[KIZMKMLMMTTIa[Q
M[\W\QMVMT]OIZLMJMZnLMKTIZIZ[M[]QVMKIKQI.
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a OZILW LMT UQ[UW IZ\ +8+5 MUXMbIVLW LM[LM TI QVILUQ[Q~V LM TI LMUIVLI XWZ
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MV[]KWV\ZIaVWPIaILMLQZQOQZ[MKWV\ZITI[XMZ[WVI[Ny[QKI[Y]MM[\uVLM\Zn[LMTI
entidad.
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1.14.5 La legitimacin:
1.14.5.1 Concepto y clases:
1.14.5.2 Concepto:
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NZI[M[[IKZIUMV\ITM[#MVM[M[MV\QLWMTVWPIJMZKWV[QOVILWTINZI[MIK\WMVVWUJZMaZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VLMY]M
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1.14.5.2 Clases:
1.14.5.2 Legitimacin directa:
:M[XMK\WLMTITMOQ\QUIKQ~VMV[MV\QLWM[\ZQK\WXIZILMUIVLIZa[MZLMUIVLILWXZMKMX\I
MTIZ\+8+5MV[]XnZZINWXZQUMZWY]M\MVLZnVTMOQ\QUIKQ~VXIZIQV\MZ^MVQZKWUWXIZ\M
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MV[MV\QLWTI\W"M[\ILWR]ZyLQKW[Q\]IKQ~VR]ZyLQKIWZMTIKQ~VLMTIY]MMUIVMVLMZMKPW[a
82

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83

1.14.5.2.2 Legitimacin indirecta:
1.14.5.2.3 Concepto y supuestos:
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1.14.5.2.4 Accin subrogatoria:

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1.14.5.2.5 Tutela de intereses colectivos y difusos: consumidores

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TILMNMV[ILMTW[LMZMKPW[MQV\MZM[M[LM]VLM\MZUQVILWKWTMK\Q^WLMXMZ[WVI[aLMITTyY]M
MV\ZMW\ZI[N]VKQWVM[I\ZIû[LMTI[][\Q\]KQ~VLMTW[\Q\]TIZM[ITW[Y]MÎLQZQOQLI[]IKKQ~V
[WKQITTIMV\QLILITKIVbI]VWLM[][VM[R][\QKI\Q^W["IPyZILQKI[]XZWXQWQV\MZu[TMOy\QUW
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ZMITQbIZK]IV\W[MTM[LMJMX]MLMVMRMZKQ\IZ\WLW[TW[LMZMKPW[aIKKQWVM[LMu[\MKWVMTUQ[UWVM`KMX\]IVLW
TW[Y]M[MIVQVPMZMV\M[I[]XMZ[WVI[QO]MT]MOWTITTIUILIIKKQ~VZM^WKI\WZQIWXI]TQIVIMVLMNMV[ILM[][
LMZMKPW["X]MLMV\IUJQuVQUX]OVIZTW[IK\W[Y]MMTLM]LWZPIaIZMITQbILWMVNZI]LMLM[]LMZMKPW
)Z\++"4W[IKZMMLWZM[LMTY]MZMX]LQIMVXMZR]QKQWLMTW[LMZMKPW[LMMTTW[XWLZnVPIKMZ[MI]\WZQbIZXWZMT
2]MbXIZIIKMX\IZXWZMTLM]LWZ-VM[\MKI[WTIZMX]LQIKQ~VVW[MZM[KQVLM[QVWMVNI^WZLMTW[IKZMMLWZM[aPI[\I
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M[\n[]JWZLQVILW]VLMZMKPWM^MV\]ITI]VY]MI[yTWPIOIKWVMTWJRM\WLMJMVMKQIZI]V\MZKMZW

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KWVK]ZZMVKQILM[][KZuLQ\W[#aLMT[WJZIV\M[QTWP]JQMZM[MIXZW^MKPIZnMT\MZKMZW
84

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88

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1.14.6 La postulacin: concepto:

-V MT [Q[\MUI XZWKM[IT [ITÎLWZM}W TI XW[\]TIKQ~V IVI LW[ N]VKQWVM[ LQ[\QV\I[" TI
ZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V R]LQKQIT LM TI[ XIZ\M[ LMV\ZW LMT R]QKQW MT UWLW LM LQZQOQZ[M a IK\]IZ IV\M
TW[ \ZQJ]VITM[ a TI LMNMV[I R]ZyLQKI LM u[\I[ TI MTMKKQ~V LM TI M[\ZI\MOQI Un[ ILMK]ILI
XIZI [W[\MVMZ TI XZM\MV[Q~V LM NWVLW NI^WZIJTM I [][ QV\MZM[M[ a TI M`XW[QKQ~V LM LQKPW
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TI ZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V R]LQKQIT TI I[]UM ]V XZWNM[QWVIT Y]M M[ MT XZWK]ZILWZ WZOIVQbILW[ [][
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1.14.6.1 Las formas de acreditacin: el poder:

1.14.6.1.1 Formas de otorgamiento:
1.14.6.1.1.1 Poder general:
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ZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V a LMNMV[I LMT XZWK]ZILWZ IJWOILW KWV[\IZn MV ]VI M[KZQ\]ZI XJTQKI
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TI[][KZQXKQ~VLMUMKIVQ[UW[LMI]\WKWUXW[QKQ~VLMTI litisaIQVQKQILIÔZXWZZMV]VKQI
LM[Q[\QUQMV\WaITTIVIUQMV\WMVM[\W[KI[W[MTXWLMZX]MLM[MZOMVMZITKWVKTn][]TIM[XMKQIT
XWZY]M [M ZMMZM KWUW ^MUW[ I NIK]T\ILM[ KWVKZM\I[ Y]M PIV LM IXIZMKMZ M`XZM[IUMV\M
LM\MZUQVILI[MVTIM[KZQ\]ZIXJTQKIKIJMVLW[\QXW[LMZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V"MTLMTXWLMZOMVMZIT
aMTM[XMKQIT
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LM\WLWXZWKM[WIZ\!XMZW[QVIJIZKIZXZMKQ[IUMV\MIY]MTTW[Y]MXWZQUXMZI\Q^WLMTXZWXQW
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NIK]T\ILM[Y]M[MW\WZOIV
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TTMO]MIXTIV\MIZ]VXZWKM[W[QVMTKWV[MV\QUQMV\WXZM^QWLM[]KTQMV\MTWY]MX]MLMLMXIZIZI
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TI=VQ^MZ[QLILLM-T;ITÎLWZ#4W[XZM[QLMV\M[aLMUn[ZMXZM[MV\IV\M[QVKT][Q^MTW[I[M[WZM[R]ZyLQKW[LMTI[
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91

1.14.6.1.1.2.- Poder especial:
;M PIJTI LM XWLMZ M[XMKQIT XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW" I MV IY]MTTW[ KI[W[ LWVLM [M M`QRI
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Y]M[MM`QOMMTMV]VKQILWM`XZM[WLMTW[Y]M[MW\WZOIVM`QOMVKQIY]MIJIZKI\IUJQuVITI
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QVNWZUIKQ~VIT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITK]IVLW[]KMLILMY]M[MPIXZWL]KQLW]VPMKPWM`\ZIR]LQKQIT
XMZWY]M\QMVMQUXTQKIKQWVM[MVMTLM[IZZWTTWLMTI litisXWZMRMUXTWTIXuZLQLIWM`\QVKQ~VLM
TIKW[ITQ\QOQW[IW]VIK\WLM[I\Q[NIKKQ~VM`\ZIR]LQKQITLMTIXZM\MV[Q~V;WVPMKPW[Y]MLM
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NIK]T\ILM[ M[XMKQITM[ TW Y]M M[ QVKT][W T~OQKW Y]M WK]ZZI KWV NZMK]MVKQI XIZI I[y VW \MVMZ
Y]MPIKMZLW[XWLMZM[[MXIZILW[LMTUQ[UWUWLWKWUWX]MLMW\WZOIZ[MMTM[XMKQIT]VI^Mb
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LMTWJRM\WTQ\QOQW[WX]M[VWM[uT[IT^WMVTW[IK\W[XMZ[WVITy[QUWLMXZ]MJI[QVW[]IJWOILW
MT Y]M [MKWU]VQKI KWV MT\ZQJ]VIT a XZMKQ[IUMV\M[~TW K]IVLWu[\MI[]^MbLQ[XWVMLMTI
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+WUWaIPMUW[[M}ITILWM`Q[\MXWZLMKQZTWI[y]VIJQKMNITQIWL]ITQLILMVTI[N]VKQWVM[LMT
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+8+5
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ZMXZM[MV\ILW KWV MT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT a KWV TI[ LMUn[ XIZ\M[ a M[ ]VI \IZMI Y]M TM
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1.14.6.2 Aceptacin del poder:

)\MVLQMVLWY]MMTUIVLI\WR]LQKQITM[]VKWV\ZI\WJQTI\MZITY]MXZWL]KMMNMK\W[XIZIIUJW[
[]RM\W[LMTIZMTIKQ~VVWJI[\ILM[LMT]MOWKWVY]MMTR][\QKQIJTMW\WZO]MMTXWLMZIK\WXIZI
MTY]MVW[MZMY]QMZMTIXZM[MVKQIVQMTKWV[MV\QUQMV\WIV\MVW\IZQWLMTXZWNM[QWVITY]MÎI
[MZ LM[QOVILW [~TW TI UIVQNM[\IKQ~V LM ^WT]V\IL LMT XWLMZLIV\M [QVW Y]M ZM[]T\I XZMKQ[W
]V IK\W LM IKMX\IKQ~V LM TI ZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V KWVNMZQLI Y]M [QV MUJIZOW [M UI\MZQITQbI [QV
[WTMUVQLILM[LMUIVMZI\nKQ\IMVK]IV\W[MKWV[\I\IY]MMTIJWOILWPIMUXMbILWIIK\]IZ
MV VWUJZM a MV LMNMV[I LM [] ZMXZM[MV\ILW UMLQIV\M TI XZM[MV\IKQ~V LMT KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M
XWLMZIZ\+8+5
)[yWK]ZZQZn\IUJQuVMVTW[KI[W[MVY]M\MVOIT]OIZTI[][\Q\]KQ~VLM]VXZWNM[QWVITXWZW\ZW
XWZZM^WKIKQ~VLMTUIVLI\WITUIZOMVLMY]MLMJIT~OQKIUMV\MIKZMLQ\IZ[MMTKWVNMZQUQMV\W
LMTV]M^WXWLMZ
1.14.6.3 Delegacin:
8ZMûTITMaXWZW\ZWTILWTIXW[QJQTQLILLMY]MMTXZWK]ZILWZX]MLILMTMOIZ[][NIK]T\ILM[
I NI^WZ LM W\ZW XZWNM[QWVIT QVQKQITUMV\M KWV ^WKIKQ~V \MUXWZIT I]VY]M I TI XW[\ZM X]MLI
ZM[]T\IZLMVQ\QÎ[QTW[UW\Q^W[Y]MTTMÎVITILMTMOIKQ~VVWKIUJQIVUW\Q^W[Y]MX]MLMV
[MZLMU]aIUXTQIyVLWTMaLMTW[Y]MVW[MXZMKQ[ILIZM`XTQKIKQ~VITO]VI4WY]MQUXWZ\I
M[ Y]M TI N~ZU]TI LM TI LMTMOIKQ~V M[\u M`XZM[IUMV\M XZM^Q[\I MV MT XWLMZ X]M[ []XWVM
]VI Z]X\]ZI \MUXWZIT W LMVQ\QÎ LM TI ZMTIKQ~V ZMXZM[MV\I\QÎ MV TI Y]M M[ M^QLMV\M MT
XWLMZLIV\M\QMVM\WLWY]MLMKQZ
4ILMTMOIKQ~VXWLZnQVKT]QZWVWMTVWUJZMLMTXZWK]ZILWZLMTMOILW-V\WLWKI[W[QVWM[I[y
aMTV]M^WXZWNM[QWVITVW[I\Q[NIKMTW[ZMY]MZQUQMV\W[LMTKTQMV\MVILIQUXMLQZnIM[\MT\QUW
TIZM^WKIKQ~VLMTXWLMZ#Y]MTW[MZnMV\WVKM[KWVMNMK\W[\IV\WXIZIMTXZWK]ZILWZWZQOQVIT
KWUWXIZIMTY]MI[]UQ~TILMTMOIKQ~V
1.14.6.4 Terminacin de la representacin:

>IZQI[X]MLMV[MZTI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[Y]MXZW^WY]MVMTVLMTIZMTIKQ~VLMUIVLI\WR]LQKQIT
\WLI[MTTI[XWZTWLMUn[IR][\ILI[IT[MV\QLWKWUVaI]VI[Q\]IKQ~VTMOITWUI\MZQITY]M
QUXW[QJQTQ\I[]KWV\QV]QLIL8WLMUW[KTI[QKIZTI[MV\ZM[OZ]XW["
93

1.14.6.5 Causas que conciernen al poderdante:
I :M^WKIKQ~VM`XZM[IW\nKQ\ILMTXWLMZ
-VK]ITY]QMZUWUMV\WLMTXZWKM[W;M}ITIMVM[\M[MO]VLWKI[WMT+~LQOWY]M[MMV\MVLMZn
PMKPI TI ZM^WKIKQ~V \nKQ\I K]IVLW IXIZMbKI PMKPI LM[QOVIKQ~V ]T\MZQWZ I NI^WZ LM W\ZW
XZWK]ZILWZY]MI[yPILMKWV[\IZLMJQLIUMV\MMVMTXWLMZY]MITMNMK\W[MXZM[MV\MXWZM[\M
T\QUWIZ\+8+5
J 8WZNITTMKQUQMV\WLMTXWLMZLIV\MIZ\+8+5"
;M\ZI\IMVZMITQLILLM]VIKQZK]V[\IVKQIY]MLIZnXQMITKIUJQWLMXIZ\MMVMTXZWKM[WLM
IK]MZLW I TI[ ZMOTI[ LM TI []KM[Q~V XZWKM[IT I K]aI[ ZMOTI[ PIKM ZMUQ[Q~V M[\M XZMKMX\W -T
MNMK\W[WJZM^MVQLWLMM[MNITTMKQUQMV\WM[X]M[Y]MMTXZWK]ZILWZY]M^MVyIIK\]IVLWMV[]
VWUJZMVWX]MLM[MO]QZPIKQuVLWTWPI[\IY]M[MLM\MZUQVM[QPIJZn[][\Q\]KQ~VLMTQ\QOIV\M
aLMPIJMZTI[Qu[\M[QO]MUIV\MVQMVLW[]KWVIVbIMVLQKPWXZWK]ZILWZWLM[QOVIIW\ZW
,QKMMT+~LQOWY]M[MIM[\MT\QUWMTXZWK]ZILWZMTY]MKWU]VQY]MIT\ZQJ]VITMTPMKPWLMT
NITTMKQUQMV\WI]VY]MZM[]T\IZnQO]ITUMV\M^nTQLWY]MXWZMRMUXTWTWPIOITIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQI
si tiene conocimiento de ello.
1.14.6.6 Causas que conciernen al procurador:

I :MV]VKQII[MO]QZMRMZKQ\IVLWTIZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VKWVNMZQLI"
6Q IT ZMXZM[MV\ILW VQ IT ZMXZM[MV\IV\M [M TM[ X]MLM WJTQOIZ I UIV\MVMZ ]VI ZMTIKQ~V LM
KWVIVbIQVM`Q[\MV\MWLI}ILIaXWZ\IV\WMTXZWK]ZILWZ\QMVM\IUJQuVMTLMZMKPWILIZTIXWZ
VITQbILI]VQTI\MZITUMV\M)PWZIJQMVKWUWM[\ILMKQ[Q~V]VQTI\MZITVWX]MLMLMRIZQVLMNMV[W
ITR][\QKQIJTMXZMûTITMaY]MIY]uTQVNWZUMIT\ZQJ]VIT[WJZM[]^WT]V\ILLMIJIVLWVIZTI
XZWK]ZIUIV\MVQuVLW[MMVMTX]M[\WL]ZIV\MLQMbLyI[UQMV\ZI[[MXZWKMLMITILM[QOVIKQ~V
LMV]M^WXZWK]ZILWZ
;QMTXTIbW[M[]XMZI[MaVWP]JQMZI\MVQLWT]OIZIVMTVWUJZIUQMV\WKM[IZnMVMTUIVLI\W
a Y]MLIZn LM[TQOILW LM Un[ WJTQOIKQWVM[ ,QKM MT +~LQOW MV MT IZ\ Y]M MV M[\I
\M[Q\]ZIMTXZWKM[W[MO]QZn[]K]Z[WLMJQMVLWZMITQbIZTI[KWU]VQKIKQWVM[XWZMLQK\W;QV
MUJIZOW M[ M^QLMV\M Y]M ]V XZWKM[W VW X]MLM KWV\QV]IZ ILMTIV\M [Q ]VI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ VW
M[\nLMJQLIUMV\MZMXZM[MV\ILIaLMNMVLQLIR]LQKQITUMV\MTWKWV\ZIZQWQUXTQKIZyI^]TVMZIZMT
XZWKM[WLMJQLWaKI][IZQVLMNMV[Q~VITIXIZ\M
8WZ\IV\WTII][MVKQILMXZWK]ZILWZLMJMZn[WT^MV\IZ[MLM]VWLMTW[LW[UWLW[[QO]QMV\M["
WQUXM\ZIVLWITIXIZ\MXIZIV]MÎLM[QOVIKQ~VW[Qu[\M[MVQMOI\MVMZTMXWZLM[Q[\QLWLMTI
IKKQ~V[QM[TIXIZ\MIK\WZIWXWZZMJMTLM[WJZM^MVQLW[Q[M\ZI\ILMTLMUIVLILW#M[LMKQZ
XWZXIZ\MY]MPILMRILWLMM[\IZKWV[\Q\]QLI
-TXZWKM[W[MO]QZnWVW[]K]Z[WLMXMVLQMVLWLMK]nT[MIM[IXIZ\MXWZY]MVWMVÎVWTI
ZMJMTLyILMTLMUIVLILWTWXMZUQ\MMVTIUMLQLIMVY]M[MXZM[]UMY]M[]VWIK\]IKQ~VM[
94

^WT]V\IZQIaKWVMTTIVWX]MLMWJ[\Z]QZTW[LMZMKPW[XZWKM[ITM[LMTLMUIVLIV\M8MZWN]MZI
LMM[MKI[WZMXM\QUW[VWX]MLMI][XQKQIZ[MY]M]VXZWKM[WKWV\QVM[QVUn[[QVLW\IZLM
IJWOILWIKILIXIZ\Ma[QVMUJIZOW\MVuZ[MTIXWZKWV[\Q\]QLI
J ;][\Q\]KQ~VLMNIK]T\ILM[XWZ^WT]V\ILLMTXZWK]ZILWZ"
,MTUQ[UWUWLWKWUWMVMTXWLMZ[MX]MLMI]\WZQbIZKWUW^MyIUW[I]VILMTMOIKQ~VLM
TW[IK\W[LMTXZWK]ZILWZINI^WZLM]VKWUXI}MZW\IUJQuVKIJMY]MMTXWLMZLuIIY]uTMT
XWLMZLMLMRIZMTI[]V\WLMUIVMZILMVQ\QÎMVUIVW[LMW\ZWXZWK]ZILWZTWY]MKWUXWZ\I
KWVNWZUM IT aI KQ\ILW IZ\ LMT +~LQOW MT KM[M LM TI ZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V [QV XW[QJQTQLIL LM
ZMI[]UQZTIaXWZ[]X]M[\WMTLMZMKPWLMTXWLMZLIV\MI[]ZM^WKIKQ~V]T\MZQWZMVK]ITY]QMZ
UWUMV\WLMJQMVLWMV\ITKI[WXZWKMLMZ[MIV]MÎLM[QOVIKQ~VY]MXIZIVWKWV[\Q\]QZNZI]LM
LM TMa KWVTTMÎ M`KT]QZ MV \WLW KI[W LM TI TQ[\I LM KIVLQLI\W[ XZMKQ[IUMV\M IT XZWK]ZILWZ
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K
;][XMV[Q~V \MUXWZIT LM IK\Q^QLIL IZ\ +8+5 W KM[IKQ~V LMVQ\QÎ LMT
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;M\ZI\IV\IV\W]VWKWUWW\ZWLMUW\Q^W[LMIXIZ\IUQMV\WNWZbW[WLMTIZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V]VI
^MbK]UXTQLWMTZMY]Q[Q\WTMOITR]JQTIKQ~VXWZMLILWMTM`XMLQMV\M[IVKQWVILWZWTI[MV\MVKQI
LMKTIZI\QÎLM[]ZM[XWV[IJQTQLILKWVKIZnK\MZKI]\MTIZWLMVQ\Q^W
-V\ITKI[WLMJMZnXZW^MMZMT\ZQJ]VITITILM[QOVIKQ~VLMV]M^WXZWK]ZILWZMVTW[\uZUQVW[
Y]MIKIJIUW[LMZMNMZQZ
L .ITTMKQUQMV\WLMTXZWK]ZILWZ"
-VM[\MKI[WX]MLMY]M[MIMTXWLMZLIV\MY]QMVKWU]VQY]MMTPMKPWIT\ZQJ]VITWY]Mu[\M
T\QUW\MVQMVLWKWVWKQUQMV\WLMMTTWXWZW\ZWKWVL]K\WZMY]QMZIITXWLMZLIV\MXIZIY]M
MNMK\MTILM[QOVIKQ~VLMXZWK]ZILWZMVMTXTIbWLMLQMbLyI[6WLQKMVILIUn[MVM[\MX]V\W
TITMaKWVTWY]MXIZMKMLMJMUW[IXTQKIZTI[[WT]KQWVM[aIKWV\MUXTILI[IZZQJI[Q[M[]XMZI
MTXTIbWaVWPIaV]M^WXZWNM[QWVIT
1.14.7 Por causas de naturaleza objetiva:

-V\WLW[TW[KI[W[MVY]MLMRMLMIK\]IZKWUWXIZ\MMVMTXZWKM[WIY]MTY]MPI[WTQKQ\ILW
TW[ [MZ^QKQW[ LMT XZWK]ZILWZ LMRI I u[\M [WJZM^MVQLIUMV\M aI [QV N]VKQWVM[ [MI XWZY]M TI
KWV\QMVLIKWV\QVIKWVW\ZIXIZ\MMV[]T]OIZ[]KM[Q~VXWZ\ZIV[UQ[Q~VLMTWJRM\WTQ\QOQW[W
[MIXWZY]MTIUQ[UIPIaILMVITQbIZI^QZ\]LLM]VII]\WKWUXW[QKQ~VLMTI litisLIQO]IT
Y]MKWUWIK\WZXWZ[MXIZIZ[MMTXWLMZLIV\MLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VWKWUWLMUIVLILWXWZ
[MXIZIZ[MLMTIZM[Q[\MVKQIY]MP]JQMZMNWZU]TILW[MOV[M}ITIMTIZ\LMT+~LQOW
8WZ PIJMZ[M KWUXTM\ILW MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W MV MT Y]M QV\MZ^MVyI [QMVLW Y]M TI ZM[WT]KQ~V
Y]MTMX][WVVW[MPIZMK]ZZQLWVQPIXZW^WKILWMTIKKM[WI]VIV]MÎQV[\IVKQIWOZILW
R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT# W K]IVLW [M P]JQMZM ZMITQbILW MT IK\W XIZI MT Y]M [M P]JQMZM W\WZOILW MT
95

XWLMZ[Q[M\ZI\ILM]VXWLMZM[XMKQITZM[\ZQVOQLWITMRMZKQKQWLM]VWWUn[IK\W[XZWKM[ITM[
KWVKZM\W[IZ\QVVM+8+5
8WZ T\QUW LM^QMVM \IUJQuV LM yVLWTM WJRM\QÎ TI KM[IKQ~V LMT ^yVK]TW ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^W
XWZ ^MVKQUQMV\W LMT XTIbW XIZI MT K]IT N]M W\WZOILW MT XWLMZ IZ\ MV TI PQX~\M[Q[
XWZTWLMUn[VWU]aNZMK]MV\MLMY]MMTXWLMZ[MKWVKMLIKWVNMKPIXZMKQ[ILMKIL]KQLIL
XZM[KQVLQMVLWLMTM[\ILWLMTXZWKM[W-[XW[QJTMVWWJ[\IV\MY]MI[y[MKWV\MUXTMVILIPIa
Y]MK]M[\QWVIZITZM[XMK\WX]M[MV\ZILMV\ZWLMTI[WJMZIVyILMKZQ\MZQWLMTXWLMZLIV\MaLM
[MZI[yPIJZnY]MM[\IZIM[INMKPIK]aWK]UXTQUQMV\WWJTQOIZnWJQMVIZI\QKIZITUQ[UW
XZWK]ZILWZMVTWY]MZM[\MLMKWV\QMVLIUMLQIV\MV]M^WXWLMZWITILM[QOVIKQ~VLMW\ZW
XZWNM[QWVIT
1.4.8 Representacin sin mandato:

+WUW]VIXZWTWVOIKQ~VITnUJQ\WLMTIZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VaLMNMV[IR]LQKQITLMTIO]ZILM
TIOM[\Q~VLMVMOWKQW[IRMVW[^MZIZ\[a[[++MTV]M^W+~LQOWXMZUQ\MLMUIVMZI
M`KMXKQWVITaKWVLQKQWVILITIIK\]IKQ~VLM]VXZWK]ZILWZKIZMV\MLMXWLMZaXWZ\IV\WLM
I]\WZQbIKQ~VXIZIIK\]IZMVR]QKQWMVVWUJZMLMW\ZWK]aILMNMV[ILMLMZMKPW[MQV\MZM[M[VW
PIaIXWLQLWKWVIZ[MVQILQKPWIJWOILWVQIW\ZWaM`Q[\IVUW\Q^W[LMN]MZbIUIaWZY]M
R][\QY]MVM[IQV\MZ^MVKQ~VWKQW[I
)M[\MZM[XMK\WMTIZ\+8+5PIJTILMT[]X]M[\WLMY]MTIXMZ[WVILMNMVLQLI[MMVK]MV\ZM
QUXMLQLILMPIKMZTWXWZ[yUQ[UIM[\]^QMZII][MV\MLMTXIy[\MVOIZIbWVM[LMN]VLILW\MUWZ
WIUMVIbIWK]IVLW[M\ZI\MLM]VI[Q\]IKQ~VLMMUMZOMVKQIWLMQVUQVMV\MXMTQOZWWPIaI
ITO]VIKI][IIVnTWOIa[MLM[KWVWKQMZITIM`Q[\MVKQILMZMXZM[MV\IV\MKWVXWLMZ[]KQMV\M
+WUW X]MLM ^MZ[M [IT^W ITO]VI M`KMXKQ~V KWUW TI [Q\]IKQ~V LM I][MVKQI XWZ TW OMVMZIT
M[\IZMUW[ PIJTIVLW LM KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ K]aI IXZMKQIKQ~V ZM[]T\I Un[ W UMVW[ []JRM\QÎ a
ILMUn[[MJI[IMVTIXW\MVKQITQLILM[\WM[MVMTZQM[OWWIUMVIbILMTIXuZLQLILMTLMZMKPW
WJQMV\WLI^yIVWKWV[]UILW[[MIXWZY]M[MIKMZKITINMKPILMXZM[KZQXKQ~VM`\QV\QÎXIZI
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JQMV[][KMX\QJTMLMM^MV\]ITTQ\QOQWIV\MTIY]MVW[MXZWL]KMZMIKKQ~VLMT\Q\]TIZXWZY]Mu[\M
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4IZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V[QVUIVLI\W[MKWVO]ZIIY]yMV\WZVWITITMOQ\QUIKQ~VIK\QÎaVWLM
TIXI[QÎ8WZ\IV\W\ZI\nVLW[MLMTLMUIVLILWWu[\MKWUXIZMKMKWVTILMJQLIXZWK]ZIW[M
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6WLMJMKWVN]VLQZ[MLM[LMT]MOWM[\IZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VaLMNMV[IR]LQKQIT[QVUIVLI\WLMTI
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ITIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIMTM`QOQZOIZIV\yI[LMY]MMTIJWOILWÎITWKITQbIZITKTQMV\MXIZIY]Mu[\M
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4IZI\QKIKQ~VLMTIOM[\Q~VLMTXZWK]ZILWZXWLZnPIKMZ[MLMUIVMZIM`XZM[IM[KZQ\IW
^MZJITIV\MMT\ZQJ]VITW\nKQ\IUMV\MMVM[\M[MO]VLWKI[W[QMTQV\MZM[ILWKWUXIZMKMXWZ
[yWLMJQLIUMV\MZMXZM[MV\ILWaVWZMKPIKMM`XZM[IUMV\MTIIK\]IKQ~VLMTXZWK]ZILWZTW
Y]MTITMaXWZKQMZ\WMTMÎITZIVOWLMXZM[]VKQ~VQ]ZQ[M\LMQ]ZMQV\ZIXZWKM[IT[MXZM[]UM
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4IZI\QKIKQ~VTWM[LMTIOM[\Q~VK]UXTQLIPI[\IM[MUWUMV\WXWZMTXZWK]ZILWZVWQUXTQKI
VMKM[IZQIUMV\M\IUJQuVY]MÎaIIKWV\QV]IZMVMTKIZOWXWZTWY]MZM[\ILMTXZWKM[W,MITTy
Y]MK]IVLWTITMaXZM^QMVMY]MTIZI\QKIKQ~V\nKQ\IX]MLMWXMZIZXWZTIKWUXIZMKMVKQILMT
XWLMZLIV\MLMJQLIUMV\MZMXZM[MV\ILWVWI}ILMXWZLQKPWXZWK]ZILWZX]M[MVLMVQ\QÎ
X]MLMMTMOQZIM[MWIW\ZWXIZITW[IK\W[XZWKM[ITM[Y]MM[\nVXWZ^MVQZ*QMVY]MMV\WVKM[
LMJMZnIXWZ\IZ[MMTXWLMZY]MIKZMLQ\MTIZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VIXIZ\QZLMM[MQV[\IV\MINI^WZLMT
UQ[UW]W\ZWXZWK]ZILWZ
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K]UXTQLW[ XWZ MT XZWK]ZILWZ VQ []RM\IZ[M TI ZI\QKIKQ~V I KWVLQKQ~V [][XMV[QÎ [QVW Y]M
LMJMZn NWZU]TIZ[M W LML]KQZ[M [Q M[ XWZ ^yI \nKQ\I X]ZI a [QUXTMUMV\M IZ\ XnZZINW
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97

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LMLM[QOVIZI]VXZWK]ZILWZI]VY]MM^QLMV\MUMV\MVWIuT#W
LMUIVMZIUIVQM[\IUMV\M\MUMZIZQIQV^WKIVLWLMZMKPW[WQV\MZM[M[TMOy\QUW[LM]V
\MZKMZWK]IVLW\ITXMZ[WVIVWM`Q[\yIWTW[Y]MVWM`Q[\yIVMZIVTW[LMZMKPW[WQV\MZM[M[MV
K]M[\Q~VWMVVXWZIZO]UMV\IZ]VI[Q\]IKQ~VLMZQM[OWIZ\QKQIT[WJZM[]XuZLQLIXIZI
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6WXIZMKMXWZMTKWV\ZIZQWY]MX]MLI[MZKWV\QVOMV\M[QVWY]MPILMQUXWVMZ[M[QMUXZMTI
KWVLMVIMVKW[\I[[WJZMLQKPWXZWK]ZILWZMVK]IV\WXZWUW\WZLM]VIIKKQ~VY]M[MZM^MTI
XWZTWM`X]M[\WQV[W[\MVQJTMaY]MPIIZZI[\ZILWI]VIWUn[XMZ[WVI[TIXIZ\MLMUIVLILI
I\MVMZY]MJ][KIZLMNMV[IR]ZyLQKIaWXWVMZ[MITILMUIVLIQVN]VLILIUMV\MXZM[MV\ILI
1.14.9 Tratamiento procesal de la postulacin:

4I XW[\]TIKQ~V IT QO]IT Y]M TI KIXIKQLIL MV [][ LW[ UWLITQLILM[ M[ ]V XZM[]X]M[\W
[]JRM\Q^WLMTIIK\]IKQ~VLMTIXIZ\MMVMTXZWKM[WLMUWLWY]M[]I][MVKQIQUXQLMY]Mu[\I
X]MLIZMITQbIZIK\W[^nTQLW[;QTINIT\IWLMNMK\WLMXW[\]TIKQ~V[MZMMZMM`KT][QÎUMV\MI]V
IK\WKWVKZM\WXWZMRMUXTWIY]MTTW[XIZITW[Y]MKWUW^MyIUW[[MZMY]QMZMXWLMZM[XMKQITMT
R]MbVWXWLZn\MVMZTW[XWZZMITQbILW[KWVTW[MNMK\W[Y]MMTTW\MVOIXMZWMTZM[\WLMTXZWKM[W
[MZn^nTQLW[QTIXIZ\MIK\]~LMJQLIUMV\MXW[\]TILII\ZIû[LM]VXWLMZOMVMZIT
;QXWZMTKWV\ZIZQWN]MZMM[\MT\QUWMTY]MNIT\IMTXWLMZOMVMZITMTXZWJTMUII\I}MI]VI
LMNMK\]W[IKWV[\Q\]KQ~VLMTIZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKIXZWKM[ITY]M\WZVIZyIITXZWKM[WM^MV\]ITUMV\M
I[y^MV\QTILWMVV]TW+WUWKWV[MK]MVKQI"
I ;MQUXWVMLM[LMMTXZQVKQXQWMTKWV\ZWTR]LQKQITLMWKQWM`\MV[QJTMI\WLWM[\ILWa
OZILWLMTIKI][IX]M[KWUW\IUJQuVPMUW[^Q[\WTIXW[\]TIKQ~VX]MLMXMZLMZ[M
LM UIVMZI [WJZM^MVQLI ,M PMKPW TI NIT\I LM XW[\]TIKQ~V LM TI XIZ\M IK\WZI aI
[MIIJ[WT]\IVW[MKWV[QOVIXWLMZITO]VWKWVTILMUIVLIKWUWZMTI\QÎMTXWLMZ
XZM[MV\ILWM[VQKIUMV\MM[XMKQITXIZIIK\W[KWVKZM\W[LMZQÎ[QVW[M[]J[IVI
MV KI][I LM QUXZWXWVQJQTQLIL LM TI LMUIVLI \IT KWUW LMJMZn LMKZM\IZTW MT R]Mb
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J +IJM \IUJQuV TI LMV]VKQI I QV[\IVKQI LM XIZ\M ) M[\M ZM[XMK\W MT IZ\ XZMû
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98

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abreviado.
6ILI WJ[\I [QV MUJIZOW I Y]M TI XIZ\M IK\WZI X]MLI LMV]VKQIZ \IUJQuV TI NIT\I LM
XW[\]TIKQ~VLMTLMUIVLILWTWY]M[]XWVLZyIIJZQZ]VIK]M[\Q~VQVKQLMV\ITLMyVLWTMXZWKM[IT
IZM[WT^MZ[MOVTI[ZMOTI[LMTW[IZ\[a[[+8+5
0MUW[IT]LQLWITKIZnK\MZ[]J[IVIJTMLMTINIT\ILMXW[\]TIKQ~VTWY]MM`QOMKWV\WLWY]M
XZMKQ[MUW[[]ITKIVKM"KWUWMVXZQVKQXQWMTXZWJTMUII\I}MMVM[\W[KI[W[ITINIT\IUI\MZQIT
LMKWV[QOVIKQ~VLMTXWLMZ[QVY]M[QVMUJIZOW[M\MVOI\WLI^yIKWV[\IVKQILM]VI^WT]V\IL
VMOI\QÎWZMIKQILMTR][\QKQIJTMIKWVIZ[]ZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VILQKPWIJWOILWX]MLMPIJTIZ[M
LM]VLMNMK\W\M~ZQKIUMV\M[]J[IVIJTMMVTIUMLQLIMVY]MMTXZWNM[QWVITK]UXTILMV\ZWLMT
XTIbWY]MITMNMK\WPILMW\WZOnZ[MTMXWZMTR]MbXIZIY]M[]J[IVMaIXWZ\MMTXWLMZVMKM[IZQW
5I[ [Q \IT ZMY]MZQUQMV\W VW [M [I\Q[NIKM VW [M IK]LQZn []J[QLQIZQIUMV\M IT XZM[]V\W
ZMXZM[MV\ILW XIZI XZMO]V\IZTM [Q M[\n W VW LM IK]MZLW KWV Y]M [M PIaI LML]KQLW ]VI
XZM\MV[Q~VMV[]VWUJZM[QVWY]MLQZMK\IUMV\M[MKWV[QLMZIZnMTLMNMK\WKWUWQV[]J[IVILW
a LILW Y]M KWVKQMZVM I ]V XZM[]X]M[\W LMT XZWKM[W TTMÎZn I TI[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[ Y]M IV\M[
RIUW[" KQMZZM LMT XZWKM[W [Q M[ MT IK\WZ W LMKTIZIKQ~V LM ZMJMTLyI [Q M[ MT LMUIVLILW
XWZ VW KWV\M[\IZ I TI LMUIVLI [IT^W Y]M TW PQKQMZM KWV W\ZW XZWK]ZILWZ :MK]uZLM[M MV
K]IV\WITLMUIVLILWY]M\IV\W[QMTMUXTIbIUQMV\WXIZIKWV\M[\IZ[MXZWL]KMLMUIVMZI
XMZ[WVITKWUWXWZMLQK\W[[]aIM[TIKIZOILMJ][KIZIJWOILWY]MTMZMXZM[MV\MaLMMVLI
XZM[MV\IVLWMTKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MM[KZQ\WLMKWV\M[\IKQ~VaR]V\WIuTMV\ZMW\ZW[LWK]UMV\W[
XZWKM[ITM[MTXWLMZVMKM[IZQWLMTXZWK]ZILWZ
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ITO]VILMTI[LQ^MZ[I[KI][I[Y]MIV\M[PMUW[IVITQbILWZM^WKIKQ~VLMTXWLMZKIL]KQLIL
KM[M ^WT]V\IZQW NITTMKQUQMV\W LMT XZWK]ZILWZ W LMT XWLMZLIV\M LMJMZnV [MO]QZ[M TI[
M[XMKQKIKQWVM[XZM^Q[\I[MVTITMaXIZI[]IZZMOTWMVTW[\uZUQVW[Y]MaIPMUW[MÌUQVILW
arriba.
99

Juan Carlos Cabaas Garcia
;=5):17"1+WVKMX\WOMVMZITLMXT]ZITQLILLMXIZ\M[114Q\Q[KWV[WZKQWVM
KM[IZQW"+WVKMX\W+TI[M["4Q\Q[KWV[WZKQWIK\Q^WVMKM[IZQW")UJQ\W*
6MOI\QÎ LMT KW\Q\]TIZ UI\MZQIT I [][KZQJQZ TI LMUIVLI + ,Q[KZMXIVKQI QVQKQIT
MV\ZMTW[KWLMUIVLIV\M[4Q\Q[KWV[WZKQWXI[Q^WVMKM[IZQW"ZuOQUMV1114Q\Q[
KWV[WZKQW^WT]V\IZQW1><ZI\IUQMV\WXZWKM[ITLMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW>1V\MZ^MVKQ~V
LM\MZKMZW"MTKWILa]ÎV\M"+WVKMX\Wa[]X]M[\W["+WVKMX\W;]X]M[
\W[)TKIVKMLM[][IK\W[<ZI\IUQMV\WXZWKM[IT>14IQV\MZ^MVKQ~VXZW^W
KILI"+WVKMX\W)NI^WZLMTLMUIVLIV\M";]X]M[\W[<ZI\IUQMV\W
XZWKM[IT)NI^WZLMTLMUIVLILW";]X]M[\W[<ZI\IUQMV\WXZWKM[IT
>11:MXZM[MV\IKQ~VXZWKM[ITMVKI[WLMXT]ZITQLILLMXIZ\M[
1.14.10 Concepto general de pluralidad de partes:

;MPIJTILMXT]ZITQLILLMXIZ\M[K]IVLWMV]VUQ[UWXZWKM[WKWV^MZOMVLW[WUn[XMZ[WVI[
MVTIXW[QKQ~VIK\QÎLMUIVLIV\MaWXI[QÎLMUIVLILWLMTIZMTIKQ~VXZWKM[IT[MILM[LMMT
XZWXQWKWUQMVbWLMTIKWV\QMVLIWLMUIVMZI[WJZM^MVQLI4I[ZIbWVM[Y]MX]MLMVKWVL]KQZI
M[IXT]ZITQLILZM[]T\IVLQ^MZ[I[KWUWLQ^MZ[WX]MLM[MZMTOZILWLM^QVK]TIKQ~VLMITO]VW[LM
M[W[[]RM\W[KWVMTWJRM\WLMTXZWKM[W<WLWMTTW[MMVKIZOITITMaLMZMO]TIZTWLM\MZUQVIVLW
I[yY]M\WLW[Y]QMVM[ILY]QMZIVMTKIZnK\MZLMXIZ\MI]VY]MWZQOQVITUMV\MN]MZMV\MZKMZW[
XZWKM[ITUMV\MPIJTIVLWOWKMV[IT^WM`KMXKQWVM[LMTW[UQ[UW[XWLMZM[aWJTQOIKQWVM[
1.14.11 Litisconsorcio necesario:

1.14.11.1 Concepto:
-`Q[\MTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWVMKM[IZQWK]IVLWMV]VXZWKM[WÎZQI[XMZ[WVI[LMJMVIXIZMKMZKWUW
IK\WZM[ W KWUW LMUIVLILW[ XIZI Y]M [M X]MLI KWV[QLMZIZ KWZZMK\IUMV\M \ZIJILI MV TW
[]JRM\Q^WTIZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKIXZWKM[IT;M\ZI\ILM]VI[Q\]IKQ~VLMKWVK]ZZMVKQIVMKM[IZQILM
XIZ\M[ XZW^WKILI [MOV []MTMV ZMKWVWKMZ TW[ WZLMVIUQMV\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ a TI R]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI
LMTW[XIy[M[XWZY]MTIXZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLIMVR]QKQW[MZMMZMI]VIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITY]M
LM^QVQMVLWQVLQ^Q[QJTMWQVM[KQVLQJTMXWZ[]VI\]ZITMbIQV^WT]KZIIÎZQI[XMZ[WVI[WXWZY]M
MV\WLWKI[WTI[MV\MVKQIY]MPIaILMLQK\IZ[MI^QZ\]LLMTIIKKQ~VMRMZKQ\ILIKWVLQKQWVIZn
TIXZWXQIÎTQLMbLMM[IZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITXIZI\WLW[
,MM[\MUWLWTW[KWVQK\W[Y]MX]MLIVIZ\QK]TIZ[M[WJZMLQKPIZMTIKQ~V\WZVIMVQUXMZI\Q^W
\IUJQuV MT TTIUIUQMV\W NWZUIT LM \WLW[ MTTW[ IT XZWKM[W XIZI Y]M X]MLIV MRMZKQ\IZ
MKIbUMV\M[]LMNMV[I9]QMVM[T]MOWLMKQLIVVWXMZ[WVIZ[M[MZnaILM[]ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL
XMZW [M PIJZn K]UXTQLW KWV MT LMJMZ R]LQKQIT LM [MZ KWV^WKILW[ I TI litis a Y]MLIZnV
^QVK]TILW[ XWZ TW[ MNMK\W[ MKWV~UQKW[ KWVLMVI MV KW[\I[ MV [] KI[W a LM KW[I R]bOILI
UI\MZQITLMTIZM[XMK\QÎ[MV\MVKQI
-VN]VKQ~VLM[QTIKWVK]ZZMVKQILMXIZ\MVMKM[IZQI[MXZWL]KMMVTIXW[QKQ~VLMTLMUIVLIV\M
W XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW MV TI LMT LMUIVLILW [M PIJTIZn KWV[QO]QMV\MUMV\M LM TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW
100

IK\Q^W W XI[Q^W VMKM[IZQW[ -T V]M^W +~LQOW MV TI UQ[UI TyVMI LMT +8+ Q\ITQIVW y del
+/8]Z]O]IaW!PIWX\ILWXWZLIZZMKWVWKQUQMV\WaLW\IZLMZuOQUMVXZWXQWITW[LW[I
LQNMZMVKQII[]^MbLMTI4-+M[XI}WTIY]M[MTQUQ\IMV[]IZ\IKWV\MUXTIZ[~TWMT
LMKIZnK\MZXI[Q^W>MIUW[X]M[KILI]VW"
1.14.11.2 Clases:
a. Litisconsorcio activo necesario:
- mbito:
;M XZMû M[\I XZQUMZI UWLITQLIL MV\MVLQLI KWUW M`QOMVKQI TMOIT LM Y]M \WLW[ TW[ []RM\W[
INMK\ILW[XWZMTKWVQK\WaY]M\QMVMVY]MZMKTIUIZ]VMNMK\WR]ZyLQKWNI^WZIJTMM[\WM[KWUW
XIZ\MIK\WZILMUIVLMVKWVR]V\IUMV\MMVMTUQ[UWXTMQ\W
+WV]VITKIVKMUn[KWVKZM\WY]MMTY]M\QMVMMVTW[XZWKM[W[LMNIUQTQIY]MLITIUQ[UI
TQUQ\ILIKWVNWZUMMTIZ\+8+5IIY]MTTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[Y]M^MZ[MV[WJZM]VIZMTIKQ~V
UI\MZQITKITQKILIXWZTMaKWUWQVLQ^Q[QJTMXMZ\MVMKQMV\MIÎZQI[XMZ[WVI[MV]VIUQ[UI
XW[QKQ~VLMUWLWY]MTI[MV\MVKQIM`\MVLMZn[][MNMK\W[I\WLI[MTTI[
Por tanto y a contrario sensu MV TI[ ZMTIKQWVM[ UI\MZQITM[ M[\ILW[ a [Q\]IKQWVM[ R]ZyLQKI[
LQ^Q[QJTM[VWM`Q[\QZnTIKWV[QO]QMV\MM`QOMVKQILMLMUIVLIZKWVR]V\IUMV\M[MIXWZY]M[M
\ZI\MVLMZMTIKQWVM[UIVKWU]VILI[MVTIY]MKILI\Q\]TIZX]MLMZMKTIUIZXWZ[]K]W\I#[MI
Y]M [M \ZI\MV LM WJTQOIKQWVM[ [WTQLIZQI[ XWZ LQ[XW[QKQ~V LM TMa W XWZ XIK\W MV\ZM TW[ []RM\W[
aKWVK]ZZIMVTWY]MIY]yVW[QUXWZ\IXT]ZITQLILLMIKZMMLWZM[^MZIZ\[ a[[++
-TY]MXZMKQ[IUMV\M]VWLMMTTW[X]MLIQV[\IZMTXIOW\W\ITKWV\ZIMTLM]LWZWLM]LWZM[PIKM
Y]MLM[IXIZMbKITIVMKM[QLILLMLMUIVLIKWVR]V\I
Habr entonces litisconsorcio activo necesario:
)Z\+8+Q\ITQIVW";QTILMKQ[Q~VVWX]MLMXZWV]VKQIZ[M[QVWMVXZM[MVKQILMÎZQI[XIZ\M[u[\I[LMJMVIK\]IZ
W[MZLMUIVLILI[MVMTUQ[UWXZWKM[W;QM[\MM[XZWUW^QLWXWZITO]VI[WKWV\ZIITO]VI[[WTIUMV\MLMMTTI[MT
R]MbWZLMVIZnTIQV\MOZIKQ~VLMTKWV\ZILQK\WZQWMV]V\uZUQVWXMZMV\WZQWXWZuTM[\IJTMKQLW
!+WVNWZUMI[]IZ\"+]IVLWXWZTIVI\]ZITMbILMTIZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKI[][\IVKQITY]M[MIWJRM\WLMTXZWKM[WVW
X]LQMZMXZWV]VKQIZ[M[MV\MVKQI\QTUMV\M[QVTIXZM[MVKQITQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWIK\Q^WWMTMUXTIbIUQMV\WTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW
XI[Q^WLM\WLW[TW[QV\MZM[ILW[IY]uTTW[LMJMZnV\WLW[KWUXIZMKMZau[\W[LMJMZnV\WLW[[MZMUXTIbILW[MV
NWZUITMOIT

-VM[\MKI[WTW[ZMK]Z[W[aLMUn[IK\]IKQWVM[XZWKM[ITM[LMKILI]VWNI^WZMKMZnVITW[W\ZW[;QVMUJIZOWTW[
IK\W[Y]MQUXTQY]MVLQ[XW[QKQ~VLMTLMZMKPWMVTQ\QOQW[~TW\MVLZnVMKIKQI[QMUIVIVLM\WLW[TW[TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[
AIK]aW\MVWZ"+]IVLWXWZZIb~VLMTWY]M[MIWJRM\WLMTR]QKQWTI\]\MTIR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT[WTQKQ\ILI[~TWX]MLI
PIKMZ[MMNMK\QÎNZMV\MIÎZQW[[]RM\W[KWVR]V\IUMV\MKWV[QLMZILW[\WLW[MTTW[PIJZnVLM[MZLMUIVLILW[KWUW
TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[[IT^WY]MTITMaLQ[XWVOIM`XZM[IUMV\MW\ZIKW[I
,WVLMM[\nXZM^Q[\WXWZMTIZ\48.XIZI\WLW[TW[KI[W[MVY]M"+]IVLWMVZIb~VLMTWJRM\WLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VTI
[MV\MVKQIINMK\MLQZMK\IUMV\MIÎZQI[XMZ[WVI[u[\I[LMJMVLMUIVLIZW[MZLMUIVLILI[MVMTUQ[UWXZWKM[W

)XTQKIVLWM[\MLQ[XW[Q\Q^WXWZMRMUXTWI]VKI[WLM\]\WZyIKWVR]V\ILM]VUMVWZLMMLIL^MZTI;MV\MVKQILMTI
;ITILMTW+Q^QTLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM2][\QKQILMLMLQKQMUJZMLMLQK\ILIITI[!PWZI[ZMN

101

-VTW[TQ\QOQW[[WJZMV]TQLILK]UXTQUQMV\WWTQJMZIKQ~VLMWJTQOIKQWVM[QVLQ^Q[QJTM[LMTW[
IZ\[!a[[++K]IVLWM`Q[\IXZMKQ[IUMV\M]VIXT]ZITQLILLMIKZMMLWZM[T]MOWK]IVLW
PIJTMUW[LMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWXI[Q^WVMKM[IZQWVW[ZMNMZQZMUW[ITIXT]ZITQLILLMLM]LWZM[LM
M[\I[WJTQOIKQWVM[
1O]ITUMV\MMVTI[LMUIVLI[XIZITILMNMV[ILMTIKWU]VQLILLMJQMVM[IZ\[a[[++
KWV\ZI\MZKMZW[MVTIY]M\WLW[TW[KWU]VMZW[[MKWV[\Q\]aMVMVXIZ\MIK\WZI8MZW\IUJQuV[Q
N]MZMMTKI[WTIQV\MZX]M[\IXWZTIKWU]VQLILXWZTW[KWU]VMZW[Y]MTIQV\MOZIVKWV\ZI]VW
WÎZQW[LMTW[KWU]VMZW[Y]MQVK]UXTQMZMVKWV[][KIZOI[aWJTQOIKQWVM[Y]QMVM[I[]UQZnV
MTXIXMTLMLMUIVLILW[
- Negativa del cotitular material, a suscribir la demanda:
)PWZI JQMV TI TMa XZMKMX\I Y]M MV M[\W[ KI[W[ LM TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW IK\Q^W VMKM[IZQW \WLW[
LMJMZnVLMUIVLIZKWVR]V\IUMV\MTWY]MXZM[]XWVM]VI^WT]V\IL]VQ\IZQILM\WLW[TW[[]RM\W[
MV PIKMZTW 8MZW TW KQMZ\W M[ Y]M XWLZyI WK]ZZQZ Y]M ITO]VW LMTW[ \Q\]TIZM[ LMT LMZMKPW MV
X]OVIITO]VWLMTW[IKZMMLWZM[[Q[M\ZI\ILMTKWJZWLM]VILM]LIVWM[\uQV\MZM[ILWMV[]
ZMKTIUIKQ~VR]LQKQITXWZTIUW\QÎKQ~VY]MN]MZMXWZY]MVWLM[MIXI[IZXWZTI[^QKQ[Q\]LM[LM
]VXZWKM[WXWZY]MKWV[QLMZIQVN]VLILITIZMKTIUIKQ~VMV\WLWWMVXIZ\MXWZY]MVWLM[MI
KI][IZ]VXMZR]QKQWXMZ[WVITITLMUIVLILWM\K9]uWK]ZZMMV\WVKM['"
)V\M\WLWVWX]MLMWJTQOIZ[MIY]QMVVWY]QMZMI\MVMZY]M[][KZQJQZ]VILMUIVLIXWZ
U]KPW Y]M M`Q[\IV W\ZI[ XMZ[WVI[ INMK\ILI[ ;MUMRIV\M KWMZKQ~V ZM[]T\IZyI I \WLI[ T]KM[
QVKWV[\Q\]KQWVITaLM[LMT]MOWMT+8+5VWXZMûVQVO]VIKWUX]T[Q~VXIZITWOZIZTW
)[y Y]M [Q MT M[KZQ\W LM LMUIVLI IXIZMKM KWV MT VWUJZM LM \WLW[ M[ XWZY]M \WLW[ PIV
UIVQNM[\ILW[]^WT]V\ILLMPIKMZTWaI[yXWZ\IV\WPIJZnV\MVQLW\IUJQuV\WLW[Y]MW\WZOIZ
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QVK]ZZM MV ]VI M[XMKQM LM IJ][W LM LMZMKPW XZWKM[IT KMZZIVLW TI[ XW[QJQTQLILM[ LM \]\MTI
R]ZQ[LQKKQWVITLMTW[KW\Q\]TIZM[UI\MZQITM[TWY]MZM[]T\IQO]ITUMV\MIV\QR]ZyLQKW
;QLMTWY]M[M\ZI\IaM[M[WTWY]MY]QMZMTITMaM[Y]M\WLW[IK\MVMVMTXZWKM[WMV
MT [MV\QLW KWUW UyVQUW LM Y]M [MIV NWZUITUMV\M TTIUILW[ IT UQ[UW a LM Y]M XWZ \IV\W
X]MLIV IK\]IZ MV uT a ^MZ[M ZMXMZK]\QLW[ XWZ TI[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[ Y]M LMXIZM TI KWUXW[QKQ~V
R]LQKQIT LMT KWVQK\W TI VMOI\QÎ MV LMVQ\QÎ LM ]VW LM TW[ KW\Q\]TIZM[ UI\MZQITM[ XIZI
LMUIVLIZ X]MLM [WT^MV\IZ[M LM[QOVnVLWTM NWZUITUMV\M KWUW XIZ\M KWLMUIVLILI ) \IT
MNMK\W[MVIZZIZnMVMTM[KZQ\WLMLMUIVLITIIK\Q\]LWJ[\Z]KKQWVQ[\IUW[\ZILIXZM^QIUMV\M
XWZ MT KW\Q\]TIZ LQ[QLMV\M MV\WZXMKQMVLW [QV UW\Q^W R][\QKILW MT MRMZKQKQW KWVR]V\W LM TI
102

IKKQ~VaTI[OM[\QWVM[IKZMLQ\IJTM[LMTW[LMUn[XIZIY]MKIUJQIZILMWXQVQ~V[QVu`Q\W
>QVK]TIVLW X]M[ M[I KWVL]K\I WJ[\Z]K\QÎ LMT KW\Q\]TIZ LQ[QLMV\M KWUW M`XZM[QÎ LM []
QV\MZu[MVITQVMIZ[MKWVTIXW[QKQ~VLMTIXIZ\MLMUIVLILITIVQKIY]MMVXZQVKQXQWQJII
[MZTWTWY]MPILM\MZUQVILWTIVMKM[QLILLMLMUIVLIZTM\IUJQuVIuTVWaIKWUWWJTQOILW
ITK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTIXZM[\IKQ~VWKWVL]K\IY]M[MZMKTIUIXMZW[yKWUWWJTQOILWIM[\IZ
a XI[IZ XWZ TW[ XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[ Y]M MNMK\M TI [MV\MVKQI LMVQ\QÎ I NI^WZ LM Y]QMVM[
QV\MZXWVMVTILMUIVLI
- Discrepancia inicial entre los codemandantes:
,M[XMRILITIQVK~OVQ\ILMY]QuVM[ÎVIMRMZKQ\IZTIIKKQ~VMVTIXW[QKQ~VIK\QÎM[\WM[
Y]u\ZI\IUQMV\WLMJMLIZ[MIY]QMVM[VWY]QMZIVNWZU]TIZLMUIVLI[MXZM[MV\I]V[MO]VLW
XZWJTMUI a M[ LM\MZUQVIZ [Q TW[ QV\MZM[ILW[ MV LMUIVLIZ PIV LM PIKMZTW I \ZIû[ LM ]VI
UQ[UIM[\ZI\MOQIR]ZyLQKI4IT~OQKIQVLQKIY]M[yXMZWVWX]MLMXZM[KQVLQZ[MLMTPMKPWLM
Y]MY]QbnI]VY]MTW[KW\Q\]TIZM[KWQVKQLIVMVMTWJRM\Q^WX]MLMY]MVWTWPIOIVMVMTUWLW
LMKWV[MO]QZTWVQMVMTKWV\MVQLWLMTWY]M[MKZMMLMJMM`QOQZ[M
-T IZ\ +8+5 LQKM Y]M \IV\W MV MT TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW VMKM[IZQW IK\Q^W KWUW MV MT XI[Q^W
TW[ []RM\W[ LMJMZnV LMUIVLIZ W [MZ LMUIVLILI[ LM NWZUI KWVR]V\I a KWVR]V\I XWZ []
[QOVQKILW WZLQVIZQW QUXTQKI ]VQ~V VW LQ[XMZ[Q~V ;QV MUJIZOW VW XWLMUW[ LM[KWVWKMZ
\IUXWKW Y]M MT IZ\ LMT XZWXQW +~LQOW Y]M ZMO]TI TW ZMTI\Q^W I TI ZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V a
LMNMV[IXIZI\WLW[TW[nUJQ\W[LMXT]ZITQLILLMXIZ\M[XZMKQ[IY]M[IT^WMVMT[]X]M[\WLMT
TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWNIK]T\I\Q^WLMTIZ\ LWVLMLMXTIVWVW[MM`QOMTIZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VaLMNMV[I
KWVR]V\ITIZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VKWUVLMTW[KW\Q\]TIZM[[MM`QOQZnVQKIUMV\MK]IVLWPIOIV
][W LM TI[ UQ[UI[ ITMOIKQWVM[ W M`KMXKQWVM[ [IT^W Y]M [M TM X]LQMZI KI][IZ QVLMNMV[Q~V I
ITO]VWLMMTTW[
;MMV\QMVLMY]MMTTW\IUJQuV[MIXTQKIITI[ÎZQIV\M[LMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWVMKM[IZQWTWY]M
[][KQ\I MV MT KI[W LMT TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW IK\Q^W ]V XW[QJTM M[KMVIZQW MV MT Y]M ÎZQW[ IK\WZM[
LML]bKIV]VILMUIVLIaTW[ZM[\IV\M[W\ZI[MO]VLIW\MZKMZILMUIVLI\WLI[MTTI[ZMTI\QÎ[
ITUQ[UWKWVQK\WR]ZyLQKWaKWVXZM\MV[QWVM[[QUQTIZM[XMZWVWQLuV\QKI[
;Q VW [M XMZUQ\M I TW[ LQ[\QV\W[ IK\WZM[ IK\]IZ KWVNWZUM I [] XZWXQI XZM\MV[Q~V IPy LWVLM
ZM[]T\IM^QLMV\MY]MO]IZLIV]VIXW[QKQ~VLQ[\QV\QÎMVK]IV\WIK~UWIZ\QK]TIZTIM[\ZI\MOQI
R]ZyLQKIUn[ILMK]ILI[WXMVILMY]M[QVWLMUIVLIVKWVR]V\IUMV\MVW[MILUQ\QZnVQVO]VI
LMUIVLI [M M[\IZyI W\ZI ^Mb QUXWVQMVLW ]VI KWMZKQ~V [WJZM TW[ R][\QKQIJTM[ LQNyKQTUMV\M
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aLMTI+WV[\Q\]KQ~V
8MZW ILMUn[ MT XZWXQW IZ\ QV VM LMT +~LQOW LQNMZMVKQI MV\ZM TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[ IK\Q^W[
M QVIK\Q^W[ LQ[\QVKQ~V u[\I Y]M KIZMKM LM [MV\QLW [Q TI ZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V a LMNMV[I [M M[\n
TTMÎVLW I KIJW LM UIVMZI ]VQLI KWVR]V\I X]M[ OZIKQI[ I MTTI \WLW[ ILWX\IV TI UQ[UI
KWVL]K\IXZWKM[ITMVKILINI[MLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WXWZTWY]MVWPIa]VW[TQ\QOIV\M[IK\Q^W[
MVKWUXIZIKQ~VKWVW\ZW[[IT^WIK\WXMZ[WVITy[QUWLMXZ]MJIXWZMRLWVLM[MXQLQMZIMT
QV\MZZWOI\WZQWLMÎZQW[TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[]VW[IK]LIVaW\ZW[VW;QTITMa\QMVMMVKWV[QLMZIKQ~V
103

M[\M LWJTM ZQ\UW LM IK\]IKQ~V XZWKM[IT MT WZQOMV LM MTTW PI LM ZILQKIZ MV ]VI LQ[\QV\I
ZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VaN]VLIUMV\IKQ~VR]ZyLQKI
:MKWZLMUW[MVM[\MX]V\WTILQZMK\ZQbIV\M[MV]VKQILI"TWY]MMTTMOQ[TILWZY]QMZMMVM[\W[
KI[W[LMTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWVMKM[IZQWM[Y]M\WLW[TW[KWVKMZVQLW[XWZTIZMTIKQ~VQVLQ^Q[QJTM[MIV
TTIUILW[ a [Q Y]QMZMV M[\uV XZM[MV\M[ a XIZ\QKQXMV MV TI KWV\QMVLI MV \WLW KI[W Y]MLIVLW
^QVK]TILI[XWZTWZM[]MT\WMVMTTI
8]M[JQMV"M[MWJRM\Q^W[MTWOZIXMZUQ\QMVLWLQKPITQJMZ\ILLMZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VaLMNMV[IVW
WT^QLMUW["I]\WZQbILIXWZMTIZ\ LMT+~LQOWaLMZQÎLILM]VQUXMZI\Q^WKWV[\Q\]KQWVIT
a]VI^MbXZM[MV\ILI[\WLI[TI[LMUIVLI[Y]MN]MZMVZM]VQZTI[MV]VUQ[UWXZWKM[WI\ZIû[
LM]VI]\WLMIK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZWKM[W[Y]MKI[Q[QMUXZM[MLML]KQZnVILMUn[IV\MMTUQ[UW
~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT[QMVLWXITUIZQWY]M[MK]UXTMIY]yKWV\WLW[TW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[M`QOQJTM[XIZIY]M
LQKPIIK]U]TIKQ~VXZWKMLI]VQKIVLWTIKWV\QMVLIMV]VVQKWXZWKMLQUQMV\W
-V\IJTILW MT XZWKM[W MV MT Y]M KWVK]ZZM M`QOMVKQI LM TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW IK\Q^W VMKM[IZQW
XTI[UILW MV ]VI W ÎZQI[ LMUIVLI[ MV TI[ Y]M IXIZMKMV \WLW[ TW[ KW\Q\]TIZM[ QV\MZM[ILW[
MVMRMZKQ\IZTIIKKQ~VLMY]M[M\ZI\MaKWUWLMUIVLILW[TW[XZM[]V\W[WJTQOILW[I[yKWUW
\IUJQuVM^MV\]ITUMV\MTW[KW\Q\]TIZM[Y]M[MWXWVyIVM`XZM[IW\nKQ\IUMV\MIIY]MTTIIKKQ~V
R]LQKQITQV\MZM[IZn\MVMZMVK]MV\IMTIZ\+8+5LM[LMLW[XMZ[XMK\QÎ["MVK]IV\WTQUQ\I
MT XW[QJTM MNMK\W I]\WKWUXW[Q\Q^W [WJZM MT WJRM\W LMT XTMQ\W I Y]M M`Q[\I ^WT]V\IL LM \WLW[
TW[TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[IZ\XnZZINW[MO]VLWAMVK]IV\WXZMûY]MTW[IK\W[XZWKM[ITM[LMT
TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\MIK\Q^WINMK\IVITW[QVIK\Q^W[MVTIUMLQLIMVY]MTW[JMVMKQMVIZ\T\QUW
XnZZINW
b. Litisconsorcio pasivo necesario: rgimen:
4W[ IZ\[ a LMT +~LQOW ZMKWOMV TI O]ZI LMT TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW VMKM[IZQW ZM[XMK\W LM TW[
LMUIVLILW[LM]VXZWKM[WM`QOQMVLWMTTTIUIUQMV\WZMK]uZLM[M"VW[]XZM[MVKQIMNMK\QÎ
TIK]ITLMXMVLMZnLMTI^WT]V\ILUIVQNM[\ILIXWZKILI]VWLMQV\MZ^MVQZMVTI litisLM\WLW[
IY]MTTW[Y]M[MPITTMV]VQLW[XWZ^yVK]TWR]ZyLQKWKWVMTLMZMKPWWJQMVR]ZyLQKWTQ\QOQW[Wa
Y]MXWZ\IV\WX]MLMVZM[]T\IZVMOI\QÎUMV\MZMXMZK]\QLW[XWZMTZM[]T\ILWLMTI[MV\MVKQI
4TIUIUQMV\WKWVR]V\WaVMKM[IZQWX]M[KWVMTLWJTMVLMM^Q\IZ[Q\]IKQWVM[LMQVLMNMV[Q~V
aLMXMZUQ\QZY]MTI[MV\MVKQIY]M[MLQK\MMVMTUQ[UWKI][MMNMK\WLMKW[IR]bOILIUI\MZQIT
]VI^MbZUMXIZI\WLW[XWZQO]IT.
<-TN]VLIUMV\WMVY]MLM[KIV[ITIO]ZILMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWXI[Q^WVMKM[IZQWM[\ZQJIMVTIM`QOMVKQILMXZM[MZÎZMT
XZQVKQXQWLMI]LQMVKQIM^Q\IVLWTIQVLMNMV[Q~VaXWZKWV[QO]QMV\MTW[XW[QJTM[XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[Y]MINMK\IZyIV
I XMZ[WVI[ VW LMUIVLILI[ K]aW TTIUIUQMV\W IT LMJI\M ^QMVM QUX]M[\W XWZ TI ZMTIKQ~V LM LMZMKPW UI\MZQIT
KWV\ZW^MZ\QLI Y]M TM[ KWVMZM ]V QV\MZu[ TMOy\QUW MV TI TQ\Q[ a \ZI[KQMVLM XWZ \IV\W TI ZMTIKQ~V XZWKM[IT 4I
ZM[WT]KQ~VY]MMVMTXZWKM[WZMKIMZyIXWLZyIWKI[QWVIZQVLMNMV[Q~VKWUW[MLQRWIIY]MTTW[NIT\W[LMWXWZ\]VQLIL
LMITMOIZWXZWJIZTWY]MI[]LMZMKPWKWV^QVQMZMaY]M[M^MZyIVWJTQOILW[IIKI\IZTWZM[]MT\WY]MINMK\I[][
LMZMKPW[MQV\MZM[M[XWZW\ZIXIZ\M[MM`QOMTIXZM[MVKQILM\WLW[TW[Y]MLMJQMZIV[MZXIZ\MMVMTXZWKM[WKWUW
QV\MZM[ILW[ MV TI ZMTIKQ~V R]ZyLQKI LQ[K]\QLI XIZI QUXMLQZ MT ZQM[OW LM NITTW[ KWV\ZILQK\WZQW[ -T TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW
XI[Q^WVMKM[IZQWÎTQOILWITIZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKWUI\MZQITKWV\ZW^MZ\QLIM[LMKQZITIXZWXQIK]M[\Q~V[][\IV\QÎMV
MTTQ\QOQWY]M[M^MV\QTI-VKWVKT][Q~VX]M[VW[MPIKWUM\QLWXWZTI+nUIZILM;MO]VLI1V[\IVKQIMT^QKQWY]M
104

<ZM[I[XMK\W[XZQVKQXITM[KWVO]ZIVMTZuOQUMVR]ZyLQKWLMM[\IÎZQIV\MLMTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW"
- Presupuesto objetivo:
,MTIKWVR]VKQ~VLMTW[UMVKQWVILW[IZ\[a LMT+~LQOW8ZWKM[ITMUMZOMVTW[LW[KI[W[
XZW\W\yXQKW[XIZI[]IXTQKIJQTQLIL"
-V XZQUMZ T]OIZ IY]MTTI[ IKKQWVM[ XIZI MT K]UXTQUQMV\W W QVMRMK]KQ~V LM WJTQOIKQWVM[
QVLQ^Q[QJTM[MV[MV\QLWM[\ZQK\W#I[yKWUWTI[IKKQWVM[KWV\ZI]VIKWU]VQLILLMJQMVM[MVTI
Y]M\WLW[TW[KWU]VMZW[IXIZMKMVWJTQOILW[ITI[LM]LI[aKIZOI[KWU]VM[MVN]VKQ~VLM[]
K]W\IIZ\[a[[++-VK]IV\WITIKWU]VQLILPMZMLQ\IZQIUQMV\ZI[VWM[\uZMXIZ\QLIMT
IZ\!++WZLMVIITW[KWPMZMLMZW[aI[][ZMXZM[MV\IV\M[WJZIZLMKWV[]VWL]ZIV\MTI
XZWQVLQ^Q[Q~VLMTIPMZMVKQITWY]M[M\ZIL]KMMVM[\MKWV\M`\WMVTIVMKM[QLILLMLMUIVLIZ
I\WLW[MVKI[WLMWJTQOIKQWVM[ILY]QZQLI[INI^WZLMTIKWU]VQLILa[QVXMZR]QKQWLMTLMZMKPW
LMZMXM\QKQ~VQV\MZVI
-V [MO]VLW T]OIZ K]IVLW [M \ZI\M M[XMKyKIUMV\M LM ]V XZWKM[W MV MT Y]M PIaI LM
LQZQUQZ[M[WJZMTIV]TQLILLM]VIK\WIK]MZLWWVMOWKQWR]ZyLQKWY]MINMK\MI]VIXT]ZITQLIL
LMXMZ[WVI[IZ\ MVK]IV\WPIV[QLWLM[QOVILI[XWZTITMaWXWZ^yIKWV^MVKQWVITKWUW
TW[[]RM\W[LMTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITLMY]M[M\ZI\M
4W[MRMUXTW[Un[KWZZQMV\M[[MZMMZMVITI[LMUIVLI[XIZITILMKTIZIKQ~VLMV]TQLILWMV
[]KI[WIV]TIJQTQLILIZ\[a[[++\IV\WLMKWV\ZI\W[KWUWLM\M[\IUMV\W[XIZIM[\M
T\QUWZMKWZLMUW[LMV]M^WMTIZ\!++
<IUJQuVLMV\ZWLMM[\M[MO]VLWOuVMZWX]MLMVQVKT]QZ[MTI[IKKQWVM[KWV[\Q\]\QÎ[LMKIZnK\MZ
M`\QV\Q^W\ITM[KWUWTILQ[WT]KQ~VLM]VIKWU]VQLILLMJQMVM[QV[\ILIXWZ]VWWÎZQW[LM
TW[ KWU]VMZW[ KWV\ZI TW[ LMUn[ IZ\[ ! ++ a ++ A M[ Y]M MT \uZUQVW
V]TQLILMUXTMILWXWZMTIZ\ LMJM\WUIZ[MKWV[MV\QLWITOWIUXTQWZM[XMK\WLM\WLI[
IY]MTTI[ IKKQWVM[ LWVLM [M XZM\MVLM LQ[K]\QZ [WJZM TI ÎTQLMb W KM[IKQ~V LM MNMK\W[ LM ]V
IK]MZLWIK\WWVMOWKQWR]ZyLQKW
[MTMILR]LQK~aVWXZWKMLMKI[IZTI[MV\MVKQIXWZM[\M[]JUW\Q^W";MV\MVKQILMTI;ITILMTW+Q^QTLMTI+WZ\M
;]XZMUILMLMWK\]JZMLMLQK\ILIITI[!PWZI[ZMN;;
<QMVMI[MV\ILITI;ITILMTW+Q^QTLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUIMVTI;MV\MVKQILMLMWK\]JZMLMaIKQ\ILI
ZMN ;; Y]M" -[ KWVLQKQ~V QVLQ[XMV[IJTM Y]M MT IK\WZ IT UWUMV\W LM XTIV\MIZ [] LMUIVLI TI LQZQRI
KWV\ZI\WLW[TW[[]RM\W[UI\MZQITM[Y]M[MOVTIVWZUI[][\IV\QÎNWZUIVXIZ\MLM]VIZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKILM[KZQ\I
MVTIVWZUILMLMZMKPW[][\IV\Q^W\ITMTKI[WY]MVW[WK]XIX]M[\WY]M[MOVTWLQ[XWVMMT)Z\!+TW[
KWPMZMLMZW[ LMJMV IK\]IZLM KWV[]VW# XWZ \IV\W[Q [M TM[ LMUIVLI XWZ [] OM[\Q~V LMJMV [MZQW MV KWVR]V\W a
VW]VWXWZ]VW4ILMUIVLIQV\MZX]M[\IKWV\ZI]VW[WTWLMTW[KWPMZMLMZW[LM^MVLZyIMVQVMX\IXWZVW
PIJMZ[M [MO]QLW MT R]QKQW KWV\ZI \WLW[ TW[ WJTQOILW[ I ZMVLQZ K]MV\I[ LM [] ILUQVQ[\ZIKQ~V aI Y]M u[\I LMJQ~
MRMZKMZ[MLMKWV[]VWM[LMKQZKWVR]V\IUMV\M,MIPyY]MVW[MPIKWUM\QLW^QKQWITO]VWXWZTI+nUIZIILY]MU
ITLMKQLQZMV[][MV\MVKQIY]MTILMUIVLIM[QVMX\ILM[LMT]MOWY]MVW[MLMUIVL~I\WLW[TW[KWPMZMLMZW[[QVW
[~TWI]VWLMMTTW[-VMTKI[W[]JTQ\M[MPILILWTWY]MMVLWK\ZQVI[MTTIUITQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWXI[Q^WVMKM[IZQWY]M
M[KWV[\Q\]QLWXWZ\WLW[TW[KWPMZMLMZW[ILUQVQ[\ZILWZM[Y]MIK\IVKWVR]V\IUMV\Ma[WVZM[XWV[IJTM[LM[]
OM[\Q~V<IT[Q\]IKQ~VXZWKM[IT[MLIK]IVLWTI[MV\MVKQIY]MX]MLILQK\IZ[MLMUIVMZIMKIbMVK]IV\WI\WLW[
TW[Y]MXIZ\QKQXIVLMTIZMTIKQ~V[][\IVKQITKWV\ZW^MZ\QLIMVMTXZWKM[WLMUWLWY]M[MZMY]QMZMTIKQ\ILMTW[Y]M
NWZUIVXIZ\MLMMTTW
105

-V[yV\M[Q[MVTIUMLQLIMVY]MIZIybLM]VIK\WWVMOWKQW[MNWZUIVWJTQOIKQWVM[aLMZMKPW[
XIZIÎZQW[KWVQVLMXMVLMVKQILMY]Mu[\IX]MLIZM[]T\IZNZIKKQWVIJTMMVMTK]UXTQUQMV\WLM
XZM[\IKQWVM[TIXZWXQIÎTQLMbaM`Q[\MVKQILMTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITKWVKQMZVMI\WLW[XWZQO]IT
- Posicin pasiva o activa frente a la pretensin:
-VK]IV\WTILMUIVLIQLMV\QKII]VIXT]ZITQLILLMLMUIVLILW[JIRW]V[]X]M[\WXZWXQW
LMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWXI[Q^W[MM[\nZMITQbIVLW]VIIZUIKQ~VY]MX]MLMWVWKWVKWZLIZKWVTI
ZMITQLILaM[TIY]MLM\WLW[TW[LMUIVLILW[MVMTTITW[WVXZMKQ[IUMV\MXWZY]MM[\nVMV
KWV\ZILMTWXZM\MVLQLWXWZMTIK\WZ-[\W[QVMUJIZOWX]MLMVW[MZI[yMVLQ^MZ[I[WKI[QWVM[
[WJZM\WLWK]IVLWTIIKKQ~VY]M[MMRMZKQ\I\QMVMMNMK\W[UMZWLMKTIZI\Q^W[aVWLMKWVLMVI-[
LMKQZLM^QMVMNIK\QJTMY]MUn[LM]VWLMTW[[]RM\W[LMTIZMTIKQ~VLMPMKPWITO]VWWITO]VW[
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TI WXWZ\]VI KWV\M[\IKQ~V KWV [][XMV[Q~V LMT XTIbW XIZI TI KMTMJZIKQ~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI
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XnZZINW
- La solidaridad rompe el litisconsorcio, salvo en el supuesto de los arts. 76 y 78
CPCM:
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TI MRMK]KQ~V NWZbW[I KWV\ZI IY]MT W IY]MTTW[ LM TW[ LM]LWZM[ Un[ [WT^MV\M[ I K]aW[ MNMK\W[
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1.14.12 Litisconsorcio voluntario:

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QVLQ^Q[QJTM\QMVMQO]ITUMV\MLMZMKPWIM`QOQZMT\W\IT

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107

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108

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1.14.13 Tratamiento procesal del litisconsorcio:

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aLQ[\QVO]QMVLW\MVMUW["
1.14.13.1 Cuando sea litisconsorcio necesario, tanto activo como pasivo:

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demanda.
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VQMO]MM`XZM[IUMV\MTWY]MINIT\ILMVWZUIMVKWV\ZIZQWLMJMTTMÎZITIZKPQ^WLMT
XZWKM[WVWIY]Mu[\MKWV\QVMKWV]VIXIZ\MKWLMUIVLILIKWV\ZIMTY]MMTIK\WZ
VW\QMVMQV\MZu[MVXTMQ\MIZ;]aIM[TIKIZOILMY]M[M[WJZM[MIVTI[IK\]IKQWVM[aVW
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MTXZWKM[W[M\MVOIXWZ^nTQLWMVTIXZQUMZIPQX~\M[Q[[QVXW[QJQTQLILLMZM\ZWIKKQ~V
VQZMXM\QKQ~VLMTWIK\]ILWXMZUQ\QMVLWITTQ\Q[KWV[WZ\MLM[LMM[MUWUMV\WZMITQbIZ
8WZ]VTIX[][MTIZ\+8+5IXZWJILWMV XZM^MyI]VXTIbWLM\ZM[LyI[XIZIQV\MOZIZMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW

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110

\WLW[TW[IK\W[Y]MZM[\IVLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\W5QMV\ZI[Y]MMVTI[MO]VLIPQX~\M[Q[
NIT\I LM MUXTIbIUQMV\W XWZ QV\MZXZM\IKQ~V a contrario sensu LMT []X]M[\W IV\MZQWZ
[IT^WY]MLQKMTIVWZUIMTR]MbLMJMZnLMKZM\IZTIV]TQLILLMIK\]IKQWVM[a
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IK\]IZnVKWVTW[UQ[UW[LMZMKPW[aXZMZZWOI\QÎ[
1.14.13.2 Cuando sea litisconsorcio voluntario:

I 6W[MXZMûKWV\ZWTLMWKQW[QVW[WTIUMV\MIQV[\IVKQILMXIZ\MJn[QKIUMV\MMTY]M
X]MLMMRMZKQ\IZMTLMUIVLILWMVNWZUILMM`KMXKQ~VXZWKM[ITKWVTI[ÎZQIV\M[IT
ZM[XMK\WY]MPMUW[\ZIbILWIV\M[XIZIMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWVMKM[IZQW
J -V M[MVKQI KIUJQI ILMUn[ TI VI\]ZITMbI LMT LMNMK\W Y]M XWLZyI LMV]VKQIZ[M MV
M[\W[KI[W[ Y]M VWM[ \IV\W aI]V XZWJTMUILM NIT\I LMTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW[QVWR][\WIT
KWV\ZIZQW"Y]MMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW^WT]V\IZQWY]M[MITMOIMVTILMUIVLIMVZMITQLIL
VWKWVK]ZZMITNIT\IZITO]VWLMTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[LMTIZ\ +8+5aIMVTW[]JRM\Q^W
VWKWQVKQLMVTI[XIZ\M[LMLW[WUn[LMTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[LML]KQLI[aILMTWJRM\Q^W
VWM`Q[\MQLMV\QLILLMT\y\]TWWKI][ILMXMLQZ
K
6W[MLQ[XWVMVILIMVMTIZ\ MVK]IV\WITZuOQUMVLMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M^WT]V\IZQW
Y]MKWUXIZMKMLM[X]u[-TXZWJTMUILM[LMTIXMZ[XMK\QÎLM[QPIaY]MZM\ZW\ZIMZ
W VW TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[ LMT XZWKM[W K]UXTQLI[ MV [] I][MVKQI VW KWVKQMZVMV [Q JQMV
[MUQZI\IV\WITPMKPWMV[yLMTIXT]ZITQLILLMXIZ\M[KWUWITIKQZK]V[\IVKQILM
KWVKZM\IZ[QZMITUMV\MMTQVLQ^QL]WLM\MV\IWVW]VLMZMKPW[]JRM\Q^WW]VQV\MZu[
TMOy\QUW LQZMK\W ZM[XMK\W LMT WJRM\W KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW MV ITO]VI LM TI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[
IK]U]TILI[TMOQ\QUIKQ~VX]M[MVM[IUMLQLIPIJZnQVLMNMV[Q~V[QVW[MTIMUXTIbI
KWUWLMUIVLILIa[MJ][KIY]MTI[MV\MVKQI[]Z\IMNMK\W[XIZIMTTI
;Q XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW [M TI MUXTIb~ XMZW VW KWV\M[\~ TI LMUIVLI KWUXIZMKQMVLW
LM[X]u[KIJMIXTQKIZXWZIVITWOyIMTIZ\!MVMT[MV\QLWIZZQJI^Q[\WM[LMKQZVW
PIJZnMV\WVKM[ZM\ZWIKKQ~VLMTW[I]\W[[QVWY]MMTLMUIVLILWIXZW^MKPIZnTW[IK\W[
Y]MZM[\MVXIZILMNMVLMZ[M
1.14.14 Intervencin de tercero: el coadyuvante:

1.14.14.1 Concepto y supuestos:
1.14.14.1.1.- Concepto:
:MKWOM I[QUQ[UW MT IZ\ LMT +8+5 TI O]ZI LMT KWILa]ÎV\M KWVWKQLW \IUJQuV MV
LWK\ZQVI KWUW QV\MZ^QVQMV\M ILPM[Q^W W Un[ UWLMZVIUMV\M KWUW QV\MZ^QVQMV\M IZ\
4-+0IJTIUW[MVM[\W[KI[W[LM]V[]RM\WY]MVWNWZUIXIZ\MLMTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQIT
KWV\ZW^MZ\QLI XMZW I TI Y]M u[\I VW TM ZM[]T\I QVLQNMZMV\M X]M[ LM [] ZM[]T\ILW X]MLMV
[]ZOQZ MNMK\W[ ZMMRW[ XW[Q\Q^W[ XIZI [] XZWXQI XW[QKQ~V -[M QV\MZu[ TMOy\QUW [M ^]MT^M XWZ
MTTW KWQVKQLMV\M W ITQVMILW KWV TI XZM\MV[Q~V Y]M [W[\QMVM TI XIZ\M IK\WZI W MV [] KI[W MT
111

LMUIVLILW W LQKPW LM W\ZW UWLW TI VQKI UIVMZI LM Ia]LIZ KI][ITUMV\M I TWOZIZ ]V
MNMK\WNI^WZIJTMI[yUQ[UWM[KWV\ZQJ]aMVLWY]M\ZQ]VNMTIXZM\MV[Q~VY]M[MQLMV\QKIKWV
[][XZWXQW[QV\MZM[M[
6WPILMKWVN]VLQZ[MTIM`QOMVKQIPMKPIXWZMTIZ\ +8+5MVK]IV\WITQV\MZu[LQZMK\W
a TMOy\QUW LMT KWILa]ÎV\M a MT QV\MZu[ TMOy\QUW Y]M [M \]\MTI MV MT XZWKM[W MV K]M[\Q~V
Y]M X]MLM [MZ M[W R][\IUMV\M ]V QV\MZu[ TMOy\QUW W JQMV ]V LMZMKPW []JRM\Q^W ^MZ TI[
KWV[QLMZIKQWVM[Y]MPMUW[PMKPWITXZQVKQXQWLMM[\M\MUI[WJZMTW[\y\]TW[LMTMOQ\QUIKQ~V
LQZMK\I K]aI \Q\]TIZQLIL XMZ\MVMKM I [] ^Mb I TW[ []RM\W[ Y]M [WV XIZ\M WZQOQVIZQI IK\WZ a
demandado.
,MITTyY]MMTXZMKMX\WZMNMZQLWIKTIZMY]MMTQV\MZu[LMTKWILa]ÎV\MI]VY]M[MILQZMK\WVW
[MKWZZM[XWVLMKWVMTWJRM\WXZQVKQXITMVTQ\QOQWZM[XMK\WLMTK]ITVQKIUMV\MO]IZLI]VI
ZMTIKQ~VLM[]JWZLQVIKQ~VWLMXMVLMVKQI
1.14.14.1.2.- Supuestos:
I +WV NZMK]MVKQI TI IXIZQKQ~V LMT \MZKMZW MV MT XZWKM[W a [] [WTQKQ\]L LM [MZ \MVQLW
KWUW XIZ\M KWILa]ÎV\M VW ^QMVM XZMKMLQLI LM VQVO]VI IK\]IKQ~V LMT ~ZOIVW
R]LQKQIT \MVLMV\M I NIKQTQ\IZ MT MRMZKQKQW LM M[I QV\MZ^MVKQ~V [QVW Y]M MTTW [M LMJM
[QUXTMUMV\MI[]KWVWKQUQMV\WM`\ZIXZWKM[ITLMTIXMVLMVKQILMTIKI][II^MKM[
OZIKQI[ITIVW\QKQILMIY]MTTILMTI[XIZ\M[ITIY]MX]MLMIa]LIZXMZW[QVKWV[\IVKQI
VQMNMK\W[QV\ZIXZWKM[ITM[LM\ITKWU]VQKIKQ~V
J -V WKI[QWVM[ KWV \WLW TI TMa QUXWVM IT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT MT LMJMZ LM MNMK\]IZ TI
VW\QKIKQ~VI\MZKMZW[LMTIQVKWIKQ~VLMTXZWKM[WMVKWVKZM\W[WJZMIY]MTTW[Y]QMVM[
XWZTITMK\]ZILMTM[KZQ\WLMLMUIVLIZM[]T\IVINMK\ILW[prima facieLMUIVMZIZMMRI
XMZW\IVOQJTMXWZTI[ZM[]T\I[LMTTQ\QOQW"
,MV\ZWLMTXZWXQW+8+5MTIZ\![MZMMZMITIVW\QKIKQ~VIY]QMVM[VW[MIVXIZ\M
MVMTXZWKM[WI]VY]MM[\WVW\QMVMY]M^MZKWVTIVW\QKIKQ~VI\MZKMZW[INMK\ILW[[QVWITI
KQ\IKQ~VLMY]QMVM[PIVLMKWTIJWZIZMVMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WKWUW\M[\QOW[XMZQ\W[WXZM[\IVLW
W\ZW\QXWLMI]`QTQWLMXW[Q\IZQW[M\K
+WV UIaWZ IXTQKIJQTQLIL MT IZ\ +8+5 XnZZINW [MO]VLW QVKQ[W [MO]VLW ZMKWOM TI
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IZIybLMTILMUIVLI.
+Q\ILW[[MMV\QMVLMKWUW\ITM[\MZKMZW[X]M[[QVWVW[MZyIM`\MV[Q~VLMTIKW[IR]bOILI[QVW
LM[XTQMO]MLM[][MNMK\W[VI\]ZITM[NZMV\MIY]QMVM[PIVO]ZILWKWUWXIZ\M

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IZIybLMTILMUIVLI
112

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IKKQ~V LMT LMUIVLILW" I[y \IV\W MV TI[ IKKQWVM[ LMT TQKMVKQI\IZQW MV UI\MZQI LM XI\MV\M[
M` IZ\[ !) !) a 481 LMJQuVLW[M LIZ \ZI[TILW LM TI LMUIVLI I Y]QMVM[ \]^QMZIV
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LMTXTMQ\WMVMTUn[JZM^MXTIbWITI[XIZ\M[y a los interesados.
K
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XZWKM[WLMT\Q\]TIZLMTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITY]MUIV\MVQuVLW[MQVIK\Q^WXMZUQ\Q~MV
IY]MTTW[[]X]M[\W[I]\WZQbILW[M`TMOMTIQV\MZXW[QKQ~VLMLMUIVLIXWZ]V[][\Q\]\W
MTTMOQ\QUILWQVLQZMK\W[QVVMKM[QLILLMKWV\IZKWVTIXZM[MVKQIMNMK\QÎLMLQKPW
\Q\]TIZ UI\MZQIT 5I[ [Q u[\M XMZKI\ILW LM[X]u[ LM TI IXMZ\]ZI LM TI KWV\QMVLI MV
TIY]MIVLMK]MV\I[[M\ZI\I[WJZMLMZMKPW[XZWXQW[LMKQLMXMLQZ[]MV\ZILIVW
X]MLM[MZTWaIKWUWLMUIVLIV\MITW[]UWXWLZyIQV\MZXWVMZLMUIVLIaXMLQZ
TI IK]U]TIKQ~V LM XZWKM[W[ [QVW KWUW KWILa]ÎV\M LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V LML]KQLI
XWZ MT TMOQ\QUILW QVLQZMK\W 5QMV\ZI[ VW IWZM ]V KWVQK\W LM QV\MZM[M[ TI UMZI
MV\ZILILMT\Q\]TIZUI\MZQITLMKyIUW[VWQVÎTQLITILMUIVLILMT[][\Q\]\WTITMa
VW TW WT^QLMUW[ M[\n \]\MTIVLW \IUJQuV MT QV\MZu[ TMOy\QUW LM u[\M IT W\WZOIZTM TI
NIK]T\IL LM LMUIVLIZ Y]M [MO]QZn [] K]Z[W 8MZW \IUXWKW WJ^QIUMV\M [M X]MLM
VQLMJMQUXMLQZTIXZM[MVKQILMT\Q\]TIZUI\MZQIT,MITTyY]MMT\y\]TWXZWKM[ITLM[]
TMOQ\QUIKQ~VMVM[MXMK]TQIZXMZWNIK\QJTMKI[W[MZyIMTLMKWILa]ÎV\M
-V TI UQ[UI [Q\]IKQ~V [M PITTI MT \Q\]TIZ LMT LMZMKPW LM XI\MV\M MV K]IV\W I TI IKKQ~V
MRMZKQ\ILIXWZMTTQKMVKQI\IZQW^MZIZ\481[QJQMVaILQRQUW[MVMT\MUILMTITMOQ\QUIKQ~V
QVLQZMK\I Y]M M[\M []X]M[\W TMOIT VW [M IR][\I MÌK\IUMV\M I [][ KIZIK\MZy[\QKI[ X]M[ MT
TQKMVKQI\IZQWIK\IIV\MTIQVIK\Q^QLILLMT\Q\]TIZUI\MZQIT[yXMZWUMZKMLITIXMZ\]ZJIKQ~V
WXMZR]QKQWY]MM[\n[]NZQMVLWLMUIVMZILQZMK\IMVMTOWKMaMRMZKQKQWLM[]TQKMVKQIVWXWZ
MTUMZWQV\MZu[TMOy\QUWLMLMNMVLMZMTLMZMKPWIRMVWLMIY]uT
1.14.14.2 Alcance de sus actos:

=VI^MbQLMV\QKILITI[QV\WVyILMT\MZKMZWKWVTIXW[\]ZILMTIK\WZWTILMTLMUIVLILWa
IKMX\ILIXWZMTR]MbTI\Q\]TIZQLILLM]VQV\MZu[TMOy\QUWXZWXQWMVK]IV\W[]INMK\IKQ~VZMMRI
ITI[ZM[]T\I[LMTXTMQ\WMTW\WZOIUQMV\WLMTIKWVLQKQ~VLMKWILa]ÎV\MTMKWV^QMZ\MIXIZ\QZ
LMM[MX]V\WaIVWMV\MZKMZW[QVWMVXIZ\M
,MXMVLQMV\MMVWZQOMVLMW\ZIXMZWKWVQUXWZ\IV\MKIXIKQLILLMI]\WVWUyIXIZIUIVMRIZ[M
LMV\ZWLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\W[QMUXZMaK]IVLWVWMV\ZMMVKWVQK\WKWVTILMT\Q\]TIZWZQOQVIZQW
-TKWILa]ÎV\MXWZ\IV\WLM^QMVM[QMUXZM]V\MZKMZWY]MVWW[\MV\ITIXW[QKQ~VLM[]RM\W
IK\Q^W W XI[Q^W LM TI IKKQ~V MRMZKQ\ILI MV TI LMUIVLI# a Y]QMV XWZ \IV\W VW XWLyI PIJMZ
113

NWZUITQbILW u[\I VQ [MZ NWZUITQbILI MV [] KWV\ZI XWZY]M [WV IK\W[ Y]M KWZZM[XWVLMV
VQKIUMV\MITI[XIZ\M[WZQOQVIZQI[aY]M[QZ^MVILMUn[XIZI\ZIbIZTW[KWVVM[WJRM\Q^W[LMT
XTMQ\WWJRM\W[WJZMK]aILMTQUQ\IKQ~VMTKWILa]ÎV\MVILIX]MLMQV\MZNMZQZ
-TIZ\ LMT+~LQOWLM\MZUQVIY]MMTKWILa]ÎV\MX]MLMZMITQbIZ\WLW[TW[IK\W[LMTXZWKM[W
M`KMX\WIY]MTTW[LMTW[Y]MZM[]T\MY]MIK\IMVKWV\ZILMTIXIZ\MITIY]MIa]LIVQCXWLZnE
ZMITQbIZIK\W[LMLQ[XW[QKQ~VLMTLMZMKPWLMu[\I
-VK]IV\WMTR]MbILUQ\M\MVMZTWKWUWKWILa]ÎV\MXWLZnNWZU]TIZTI[ITMOIKQWVM[LMNWVLW
INI^WZLMTIK\WZWLMTLMUIVLILW[QVWTWPIPMKPWaIMVMTXZWXQWM[KZQ\WLWVLM[WTQKQ\IJI
[MTM\]^QMZIXWZKWILa]ÎV\M)LMUn[[MMV\QMVLMY]MXWLZnNWZU]TIZXM\QKQWVM[LMXZ]MJI[
XMLQZTIIXMZ\]ZILMQVKQLMV\M[[QN]MZIXZWKMLMV\MaMÎK]IZ\WLW\ZnUQ\MLMI]LQMVKQIY]M
[MIIJQMZ\WITI[XIZ\MMVOMVMZIT
,MUIVMZIM`XZM[II[QUQ[UWIKTIZITITMaY]M]VI^MbZMKIyLI[MV\MVKQIMVTIQV[\IVKQIW
OZILWXZWKM[ITKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MIZ\ T\QUWXnZZINWMTKWILa]ÎV\MXWLZnZMK]ZZQZTI[QV
VMKM[QLILLMZMKIJIZTIKWVNWZUQLILLMITO]VWLMTW[TMOQ\QUILW[WZQOQVITM[Y]QMVM[XWLZyIV
LMPMKPWUIV\MVMZ[MQVIK\Q^W[aVWZMK]ZZQZ
1.14.14.3 Tratamiento procesal:

.QVITUMV\M a XWZY]M M[\IUW[ PIJTIVLW LM ]VI XIZ\M UMZIUMV\M KWV\QVOMV\M VW
VMKM[IZQI LMT XZWKM[W TI ÎTQLMb LM u[\M VW XMVLM LMT KWZZMK\W TTIUIUQMV\W LMT \MZKMZW I
la litis VW M[ I[]V\W LM KWZZMK\I KWV[\Q\]KQ~V LM TI ZMTIKQ~V R]ZyLQKI XZWKM[IT [QVW Y]M TI
QVQKQI\QÎLMXMZ[WVIKQ~VKWZZM[XWVLMITXZWXQW\MZKMZWY]QMVPIJZn\MVQLWKWVWKQUQMV\WLMT
XZWKM[WXWZW\ZI[^yI[5I[[QMVLWMTTWI[yVW[QOVQKIY]MMT\MZKMZWVW\MVOILMZMKPW[VQ
Y]MX]MLII\ZWXMTTIZ[M[]XW[QKQ~V
-T\MZKMZW\QMVMLMZMKPWI[MZ\MVQLWKWUWKWILa]ÎV\MKWVJI[MMVMTIZ\ +8+5[QMUXZM
Y]MK]UXTIKWV[]KIZOILMITMOIZ]VQV\MZu[TMOy\QUWXZWXQWZMKWVWKQJTMKWUWZMXMZK][Q~V
WMNMK\WZMMRWITWY]MX]MLIZM[WT^MZTI[MV\MVKQIN]\]ZI]VQV\MZu[QVLQ^QL]ITQbIJTMaVW
IJ[\ZIK\W 6W LM^QMVM LQ[KZMKQWVIT XIZI MT R]Mb W\WZOIZTM W VW LQKPI KWVLQKQ~V LM XIZ\M
KWILa]ÎV\MM[]V\MUILMM[\ZQK\ITMOITQLILI]VY]M[QVL]LI[QLQ[XWVLZnMTR]MbLMKQMZ\I
M`QJQTQLILXIZIUMLQZMT[][WLQKPWQV\MZu[TMOy\QUWZMMRW
;MZnVWZUITUMV\M\ZI[TIKWV\M[\IKQ~VLMTILMUIVLIWKWUWUyVQUWVWIV\M[LMTI
ILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MLMTILMUIVLIK]IVLWMTKWILa]ÎV\M]VWWÎZQW[[WTQKQ\IZnITR]Mb
Y]M [M TM \MVOI KWUW \IT KWV QLMV\QKIKQ~V MV [] M[KZQ\W LMT QV\MZu[ TMOy\QUW Y]M LMMVLM
M`XTQKIVLWX]M[K~UWaMVY]uUMLQLIIXZMKQIY]MTIN]\]ZI[MV\MVKQIX]MLMINMK\IZTM
-TIZ\ PIJTILMY]MMTR]MbMNMK\M]VXZQUMZKWV\ZWTprima facieLM[][ITMOIKQWVM[Y]M
[QZM^Q[\MVXWZ\IV\WIXIZQMVKQILMKZMLQJQTQLIL[QTI[WTQKQ\]LMVXITIJZI[LMTIZ\ VW[M
P]JQMZILMVMOILWLMXTIVWIJZQZn\ZnUQ\MLMITMOIKQWVM[ITI[XIZ\M[aIXMZ[WVILI[XIZI
Y]Mu[\I[X]MLIVWXQVIZ[WJZMTI[WTQKQ\]LLMKWILa]ÎVKQILMT\MZKMZWaKWVIZZMOTWIMTTW
XZW^MMZnMVLMVQ\QÎ[WJZM[][WTQKQ\]L
114

=VI^MbILUQ\QLI[]XZM[MVKQIKWUWKWILa]ÎV\MLMJMZnMÎK]IZTI[ITMOIKQWVM[LM
NWVLWINI^WZLMTIXW[\]ZILMTIK\WZWLMTLMUIVLILW[QM[Y]MVWM[\IJIVKWV\MVQLI[MVMT
XZWXQWM[KZQ\WLM[WTQKQ\]L,M\ITM[ITMOIKQWVM[LMNWVLW[MLIZn\ZnUQ\MLMI]LQMVKQIITI[
XIZ\M[ aI XMZ[WVILI[ IK\WZ a LMUIVLILW[ WZQOQVITM[ a M^MV\]ITUMV\M W\ZW[ KWILa]ÎV\M[
Un[ IV\QO]W[ XWZ XTIbW LM \ZM[ LyI[ KWVNWZUM IT IZ\ XnZZINW [MO]VLW XIZI Y]M \WLI[
MTTI[ X]MLIV XZWV]VKQIZ[M [WJZM M[I[ ITMOIKQWVM[ XIZI MV\MVLMZVW[" ]V [MO]VLW \ZnUQ\M
LM I]LQMVKQI X]M[ aI \]^QMZWV ]VW XIZI XZWV]VKQIZ[M [WJZM [Q [M TM XMZUQ\yI TI MV\ZILI IT
coadyuvante en la litis-VLMVQ\QÎXIZIY]MX]MLIVI\IKIZWITIQV^MZ[IZMNWZbIZaITIJIZ
TITyVMILMLMNMV[IY]MPI^MVQLWI[W[\MVMZMTKWILa]ÎV\M
1.14.15 La intervencin provocada:

1.14.15.1 Concepto:
4I QV\MZ^MVKQ~V XZW^WKILI []XWVM TI MV\ZILI LM ]V \MZKMZW MV ]V XZWKM[W I
ZMY]MZQUQMV\WLM]VILMTI[XIZ\M[KWVMTLWJTMXZWX~[Q\WLMKWV\ZQJ]QZITILMNMV[ILM[]
XZM\MV[Q~V a I Y]M TI [MV\MVKQI LMVQ\QÎ ^QVK]TM IT \MZKMZW [Q JQMV KWV MNMK\W[ TQUQ\ILW[
+WUXIZ\MTIQV\MZ^MVKQ~VXZW^WKILIKWVTIO]ZILMTIKWILa]ÎVKQI]VXZM[]X]M[\WKWUV"
MT JMVMKQW Y]M X]MLM XIZI MT LMUIVLIV\M W LMT LMUIVLILW MT Y]M IK\M ]V \MZKMZW MV
ZMN]MZbWLM[]XW[QKQ~V,QMZM[QVMUJIZOWLMIY]uTTIMVK]I\ZW\ZM[M[MVKQITM["
-VXZQUMZT]OIZTIQVQKQI\QÎLMMV\ZILILMT\MZKMZWZMKIM[WJZMMTTQ\QOIV\MNI^WZMKQLWKWV
[] QV\MZ^MVKQ~V [QMVLW []aW MT QV\MZu[ XWZ Y]M KWUXIZMbKI LM \IT UIVMZI Y]M M[ TI XIZ\M
Y]QMV [M LQZQOM IT R]Mb [WTQKQ\IVLW MT TTIUIUQMV\W LMT \MZKMZW Y]QMV I [] ^Mb XW[QJTMUMV\M
VILI[MXIPI[\IM[MUWUMV\WLMTXZWKM[WQVKWILW)TIQV^MZ[IX]M[LMKWUWWK]ZZMMVTI
KWILa]ÎVKQILWVLMM[MT\MZKMZWY]QMV[WTQKQ\I[MTM\MVOIKWUWXIZ\M
-V[MO]VLWT]OIZUQMV\ZI[Y]MMVTIKWILa]ÎVKQITIIK\]IKQ~VLMT\MZKMZW^QMVMQUX]T[ILI
XWZTIM`XMK\I\QÎXIZIu[\MLMITKIVbIZMNMK\W[XW[Q\Q^W[ZMMRW[[QTIXIZ\MITIY]MIa]LI
^MVKM MV MT TQ\QOQW# XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW MV TI QV\MZ^MVKQ~V XZW^WKILI TI IK\]IKQ~V LMT \MZKMZW
ÎLQZQOQLIVW\IV\WITWOZIZ]VI^MV\IRI[QVWIM^Q\IZ]VXMZR]QKQWY]M[MZyIMTLMZQÎLWLM
TI LM[M[\QUIKQ~V LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V LM IY]MT I Y]QMV ZMN]MZbI MV K]IV\W X]MLM XZW^WKIZ TI
M`QOMVKQILMWJTQOIKQWVM[Y]M\MVyIILY]QZQLI[KWVTIXIZ\MI^QZ\]LLM]VIZMTIKQ~VXZWXQI
entre ambos.
8WZT\QUWaMVTIbIVLWKWVTWY]MIKIJILMLMKQZ[MLILWY]MMV\ZMTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQIT
TQ\QOQW[IaIY]MTTIW\ZIY]M]VMIT\MZKMZWKWVTIXIZ\MM`Q[\M]VVM`WKI][ITTWY]MVW[M
LIMVTIKWILa]ÎVKQITWY]MZM[]MTÎTI[MV\MVKQIZM[XMK\WLMIY]MTTIXZQUMZITIZMTIKQ~V
TQ\QOQW[IKI][IZn]VMNMK\WXW[Q\Q^WLMKW[IR]bOILIXZMR]LQKQITQLIL[WJZMM[\I[MO]VLILM
UIVMZIY]MTW[PMKPW[aLMZMKPW[aIM[\I\]QLW[IY]yVWXWLZnVZM^Q[IZ[MVQ^WT^MZ[MILMJI\QZ
MV\ZMIUJW[MVTIPQX~\M[Q[LM]V]T\MZQWZXZWKM[WLM]VWKWV\ZIMTW\ZW)M[\MZM[XMK\WIZ\
XnZZINW[MO]VLWLMT+8+5LMTY]MaIPQKQUW[KQ\IITPIJTIZLMTIKWILa]ÎVKQI
8WZW\ZWTILWM`Q[\M]VI[XMK\W[][\IVKQITY]M[MXIZITW[KI[W[LMQV\MZ^MVKQ~VXZW^WKILI
Y]MIPWZI^MZMUW[aIY]MTTW[W\ZW[LWVLMTITMaWZLMVIVW\QKIZIT\MZKMZWTIILUQ[Q~VLMTI
115

LMUIVLIXWZ[QZM[]T\ILM[]QV\MZu[XMZ[WVIZ[MMVMTXZWKM[W^MZIZ\XnZZINW[MO]VLW
+8+5#IZ\[!)!)a481"MVIY]uTTW[QV\MZ^MVKQ~VXZW^WKILIMT\MZKMZWY]MLI
^QVK]TILWXWZTW[MNMK\W[LMTI[MV\MVKQIKWUXIZMbKIWVWKWUXIZMbKIX]M[[]TTIUIUQMV\W
XMZ[QO]MXZMKQ[IUMV\MKWV[\Q\]QZM[M^yVK]TWR]LQKQIT\IUJQuVXIZIuT
-VMT[MO]VLWOZ]XWLMKI[W[TIVW\QKIKQ~VLMTILMUIVLIVQKIUMV\MW\WZOI]VINIK]T\IL
TILMKWUXIZMKMZaLM[IK\QÎTIXW[QJQTQLILLMQVLMNMV[Q~VIT\MZKMZWQV\MZM[ILWY]QMVT]MOW
VWXWLZnXMLQZTIV]TQLILLMTR]QKQWXWZVWIL^MZ\yZ[MTMLM[]XMVLMVKQIXMZWVILIUn[
)UMVW[Y]MMT\MZKMZWLu^WT]V\IZQIUMV\MMTXI[WaXQLIY]M[MTM\MVOIKWUWKWILa]ÎV\M
W M^MV\]ITUMV\M KWUW TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M [Q LMJQ~ [MZ TTIUILW KWUW XIZ\M VQVOV MNMK\W
^QVK]TIV\M[MMVOMVLZIZnXIZIuTKWVWKI[Q~VLMTI[MV\MVKQILMVQ\QÎLQK\ILI
)KTIZILW TW Y]M IV\MKMLM ^MIUW[ MV\WVKM[ KWUW M[\n ZMO]TILI M[\I QV[\Q\]KQ~V LM TI
QV\MZ^MVKQ~VXZW^WKILI"
1.14.15.2 A favor del demandante:

1.14.15.2.1.- Supuestos:
4I QV\MZ^MVKQ~V XZW^WKILI PI LM M[\IZ XZM^Q[\I M`XZM[IUMV\M MV TI TMa LILW[ TW[ [M^MZW[
MNMK\W[Y]MXZWL]KM[WJZMITO]QMVNWZUITUMV\MIRMVWITIZMTIKQ~VKWV\ZW^MZ\QLI"IV\M\WLW
QUXWVQMVLWIT\MZKMZW]VII]\uV\QKIKIZOIXZWKM[ITKWUWM[TILMKWUXIZMKMZITITQ\Q[XIZI
KWV\ZQJ]QZITILMNMV[ILMTW\ZWMQVLQZMK\IUMV\MITI[]aIXZWXQI^QVK]TnVLWTMILMUn[KWV
TI LMKQ[Q~V Y]M [M LQK\M IXIZ\M LM \MVMZ Y]M [WXWZ\IZ TI[ KW[\I[ XZWKM[ITM[ XIOILI[ XWZ []
XZWXQILMNMV[I
;MIMV\WVKM[XWZZIbWVM[LMMKWVWUyIXZWKM[ITWLM[MO]ZQLILR]ZyLQKIVWZM[]T\IILUQ[QJTM
KWV[MV\QZMTTTIUIUQMV\WQVKWV\ZWTILWLM\MZKMZW[ITXZWKM[W[QVUMLQIZ^WT]V\ILXZM^QILM
TW[UQ[UW[[QVWMVTW[KI[W[XZM^Q[\W[MVTITMa)[y[MMVKIZOIVLMMVNI\QbIZTWTW[IZ\[ a
LMT+~LQOWLWVLMZM[XMK\QÎUMV\M[M\ZI\ILMTIQV\MZ^MVKQ~VXZW^WKILIWLMV]VKQILM
la litisLMTLMUIVLIV\MaTILMTLMUIVLILW
;QO]QMVLW M[\M UQ[UW WZLMV a MUXMbIVLW XWZ TI QV\MZ^MVKQ~V XZW^WKILI I QV[\IVKQI[ LMT
LMUIVLIV\MM[TWKQMZ\WY]MIXM[IZLM[]XZM^Q[Q~VMVMT+8+5TI[TMaM[VQMV-T;ITÎLWZ
VQMVXIy[M[LMV]M[\ZWMV\WZVWVW[]MTMVWK]XIZ[MLMKWV\MUXTIZ[]X]M[\W[LMM[IUWLITQLIL
LQZQOQMVLW[]I\MVKQ~VUn[JQMVITW[KI[W[LMQV\MZ^MVKQ~VXZW^WKILILMTLMUIVLILWKWUW
T]MOW ^MZMUW[ ;QV MUJIZOW M`Q[\MV LW[ nUJQ\W[ MV TW[ Y]M X]MLM \MVMZ ^QZ\]ITQLIL M[\I
XZQUMZI[]JM[XMKQM"
I -V MT MRMZKQKQW LM IKKQWVM[ UMZWLMKTIZI\QÎ[ K]IVLW MT \Q\]TIZ LMT LMZMKPW
[WJZM MT Y]M [IJM M`Q[\M ]V KWVQK\W M`\ZIR]LQKQIT \WUI TI QVQKQI\QÎ a IV\M[ LM
[MZ LMUIVLILW LML]KM uT TI LMUIVLI KWV MT V LM WJ\MVMZ ]VI [MV\MVKQI Y]M
I[MO]ZM TI ^QZ\]ITQLIL LM [] LMZMKPW \ZIV[UQ\QLW XZM^QIUMV\M XWZ MT \MZKMZW IT
Y]MTTIUIMVZMN]MZbWLM[]XW[QKQ~VaXIZIY]MTM^QVK]TMMTNITTWY]M[MLQK\M8IZI
116

MV\MVLMZVW[[M\ZI\ILMTI[UQ[UI[PQX~\M[Q[Y]MX]MLMVLIZT]OIZITIQV\MZ^MVKQ~V
LMT LMUIVLILW XMZW LWVLM u[\M PI \WUILW IV\M[ TI QVQKQI\QÎ [QMVLW MV\WVKM[
LMUIVLIV\MLMUWLWY]MTIQV\MZ^MVKQ~VLMT\MZKMZW[MXZW^WKIXWZMTIK\WZ
J +WUW]VIKWVKZMKQ~VLMTWY]MIKIJILMLMKQZ[MXWLZyI[MZMTKI[WLM]VIIKKQ~V
LMRIK\IVKQI^MZIZ\[a+8+5MVTIY]M[MQV[\IIT[]X]M[\WIKZMMLWZ
Y]MITIZLMILMMTTWIY]MKWVKZM\M[]ZMKTIUIKQ~VR]LQKQITKWV\ZIMTIK\WZWIY]M
KM[MMVTIW[\MV\IKQ~VLMTXZM[]V\WKZuLQ\WIK]aWV[MXQLMMTMUXTIbIUQMV\WLMT
tercero causante del crdito discutido.
1.14.15.2.2.- Tratamiento procesal:

I 8IZI M[\I XZQUMZI UWLITQLIL MT +~LQOW MV [] IZ\ [M}ITI Y]M [WTQKQ\ILW MT
MUXTIbIUQMV\WLMT\MZKMZWXWZMTIK\WZJQMV[MIMV[]LMUIVLIWMVW\ZWUWUMV\W
]T\MZQWZK]IVLWTITMaI[yTWLQ[XWVOIM`XZM[IUMV\MLMJMZnMTR]Mb^MZQKIZY]M
M[\MT\QUWXIZMKM\MVMZ^yVK]TWWJTQOIKQ~VWZM[XWV[IJQTQLILZM[XMK\WLMTWJRM\W
LMT XZWKM[W MV MT [MV\QLW IV\M[ M`XTQKILW LM ^yVK]TW W KWVM`Q~V KI][IT KWV ]VI
[MO]VLIaLQ[\QV\IZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITTIY]MTM]VMKWVMTIK\WZ;WJZMM[\IJI[MMT
R]MbXZW^MMZn
J 6WLQKMMTXZMKMX\WY]MLMJIM[K]KPIZ[MITI[LMUn[XIZ\M[IV\M[LMZM[WT^MZ[MKWUW
[yTWPIKMMVTIQV\MZ^MVKQ~VIQV[\IVKQILMTLMUIVLILWTWK]ITXIZMKM\MVMZ]VI
T~OQKIM[\ZQK\IUMV\MXZWKMLQUMV\ITaM[Y]M[Q\ITKWUW[M[]XWVMTI[WTQKQ\]LLM
QV\MZ^MVKQ~VLMJMLM[XIKPIZ[MR]V\WKWVTIXZWXQIILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MLMTILMUIVLI
VW[ PITTIUW[ MV ]V UWUMV\W QVQKQIT LMT XZWKM[W MV MT Y]M [~TW M`Q[\M ]VI XIZ\M
XMZ[WVILIMTLMUIVLIV\MK]aIWXQVQ~VaI[MKWVWKMXWZTWY]MVW\QMVM[MV\QLW
consultar a nadie ms.
-[\IXZMUQ[IVWWJ[\IV\M[MKIMZn[Q[MXQLMK]IVLWTITMaXMZUQ\IMTMUXTIbIUQMV\W
MV W\ZW UWUMV\W XW[\MZQWZ I IY]MT MV MT Y]M aI [M PI XMZ[WVILWMT LMUIVLILW a
T~OQKIUMV\M[]KZQ\MZQW\IUJQuVK]MV\IVWLMUWLW^QVK]TIV\MXMZW[yXZMKMX\Q^W
K
+WUWTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITLMT\MZKMZWVWM[XZWXQIUMV\MTILQ[K]\QLIMVMTXTMQ\WMT
IZ\ IKTIZIY]MMT\MZKMZWQV\MZ^MVLZn[QVTIKITQLILLMLMUIVLILW[QVWKWUW
\MZKMZW-[W[y]VI^MbILUQ\QLWLQ[XWVLZnLMTI[UQ[UI[NIK]T\ILM[LMIK\]IKQ~V
Y]MTITMaKWVKMLMITI[XIZ\M[
+WV]VIVQKIM`KMXKQ~VKTIZW"TILMVWXWLMZMRMZKMZLQ[XW[QKQ~VITO]VI[WJZMMT
WJRM\W LMT XZWKM[W LM[Q[\QUQMV\W W ZMV]VKQI MV M[\M KI[W aIY]M PIJTIUW[ LM ]V
ITQVMIUQMV\WKWVTIXIZ\MIK\WZIX]M[\ITWJRM\WVWTMXMZ\MVMKM
4I I]\WKWUXW[QKQ~V LM^QMVM IK\W XMZ[WVITy[QUW Y]M XZW[KZQJM XIZI MT \MZKMZW MT
IZ\ QVVMXIZIMTKWILa]ÎV\MLQ[XW[Q\Q^WY]MPILMIXTQKIZ[MIY]yXWZIVITWOyI
\IUJQuVIY]y
117

1.14.15.3 A favor del demandado:
1.14.15.3.1 Supuestos:
<IUJQuVXIZIM[\IQV\MZ^MVKQ~VXZW^WKILILMTLMUIVLILW[MZMY]QMZMY]MMT\MZKMZW\MVOI
KWV IY]uT ]V ^yVK]TW WJTQOIKQ~V W ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL ZM[XMK\W LMT WJRM\W LMT XZWKM[W IZ\
+8+5 KWUW IV\M[ ^MyIUW[ MV OZILW \IT LM ^MZ[M ZMXMZK]\QLW MV [] XZWXQI ZMTIKQ~V
R]ZyLQKIKWVTIY]MO]IZLIVM`WLMKI][ITQLIL-TKI[WUn[\yXQKWMVM[\IUI\MZQIM[LMTI
ZM[XWV[IJQTQLILXWZOIZIV\yI\IV\WLMTIZMITQLILLMT\y\]TWKWUWLMTMRMZKQKQWLMTLMZMKPW
Y]MMT\MZKMZW\ZIV[UQ\MITIXIZ\MLML]KQuVLW[MNZMV\MIM[\MT\QUW]VIIKKQ~VMVKWV\ZI
XZMKQ[IUMV\MXWZK]M[\QWVIZ[M[]ÎTQLMb<ITKW[IWK]ZZM"
I -VMT[IVMIUQMV\WXWZM^QKKQ~VLMTIKW[IZMKQJQLILM]VKWPMZMLMZWIZ\!++
WTIM^QKKQ~V[]NZQLIXWZu[\MIZ\++
J -VMT[IVMIUQMV\WXWZM^QKKQ~VLMTIKW[I^MVLQLI"IZ\[a!a[[++
K
-VMT[IVMIUQMV\WLMJQLWXWZMTIZZMVLILWZITIZZMVLI\IZQWMVK]IV\WITIXW[M[Q~V
LMTJQMVM^QKKQ~V"IZ\[a ++
L -VMT[IVMIUQMV\WXWZ^QKQW[WK]T\W[\IV\WLMTIKW[I^MVLQLIIKKQ~VZMLPQJQ\WZQI
LMTW[IZ\[!a[[++#KWUWLMTIKW[IIZZMVLILIIZ\++M[\MT\QUWKWV
IXTQKIKQ~VITnUJQ\WLMTIQV\MZ^MVKQ~VXZW^WKILI[WJZM\WLWMVTIPQX~\M[Q[LM]V
[]JIZZMVLIUQMV\WIZ\++
1.14.15.3.2 Tratamiento procesal:

I 4I[WTQKQ\]LLMY]M[M\MVOIIT\MZKMZWKWUWXIZ\MLMZQÎLINWZbW[IPILMPIKMZTIMT
LMUIVLILWMVMTXTIbWLMTY]MLQ[XWVOIXIZIKWV\M[\IZITILMUIVLIM[LMKQZIV\M[
LM ZMITQbIZ M[\I T\QUI \ZIaMVLW KWUW KWV[MK]MVKQI QVUMLQI\I TI [][XMV[Q~V LMT
KQ\ILWXTIbWXIZIKWV\M[\IZIZ\ XnZZINWXZQUMZW+8+5PI[\I\IV\W[MZM[]MT^M
sobre la entrada del tercero.
J )Y]yLM^QMVMXZMKMX\Q^WMV\WVKM[KWV[]T\IZITI[LMUn[XIZ\M[XMZ[WVILI[XWZ\ZM[
LyI[\ZI[TWK]ITMTR]MbXZW^MMZnTWY]MKWZZM[XWVLIKWVIZZMOTW[MMV\QMVLMITI
TMOITQLILaVWLQ[KZMKQWVITUMV\M,MIKKMLMZ[MITW[WTQKQ\ILW[MMUXTIbIZnIT\MZKMZW
MVQLuV\QKW[\uZUQVW[ITW[M[\IJTMKQLW[XIZIMTMUXTIbIUQMV\WLMTLMUIVLILWIZ\
XnZZINW\MZKMZW+8+5aIXIZ\QZLMM[MUWUMV\WX]MLMV[]KMLMZ\ZM[KW[I["
J9]MMT\MZKMZWVWKWUXIZMbKIMVK]aWKI[WMTR]QKQW[MZMIV]LIZnaKWVMTTWMTXTIbW
LMTLMUIVLILWXIZIKWV\M[\IZITILMUIVLIY]MLIVLW^QVK]TILWMT\MZKMZWXWZTI[ZM[]T\I[
LMTXZWKM[W
J9]MMT\MZKMZWKWUXIZMbKIaXZM[MV\M[][ITMOIKQWVM[MVLMNMV[ILMTIXW[QKQ~VLMTIXIZ\M
Y]MTMPITTIUILWaMVLMNMV[ILM[]XZWXQIXW[QKQ~VIV\MTW[XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[LMNWVLW
118

Y]MXWLZyIPIKMZTI[MV\MVKQI"XWZMRMUXTWXWLZnVMOIZ\MVMZVQVOVXIK\WLMOIZIV\yIKWV
MTLMUIVLILWXWZVWPIJMZTM\ZI[UQ\QLWMTLMZMKPWMVTQ\QOQW)XIZ\QZLMM[MUWUMV\WMT
\MZKMZWI[QUQ[UWIK\]IZnKWUW]VIXIZ\MUn[LMTXZWKM[WI]VY]MLMXMVLQMV\MLMTILMNMV[I
LMY]QMVTMPIKWV^WKILW
J9]MMT\MZKMZW[MQLMV\QY]MKWUWMT^MZLILMZW\Q\]TIZLMTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQIT-VM[\M
XMK]TQIZ KI[W a LM IK]MZLW I TW I]\WZQbILW XWZ MT IZ\ XnZZINW K]IZ\W LMT +~LQOW MT
LMUIVLILWXWLZnXMLQZY]M[M\MVOIIT\MZKMZWKWUWTI^MZLILMZIXIZ\MLMUIVLILI[ITQMVLW
uTLMTIKWV\QMVLI;QITI^Q[\ILMTWIZO]UMV\ILWMTR]MbTWIKMX\I[MXZWKMLMZnKWVNWZUM
ITWLQ[X]M[\WXIZITI[]KM[Q~VXZWKM[IT^MZMXyOZINM[QO]QMV\M
K<IV\W[QMTR]MbZMKPIbITI[WTQKQ\]LLMQV\MZ^MVKQ~VKWUW[QMT\MZKMZWIK]LMaXZM[MV\I
[][ITMOIKQWVM[[MZMQVQKQIZnMTK~UX]\WXIZIMTLMUIVLILWLMTXTIbWY]MTMY]MLIJIXIZI
KWV\M[\IZTILMUIVLIK]IVLWPQbWTI[WTQKQ\]LLMTTIUIUQMV\WLMT\MZKMZWMVMTXTIbWY]M
TMP]JQMZIZM[\ILWMÌZ\ XnZZINWT\QUW+8+5
1.14.15.4 Representacin procesal en caso de pluralidad de partes:

.QVITUMV\MaI]VY]MaIPMUW[\ZIyLWIV\M[IKWTIKQ~VM[\MXZMKMX\WQVLQKIZY]MMTIZ\
LMT+~LQOWQV\ZWL]KMTIZMOTIOMVMZITLMY]MTW[[]RM\W[Y]MIK\IVJIRW]VIUQ[UIXW[QKQ~V
XZWKM[ITLMJMZnVPIKMZTWKWV]VIVQKIZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VaLMNMV[IIJWOILW[IT^WMVTW[KI[W[
LMTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWNIK]T\I\Q^WLWVLM[MXZM[]XWVMTII]\WVWUyILMM[\ZI\MOQIR]ZyLQKILMKILI
]VW I]VY]M LM[LM T]MOW [Q KWUXIZMKMV JIRW ]VI UQ[UI LMNMV[I VILI WXWVLZn MT ~ZOIVW
R]LQKQITaMVTW[LMUn[KI[W[LWVLMX]MLIMTTQ\QOIV\MIL]KQZQVLMNMV[Q~VXWZWJTQOnZ[MTMI
KWUXIZ\QZ]VI\M[Q[LMLMNMV[IKWVTIY]MLQ[KZMXI
119
SUCESIN PROCESAL
;=5):17"1;]KM[Q~VXZWKM[IT"KWVKMX\W11;]KM[Q~VXWZKI][ILMU]MZ\M
111;]KM[Q~VXWZ\ZIV[UQ[Q~VLMTWJRM\WTQ\QOQW[W1>;]KM[Q~VXWZLQ[WT]KQ~VLM
XMZ[WVI[R]ZyLQKI[
1.14.16 Sucesin procesal: concepto:

4I []KM[Q~V XZWKM[IT KWUXWZ\I ]V KIUJQW LM XIZ\M KWV MT V LM ILIX\IZ TW[ KIUJQW[
[WJZM^MVQLW[MVTI\Q\]TIZQLILLMTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITKWV\ZW^MZ\QLITMOQ\QUIKQ~VL]ZIV\MTI
\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMTXZWKM[WMVITO]VILM[][QV[\IVKQI[TWOZIVLWI[y[]IKWUWLIKQ~VITIZMITQLIL
LMTW[PMKPW[
;M \ZI\I LM XMZUQ\QZ Y]M XI[M I LM[MUXM}IZ MT XIXMT LM XIZ\M I IY]MT Y]QMV PI XI[ILW I
KWV^MZ\QZ[MKWVIZZMOTWITWZLMVIUQMV\W[][\IV\Q^WMV[]RM\WLMTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITLMY]M[M
\ZI\MaLMM`QUQZKWV\QV]IZKWVM[\MKIZnK\MZIY]QMVXWZMTKWV\ZIZQWPIXMZLQLWM[MVM`W
WJRM\Q^WXWZITO]VILMTI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[Y]MKWV\MUXTIITMNMK\WTITMaaY]MIPWZI^MZMUW[
1.14.16.1 Sucesin por causa de muerte:

+]IVLWNITTMKMITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[M[M^QLMV\MY]MMTXZWKM[WM`QOMLM\MZUQVIZ[QM`Q[\M
ITO]QMVITY]MI\ZQJ]QZTIKWVLQKQ~VLMKI][IPIJQMV\MLMY]QMV^MVyIIK\]IVLWKWUWIK\WZW
LMUIVLILWKWV^WKnVLWTMXIZIY]M[MXMZ[WVMWXZW^MaMVLWKWV]VMNMK\WKQMZ\WLMVMOIZ[M
IMTTWWVWIXIZMKMZVILQMMV[]T]OIZ
;QO]QMVLW TW ZMO]TILW MV MT IZ\ +8+5 [M XZM[]XWVM MV XZQVKQXQW Y]M XZWL]KQLW MT
NITTMKQUQMV\W LM TI XIZ\M [MZn [] []KM[WZ W []KM[WZM[ I \y\]TW ]VQ^MZ[IT W XIZ\QK]TIZ [MOV
MT KI[W Y]QMV I \ZIû[ XZM^Q[QJTMUMV\M LMT XZWK]ZILWZ Y]M ^MVyI IK\]IVLW MV VWUJZM LMT
KI][IV\MQVNWZUIZnIT\ZQJ]VITLMTW[]KMLQLWa[WTQKQ\IZnIY]M[MTM\MVOIKWUWTIV]MÎ
XIZ\M [MI Y]M N]MZMV VWUJZILW[ QV\MZQVIUMV\M KWUW K]ZILWZM[ LM TI PMZMVKQI MV TW[
\uZUQVW[LMTIZ\++ITY]M[MZMUQ\MMTLQ[XW[Q\Q^WXZWKM[ITWY]MQVKT][WaIN]MZI[]
ILR]LQKI\IZQWLMVQ\Q^WLMXMVLMLMK]nV\W[M\IZL~MVKWU]VQKIZMTNITTMKQUQMV\WILQKPW
R]Mba[QMTXI\ZQUWVQWaIN]MZMXIZ\QLW
)[yTI[KW[I[[MWQZnXWZXTIbWLMKQVKWLyI[ITI[XIZ\M[XMZ[WVILI[\ZI[TWK]ITMT\ZQJ]VIT
IKKMLMZnITKIUJQWLMXIZ\M[QMUXZMaK]IVLWLQ[XWVOILMTW[LWK]UMV\W[VMKM[IZQW[XIZI
I]\WZQbIZTI[]KM[Q~VXZWKM[ITIZ\
,MTWKWV\ZIZQW[Q[MIKZMLQ\IMTPMKPWLMTNITTMKQUQMV\WXMZWVWMT\y\]TWLM[]KM[Q~VWu[\M
LM\WLW[UWLW[VWKWVKQMZVMITJQMVWLMZMKPWMVTQ\QOQWZMKPIbIZnMTKIUJQWLMXIZ\MXMZW
Y]MLIZn IJQMZ\W I [] ^Mb MT XZWJTMUI LM TI []KM[Q~V Y]M \MVLZn Y]M ZM[WT^MZ MT R]Mb KWUW
IPWZILQZMUW[
120

8]MLMWK]ZZQZ\IUJQuVY]M[MITIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQITIY]M[MILMTIV\MITXZWK]ZILWZLMTI
XIZ\MWZQOQVIZQIMQVNWZUMIT\ZQJ]VITLMTPMKPWLM[]NITTMKQUQMV\WXZMKQ[IUMV\MKWVMTV
LMQV[\IZI[][]KM[Q~VXZWKM[ITIZ\ -VM[\MKI[W[Q[MKWVWKMTI[]X]M[\IQLMV\QLIL
LMTW[PMZMLMZW[WTMOI\IZQW[[MKWU]VQKIZnITR]MbXIZIY]M[MTM[MUXTIKMIKWUXIZMKMZXWZ
XTIbWLMLQMbLyI[ITILQZMKKQ~VLWUQKQTQWWZM[QLMVKQIY]M[M[]UQVQ[\ZM
,MVWKWVWKMZ[ML~VLMPITTIZTW[X]MLMIK]LQZITR]MbITI[^yI[LMI^MZQO]IKQ~VY]MTMWNZMKM
MTIZ\ +8+5#Y]MLIVLW[][XMVLQLWUQMV\ZI[\IV\WMTK]Z[WLMTXZWKM[WXZQVKQXIT=VI
^MbMNMK\]ILITIKWU]VQKIKQ~Va[QTW[[]KM[WZM[ZM[XWVLMVITTTIUILWaXZM[MV\IVITMOIKQWVM[
IKMX\IVLW [] KWVLQKQ~V LM KI][IPIJQMV\M[ MT R]Mb TW[ \MVLZn XWZ \ITM[ [IT^W Y]M M`Q[\QMZMV
LI\W[Y]MQUXQLIV\MVMZXWZKQMZ\I[]KWVLQKQ~V
;Q LQ[\QV\IUMV\M I \WLW TW IV\MZQWZ \ZIV[K]ZZMV Y]QVKM LyI[ [QV Y]M VILQM IXIZMbKI
ZMKTIUIVLW[MZ\MVQLWKWUW[]KM[WZXZWKM[ITLMTNITTMKQLWVQ[MIQLMV\QKILWKWUW\ITIV
LMPIKMZTMIY]MTMUXTIbIUQMV\WMTR]MbLMJMZnXZW^MMZITVWUJZIUQMV\WLM]VK]ZILWZLM
TIPMZMVKQIaIKMV\MWKWU]VQKIZTWIT\ZQJ]VITY]M\MVOIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VXIZIMTTW[][XMVLQMVLW
UQMV\ZI[ \IV\W MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W =VI ^Mb MNMK\]ILI TI LM[QOVIKQ~V LM K]ZILWZ u[\M
ZMXZM[MV\IZnITIPMZMVKQIaIKMV\MKWVTIXMZ[WVITQLILY]M\QMVMQV^M[\QLIMÌZ\[a
+8+5ZMIV]LnVLW[MMT\ZnUQ\MLMTXZWKM[W
.QVITUMV\M[QTW[[]KM[WZM[[WVQLMV\QKILW[aMUXTIbILW[XMZWVWKWUXIZMKMVXWZY]MVW
Y]QMZMVVQITMOIVUW\Q^WLMN]MZbIUIaWZQUXMLQ\Q^WPIJZnY]MLQ[\QVO]QZ[Qu[\W[^MVyIVI
WK]XIZTIXW[QKQ~VLMTIK\WZWLMTLMUIVLILW
-VMT[MO]VLWKI[WTITMaM[QVM`WZIJTM"[MTM[LMKTIZIZnMVZMJMTLyIaMTXZWKM[W[MO]QZn[]
K]Z[WIZ\ XnZZINWXZQUMZW[QuVLWTM[IXTQKIJTM[\WLI[TI[ZMOTI[XZWXQI[LMTIZMJMTLyI
IV\M[aLM[X]u[LMY]MZMKIQOITIKWZZM[XWVLQMV\M[MV\MVKQI
;QTWN]MZMVLMTIXIZ\MIK\WZIa[QMUXZMPIJTIVLWKTIZWM[\nLMI][MVKQI^WT]V\IZQINIT\I
LM QV\MZu[ MV TQ\QOIZ MT R]Mb LMJMZn \WUIZTW XWZ QUXMZI\Q^W TMOIT IZ\ XnZZINW [MO]VLW
+8+5KWUW]VIZMV]VKQI\nKQ\IY]MVWUMZWLM[Q[\QUQMV\WITIXZM\MV[Q~VMRMZKQ\ILIXWZ
MTKI][IV\MKWVTW[MNMK\W[QVPMZMV\M[ITIUQ[UI[WJZMTIZMV]VKQIITIIKKQ~VVW[ZMUQ\QUW[
IT\MUI[QO]QMV\MLMLQKILWIT7JRM\WLMTXZWKM[W
1.14.16.2 Sucesin por transmisin del objeto litigioso:

)M[\I[MO]VLIKI][ILM[]KM[Q~VXZWKM[IT[MZMMZMMTIZ\ LMT+~LQOWK]IVLWTWY]M[MI
WJRM\WLMTXZWKM[W[MP]JQMZM\ZIV[UQ\QLWWKMLQLWaMTV]M^W\Q\]TIZLMTLMZMKPWM`XZM[M[]
QV\MZu[IT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITXWZWK]XIZMVMTR]QKQWTIXW[QKQ~VLMT\ZIV[UQ\MV\M[ITQMVLWM[\M
T\QUWLMTLMJI\MXZWKM[IT-VM[\W[KI[W[aLIVLWXWZ[]X]M[\WY]MTIXMZ[WVIY]MXZM[MV\I
MTM[KZQ\WLM[WTQKQ\]LWJQMVTIXZWXQIXIZ\MY]M^MVyIIK\]IVLWIXWZ\IVTILWK]UMV\IKQ~V
IKZMLQ\I\QÎLMTPMKPWLMTI\ZIV[UQ[Q~VWKM[Q~VMTR]MbTWIKWZLIZn[QVW[MXTIV\MIWJRMKQ~V
XWZ TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI IZ\ XnZZINW XZQUMZW A [Q u[\I [M XTIV\MI MT R]Mb ZM[WT^MZn
KWVNWZUMILMZMKPWKIJQMVLWMV\WVKM[LW[XW[QJQTQLILM["
121

I 9]M MT R]Mb IKKMLI IT KIUJQW LM XIZ\M" MV M[I \M[Q\]ZI MT []KM[WZ XZWKM[IT I[]UM
\WLWTWPMKPWPI[\IM[MUWUMV\WXWZTIXIZ\MWZQOQVIZQIQVKT]aMVLW[][ITMOIKQWVM[
LMLMNMV[I[QVY]MY]MXIXMLQZZM\ZWIKKQ~VITO]VILMI]\W[I]VY]MIXIZ\QZLMM[M
UWUMV\WT~OQKIUMV\MLQ[XWVLZnLM\WLI[TI[NIK]T\ILM[LMIK\]IKQ~VMVR]QKQWX]M[
VWM[]V\MZKMZWVQ]VKWILa]ÎV\MM[TIXZWXQIXIZ\MXZQVKQXITLMTXTMQ\W,QKMTITMa
Y]MY]MLIZn[]RM\W\IUJQuVITI[V]MÎ[CITMOIKQWVM[EY]MX]LQMZIVMRMZKQ\IZ[MMV[]
KWV\ZITWY]MMV\WLWKI[WLMJMMV\MVLMZ[MKWUXZMVLQLW[QMUXZMLMV\ZWLMTUIZKW
LMTXZWKM[WaIQVQKQILWaMVMTY]MPIMV\ZILWIWK]XIZTIXW[QKQ~VLM[]KM[WZ6ILI
XZMLM\MZUQVIM[\MXZMKMX\WKWUWM[VI\]ZITZM[XMK\WLMN]\]ZI[IKKQWVM[aN]\]ZW[
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TIVWZUIMVMÌUMVMT\ZIV[UQ\MV\MKWV\QV]IZnMVMTXZWKM[WY]MLIVLWI[IT^W
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TI\ZIV[UQ[Q~VWKM[Q~VLMTLMZMKPW#TWVQKWY]MQUXTQKIM[Y]MITW[MNMK\W[LMM[\M
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LMTILMJQLI\]\MTIR]LQKQIT[QMVLWY]MQVKT][WX]MLMWK]ZZQZY]MIY]MTXIK\W[MPIOIKWVMT
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XIZILM[X]u[ZM\WZVIZTI\Q\]TIZQLILLMTJQMVI[]M[\ILWXZQUQ\Q^W
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LMZMKPW[ W LMNMV[I[ Y]M MV ZMTIKQ~V KWV TW Y]M [MI WJRM\W LMT R]QKQW [WTIUMV\M
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122

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MV\WLWKI[WLMY]QMVTI[XTIV\MMVWWK]ZZMTWUQ[UWKWVITO]VI[M`KMXKQWVM[LMLMZMKPW
UI\MZQITLWVLMTI[]JZWOIKQ~V[]JRM\QÎ[yX]MLMLM^MVQZZMTMÎV\M8QuV[M[MXWZMRMUXTWMV
]VXIK\WLMM[XMZI[][KZQ\W[WTWKWVMT\ZIV[UQ\MV\MXIZIVWZMKTIUIZTIKIV\QLILPI[\IKQMZ\W
\QMUXW#WMV]VIM`KMXKQ~VLMKWUXMV[IKQ~VLMKZuLQ\W[8MZWQVKT][WTIXZWXQIM`KMXKQ~V
XZWKM[ITLMNIT\ILMKIXIKQLILY]MXWLZyIPIJMZ[QLWQV^WKILIWY]MaITWPI[QLWY]MLIZyI
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AMVVTIZMKWV^MVKQ~VY]MLIKI[Q[QMUXZMQV]\QTQbILILMXTIVW[QKIUJQI\IUJQuVTIXIZ\M
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MVMTXZWKM[WKWUWKWILa]ÎV\MLMIY]uTMVTW[\uZUQVW[LMTW[IZ\[ +8+5
1.14.16.3 Sucesin por disolucin de personas jurdicas:

+QMZZI MT IZ\QK]TILW LM TI []KM[Q~V XZWKM[IT MT IZ\ ! LMT +~LQOW LQ[XWVQMVLW Y]M \WLI
XMZ[WVIR]ZyLQKIMV\ZnUQ\M[LMLQ[WT]KQ~V[MIXWZ]VIWXMZIKQ~VLMN][Q~VLMMUXZM[I[[MI
XWZ]VXZWKMLQUQMV\WKWVK]Z[ITMVKI[WLMQV[WT^MVKQIUIV\MVOI[]XMZ[WVITQLILR]ZyLQKI
a XWZ MVLM [] KWVLQKQ~V LM XIZ\M MV IY]MTTW[ XZWKM[W[ LWVLM ^MVOI IK\]IVLW PI[\I Y]M
VITQKMVXWZ[MV\MVKQIZUM\WLW[TW[XZWKM[W[Y]M\]^QMZIXMVLQMV\M[UWUMV\WMVMTY]M
[MLIZnXWZKWVKT]QLWMTXZWKM[WLMTQY]QLIKQ~V
BIBLIOGRAFA:
+)*)k); /):+) 2]IV +IZTW[" 4I \]\MTI R]LQKQIT LMT \MZKMZW -[\]LQW [WJZM TI 4MOQ\QUIKQ~V
indirecta, individual y colectiva, en el proceso civil, ,QR][I 5ILZQL # 4W[ XZWKM[W[ KQ^QTM[ [WJZM
consumidores y usuarios y de control de las clusulas generales de los contratos (con jurisprudencia asociada);
<MKVW[ 5ILZQL # +76;-27 /-6-:)4 ,-4 87,-: 2=,1+1)4" Las partes :
XZWJTMUn\QKI XZWKM[IT ))>> 5ILZQL # /):*-: 447*:-/)< 2W[u" Capacidad,
XW[\]TIKQ~VaTMOQ\QUIKQ~VLMTI[XIZ\M[MVMTXZWKM[WKQ^QT*W[KP!;)5)6-;):)+IZUMV"4I[
partes en el proceso civil,4I4Ma5ILZQL
123
1.15 LA PRETENSIN PROCESAL

;=5):17" 1 +WVKMX\W a KTI[M[ 11 ;][ MTMUMV\W[" ;]RM\W[ +I][I LM
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1.15.1 Concepto y clases:

;MMV\QMVLMXWZXZM\MV[Q~VXZWKM[ITTI[WTQKQ\]LLM\]\MTILQZQOQLIIT~ZOIVWR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT
XIZITIZM[WT]KQ~VLM]VKWVQK\WR]ZyLQKWMV\ZMLW[WUn[XMZ[WVI[4IXZM\MV[Q~VM[]V
KWVKMX\WIK]}ILWMVTILWK\ZQVIXZWKM[ITXIZILIZNWZUIaWZLMVITXTIV\MIUQMV\WIV\M]V
\ZQJ]VITLMR][\QKQILMTKI[WZMITY]MXZW^WKITITM[Q~VR]ZyLQKIY]M[MQV\MV\IZM[\Q\]QZ
-[MKI[WZMITY]M[MXZM[MV\IKWUW]VIPQ[\WZQIMVJZ]\WKWV]VI[MZQMLMLI\W[NnK\QKW[
XMZWKWVKWV[MK]MVKQI[KWV\MUXTILI[MVTI[TMaM[ZMY]QMZM]VIXZM[MV\IKQ~VLMX]ZILIMVMT
[MV\QLWLM[]ILMK]ILILMTQUQ\IKQ~V\IV\WMVTW[PMKPW[KWUWMVMT,MZMKPWY]M[MZMKTIUI
,MITTyTI]\QTQLILLMM[IWZLMVIKQ~VWZIKQWVITQbIKQ~VLMTIQVNWZUIKQ~V
,M[LMMTX]V\WLM^Q[\ITMOITQV\MZM[IRIZILMUn[TWY]MZM[]T\IZMTMÎV\MXIZILMTQUQ\IZ
M[M WJRM\W W UI\MZQI LM KWVWKQUQMV\W R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT XWZ \ZM[ ZIbWVM[ XWLMZW[I[" XZQUMZW
XWZY]M[QVXZM\MV[Q~VVWPIaVMKM[QLILLMT-[\ILWLMQV\MZ^MVQZI\ZIû[LMT8WLMZ2]LQKQIT
aI Y]M VW M`Q[\M KWVQK\W KWVWKQLW Y]M XIKQKIZ# [MO]VLW XWZY]M KWV TI XZM\MV[Q~V [M
M[\IJTMKMV TW[ LQ[\QV\W[ XZM[]X]M[\W[ [WJZM TW[ Y]M PI LM OQZIZ TI QVKWIKQ~V LMT XZWKM[W
R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V a KWUXM\MVKQI XZWKMLQUQMV\W IXTQKIJTM KWZZMK\I KWV[\Q\]KQ~V []JRM\QÎ LM TI
ZMTIKQ~VXZWKM[ITTQ\Q[XMVLMVKQI#a\MZKMZWXWZY]MM[TIXZM\MV[Q~VTIY]MUIZKIMTTyUQ\MLM
TI\]\MTIR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITQV\MZTWK]\WZQIaLMNWVLWY]MX]MLMLIZ[M"N]MZILMMTTI[M^]TVMZIZyI
MTXZQVKQXQWLMTILMJQLIKWVOZ]MVKQI
-[[QMUXZMIKMZ\ILWXWZ\IV\WY]MTITMaXZWKM[ITZMO]TMM[\W[I[XMK\W[
-T V]M^W +~LQOW [QO]M ]VI KWVKMXKQ~V KTn[QKI IT LQ[KZQUQVIZ TI[ KTI[M[ W \QXW[ LM
XZM\MV[QWVM[LML]KQJTM[IZ\!"LM]VTILWLQ[\QVO]MMV\ZMXZM\MV[Q~VIKKQ~VLMKTIZI\QÎ
MRMK]\QÎaKI]\MTIZ#aLMV\ZWLMTIXZQUMZILMTI[QVLQKILI[LQNMZMVKQII[]^MbMV\ZM"IIKKQ~V
UMZWLMKTIZI\QÎ#JIKKQ~VLMKWVLMVITWY]MMV^]MT^M[QMUXZM\IUJQuV]VILMKTIZIKQ~V"
TILMTLMZMKPWY]MMVOMVLZITIWJTQOIKQ~VY]MPILM[I\Q[NIKMZ[MaKIKKQ~VKWV[\Q\]\QÎY]M
\IV\WX]MLM[MZTW[WJZMMTVIKQUQMV\W[WJZMTIUWLQKIKQ~VW[WJZMTIM`\QVKQ~VLM]VM[\ILW
W[Q\]IKQ~VR]ZyLQKI;M\ZI\IVLMKI\MOWZyI[OMVMZITM[Y]M[QZ^MVXIZIWZQMV\IZK]nTM[MT\QXW
LMXZWV]VKQIUQMV\WR]LQKQITTTIUILWIKWTUIZTIXZW\MKKQ~VY]M[MQUXM\ZI
8MZW M[\M WJRM\W MV\MVLQLW MV [MV\QLW IJ[\ZIK\W W QUXMZ[WVIT PI LM LW\IZ[M T]MOW KWV
]V KWV\MVQLW KWVKZM\W Y]M M[ MT Y]M IXIZMKM MV KILI XZWKM[W I XIZ\QZ LM TW[ \uZUQVW[ LM
TI LMUIVLI LMKTIZI\QÎ W MRMK]\QÎ W LM TI [WTQKQ\]L LM UMLQLI KI]\MTIZ Y]M M[ MT IK\W
XZQUQOMVQWMVMTY]MKWUWaI\MVLZMUW[WKI[Q~VLMMÌUQVIZ[M^QMZ\MTIXZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLI
XWZY]QMVIK]LMITI]`QTQWR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT[QVXMZR]QKQWLMTIXW[QJTMIUXTQIKQ~VI]V[MO]VLW
124

WJRM\WXZWKM[ITXW[\MZQWZI^QZ\]LLMTMRMZKQKQWLM]VIIKKQ~VZMKWV^MVKQWVITVW[ZMUQ\QUW[
ITI[M`XTQKIKQWVM[LILI[MVMT\MUIKWZZM[XWVLQMV\M
,QKPWM[\W[QJQMVI}ILMMTUQ[UWIZ\!Y]MILMUn[LM\WLI[TI[IV\MZQWZM[\IUJQuV
KIJZnXTIV\MIZK]ITY]QMZW\ZIKTI[MLMXZW\MKKQ~VM`XZM[IUMV\MXZM^Q[\IXWZTITMaM[LQNyKQT
KWVKMJQZK]ITY]QMZW\ZIXZM\MV[Q~VY]MVW[M^QVK]TMKWVITO]VILMTI[aIUMVKQWVILI[W[M
KWVMK\MIMTTI[LMUWLWKI][ITWQV[\Z]UMV\IT]VI[WTQKQ\]LLMLQTQOMVKQI[XZMTQUQVIZM[WLM
I[MO]ZIUQMV\WLM]VIN]MV\MLMXZ]MJIM\K
1.15.2 Sus elementos:

1.15.2.1 Sujetos:
-V[MV\QLWQV\MOZIT\WLIXZM\MV[Q~VXZWKM[ITQV^WT]KZILW[MTMUMV\W["]VW[]JRM\Q^WTI[XIZ\M[
y otro objetivo stricto sensuY]M[MLM[KWUXWVMI[]^MbMVW\ZW[LW["TIKI][ILMXMLQZaTI
solicitud de tutela o petitum.
)V\M\WLWTIR][\QKQIKQ^QTM[[QMUXZMXIZQ\IZQIaMTPMKPWUQ[UWLMY]M[MPIJTMLMXIKQKIZ
]VKWVQK\WQUXTQKIY]MM`Q[\MVLW[[]RM\W[KWVQV\MZM[M[KWV\ZIX]M[\W[Y]MTWOMVMZIVWY]M
]VWLMMTTW[IK\IXIZIY]MTILMKQ[Q~VY]M[MLQK\M[]Z\IMNMK\W[NZMV\MITW\ZWaTM^QVK]TM;QV
XIZ\M[VWPIaXZWKM[WXMZW\IUXWKWXZM\MV[Q~VLMITTyY]MMTIZ\!QVVM incluya tambin en
TILMVQKQ~VLMu[\IMTMTMUMV\W[]JRM\Q^WLMK]aIZMO]TIKQ~V[MWK]XIMVMT<y\]TWIV\MZQWZ
[MOVPMUW[\MVQLWWKI[Q~VLM^MZMVMT\MUIKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MITI[XIZ\M[ITY]MZMMV^QIUW[
ITTMK\WZZM[MZ^nVLW[MM[\M<y\]TW<MZKMZWITI[XMK\WWJRM\Q^WLMTIXZM\MV[Q~V
1.15.2.2 Causa de pedir:

)[yQV\MOZILIMV\WLIXZM\MV[Q~VIXIZMKMMVXZQUMZT]OIZTIKI][ILMXMLQZWN]VLIUMV\WLM
TIXZM\MV[Q~VLM\]\MTIR]ZyLQKI-T+~LQOWKWVJ]MVKZQ\MZQWa[QVIXIZ\IZ[MLMTW[KnVWVM[
LMTIKQMVKQIXZWKM[ITWX\IXWZ]VIN~ZU]TIZMITQ[\IY]MPIOIKWUXI\QJTMTW[MV]VKQILW[LM
TI[NIUW[I[\MWZyI[LMTIQVLQ^QL]ITQbIKQ~VaLMTI[][\IVKQIKQ~V,Q[XWVMKWUWZMOTIOMVMZIT
Y]MTIcausa petendi[MQV\MOZIXWZPMKPW[Y]M[WVTW[[IKILW[LMTIZMITQLILLMTKI[WVWTI
UMZI\ZIV[KZQXKQ~VLMT[]X]M[\WLMPMKPWQLMITLM]VIVWZUIR]ZyLQKI[][\IV\QÎ\MWZyILMTI
QVLQ^QL]ITQbIKQ~V8MZWITI^MbM[W[PMKPW[VW[WVK]ITM[Y]QMZ\MVOIVZMTIKQ~VKWVMTM[\ILW
[Q\]IKQ~VR]ZyLQKIWLMZMKPW[]JRM\Q^WZMKTIUILW\MWZyILMTI[][\IVKQIKQ~V[QVWVQKIUMV\M
IY]MTTW[ Y]M LM IK]MZLW I ]VI VWZUI UI\MZQIT X]MLMV MVOMVLZIZ TW[ MNMK\W[ R]ZyLQKW[
LM[MILW[XWZY]QMVLML]KMTIXZM\MV[Q~VIK\WZWLMUIVLILWY]MZMKWV^QMVM
+WV\WLWPILMIL^MZ\QZ[MY]MK]IVLWMT+~LQOW[M}ITIMVMTIZ\!Y]M\ITM[PMKPW[KWV
ZMTMÎVKQI R]ZyLQKI VW [WV [WTIUMV\M TW[ Y]M XMZUQ\MV QLMV\QKIZ TI IKKQ~V [QVW \IUJQuV
TW[ Y]M [M LQZQOMV I [] M[\QUIKQ~V MV X]ZQLIL TW Y]M PIKM M[ IL^MZ\QZ TW Y]M ZM[]T\IZyI
VMKM[IZQWXIZILMKTIZIZKWVT]OIZTILMUIVLIWTIZMKWV^MVKQ~VXMZWVWTWY]MM[VMKM[IZQW
[QUXTMUMV\MXIZIILUQ\QZI\ZnUQ\MTILMUIVLIXIZITWK]ITJI[\IKWVY]M[MMV]VKQMVTW[
PMKPW[Y]MXMZUQ\IVQLMV\QKIZMT\QXWLMIKKQ~VMRMZKQ\ILI
125

4WY]MVW[MX]MLMM`QOQZLMTW[R]MKM[M[Y]MQVlimine litis[MMÌUQVM[Q]VILMUIVLILQKM
\WLW TW Y]M \QMVM Y]M LMKQZ XIZI Y]M [M TM Lu TI ZIb~V MV [MV\MVKQI TW K]IT KWUXWZ\I ]V
KWV\ZWTLMNWVLWY]MKWVTTMÎZyIXZMR]bOIZTIKWV\QMVLIMV]VINI[MXZWKM[ITQVIXZWXQILII
todas luces.
4W Y]M QUXWZ\I M[ Y]M MT R]Mb I TI TMK\]ZI LM TI LMUIVLI M`\MV[I W []KQV\I XZWKM[W
IJZM^QILWZMKWVWbKIY]M[MM[\nXTIV\MIVLW]VKWVQK\WR]ZyLQKWY]Mu[\MVWM[LMWJRM\W
QTyKQ\WVQQUXW[QJTMY]MMVMTTIIXIZMKMV]VW[[]RM\W[KWVKZM\W[aY]MTWY]M[MXQLM[M\MVOI
WVWZIb~VZM[XWVLMI]VIZMTIKQ~VWM[\ILWR]ZyLQKWKWV\MUXTILWMVMTWZLMVIUQMV\WMVTI
TMaMVTIKW[\]UJZMIXIZ\MLMTIR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI6WX]MLMM`QOQZ[MUn[
+WV\WLWNZMV\MITIZMOTIOMVMZITNWZU]TILI[WJZMTIKI][ILMXMLQZMT+~LQOWQV\ZWL]KM
LW[UI\QbIKQWVM[IZ\!"
I +]IVLW [M MRMZKQ\M ]VI IKKQ~V N]VLILI MV ]V \y\]TW R]ZyLQKW \WUILI TI M`XZM[Q~V
KWUWLMZMKPWKWVKMLQLWM`TMOMLMZMKPW[[]KM[WZQW[XWZMRWLMZQÎLWLM]V\y\]TW
LWK]UMV\WKI[W\yXQKWLMTI[IKKQWVM[ZMITM[LMZQÎLI[LMTIXZWXQMLILMT][]NZ]K\W
M\K" MV M[\W[ TI KI][I LM XMLQZ [M KWVNWZUIZn XWZ TI ITMOIKQ~V LM Y]M [M \QMVM W
QV^WKILQKPW\y\]TW[QVQUXWZ\IZW\ZI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[MVKWVKZM\WK]nVLWK~UWa
XWZY]u[MIKKMLQ~IuT[IT^WY]MI[yTWQUX][QMZITIXZWXQIVI\]ZITMbILMTXTMQ\WMR
V]TQLILLM]VIKWUXZI^MV\IW\M[\IUMV\W
J +]IVLW [M MRMZKQ\M ]VI IKKQ~V XIZI ZMKTIUIZ ]V MNMK\W R]ZyLQKW XZM^Q[\W XWZ ]VI
KI][IWUW\Q^WTMOIT[MZnV[~TWZMTMÎV\M[TW[PMKPW[Y]M[MOVTIVWZUIMVK]M[\Q~V
XMZUQ\MVWJ\MVMZ\ITMNMK\W
-[\nXMV[IVLWIY]yMT+~LQOW[WJZM\WLWMVTILMKTIZIKQ~VLMM[\ILW[W[Q\]IKQWVM[
R]ZyLQKI[WMVTII][MVKQILMLMZMKPW[]JRM\Q^WXWZNIT\ILMTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[TMOITM[.
-VM[\MKI[WTWKIZIK\MZy[\QKWVWM[\IV\WTILM[KZQXKQ~VLM]V[]X]M[\WLMPMKPWXWZ
TI VWZUI TW Y]M []KMLM KI[Q [QMUXZM [QVW TI IKW\IKQ~V I PMKPW[ W KQZK]V[\IVKQI[
M[XMKyKI[Y]M[MXZM[MV\IVKWUWKWVLQKQWVIV\M[MV[MV\QLWVMOI\Q^WWXW[Q\Q^WLM
TW[MNMK\W[R]ZyLQKW[
8WZXWVMZMRMUXTW[TIXZM[]VKQ~VLMU]MZ\MXWZLM[IXIZQKQ~VKWVJI[MMVTI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[LM[KZQ\I[MVMTIZ\
++#TIXW[QJQTQLILLMKIbIZaXM[KIZMV\MZZMVW[aIO]I[ZM[XMK\QÎUMV\MI]\WZQbILW[XWZTW[IZ\[!a[[
++#TILMKTIZIKQ~VLMQVKIXIbIZ\[!!WQVLQOVWXIZI[]KMLMZIZ\[!!I!++WQVPnJQTXIZI\M[\IZ
IZ\++WZMKQJQZITQUMV\W[XWZ^yI\M[\IUMV\IZQIIZ\++#TIM`QOMVKQII]VVQKWLM]LWZLM]VI
LM]LIVW[WTQLIZQIVQQVLQ^Q[QJTMMVTW[KI[W[LMTIZ\!++#TIKWV[\Q\]KQ~VLMTLM]LWZMVUWZIIZ\
++#KIZnK\MZ^QVK]TIV\MLM]VIXZWUM[ILMKWV\ZI\WIZ\++V]TQLILLMTXIOWPMKPWITIKZMMLWZIZ\
#TIKWUXMV[IKQ~VLMKZuLQ\W[IZ\++#QVM`QOMVKQILMTIWJTQOIKQ~VLM[IVMIUQMV\WIZ\ ++#
TI[WJTQOIKQWVM[LMTUIVLIV\MIZ\! ++#KI][I[LMLQ[WT]KQ~VLMTI[[WKQMLILM[IZ\[!a ++WU#TI
M`\QVKQ~V LM]VI Y]QMJZI IZ\ ++WU# WXW[QKQ~V I ]VI IKKQ~V MRMK]\QÎ LM \y\]TWÎTWZ IZ\! ++WU#
KIL]KQLILLMTIIKKQ~VKIUJQIZQIIZ\++WU#ZM[XWV[IJQTQLILLMTJIVKWMVKI[WLMNIT[QKIKQ~VLMKPMY]M
IZ\ ++WU#KI][I[Y]MQUXQLMVTI[ZM[KQ[Q~VLMTKWV\ZI\WLM[MO]ZWXWZTIMV\QLILI[MO]ZILWZIIZ\
++WUM\K
126

1.15.2.3 Petitum:
TIXM\QKQ~VLM\]\MTIM[\nLM\MZUQVILIXWZTIVI\]ZITMbILMTIIKKQ~VY]M[MMRMZKQ\IKWVNWZUM
TI KTI[QKIKQ~V IV\M[ MNMK\]ILI [Q TI [WTQKQ\]L LM LMKTIZIKQ~V LM ]V LMZMKPW [QV Un[ [Q
TIKWVLMVIITXIOWLM]VI[]UILMLQVMZWWITIMV\ZMOILM]VJQMVU]MJTM[QTIXM\QKQ~V
LM Y]M [M ILWX\M ]VI UMLQLI KI]\MTIZ LM MUJIZOW M\K LMJQMVLW XIZ\QK]TIZQbIZ[M MV MT
M[KZQ\W KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M LM ITMOIKQWVM[ MT JQMV R]ZyLQKW W LMZMKPW [WJZM MT Y]M [M Y]QMZM MT
XZWV]VKQIUQMV\WR]LQKQIT
-V MT MV\MVLQLW LM Y]M MT petitum ZM[]T\I LM TI M[\QUIKQ~V LM TI KI][I LM XMLQZ a LM TI
IXTQKIKQ~VLMTI[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[[][\IV\QÎ[Y]MZMO]TIVTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITWMTM[\ILWR]ZyLQKW
1.15.2.4 Efectos:
4ILML]KKQ~VLM]VIXZM\MV[Q~VXZWKM[ITI\ZIû[LMT^MPyK]TWNWZUITUMV\MM[\IJTMKQLWMVMT
+~LQOWY]MM[TILMUIVLIWTIZMKWV^MVKQ~V\ZIM]VI[MZQMLMMNMK\W[Y]M[MZMVMVMV\WZVW
I\ZM[KWVKMX\W[N]VLIUMV\ITM["ITITQ\Q[XMVLMVKQIY]M[MIK\QÎKWVTIILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\M
LMTILMUIVLI#JTIQVU]\IJQTQLILLMTKWVQK\WR]ZyLQKW]WJRM\WXZWKM[ITXTIV\MILWPI[\IMT
VITLMM[IKWV\QMVLI[IT^WY]MTITMaM`XZM[IUMV\MKWV[QMV\IMTKIUJQWLMXZM\MV[Q~V en
K]aWKI[Wu[\MLMJMPIKMZ[MZM[XM\IVLWTW[TyUQ\M[LMT+8+5LMV\ZWLMTXTIbWLMIUXTQIKQ~V
LMTILMUIVLI"^MZ\MUIKWZZM[XWVLQMV\M#aK]VXZQVKQXQWLMXZMKT][Q~V[WJZMTW[MTMUMV\W[
LMTIXZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLI
)TW[LW[XZQUMZW[NIK\WZM[IT]LMVTW[IZ\[!I!+8+5aTI[^MZMUW[KWVLM\ITTMUn[
ILMTIV\MMVMT\MUILMTI[ITMOIKQWVM[
-VK]IV\WIT\MZKMZWMTLMTIXZMKT][Q~VMV]VKQILWXWZMTIZ\!XnZZINW[MO]VLW[]XWVMTI
QUXW[QKQ~VI]VIKIZOIITIXIZ\MIK\WZIXIZIY]MXZWXWVOILMM`Q[\QZÎZQI[\WLI[TI[KI][I[
LMXMLQZPMKPW[R]ZyLQKIUMV\MZMTMÎV\M[MV\WZVWITIXZM\MV[Q~VY]MLML]KM[QVY]MX]MLI
[QTMVKQIZITO]VILMMTTI[KWVMTVLM\MVMZ]VIWXKQ~VLMZMKIUJQWMV]V[MO]VLWXZWKM[W
[Q XQMZLM MT Y]M aI PI QVQKQILW 6W X]MLM" \WLW TW Y]M \MVOI Y]MITMOIZ XIZI N]VLIUMV\IZ
TIIKKQ~VMRMZKQ\ILILMJMZnPIKMZTWMVMTUWUMV\WXZWKM[ITLQ[X]M[\WXWZTITMaM[\WM[TI
LMUIVLIWZMKWV^MVKQ~V[IT^WY]M[MZMMZIVIPMKPW[\y\]TW[WKI][I[V]MÎ[WLMV]M^W
KWVWKQUQMV\W Y]M X]MLMV INMK\IZ TI LMTQUQ\IKQ~V LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V XIZI TW K]IT LQ[XWVLZn
PI[\ITIVITQbIKQ~VLMTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQILMTXZWKM[WKWUVIZ\!T\QUWXnZZINW
a[MMV\QMVLMY]MPI[\IMTQVQKQWLMTII]LQMVKQILMXZ]MJILMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW
,MT ZM[\W a N]MZI LM M[I[ M`KMXKQWVM[ \IV\W TW ITMOILW KWUW TW Y]M XWLyI ITMOIZ[M MV []
LMNMV[IMV[][\MV\WLM[]XZM\MV[Q~VY]MLIZnK]JQMZ\WXWZTIKW[IR]bOILIUI\MZQITaVWXWLZn
[MZUW\Q^WLM]VV]M^WXZWKM[W
;MOVMTIZ\!!++WUM[XW[QJTM[][\Q\]QZ]VIIKKQ~VLMZM[WT]KQ~VLMKWV\ZI\WXWZTILMK]UXTQUQMV\WQVQKQITUMV\M
LML]KQLII]VY]MVWITZMû["-[^nTQLWMRMZKQ\IZTIIKKQ~VLMZM[WT]KQ~VKWUWKIUJQWLMIKKQ~VMVMTUQ[UW
R]QKQW MV Y]M [M PIaI LMUIVLILW MT K]UXTQUQMV\W# XMZW TI Y]M M`QRI IY]uTTI ]VI ^Mb LML]KQLI VW [M XWLZn
IJIVLWVIZXIZI[][\Q\]QZTMTILMK]UXTQUQMV\W#TILMUIVLILMZM[WT]KQ~VQUXMLQZnY]MTIXIZ\MMVUWZIX]MLI
K]UXTQZ[]WJTQOIKQ~VN]MZILM\QMUXW
127
ACUMULACIN DE OBJETOS PROCESALES.

ACUMULACIN DE PRETENSIONES
;=5):17" 1 4I IK]U]TIKQ~V LM WJRM\W[ XZWKM[ITM[" VITQLIL a ITKIVKM"
)K]U]TIKQ~VMVXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI)K]U]TIKQ~VLMZMK]Z[W[)K]U]TIKQ~V
LMMRMK]KQWVM[-NMK\W[OMVMZITM[11)K]U]TIKQ~VLMXZM\MV[QWVM["+TI[M["
)K]U]TIKQ~V UMZIUMV\M WJRM\QÎ" ) )K]U]TIKQ~V LM KI][I[ LM XMLQZ *
)K]U]TIKQ~VLMXM\QKQWVM["*)K]U]TIKQ~V[QUXTM*)K]U]TIKQ~VM^MV\]IT
W[]J[QLQIZQI+)K]U]TIKQ~VXWZUIVLI\WLMTMa)K]U]TIKQ~V[]JRM\Q^W
WJRM\QÎ8ZM\MV[QWVM[VWIK]U]TIJTM["8ZM\MV[QWVM[QVKWUXI\QJTM[
8ZM\MV[QWVM[IT\MZVI\QÎ[<ZI\IUQMV\WXZWKM[IT
/DDFXPXODFLyQGHREMHWRVSURFHVDOHVQDOLGDG\DOFDQFH
1.15.3.1 Acumulacin en primera instancia:
4IIK]U]TIKQ~VLMWJRM\W[\QMVMXWZVITQLILZM]VQZ]VIXT]ZITQLILLMXZM\MV[QWVM[XZWKM[ITM[
Y]MXWLZyIVLQ[K]\QZ[MMVXZWKM[W[LQ[\QV\W[IVLMY]M[MIVZM[]MT\W[MV]VW[~TWLILITI
KWVM`Q~VY]MM`Q[\MMV\ZMMTTW[M^Q\IVLWI[yMTZQM[OWLMNITTW[KWV\ZILQK\WZQW[aITKIVbIVLW
LMXI[WMTIPWZZWLMTW[ZMK]Z[W[P]UIVW[aMKWV~UQKW[LQ[XWVQJTM[
4IIK]U]TIKQ~VVWM[]VXZM[]X]M[\WVQ]VQUXMZI\Q^WLMMKIKQIR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT[QVW]VI
\uKVQKIWM`XMLQMV\MXWZMTY]MTITMaI]\WZQbIMT\ZI\IUQMV\WKWVR]V\WLMÎZQW[KWVQK\W[
R]ZyLQKW[LMV\ZWLM]VUQ[UWXZWKMLQUQMV\WXWVLMZIVLWTI[^MV\IRI[Y]MMTTWLMXIZIMVMT
[MV\QLWM`X]M[\WIZ\!
+]IVLWTW[LQ^MZ[W[WJRM\W[[MIK]U]TIVLM[LMMTXZQVKQXQWMV]VILMUIVLILIVLWT]OIZ
ITIIXMZ\]ZILM]VIVQKIKI][IR]LQKQIT[MPIJTIZnLMIK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZM\MV[QWVM[MVTW[
\uZUQVW[LMTW[IZ\[! a[[+8+5
;Q XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW M[W[ LQ^MZ[W[ WJRM\W[ PIV XMZUQ\QLW aI TI IXMZ\]ZI LM LW[ W Un[
XZWKMLQUQMV\W[[MXIZILW[XWZY]MZMZTWQVQKQITUMV\MLMM[\MUWLWTIXIZ\MIK\WZIIXIZMKQMVLW
KWVXW[\MZQWZQLILMTQV\MZu[XWZZM]VQZTW[\WLW[QV\MZu[LMWKQWWIQV[\IVKQILMXIZ\MaITW
^MZMUW[[MM[\IZnLQ[\QV\IUMV\MIV\MTIIK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZWKM[W[ZMO]TILIMVTW[IZ\[a
[[LMT+~LQOW;MI]VI]W\ZIKWUW^MUW[TIXW[QJQTQLILLMIK]U]TIZWJRM\W[MV]VXZWKM[W
WXMZI IV\M \WLW MV TW[ XZWKM[W[ LMKTIZI\Q^W[ MV XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI [QO]QMVLW TI[ ZMOTI[ LMT
ZuOQUMVOMVMZITY]MIPWZI[MIVITQbIZn\IV\WXIZIIK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZM\MV[QWVM[KWUWLM
XZWKM[W[
1.15.3.1.1 Acumulacin de recursos:

+IJM\IUJQuVTIIK]U]TIKQ~VUn[ITTnLMTIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIM[\WM[MV^yILMZMK]Z[WMV
LW[[]X]M[\W[XZQVKQXITM["
128

I ,MV\ZW LM ]V UQ[UW XZWKM[W MV K]IV\W I TW[ LQ^MZ[W[ ZMK]Z[W[ Y]M PIaIV
NWZUITQbILWLW[WUn[LMTI[XIZ\M[XMZ[WVILI[[MMV\QMVLMIK\]IVLWKWVLQ[\QV\I
LMNMV[I a ZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V XZWKM[IT XWZY]M KILI ]VI ^MI OZI^W[I TI ZM[WT]KQ~V Y]M
QUX]OVI-VM[\MKI[WQVKT][WLMWKQW[MXZWKMLMZnITIIK]U]TIKQ~VMVK]IV\W
KWV[\MY]M\WLW[[MZMMZMVITIUQ[UIXZM\MV[Q~VaXZWKM[WIZ\!XnZZINW[MO]VLW
+8+5
J +]IVLW[MPIaIVQV\MZX]M[\WLW[WUn[ZMK]Z[W[ZM[XMK\WLMW\ZI[\IV\I[ZM[WT]KQWVM[
R]LQKQITM[ZMKIyLI[MVTQ\QOQW[Y]MWZQOQVITUMV\MXWLyIVPIJMZ[MIK]U]TILWXWZY]M
KWVK]ZZyIVTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[XIZIMTTWI]VY]MMV\WVKM[VW[MXQLQMZI-VM[\IPQX~\M[Q[
LM IK]U]TIKQ~V \IZLyI IXMTIKQ~V W KI[IKQ~V KWVNWZUM I TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\
! LMT +~LQOW TW[ ZMK]Z[W[ INMK\ILW[ X]MLMV M[\IZ[M \ZIUQ\IVLW IV\M MT UQ[UW W
LQ[\QV\W[~ZOIVW[KWVKWUXM\MVKQIN]VKQWVIT
)KZMLQ\nVLW[M Y]M M`Q[\M KWVM`Q~V MV\ZM MTTW[ MV MT [MV\QLW LMT IZ\ +8+5
Y]MT]MOW^MZMUW[KWVM`Q~VNnK\QKIWR]ZyLQKIQVKT]aMVLWMV\WLWKI[W[]XW[QJTM
XZMR]LQKQITQLIL LMJMZn LMKZM\IZ[M TI IK]U]TIKQ~V I NI^WZ LMT ZMK]Z[W QV\MZX]M[\W
MV MT XZWKM[W I [] ^Mb Un[ IV\QO]W MV TI XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI VW MT ZMK]Z[W Y]M [M
QV\MZX][WXZQUMZW[MOV[MLML]KMLMTIZ\!QVVMMVZMTIKQ~VKWVMTIZ\!
1.15.3.1.2 Acumulacin de ejecuciones:

8WZ T\QUW \IUJQuV [M XMZUQ\M TI IK]U]TIKQ~V LM MRMK]KQWVM[ XMVLQMV\M[ XWZ \IV\W VW
[I\Q[NMKPI[I]VKWV\ZI]VUQ[UWLM]LWZMRMK]\ILWI]VY]MXMVLIVIV\MLQ[\QV\W[R]bOILW[
IZ\!+8+5
8]MLM \ZI\IZ[M LMT UQ[UW W LQ[\QV\W[ ~ZOIVW[ R]LQKQITM[ LM \WLW[ UWLW[ TI IK]U]TIKQ~V
[M PIZn [QMUXZM IT XZWKMLQUQMV\W LM MRMK]KQ~V Un[ IV\QO]W [MOV TI NMKPI a PWZI LM TI
XZM[MV\IKQ~VLMTILMUIVLILMMRMK]KQ~VXWZIXTQKIKQ~VIVIT~OQKILMTIZ\LMT+~LQOW
8IZIIKWZLIZTIIK]U]TIKQ~VPIJZnY]MKITQJZIZ[QKWVMTTI[MWJ\QMVM]VMNMK\WLMMKWVWUyI
XZWKM[IT\IVOQJTM#[QM`Q[\MKWVM`Q~VNnK\QKIaMV[]KI[W\IUJQuVR]ZyLQKIMV\ZM\WLI[MTTI[a
I\MVLQMVLW \IUJQuV [QMUXZM I TI UMRWZ [I\Q[NIKKQ~V LM TW[ LQ^MZ[W[ IKZMMLWZM[ MRMK]\IV\M[
IZ\!XnZZINW[MO]VLW<ITM[\ZM[NIK\WZM[KWVK]ZZMV\M[Y]MVW\QMVMVY]MLIZ[MKWVQO]IT
QV\MV[QLIL XMZW [y M[\IZ XZM[MV\M[ PIV LM IZZWRIZ MV ]VI XWVLMZIKQ~V OTWJIT Y]M TI UMRWZ
[WT]KQ~VM[IK]U]TIZaVWUIV\MVMZTI[MRMK]KQWVM[XWZ[MXIZILW-[WM[TWY]MLMJMM[OZQUQZ
MT[WTQKQ\IV\MaM[WM[TWY]MLMJMÎTWZIZMTR]MbITZM[WT^MZ[WJZMMTTW
8WZTWLMUn[UIV\MVQMVLWTIZMOTILMTIIV\QOMLILIPyLWVLMPIaIKWU]VQLILLMMUJIZOW
MVÎZQI[LMM[I[MRMK]KQWVM[XZMKQ[ITITMaLW[KW[I["IY]M[QP]JQMZMVJQMVM[PQXW\MKILW[
WXQOVWZILW[TIIK]U]TIKQ~V[MPIZnITXZWKM[WKWVOIZIV\yIPQXW\MKIZQIWXZMVLIZQIaLM
[MZÎZQI[[MO]IZLIZnTILMJQLIXZMNMZMVKQITMOITIZ\!XnZZINW\MZKMZWaJLMTZM[\W[M
IXTQKIZnTIUQ[UIZMOTILMTIIV\QOMLILY]MIY]y^MVLZnLILIXWZTINMKPILMZMITQbIKQ~V
LMTXZQUMZMUJIZOWI[IT^WMT[]X]M[\WIV\MZQWZIZ\!XnZZINWK]IZ\W
129

1.15.3.1.3 Efectos generales:
+WUW MNMK\W[ OMVMZITM[ LMZQÎLW[ LM TI IK]U]TIKQ~V LM WJRM\W[ a MVTIbIVLW KWV TW Y]M
^MVQUW[ aI M`XWVQMVLW KIJMV ZM[IT\IZ LW[" I TI ZM]VQ~V MV ]V UQ[UW XZWKMLQUQMV\W a I
KIZOWLM]VVQKW~ZOIVWR]LQKQITLM\WLI[MTTI[TWY]MX]MLMM`QOQZMTMUXIZMRIUQMV\WLM
KI][I[Y]M[MPITTMVMVM[\ILQW[LQ[\QV\W[M[\WM[KWVMNMK\W[][XMV[Q^WLMTIY]MÎaIUn[
IÎVbILIPI[\I[]VQ^MTIKQ~V#JY]MIXIZ\QZLMM[\MT\QUWUWUMV\W[MÎaILQK\IVLWXIZI
KILIIK\W]VI[WTIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQIT\IV\WXIZIWZLMVIZMT\ZnUQ\MKWUWXIZIZM[WT^MZTI[
K]M[\QWVM[QV\MZTWK]\WZQI[WMV[]KI[WLMVQ\QÎ[LMTKWVR]V\WLM\WLW[WJRM\W[IK]U]TILW[
M^Q\IVLWI[yTIXT]ZITQLILaLQ[XMZ[Q~VLMXZWKMLQUQMV\W[M`XMLQMV\M[aZM[WT]KQWVM[R]LQKQITM[
1.15.3.2 Acumulacin de pretensiones:

1.15.3.2.1 Clases:
AIPMUW[LMVQLWIV\M[TWY]MQUXTQKIJITIIK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZM\MV[QWVM[KWVM[M[QOVQKILW
\uKVQKWY]MLITITMaXIZILQ[\QVO]QZTII[]^MbLMTIIK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZWKM[W[1UXWZ\I\MVMZ
XZM[MV\MIPWZIK]nTM[[WVMV\WVKM[TI[LQ[\QV\I[UWLITQLILM[LMXZM\MV[QWVM[Y]MX]MLMV[MZ
IK]U]TILI[[WJZMY]uI[XMK\W[MXZWaMK\IVaITKWV\ZIZQWK]nTM[Y]MLIVXZW[KZQ\I["
a. Acumulacin meramente objetiva:
4W[ IZ\[ ! a [[ LMT +~LQOW M[\IJTMKMV MV XZQUMZ T]OIZ TI[ KWVLQKQWVM[ XWZ TI[ Y]M ]V
[]RM\W X]MLM IK]U]TIZ \WLI[ TI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ Y]M \MVOI KWV\ZI W\ZW LML]KQuVLWTI[ MV TI
UQ[UILMUIVLI-VXZQVKQXQWaXWZKWVKWZLIVKQIKWVW\ZI[VWZUI[Y]MM`QOMVTIKWVM`Q~V
MV\ZMWJRM\W[\IV\WK]IVLWKWVK]ZZMXT]ZITQLIL[]JRM\QÎIZ\KWUWK]IVLW[M\ZI\ILM
IK]U]TIKQ~V LM XZWKM[W[ IZ\ PI LM MV\MVLMZ[M \IUJQuV IY]y Y]M [Q TI IK]U]TIKQ~V
[MXZMLQKILMXZM\MV[QWVM[LMTUQ[UWIK\WZKWV\ZIMTUQ[UWLMUIVLILWLQKPIIK]U]TIKQ~V
XWLZn^MZ[IZZM[XMK\WLMÎZQI[KI][I[LMXMLQZWLMÎZQW[XM\Q\IXMZW^QVK]TILW[I]VIUQ[UI
ZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKIKWUVWN]VLILIXWZ\IV\WMV]VW[PMKPW[KWU]VM[
+WV \WLW MV \MWZyI PIJZyI Y]M IKMX\IZ Y]M [Q TI[ LQ[\QV\I[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ I]V [QMVLW
PM\MZWOuVMI[ a ZMNMZQLI[ I ZMTIKQWVM[ UI\MZQITM[ LQ[\QV\I[ K]UXTMV [QV MUJIZOW KWV TW[
ZMY]Q[Q\W[ a TQUQ\IKQWVM[ M[\IJTMKQLI[ MV M[\M IZ\QK]TILW a I TI[ Y]M IPWZI VW[ ZMNMZQZMUW[
LMJMZnVILUQ\QZ[MI\ZnUQ\M\IUJQuVaKWVWKMZTI[MVMTUQ[UWXZWKMLQUQMV\WX]M[TITMaVW
RIM`XZM[IUMV\MMVM[\MKI[WTIM`QOMVKQILMTIKWVM`Q~VMV\ZMWJRM\W[
;MIKWUWN]MZMTIIK]U]TIKQ~VWZJQ\IZnITZMLMLWZLMTW[MTMUMV\W[WJRM\Q^W[stricto sensu de
TIXZM\MV[Q~V#M[\WM["
a-1) Acumulacin de causas de pedir:
)]V \ZI\nVLW[M LM TI UQ[UI XZM\MV[Q~V LML]KQLI M[ XW[QJTM Y]M ]V UQ[UW PMKPW KWV
ZMTMÎVKQIR]ZyLQKIX]MLIWNZMKMZ]VIKWJMZ\]ZIMVLW[WUn[VWZUI[[][\IV\QÎ[XWZMRMUXTW
MV TW[ KI[W[ LM a]`\IXW[QKQ~V LM ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL KWV\ZIK\]IT W M`\ZIKWV\ZIK\]IT# W K]IVLW
130

]VILM\MZUQVILIUI\MZQIPI[QLWZMO]TILI\IV\WXWZMTTTIUILWLMZMKPWKWUV++++WU
a I TI ^Mb XWZ TMaM[ M[XMKQITM[ LM \IT UIVMZI Y]M IT VW PIJMZ [QLW LMZWOILI[ TI[ VWZUI[
LMIY]uT\WLI[MTTI[ZM[]T\IV\QTM[aM[\IJTMKMVKWV[MK]MVKQI[R]ZyLQKI[LMQO]ITWLQ^MZ[W
[QOVWNZMV\MIM[MIK\WTyKQ\WWQTyKQ\W8WZ\IV\W]VW[UQ[UW[PMKPW[X]MLMVLM\MZUQVIZMT
MRMZKQKQWLMTIIKKQ~VN]VLILIMVLW[WUn[\y\]TW[R]ZyLQKWTMOITM[;QMVLWI[yaUMZKMLITI
ZMOTIXZMKT][QÎIZ\!+8+5Y]MaI[IJMUW[PILM[WXWZ\IZTIXIZ\MIK\WZIaMV[]KI[W
MTLMUIVLILWZMKWV^QVQMV\M\WLI[M[I[KI][I[LMXMLQZLMJMZn^MZ\MZTI[MVTILMUIVLI[QV
Y]MY]MXIZM[MZÎZITO]VIXIZI]VXZWKM[W]T\MZQWZ
;Q[MLML]KMVÎZQW[KWVQK\W[R]ZyLQKW[TIXT]ZITQLILLMKI][I[LMXMLQZLM^QMVMQVM^Q\IJTM
I]VY]M [~TW [MI XWZY]M KILI ]VW LM MTTW[ KILI XZM\MV[Q~V QZn LW\ILW VMKM[IZQIUMV\M
LM [] XZWXQI causa petendi LM TW KWV\ZIZQW [MZyI ]V WJRM\W QVKWUXTM\W a ILWTMKMZyI LM
QUXZWXWVQJQTQLILIZ\"^MZ\MUIXW[\MZQWZLMTILMUIVLI
a-2) Acumulacin de peticiones:
=V UQ[UW KWVQK\W OTWJITUMV\M MV\MVLQLW KWUW XZM\MV[Q~V X]MLM LMXIZIZ I [] \Q\]TIZ
]VILQ^MZ[QLILLM\]\MTI[R]ZyLQKI[IUXIZILI[MVTITMaUI\MZQITXIZIMTZMKWVWKQUQMV\WLMT
LMZMKPW W [Q\]IKQ~V LM^MVQLI MV TQ\QOQW I[y KWUW XIZI TWOZIZ [] QVLMUVQLIL W MV [] KI[W
TI ZMXIZIKQ~V TW Un[ yV\MOZI XW[QJTM IV\M TI IUMVIbI W KWV[]UIKQ~V ZM[XMK\QÎUMV\M LM
IK\]IKQWVM[TM[QÎ[8IZIMTTWLMJMI\MVLMZ[MITIVI\]ZITMbILMTIIKKQ~VMRMZKQ\ILIY]MLIZn
TIXI]\ILMTW[XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[Y]MZM[]T\IVKWUXI\QJTM[LMW\WZOIZMVWZLMVI[]XZW\MKKQ~V
jurisdiccional ms adecuada.
8]MLMY]M]VUQ[UW\y\]TWWKI][ILMXMLQZXMZUQ\ITILML]KKQ~VLMLW[WUn[XM\Q\WZQI[W
Y]MTW[PMKPW[[MMVUIZY]MVMV]VIXT]ZITQLILLMKI][I[LMXMLQZaKILI]VILMMTTI[I[]
^MbOMVMZMQLuV\QKIWLQ^MZ[I[XM\QKQWVM[LM\]\MTI-[QVKT][WXW[QJTMY]MTITMaKWVLQKQWVMTI
XZWKMLMVKQILM]VILM\MZUQVILIZMKTIUIKQ~VR]LQKQITITPMKPWLMY]MIV\M[WR]V\WIMTTI
IK]U]TIKQ~V[MQUXM\ZM\IUJQuVW\ZI\]\MTILMNWVLWMVK]IV\WKI][ITUMV\MZMTIKQWVILI[
entre s.
-[ QUXWZ\IV\M \MVMZ MV K]MV\I Y]M TI XZMKT][Q~V LMT IZ\ ! KWUW ^MyIUW[ WXMZI MV \WZVW
ITI[LQ^MZ[I[KI][I[LMXMLQZLM]VUQ[UWKWVQK\WR]ZyLQKW6W[MZMMZM[QVMUJIZOW\IT
XZMKT][Q~V I TI XT]ZITQLIL LM XM\QKQWVM[ LM \]\MTI TI[ K]ITM[ LM [MZ QVLQ^QL]ITQbIJTM[ MV\ZM
[y XMZNMK\IUMV\M XWLZyIV XTIV\MIZ[M MV XZWKM[W[ LQ[\QV\W[ I]VY]M LMZQ^MV LM TI UQ[UI
causa petendi 8WZ MRMUXTW" [Q IV\M MT I\IY]M IT PWVWZ LM ]VI XMZ[WVI XWZ TI X]JTQKIKQ~V MV
]VIKWT]UVIXMZQWLy[\QKILM]VIVW\QKQIY]M[MKWV[QLMZIWNMV[QÎXIZIMTIK\WZ[M[WTQKQ\I
TI KWVLMVI I MUQ\QZ MV MT UMLQW LM KWU]VQKIKQ~V ]VI ZMK\QKIKQ~V LM TI VW\QKQI WNMV[QÎ
X]JTQKILIVILIQUXQLMLMRIZXIZIW\ZWXZWKM[WXW[\MZQWZZM[XMK\WLMM[IUQ[UIVW\QKQI]VI
XM\QKQ~VLMKWVLMVIXMK]VQIZQIXWZTW[LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[XILMKQLW[
,MM[\M\MVWZXWZMRMUXTWMTIZ\XnZZINWXZQUMZW++WU"6WXWLZnMRMZKQ\IZ[MVQVO]VIIKKQ~VKWV\ZILQK\WZQI
LMPMKPW[WZMTIKQWVM[R]ZyLQKI[Y]MKWV[\MVMVMT:MOQ[\ZW[QVY]MXZM^QIW[QU]T\nVMIUMV\M[MMV\IJTMLMUIVLI
LMV]TQLILaKIVKMTIKQ~VLMTIQV[KZQXKQ~VZM[XMK\QÎ
131

7\ZWMRMUXTW"[Q[][XMVLQLWMT[MZ^QKQW\MTMN~VQKWXWZMTKWJZWLM]VINIK\]ZIQVLMJQLIXWZ
[MZ^QKQW[ VW XZM[\ILW[ W UIT \IZQNILW[ M\K [M QV[\I TI KWVLMVI LMT WXMZILWZ I ZM[\Q\]QZ MT
[MZ^QKQW X]MLM LMRIZ[M XIZI W\ZW XZWKM[W XW[\MZQWZ TI XM\QKQ~V LM ]V ZM[IZKQUQMV\W XWZ TW[
XMZR]QKQW[XZWL]KQLW[XWZTI[][XMV[Q~V;Q[MQV\MZXWVM]VIIKKQ~VZMQ^QVLQKI\WZQIXIZITI
LMKTIZIKQ~VLMXZWXQMLILLM]V\MZZMVWX]MLMLMRIZ[MXIZIW\ZWXZWKM[WTIXM\QKQ~VLMY]M
[MZM\QZMVLMTUQ[UWTI[UIY]QVIZQI[LMRILW[MV[]QV\MZQWZW[MLM[UWV\MVTI[KWV[\Z]KKQWVM[
ZMITQbILI[IKW[\ILMTZM[XWV[IJTMM\K
-VLMVQ\QÎLM^QMVMXZMZZWOI\QÎLMTIK\WZLML]KQZWVW\WLI[TI[[WTQKQ\]LM[LM\]\MTIY]M
\MVOIMVMTUQ[UWXZWKM[WWMVÎZQW[X]M[[WJZMMTTWVWPIaXZMKT][Q~Vj[\I[~TWZQOMXIZI
TI[LW[WUn[KI][I[LMXMLQZQV^WKIJTM[NZMV\MI]VIUQ[UIXZM\MV[Q~VLM\]\MTI
1) Acumulacin simple:
0IJZnIK]U]TIKQ~V[QUXTMK]IVLWLW[WUn[XM\QKQWVM[LM\]\MTIX]MLIVXMLQZ[MLMUIVMZI
KWVR]V\Ia[QU]T\nVMIMVMTMV\MVLQLWLMY]MTITMaUI\MZQITW\WZOI\WLI[MTTI[ITI^MbaVW
[MXZMKQ[IMTMOQZ]VIMVLM\ZQUMV\WLMW\ZI"I[yWK]ZZMMVXZQUMZT]OIZKWVTI[WJTQOIKQWVM[
Y]M ZM[]T\IV KQ^QTUMV\M IKKM[WZQI[ LM W\ZI[ I[y TI KWVLMVI IT XIOW LM ]V KIXQ\IT a I TW[
QV\MZM[M[LMLMUWZILMZQÎLW[LMTIUQ[UIIKZMMVKQI#TI[LQ^MZ[I[KWV[MK]MVKQI[QUX]\ILI[
ITQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLM]VIXZM[\IKQ~VLMPIKMZ
8MZW\IUJQuVIY]MTTI[XM\QKQWVM[Y]MZM^MTIVLQ[\QV\I[KWV[MK]MVKQI[LMZQÎLI[LM]VUQ[UW
IK\W KILI ]VI LM TI[ K]ITM[ VMKM[Q\I LM ]VI ZMXIZIKQ~V W ZM[\Q\]KQ~V XZWXQI" I[y XWZ MR
TI KWVLMVI I KM[IZ MV TI NIJZQKIKQ~V LM ]V XZWL]K\W [QV TI KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M I]\WZQbIKQ~V
LM [] XZWXQM\IZQW a MT XIOW LM TW[ LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ XWZ MT T]KZW KM[IV\M QUX]\IJTM I TI
KWUMZKQITQbIKQ~V LM TI[ QUQ\IKQWVM[# MT ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W LM ]V LMZMKPW LM [MZ^QL]UJZM
XZMLQIT a TI KWVLMVI IT LMUIVLILW XIZI Y]M MTQUQVM TW[ WJ[\nK]TW[ Y]M PI X]M[\W XIZI
QUXMLQZMTXI[WLMTIK\WZ#TILMKTIZIKQ~VLMLMZMKPW[[]KM[WZQW[aTI[WTQKQ\]LLMMV\ZMOILM
TW[JQMVM[Y]MTMKWZZM[XWVLMVaY]MM[\uMVXWLMZLMITO]VWLMTW[LMUIVLILW[M\K;MZn
X]M[TIVWZUI[][\IV\QÎTIY]MITLM[KZQJQZTIZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKIKWV\ZW^MZ\QLILMZQ^M\WLI[
TI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[TMOITM[Y]M[MX]MLMVM`QOQZMVR]QKQW
2) Acumulacin eventual o subsidiaria de peticiones:
-VM[\MKI[WTIXIZ\M\QMVML]LI[LMK]nTM[MTXZWV]VKQIUQMV\WITY]M\QMVMLMZMKPWXWZTMa
LMMV\ZMÎZQW[LMTW[PQXW\u\QKIUMV\MXW[QJTM[TIL]LIM[[~TW[]aIX]M[MVZMITQLILTITMa
[IT^WZMUW\ITIO]VI[QMUXZMPIJZnM[\IJTMKQLWMTMNMK\WR]ZyLQKWKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MXWZTWY]M
WX\IXWZ]VI[MTMKKQ~VRMZIZY]QbILILMTI[LQ[\QV\I[XM\QKQWVM[LM\]\MTIM[\IJTMKQMVLWI[y]V
WZLMV XIZI Y]M [MIV R]bOILI[ ,M \IT UIVMZI Y]M MT W\WZOIUQMV\W LM TI XZQUMZI XM\QKQ~V
)TMNMK\WIZ\++";QTIWJTQOIKQ~VM[LMPIKMZaMTLM]LWZ[MKWV[\Q\]aMMVUWZIXWLZnXMLQZMTIKZMMLWZ
R]V\WKWVTIQVLMUVQbIKQ~VLMTIUWZIK]ITY]QMZILMM[\I[LW[KW[I[IMTMKKQ~V[]aI"9]M[MIXZMUQMITLM]LWZ
XIZITIMRMK]KQ~VLMTPMKPWKWV^MVQLW

9]M[MTMI]\WZQKMIuTUQ[UWXIZIPIKMZTWMRMK]\IZXWZ]V\MZKMZWIM`XMV[I[LMTLM]LWZ

<IUJQuVXWLZnXMLQZY]M[MZM[KQVLITIWJTQOIKQ~VaY]MMTLM]LWZTMQVLMUVQKMLMTW[XMZR]QKQW[ZM[]T\IV\M[LM
TIQVNZIKKQ~VLMTKWV\ZI\W
132

ZMTMÎLMMV\ZIZIKWVWKMZLMTI[LMUn[#Y]MLMVWKWVKMLMZ[MTIXZQUMZI[MXI[IZnMV\WVKM[
a[~TWMV\WVKM[IM[\]LQIZaZM[WT^MZTI[MO]VLI#Y]M[~TWLMVMOIZ[Mu[\I[MXZW[MO]QZnKWV
TI[QO]QMV\MaI[y[]KM[QÎUMV\M4I[XM\QKQWVM[[]J[QLQIZQIUMV\MWZLMVILI[X]MLMVZM[]T\IZ
QVKWUXI\QJTM[MV\ZM[yLM[LMMTX]V\WLM^Q[\ITMOIT4WY]M[yMV\WLWKI[WLM^QMVMWJTQOILW
M[Y]MLM[MZQVKWUXI\QJTM[I\MVLQMVLWITIVI\]ZITMbILMKILI]VIMTIK\WZPILMLML]KQZTI[
LMUIVMZIM^MV\]IT[]J[QLQIZQIaV]VKIUMLQIV\M]VIIK]U]TIKQ~V[QUXTMXWZY]MMV\WVKM[
[M QVÎTQLIZyIV ZMKyXZWKIUMV\M a [MZyI KWUW [Q VW [M P]JQMZI LML]KQLW VQVO]VI IZ\ !!
>WT^MZMUW[[WJZMM[\WUn[ILMTIV\M
a-3) Acumulacin por mandato de ley:
.]MZILMTWY]MX]MLIXZM^MZK]ITY]QMZW\ZILQ[XW[QKQ~VVWZUI\QÎIRMVIIT+8+5XZMKMX\I
MTIZ\LMM[\MT\QUWY]M[MIK]U]TIZnVLMWKQWTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[Y]M^MZ[MV[WJZMTI
LMKTIZIKQ~VLM]VIK\WWVMOWKQWR]ZyLQKWKI[W]VWaTI[Y]M[MZMMZIVITIIV]TIJQTQLIL
LMTW[IK]MZLW[ILWX\ILW[MV]VIUQ[UIZM]VQ~VLMTW[~ZOIVW[LM]VIXMZ[WVIR]ZyLQKIKI[W
LW[4IM`XZM[Q~VIK]U]TIZLMWKQWPILM\WUIZ[MIY]yKWUW[QV~VQUWLMIK]U]TIKQ~V
VMKM[IZQI VW W\ZI KW[I XWZY]M [Q IT V a IT KIJW M[\IUW[ PIJTIVLW LM IK]U]TIKQ~V LM
XZM\MV[QWVM[LMV\ZWLM]VUQ[UWXZWKM[WM[XWZY]M\WLI[MTTI[aI[MPIVLML]KQLWVWX]MLM
PIKMZTWMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT[][\Q\]aMVLWITIK\WZR][\QKQIZWOILIXWZ\IV\WMTXIXMTIY]yLMT
R]MbVWM[W\ZW[QVWMTLMVWQUXMLQZ\ITIK]U]TIKQ~VK]IVLW[M\ZI\MLMITO]VWLMTW[LW[
nUJQ\W[Y]MMV\QMVLMKWV^MVQMV\MMTIZ\[QMUXZMOIZIV\QbIZ[]\ZI\IUQMV\WKWVR]V\W
b) Acumulacin subjetivo-objetiva:
4IIK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZM\MV[QWVM[[MIJZM\IUJQuVXWZMTIZ\LMT+~LQOWI]VI[Q\]IKQ~V
LM XT]ZITQLIL LM TW[ []RM\W[ TMOQ\QUILW[ I TI Y]M QVM`\ZQKIJTMUMV\M Î ]VQLI \IUJQuV TI
XT]ZITQLIL LM WJRM\W[ IT ZMNMZQZ[M I TI[ LQ^MZ[I[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ Y]M ]VW CIK\WZE \MVOI KWV\ZI
ÎZQW[[]RM\W[CLMUIVLILW[EWÎZQW[CIK\WZM[EKWV\ZI]VWCLMUIVLILWEW\IUJQuVI]VY]M
VW TW UMVKQWVM M`XZM[IUMV\M M[\M LQ[XW[Q\Q^W ÎZQW[ IK\WZM[ KWV\ZI ÎZQW[ LMUIVLILW[#
[QMUXZM Y]M M`Q[\I ]V VM`W W KWVM`Q~V XWZ ZIb~V LMT \y\]TW W LM TI KI][I LM XMLQZ ;M
\ZI\I LM ]V KWZZMTI\W LM TI UQ[UI XT]ZITQLIL aI ZMKWVWKQLI MV MT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW XIZI
MT TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW NIK]T\I\Q^W [MOV \]^QUW[ aI WKI[Q~V LM ^MZ MV MT \MUI ZMNMZQLW I TI[
8IZ\M[XZMKMX\WLWVLM[MLMRIPMKPITIZM[MZÎITZM[XM\WMVM[\W[KI[W[ITI[ZMOTI[[WJZM
IK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZM\MV[QWVM[
+WV[QLMZIVLWMV\WVKM[MVTWY]MIY]yQUXWZ\IY]MKILIZMTIKQ~VXZWKM[ITJQTI\MZITMTIK\WZ
VQKWKWV\ZIMTLMUIVLILW)MTIK\WZVQKWKWV\ZIMTLMUIVLILW*aI[y[]KM[QÎUMV\M#WI
TIQV^MZ[I"MTIK\WZ)aMTLMUIVLILWVQKWMTIK\WZ*aMTLMUIVLILWVQKWM\K[MXZWaMK\I
[WJZM]VIXZM\MV[Q~VQVLQ^QL]ITQbIJTMa[MXIZIJTMLMTI[LMUn[TI^QZ\]ITQLILLMM[\MIZ\
ZILQKIMVLMRIZKTIZWY]MTIXT]ZITQLILLMXIZ\M[\IUJQuVXZW^WKITIXT]ZITQLILLMWJRM\W[
KWUW\IT[][KMX\QJTMLM[MZKWVWKQLIMVMTUQ[UWXZWKMLQUQMV\W
8IZI Y]M M[I LWJTM IK]U]TIKQ~V []JRM\Q^WWJRM\QÎ [M XZWL]bKI [QV MUJIZOW ZM[]T\I
VMKM[IZQWY]MM`Q[\IKWUWIPy[M[M}ITI]VIKWVM`Q~VLMT\y\]TWWKI][ILMXMLQZM[\WM[Y]M
LMZQ^MVLM\y\]TW[QLuV\QKW[W[MUMRIV\M[WK]IVLWTIKI][ILMXMLQZM[\uKWV[\Q\]QLI\W\IT
133

WXIZKQITUMV\MXWZMTUQ[UWKWVR]V\WLMPMKPW[R]ZyLQKW[ZMTMÎV\M[8WZMRMUXTWLMZQÎLW
LM]VUQ[UWKWV\ZI\W[][KZQ\WXWZÎZQI[XMZ[WVI[W[MZMMZIVIJQMVM[QVU]MJTM[[Q\]ILW[
MVMTUQ[UWMLQKQWLWVLMPIJQ\IVTW[ÎZQW[IK\WZM[WTW[ÎZQW[LMUIVLILW[a[MXTIV\MM
]VKWVQK\W[MUMRIV\MLMNMK\W[KWV[\Z]K\Q^W[QUXIOWLMK]W\I[KWU]VQ\IZQI[M\K
1.15.3.3 Pretensiones no acumulables:

-V [] TILW VMOI\Q^W TI TMa \IUJQuV M[\IJTMKM TQUQ\IKQWVM[ LQZQOQLI[ I M^Q\IZ TI LML]KKQ~V
LM XZM\MV[QWVM[ Y]M M^QLMVKQIV ]VI Y]QMJZI T~OQKI LM [] MV]VKQILW W Y]M TTMÎ I ]VI
QV\MZ^MVKQ~V WKQIT LMT R]Mb Y]M XWLZyI KWUXZWUM\MZ [] QUXIZKQITQLIL [][\Q\]aMVLW IT
LMUIVLIV\MMVTIQLMV\QKIKQ~VLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VZMITUMV\MLML]KQLI,W[[WVM[W[[]X]M[\W["
1.15.3.3.1 Pretensiones incompatibles:

+WVNWZUM IT IZ\ ! +8+5 aI UMVKQWVILW VW KIJM IK]U]TIZ XZM\MV[QWVM[ Y]M ZM[]T\MV
QVKWUXI\QJTM[MV\ZM[y[IT^WY]M[MNWZU]TMVLMUIVMZI[]J[QLQIZQIRMZIZY]QbILIXMZWLMVW
PIKMZ[MI[yaLILWY]M[WVXZM\MV[QWVM[Y]MWJQMV[MM`KT]aMVU]\]ITUMV\MÔZTIXM\QKQ~V
LMK]UXTQUQMV\WLMKWV\ZI\WaITI^MbLM[]ZM[WT]KQ~VWJQMVTIM[\QUIKQ~VLM]VILMMTTI[
PIKMQV\QTMTW\WZOIUQMV\WLMTIW\ZITI[WTQKQ\]LLMMV\ZMOILM]VIUMZKIVKyIaTILM]VI
[]UIKWVTIY]MILY]QZQZMVMTUMZKILWMTUQ[UWTW\MIK]aILM^WT]KQ~V[MKWVLMVILM^QMVM
M^QLMV\MY]M[~TW]VIX]MLM[W[\MVMZ[M-TLMNMK\WX]MLM[]J[IVIZ[MXWZMTQV\MZM[ILWKWUW
IPWZI^MZMUW[XMZWLM[LMaITWY]MQUXWZ\I\MVMZXZM[MV\MM[Y]MVW[MXMZUQ\MIZ\QK]TIZ]VI
XZM\MV[Q~VKWVKI][I[LMXMLQZQVKWUXI\QJTM[WNWZU]TIVLWXM\QKQWVM[LM\]\MTIY]MTW[MIV
1.15.3.3.2 Peticiones alternativas:

I -V [MO]VLW T]OIZ a LM IK]MZLW IT IZ\ !! QV VM +8+5 VW [M ILUQ\QZn TI
IK]U]TIKQ~V LM XZM\MV[QWVM[ I \y\]TW IT\MZVI\Q^W 0I LM MV\MVLMZ[M Y]M KWV M[\I
M`XZM[Q~V [M PIKM ZMNMZMVKQI I ]V LMNMK\W KWV[Q[\MV\M MV UIVQNM[\IZ IT R]Mb Y]M
KIJQMVLW TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM [MZ [I\Q[NMKPW KWV ÎZQI[ XZM[\IKQWVM[ K]aW KWV\MVQLW
LM\ITTIaLMRIVLWKTIZITILMUIVLIY]MITIK\WZTMZM[]T\IQVLQNMZMV\MKWVK]nTLM
MTTI[TW[MILMRIMVLMVQ\QÎIIY]uTITR]MbTIMTMKKQ~VVITLMK]nTKWVKMLMZaK]nT
VW+WVQVLMXMVLMVKQILMY]MMTLMUIVLIV\M\]^QMZIZIb~VMVMTNWVLWMVK]IV\W
IY]MX]MLMI[XQZIZIK]ITY]QMZILMM[I[ÎZQI[XZM[\IKQWVM[ITI^MbWVWXWLZyI
MV ZMITQLIL VW [MZ I[y M[\IZ MY]Q^WKILW a VQKIUMV\M KIJMZ XWZ TMa UI\MZQIT ]VI
VQKIKWV[MK]MVKQIR]ZyLQKITWKQMZ\WM[Y]MM`QOQZLMTR]Mb[MUMRIV\MXZW\IOWVQ[UW
KWVL]KQZyI I u[\M I XIZ\QKQXIZ MV TI LMTQUQ\IKQ~V KWVKZM\I LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V
KWV\ZIZQIVLWI[yTI^QOMVKQILMTXZQVKQXQWLQ[XW[Q\Q^W
J -[\WUQ[UWWK]ZZMK]IVLW[M\ZI\MLMTI[TTIUILI[WJTQOIKQWVM[IT\MZVI\QÎ[LMTIZ\
a [[ ++ M[XMKyKIUMV\M K]IVLW [M PIaI XIK\ILW Y]M [MI MT IKZMMLWZ Y]QMV
MTQRI TI KWVKZM\I XZM[\IKQ~V Y]M TQJMZIZn IT LM]LWZ ,QKPI KIXIKQLIL MTMK\QÎ Y]M
[MIV\WRIXMZNMK\IUMV\M^nTQLIMVMTnUJQ\WM`\ZIR]LQKQITVWX]MLM\ZI[TILIZ[M[QV
MUJIZOWMVKI[WLMKWVQK\WI]VILMUIVLIMVTIY]M[MMV\ZMO]MITR]MbMTXWLMZ
LM[MTMKKQWVIZMTJQMVR]ZyLQKWY]MTMXIZMbKIUn[R][\WWKWV^MVQMV\MZMKWVWKMZI
134

NI^WZLMTLMUIVLIV\M-[\MT\QUWLMJMPIKMZ][WLMTINIK]T\ILUI\MZQITY]M[MTM
I\ZQJ]aMKWVKZM\IVLWMV[]LMUIVLIK]nTM[TIXZM[\IKQ~VK]aWW\WZOIUQMV\WLM[MI
MV XZQUMZ W MV VQKW \uZUQVW [y ÎTLZyI WZLMVIZTI[ RMZnZY]QKIUMV\M JI[\IVLW IT
R]MbKWVKWUXZWJIZY]MTIXZQUMZIXM\QKQ~VKIJMXWZTMaKWVTWK]ITaIVWMV\ZIZyI
IIVITQbIZTI[MO]VLI[QO]QMVLWMTXIZnUM\ZWLM\WLIIK]U]TIKQ~VM^MV\]IT
K
4I[Q\]IKQ~VÎZyI[QVMUJIZOW[Q\ZI\nVLW[M\IUJQuVLMWJTQOIKQWVM[IT\MZVI\QÎ[
KWZZM[XWVLQM[MITLM]LWZMTMOQZTILMK]UXTQUQMV\W[QMVLWY]MVW[I\Q[NIKMVQVO]VI
X]M[MV\WVKM[MTIKZMMLWZXWLZyIXTIV\MIZTILMUIVLIKWVMTVLMY]M[MKWVLMVM
IIY]uTITTMÎZIKIJWITO]VILMTI[XZM[\IKQWVM[MTMOQJTM[-VM[IPQX~\M[Q[MTR]Mb
VW\QMVMY]MQV\MOZIZVILIVQ[][\Q\]QZITIXIZ\M[QUXTMUMV\MZM[WT^MZnMV[MV\MVKQI
IKMZKILM[Q\WLI[TI[XZM[\IKQWVM[Y]MPIV[QLWLM\MZUQVILI[XWZMTIK\WZX]MLMV[MZ
M`QOQJTM[a[Q[MM[\nWVWIV\M]VIKWV^MVKQ~VLMTIZ\a[[++
-VKI[WXW[Q\Q^WKWVLMVIZyIITLMUIVLILWIM[\IZaXI[IZXWZLQKPIMTMKKQ~Va[]
KWV[QO]QMV\MK]UXTQUQMV\W;QMTLMUIVLILWT]MOWVWK]UXTMVQVO]VILMMTTI[MT
XZWJTMUIVWKWVKMZVQZnaIITXZWKM[WLMKTIZI\Q^WKWUW\ITVITQbILWaUMVW[IVI
]VIQVLM\MZUQVIKQ~VLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLI[QVWI]VIQVMRMK]KQ~VLMTI[MV\MVKQI
K]aWLM[MVTIKMMVT\QUWM`\ZMUWXWLZyITTMÎZI]VQVKQLMV\MMRMK]\Q^WXIZIRIZ
]VIQVLMUVQbIKQ~VXWZMY]QÎTMVKQIXMZW[QVINMK\IZITIÎTQLMbLMTWZM[]MT\W

<ZI\nVLW[MLMIK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZM\MV[QWVM[VW[MXTIV\MIVXZWJTMUI[IKMZKILMK]nTM[MTR]Mb
W\ZQJ]VITKWUXM\MV\MXIZIKWVWKMZLMMTTIXWZY]M[QMUXZMM[\IZMUW[PIJTIVLWLM]VVQKW
XZWKMLQUQMV\WaXWZMVLMLM]VVQKW~ZOIVWR]LQKQITKWVKWUXM\MVKQIXIZIZM[WT^MZTILM
UWLWY]M[MZnIV\MuTY]M[MLML]KQZnTI[WTQKQ\]LLMY]M[MIKMX\MTIIK]U]TIKQ~VKWV\MVQLI
MV TI LMUIVLI W MV TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V [WTQKQ\]L Y]M MV ZMITQLIL [M []J[]UM LMV\ZW LM TI
XM\QKQ~VUQ[UIXIZIY]M[MILUQ\II\ZnUQ\MIY]uTTILMUIVLIWMV[]KI[WTIIUXTQIKQ~V
LMTILMUIVLIWTIIUXTQIKQ~VLMTIZMKWV^MVKQ~V
-T IZ\ LMT +~LQOW ]\QTQbI LM V]M^W TI NZI[M IXZMKQIZ LM WKQW XIZI ZMNMZQZ[M I TI
IK]U]TIKQ~V [WTQKQ\ILI XWZ MT LMUIVLIV\M -V ZMITQLIL TW Y]M M[\W [QOVQKI M[ Y]M MT
R]Mb ^MTIZn XWZ TI KWUXZWJIKQ~V LM [Q TI IK]U]TIKQ~V [][KQ\ILI MV TI LMUIVLI W MV TI
ZMKWV^MVKQ~VM[TMOITUMV\MKWZZMK\IWVW;QMV\QMVLMY]MVWM[I[yLMIK]MZLWITW[TyUQ\M[
IV\MZQWZUMV\M MV]VKQILW[ LIZn XTIbW LM KQVKW LyI[ IT IK\WZ XIZI Y]M MTQUQVM ]VI LM TI[
XM\QKQWVM[QVKWUXI\QJTM[TWY]MTITMaTTIUI[]J[IVIZaLMVWPIKMZTWTILMUIVLI[MZn
QVILUQ[QJTM\ITKWUWLMKTIZIMTIZ\XnZZINW[MO]VLW+8+5
)TUIZOMVLMTKWV\ZWTLMWKQWTIXIZ\MLMUIVLILIXWLZnWXWVMZKWUWM`KMXKQ~VXZWKM[ITTI
LMIK]U]TIKQ~VQVLMJQLILMIKKQWVM[Y]MLMJMZnZM[WT^MZ[MMVMT\ZnUQ\MM[\IJTMKQLWXIZIMTTW
I]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQILMTXZWKM[WKWUVWI]LQMVKQILMXZ]MJIMVMTIJZM^QILWW[QM[MV
NI[MMRMK]\QÎWMV]VQVKQLMV\MMVMTXZQUMZIK\WWZITLMT\ZnUQ\MXZWKM[ITKWZZM[XWVLQMV\M
IZ\
135
ACUMULACIN DE PROCESOS
;=5):17" 1 ,Q[XW[QKQWVM[ KWU]VM[" :MY]Q[Q\W[ LM XZWKMLMVKQI
)K]U]TIKQWVM[XZWPQJQLI[+WV\ZWTaMNMK\W[LMTIXZM[MV\IKQ~VLMTI[WTQKQ\]L
:MOTI[ XIZ\QK]TIZM[ MV TI \ZIUQ\IKQ~V LM TI IK]U]TIKQ~V LM XZWKM[W[ IV\M MT
UQ[UW \ZQJ]VIT :MOTI[ XIZ\QK]TIZM[ MV TI \ZIUQ\IKQ~V LM TI IK]U]TIKQ~V LM
XZWKM[W[IV\MLQ[\QV\W[\ZQJ]VITM[
1.15.4 Disposiciones comunes:

1.15.4.1 Requisitos de procedencia:
)LMUn[ LM TI[ ZIbWVM[ Y]M N]VLIV TI ZM]VQ~V MV ]V UQ[UW XZWKMLQUQMV\W LM \WLI[ TI[
XZM\MV[QWVM[ Y]M [M \QMVMV XWZ MT LMUIVLIV\M KWV\ZI MT LMUIVLILW QUXTMUMV\I MT V]M^W
+~LQOWKWUWIV\M[aITWPIKyIMT+8+MTQV[\Q\]\WLMTIIK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZWKM[W[XIZIM^Q\IZ
TIM`Q[\MVKQILMNITTW[KWV\ZILQK\WZQW[MV\ZMKI][I[Y]MXZM[MV\IVIVQLILM[NnK\QKI[aR]ZyLQKI[
MV\ZM [y I]VY]M VW QLMV\QLIL \W\IT X]M[ MV\WVKM[ MT UMVW[ IV\QO]W M[\IZyI QVNZQVOQMVLW TI
TQ\Q[XMVLMVKQIILMUn[LMTWOZIZTIMKWVWUyIXZWKM[IT[]JaIKMV\MITI]VQKIKQ~VLM\ZnUQ\M[
y resoluciones.
7JRM\Q^W[ Y]M \IUJQuV ZMKWVWKM TI R]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI XI\ZQI,MV\ZW LM M[\M KIUXW LM TI
IK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZWKM[W[MV\WVKM[[MLQ[\QVO]MXWZTITMaIY]MTTIY]M[MNWZUITQbIIV\M]V
UQ[UW~ZOIVWR]LQKQITX]M[\WLI[TI[KI][I[INMK\ILI[[M^MV\QTIVIV\M[]R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V#aXWZ
W\ZWTILWMT[]X]M[\WMVY]MTW[LQ^MZ[W[KWV\MVKQW[W[[MPITTIVI\ZQJ]QLW[ILQ[\QV\W[\ZQJ]VITM[
de justicia.
>MZMUW[TIZMO]TIKQ~VM[XMKyKIY]M[MKWV\MUXTIXIZIKILI]VW+WV\WLWM`Q[\MV\IUJQuV
]VI[ZMOTI[KWU]VM[Y]MLMJMVZM[XM\IZ[MMVIUJI[UWLITQLILM[IK]U]TI\QÎ[-VKWVKZM\W
TI[Y]M[QO]MV"
+WUWMV[M}ITI;MV\MVKQILMTI;ITILMTW+Q^QTLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM LMIOW[\WLMLQK\ILIITI[!
PWZI[ZMN6Î;;IXZWX~[Q\WLMTIMV\WVKM[LMVWUQVILIIK]U]TIKQ~VLMI]\W[PWaLMXZWKM[W["4I
TMaLM\MZUQVIY]MTIIK]U]TIKQ~VLMI]\W[LMJM\MVMZT]OIZ[QMUXZMY]M[M\ZIUQ\MV[MXIZILIUMV\MLW[WUn[
XZWKM[W[Y]MLMJIVKWV[\Q\]QZ]V[WTWR]QKQWa\MZUQVIZXWZ]VI[WTI[MV\MVKQIXIZIUIV\MVMZTIKWV\QVMVKQI
W]VQLILLMTIKI][I#KWUWKWV[MK]MVKQITIIK]U]TIKQ~VXZWKMLMXIZIM^Q\IZY]MVW[MLQ^QLITIKWV\QVMVKQILM
TIKI][I[Q[M[QO]MV[MXIZILIUMV\MTW[XZWKM[W[4ILWK\ZQVIM[\IJTMKMY]MTIKWV\QVMVKQIW]VQLILLMTI
KI][I[MLM[\Z]aMK]IVLWLQ^MZ[W[R]QKQW[Y]M[M[QOIVXWZ[MXIZILW\QMVMVLMKWUVXWZTWUMVW[LW[LMM[\W[
\ZM[MTMUMV\W["I4I[XIZ\M[#J-TWJRM\WLMTIIKKQ~V#aK4IKI][ILMXMLQZTIIKKQ~V9]MTIIK]U]TIKQ~V
MVMTKI[WLMI]\W[[MXZWL]RWXWZY]MXWZTWUMVW[MV\ZMTW[LW[R]QKQW[M`Q[\MVMTUQ[UWWJRM\WLMTIIKKQ~V
W[MILMKTIZIZV]TITIKWUXZI^MV\ILMTIMUXZM[IKWUMZKQITaILMUn[TIUQ[UIKI][ILMXMLQZTIIKKQ~VW[MI
MVR]QKQW[[]UIZQW[UMZKIV\QTM[[Q\]IKQWVM[XWZTI[K]ITM[VW[MPILM[\Z]QLWTIKWV\QVMVKQIW]VQLILLMTIKI][I
aJ9]MMTMNMK\WLMTIIK]U]TIKQ~VM[KWV[\Q\]QZ]V[WTWR]QKQWa\MZUQVIZXWZ]VI[WTI[MV\MVKQIKWVMT
WJRM\WXZMKQ[IUMV\MLMUIV\MVMZTIKWV\QVMVKQIW]VQLILLMTIKI][ILMIPyY]MTIIK]U]TIKQ~VV]VKIPI\MVQLW
KWUWWJRM\Q^WY]M[M\MVOIKWUWXIZ\MIY]QMVVWPI[QLWXIZ\MLMUIVLILIMV]VWLMTW[R]QKQW[IK]U]TILW[
aY]M[QTWPI[QLWMVMTW\ZWR]QKQWY]M[MIK]U]TI\ITKWUWPIWK]ZZQLWMVMTKI[WMVM[\]LQWM[LMKQZY]MTW[
R]QKQW[VW[MKWVN]VLMV[QVWY]MKILIR]QKQWKWV[MZÎ[]QVLQ^QL]ITQLIL
136

I 4ITMOQ\QUIKQ~VXIZIXWLMZXMLQZTIIK]U]TIKQ~VKWZZM[XWVLMIK]ITY]QMZXMZ[WVI
Y]MM[\uIK\]IVLWKWVMTKIZnK\MZLMXIZ\MMVITO]VWÎZQW[W\WLW[TW[XZWKM[W[
QV^WT]KZILW[[QVQUXWZ\IZ[QMVMTTW[M`Q[\MWVWXT]ZITQLILLMXIZ\M[VQ[QIK\IKWV
TIKWVLQKQ~VLMIK\WZWLMUIVLILWIZ\+8+5
J 8IZI Y]M X]MLIV IK]U]TIZ[M TI[ KI][I[ M[ VMKM[IZQW Y]M M`Q[\I KWVM`Q~V NnK\QKI
W NnK\QKI a R]ZyLQKI MV\ZM MTTI[ M`Q[\QMVLW XWZ \IV\W ZQM[OW LM XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[
KWV\ZILQK\WZQW[QVKWUXI\QJTM[WU]\]IUMV\MM`KT]aMV\M[MÌZ\
0IJZn[QMUXZMKWVM`Q~VXZW[QO]MLQKQMVLWM[\MLQ[XW[Q\Q^W[QKWVK]ZZMZMTIKQ~VLM
XZMR]LQKQITQLIL LM ]V WJRM\W XZWKM[IT I W\ZW XIZI TW K]IT PMUW[ LM ZMUQ\QZVW[ IT
[QOVQKILW\uKVQKWY]MW\WZOIIM[\IO]ZIMTIZ\LMTXZWXQW+~LQOW;Q\]IKQWVM[
MVTI[Y]MXIZIMV\MVLMZVW[MV]VXZWKM[W[MM[\uLMJI\QMVLW[WJZM]VIZMTIKQ~V
UI\MZQIT Y]M I [] ^Mb [QZ^M XIZI KITQKIZ ITO]VW LM TW[ XZM[]X]M[\W[ LM TI IKKQ~V
MRMZKQ\ILIMVMT[MO]VLWXZWKM[W
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ZM]VQLI[IK]U]TILI[[MZnIY]MTIV\MMTY]M[MM[\u^MV\QTIVLWTIKI][IUn[IV\QO]I
TWY]MI[]^Mb[MLM\MZUQVIZnXWZTINMKPIaPWZILMXZM[MV\IKQ~VLMTILMUIVLI
IZ\[XnZZINW\MZKMZWaQVKQ[W[MO]VLW
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LQ[\QV\W[[QMTR]MbLMTIKI][IUn[IV\QO]IXW[MM\IUJQuVKWUXM\MVKQIWJRM\QÎXIZI
KWVWKMZLMTI[LMUn[IZ\XnZZINW\MZKMZW6WQUXWZ\I[QVMUJIZOWY]MVWTI
\MVOIMVTW\MZZQ\WZQITQVKT][W[QITO]VILMTI[IKKQWVM[\]^QMZMI\ZQJ]QLW]VN]MZW
QUXZWZZWOIJTM"TIZMNWZUIXIZKQITLMITV]M^W+~LQOWPI[]XZQUQLWMTXnZZINW
WQVKQ[WT\QUWLMTKQ\ILWIZ\LWVLMXZMKQ[IUMV\M[MPIKyIZM[MZÎM`XZM[ILM
TIINMK\IKQ~VLM]VN]MZW\MZZQ\WZQITLMM[\IKTI[M-TTW[QOVQKIY]MMTTMOQ[TILWZPI
WX\ILWXWZ]VIUIaWZM`QJQTQbIKQ~VMVM[\MX]V\WINI^WZLMTIIK]U]TIKQ~V
M +IJZn IK]U]TIKQ~V VQKIUMV\M ZM[XMK\W LM KI][I[ Y]M [M M[\uV [][\IVKQIVLW XWZ
MT UQ[UW \QXW LM XZWKMLQUQMV\W KWV TI VQKI M`KMXKQ~V LM LW[ W Un[ XZWKM[W[
LMKTIZI\Q^W[MVMTY]MTIKI][IUn[IV\QO]I[M[QO]MXWZMTXZWKM[WKWUVXWZZIb~V
LMTIUI\MZQIWLMTIK]IV\yIaTI[W\ZI[XZM\MV[QWVM[XWZMTIJZM^QILWMVZIb~VITI
K]IV\yI6WKIJMTIIK]U]TIKQ~VXWZMTKWV\ZIZQWZM[XMK\WLMIY]MTTI[KI][I[Y]M[M
KWVWbKIVXWZMTIJZM^QILWMVZIb~VLMTIUI\MZQII^QZ\]LLMY]MLQKPII\ZQJ]KQ~V
TWM[XWZUW\Q^W[LMWZLMVXJTQKWIZ\XnZZINWXZQUMZW
N
VQKIUMV\MX]MLMVIK]U]TIZ[MTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[Y]M[MPITTMVXMVLQMV\M[LMLMKQ[Q~V
MVXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIVWKWVIY]MTTIY]MaIPIaI[QLWWJRM\WLMZMK]Z[W[QVXMZR]QKQW
LMTIXW[QJQTQLILLMIK]U]TIKQ~VLMu[\W[MÌZ\!
O ;QMVLWIQV[\IVKQILMXIZ\MTIIK]U]TIKQ~VLMJMZn[WTQKQ\IZ[MIV\M[LMTIK\WLMTI
I]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQILMTXZWKM[WKWUVWTILMXZ]MJILMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWIZ\
XnZZINW[MO]VLW
137

1.15.4.2 Acumulaciones prohibidas:
4ITMaXZMûITO]VI[TQUQ\IKQWVM[ITINIK]T\ILLMIK]U]TIZXZWKM[W[IXM[IZLMK]UXTQZ[M
KWVTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[IV\MZQWZUMV\MM`X]M[\W[ITMVK]JZQZTIZM[XMK\QÎ[WTQKQ\]L]VIIVWUITyI
XZWKM[ITY]MLMJMZM[WT^MZ[MXWZW\ZW[UMKIVQ[UW[>MIUW["
I 6WX]MLMVIK]U]TIZ[MLW[XZM\MV[QWVM[K]aW[\ZM[MTMUMV\W[[MIVQLuV\QKW[XIZ\M[
KI][ILMXMLQZapetitumXWZY]MKWVQVLMXMVLMVKQILMY]MKIUJQMVTI[XW[QKQWVM[
LMTW[[]RM\W[MV]VWaW\ZWM[M^QLMV\MY]MTILMUIVLIUn[IV\QO]IMVOMVLZ~KWV
[]ILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MTIM`KMXKQ~VLMTQ\Q[XMVLMVKQITWY]MQUXTQKITIXZWPQJQKQ~V
LM]V[MO]VLWW]T\MZQWZXZWKM[WXIZIKWVWKMZLMTWUQ[UWIZ\!+8+5
-V\ITKI[WMT\ZQJ]VITZMKPIbIZnLMWKQWTIIK]U]TIKQ~VXMZWILMUn[a[QKWVWKQMZI
LM TI [MO]VLI W XW[\MZQWZ IKKQ~V Y]M XWZ LM[XQ[\M PI XMZUQ\QLW Y]M [M IJZQMZI
XWVLZnVIM[W[XZWKM[W[WTWKWU]VQKIZnIV\MMT\ZQJ]VITW\ZQJ]VITM[LWVLM[M
M[\uV[][\IVKQIVLWXIZIY]MTW[IZKPQ^MVKWVKWVLMVIMV\WLI[TI[KW[\I[KI][ILI[
MVTW[XZWKM[W[VITQbILW[
J <IUXWKWX]MLMQV[\IZ[MTIIK]U]TIKQ~VKWVNWZUMITIZ\ LMT+~LQOWK]IVLWTI[

XZM\MV[QWVM[Y]MPIVLILWT]OIZITIIXMZ\]ZILMÎZQW[XZWKM[W[P]JQMZIVXWLQLW
LML]KQZ[MKWVR]V\IUMV\MMVTIUQ[UILMUIVLIMV]VXZWKM[WVQKWM[LMKQZXWZY]M
K]UXTyIKWVTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[XIZITIIK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZM\MV[QWVM[MVTW[\uZUQVW[LMTW[
IZ\[! a[[+8+5
-VM[\I[MO]VLI[Q\]IKQ~VTWY]MM[\IJTMKMMT+~LQOWVWM[Y]MTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[Y]M
VW[MIK]U]TIZWVMVMTUQ[UWXZWKM[WaIVWXWLZnVNWZUITQbIZ[MMVW\ZW]W\ZW[
[~TW PIa XZMKT][Q~V ZMKWZLMUW[ XIZI TI[ ÎZQI[ KI][I[ LM XMLQZ LM ]VI UQ[UI
XZM\MV[Q~V" IZ\ ! XnZZINW [MO]VLW 4W Y]M Un[ JQMV [M Y]QMZM LMKQZ M[ Y]M M[I
[MXIZIKQ~VM[aILMVQ\QÎY]M]VI^MbY]MMTQV\MZM[ILWPQbWLMRIKQ~V^WT]V\IZQI
LMTIXZMZZWOI\QÎY]M\MVyILMZM]VQZTI[IJQVQ\QWMVTIUQ[UIKWV\QMVLIVWXWLZn
ZMK]XMZIZM[MLMZMKPWXW[\MZQWZUMV\MI\ZIû[LM]VM`XMLQMV\MLMIK]U]TIKQ~VLM
XZWKM[W[#XWZMTKWV\ZIZQW\WLI[TI[XZM\MV[QWVM[Y]MLIZnVLMVQ\QÎUMV\M[MXIZILI[
MVXZWKMLQUQMV\W[LQ[\QV\W[-TUMVW[KIJWITIMKWVWUyIXZWKM[ITY]MIM[ILMKQ[Q~V
TMOIT X]MLM []JaIKMZ [M R][\QKI W KWUXMV[I XWZ I[y LMKQZTW KWV TI VMKM[QLIL LM
M^Q\IZY]MMTXZWKM[W[MKWV^QMZ\IMV]VR]O]M\MMVUIVW[LMTW[XIZ\QK]TIZM[K]aW
KIXZQKPWX]V\]ITQV\MZMZIMVMTVWZUITLM^MVQZLMTLM[IZZWTTWR]LQKQITLMTW[I[]V\W[
1.15.4.3 Control y efectos de la presentacin de la solicitud:

1.15.4.3.1 Control:
8ZM[MV\ILI TI [WTQKQ\]L [M \ZI\M LM IK]U]TIKQ~V LM KI][I[ IV\M MT UQ[UW W LQ[\QV\W[
~ZOIVW[R]LQKQITM["^MZX]V\W[QO]QMV\MXIZI[]LM\MZUQVIKQ~VPILMMRMZKQ\IZ[M[QMUXZM]V
control a limine LM [] XZWKMLMVKQI XWZ MT \ZQJ]VIT ZMKMX\WZ ^MZQKIVLW M[MVKQITUMV\M LW[
M`\ZMUW["Y]MTI[WTQKQ\]L\QMVMMTKWV\MVQLWVMKM[IZQWXIZIXWLMZI\MVLMZTIKWVLM\ITTMLM
138

TW[XZWKMLQUQMV\W[QV^WT]KZILW[aMTK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[XIZIY]M[MIK]MZLMTI
IK]U]TIKQ~V#aY]Mprima facieVWZM[]T\MQV^QIJTMTWY]M[MXQLMJQMVXWZY]MMTW\ZWXZWKM[W
aIM[\nVITQbILWW[MPITTIMVQV[\IVKQILQ[\QV\IJQMVXWZY]M[WVXZWKMLQUQMV\W[LMKI]KM
LQ[\QV\W[ ]V WZLQVIZQW a W\ZW M[XMKQIT# ]V LMKTIZIKQ~V a ]VI MRMK]KQ~V JQMV XWZY]M VW [M
\QMVMTITMOQ\QUIKQ~VXIZIPIKMZTI[WTQKQ\]LVW[MIKZMLQ\IMTKIZnK\MZLMXIZ\MMVITO]VWLM
TW[XZWKM[W[;QIXIZMKMX]M[]VUW\Q^WLMZMKPIbWWJRM\Q^WI[yTWIKWZLIZnMTR]MbIZ\
+8+5KWVKMLQMVLWIV\M[XTIbWXMZMV\WZQWXIZI[]J[IVIZK]ITY]QMZLMNMK\WLMTM[KZQ\WY]M
[MIV\WRIZI[]J[IVIJTMLuKQ\LMQVNWZUIKQ~V
1.15.4.3.2 Efectos:
-V K]IV\W I TW[ MNMK\W[ LMZQÎLW[ LM TI XZM[MV\IKQ~V a ILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M Y]M VW \WLI^yI
LMTILMKQ[Q~VLMTI[WTQKQ\]LIXIZ\MLMTIXZWXQIIXMZ\]ZILMTQVKQLMV\MMV[yQV\MZM[I\MVMZ
XZM[MV\MY]MLMIK]MZLWKWVTWM[\IJTMKQLWMVMTIZ\LMT+~LQOWVW[][XMVLMZnMTK]Z[W
LMTW[Y]M[MXZM\MVLIIK]U]TIZXMZWMT\ZQJ]VITY]MKWVWbKILMKILI]VWLMJMZnIJ[\MVMZ[M
LMLQK\IZ[MV\MVKQIMVK]ITY]QMZILMMTTW[MV\IV\WVWPIaILMKQ[Q~V[WJZMTIXZWKMLMVKQILM
TI IK]U]TIKQ~V [][XMVLQuVLW[M IT MNMK\W MT XTIbW XIZI LQK\IZTI 4uI[M [MV\MVKQI W MV []
KI[WTIZM[WT]KQ~VLMVQ\QÎLMM[W[XZWKMLQUQMV\W[XWZMRMVNWZUILMI]\W\ZI\nVLW[MLM
MRMK]KQWVM[
1.15.4.4 Reglas particulares en la tramitacin de la acumulacin de

procesos ante el mismo tribunal:
+]IVLWMT\ZQJ]VITY]MTTMÎ\WLW[TW[I[]V\W[[][KMX\QJTM[LMIK]U]TIKQ~V[MIMTUQ[UW
ITVWPIJMZM`Q[\QLWVQVOVUW\Q^WTMOITXIZIY]MKWVWKQMZILMITO]VWLMMTTW[]V\ZQJ]VIT
LQ[\QV\W [MZn uT WJ^QIUMV\M IV\M MT Y]M [M XTIV\MIZn TI KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M [WTQKQ\]L *QMV XWZ
M[KZQ\WWMVMTnUJQ\WLMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWLMUIVMZIWZITL]ZIV\MTII]LQMVKQILMXZ]MJI
[QVW[MPQbWIV\M[IZ\+8+5
=VI^MbXZWL]KQLITIILUQ[Q~VLMTI[WTQKQ\]LMTQVKQLMV\MLMIK]U]TIKQ~VKWVTTMÎMV
M[\W[KI[W[TIIXMZ\]ZILM]V\ZnUQ\MLMITMOIKQWVM[XWZ\ZM[LyI[\IV\WITI[LMUn[XMZ[WVI[
Y]M[WVXIZ\MMVMTXZWKM[WLWVLMTWM[Y]QMVPIXZM[MV\ILWLQKPIXM\QKQ~VKWUWIY]QMVM[
[MIV XIZ\M[ MV TW[ LMUn[ XZWKM[W[ QV^WT]KZILW[ I V LM Y]M X]MLIV LIZ [] WXQVQ~V KWV
IZZMOTWI,MZMKPWMV[MV\QLWNI^WZIJTMWLQ[KZMXIV\MaI[MIMV\WLWTIIK]U]TIKQ~VVWKIJM
XWZQTMOITWaI[MIMVXIZ\M[QKIJMXMZWVWITY]M[MLQKMKWUWUn[IV\QO]W[QVWIW\ZWLM
MTTW[ITIIK]U]TIKQ~V
4IVQKIM`KMXKQ~V[MZnXIZITI[XIZ\M[LMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWLWVLMMVKWVKZM\W[MNWZU]TITI
[WTQKQ\]LQV^WKMVWTI[XIZ\M[LMTW[LMUn[XZWKM[W[Y]MI]VY]M[MM[\uV\IUJQuV^MV\QTIVLW
XWZMTR]QKQWIJZM^QILWVWM[\nVM[MLyIIPyTI[K]ITM[KWV\M[\IZnVMVMTUQ[UWIK\WLQKQMVLW
TWY]M\MVOIVXWZKWV^MVQMV\M[WJZMTIUQ[UIIZ\+8+5
8I[ILWMTXTIbWWPIJQuVLW[MXZM[MV\ILWIV\M[ITMOIKQWVM[XWZ\WLW[KWVJI[MMVTW
Y]M[MP]JQMZMITMOILWMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITMVTW[KQVKWLyI[[QO]QMV\M[ZM[WT^MZnKIJQMVLWLW[
XW[QJQTQLILM[ITZM[XMK\WIZ\+8+5"
139

I ;Q\WLI[TI[XIZ\M[M[\]^QMZIVLMIK]MZLWKWVTIIK]U]TIKQ~VMTR]MbTIIKWZLIZnM[\u
WVWLMIK]MZLWKWVMTTI+]IVLW[MPIJTILMIK]MZLWLMTI[XIZ\M[VW[MZMMZMIT
IK]MZLWLM\WLW[TW[Y]MP]JQMZIVXZM[MV\ILWITMOIKQWVM[[QVWIY]MLMPMKPW\WLI[
TI[XIZ\M[LM\WLI[TI[KWV\QMVLI[QV^WT]KZILI[[QVM`KMXKQ~VPIVLMJQLWITMOIZa
ILMUn[MV[MV\QLWNI^WZIJTM-T[QTMVKQWVWÎTM4ILQKKQ~VLMTIZ\+8+5[Q
\WLI[TI[XIZ\M[M[\]^QMZMVLMIK]MZLWKWVMTTILQ[\QV\II[]^MbITIY]MMUXTMIMT
+~LQOWMVMTIZ\XIZITIIK]U]TIKQ~VIV\MLQ[\QV\W[\ZQJ]VITM[^MZinfraZM[]T\I
LM\MZUQVIV\M;~TWTIKWVNWZUQLILM`XZM[I^QVK]TIZnIY]yITR]Mb
J ;QXWZMTKWV\ZIZQWITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[VW[MXZWV]VKQIW[QITO]VILMMTTI[TWPIKM
XMZW LQ[QV\QMVLW LM TI IK]U]TIKQ~V MT \ZQJ]VIT ZM[WT^MZn TW Y]M KWZZM[XWVLI MV
,MZMKPWM[LMKQZ"
;QIXZMKQITIKWVK]ZZMVKQILMTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[TMOITM[M`QOQLW[IKKMLMZnITIIK]U]TIKQ~VaI
[MIINI^WZLMTXZWKM[WY]MPIaIQVLQKILWMT[WTQKQ\IV\M#aI[MIIIY]MTW\ZWLMTW[XZWKM[W[
QV^WT]KZILW[Y]MZM[]T\IZMZMITUMV\MMTUn[IV\QO]W
7JQMVZMKPIbIZnTIIK]U]TIKQ~V[QVWXZWKMLMXWZTMa
,M IKMX\IZ[M TI IK]U]TIKQ~V u[\I [M PIZn KWUW aI [M [IJM I NI^WZ LM TI KI][I Un[
IV\QO]ITWY]MJn[QKIUMV\MQUXTQKI\ZM[KW[I["
I ;][XMV[Q~VLMLQKPWXZWKMLQUQMV\WMTUn[IV\QO]W[QN]MZIVMKM[IZQWPI[\IY]M
\WLW[TW[LMUn[TTMO]MVI[]UQ[UWM[\ILQW
J ;][XMV[Q~V LM TW[ LMUn[ XZWKMLQUQMV\W[ [Q PIV IÎVbILW Un[ Y]M IY]uT W
KWV\QV]IKQ~VLMLQKPW[XZWKM[W[PI[\IY]MITKIVKMVQLuV\QKI\ZIUQ\IKQ~VY]MMTUn[
IV\QO]W
K
=VI^MbMY]QXIZILW[[MQUXWVLZnTI]VQLILLMIK\WaLMXZWKMLQUQMV\WXIZI\WLI[
TI[XIZ\M[IK\]IKQWVM[Y]M[MQZnV]VQMVLWITM`XMLQMV\MLMTIKI][IUn[IV\QO]I
aY]M]VI^MbKWUXTM\ILWVITQbIZnXWZ]VI[MV\MVKQIVQKIMVTIY]M[MZM[WT^MZn
XWZ[MXIZILW[WJZMKILI]VILMTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[WJRM\W[XZWKM[ITM[IK]U]TILI[
1.15.4.5 Reglas particulares en la tramitacin de la acumulacin de

procesos ante distintos tribunales:
-VM[\IPQX~\M[Q[aLILITILQ^MZ[QLILLM~ZOIVW[R]LQKQITM[KWVKMZVQLW[MTQ\MZXZWKM[ITLMT
QVKQLMV\MT~OQKIUMV\M[M\WZVIUn[KWUXTMRW"
1.15.4.5.1.- Tramitacin de la solicitud (Fase 1):

,MMV\ZILIPIaY]MLQ[\QVO]QZMV\ZMTIKWUXM\MVKQIXIZIZMKQJQZMTM[KZQ\WLM[WTQKQ\]LLM
TIIK]U]TIKQ~VaTIKWUXM\MVKQIXIZI\ZIUQ\IZaZM[WT^MZMTQVKQLMV\MLMIK]U]TIKQ~V
140

,MIK]MZLWKWVMTIZ\LMT+~LQOWTI[WTQKQ\]LXWLZnXZM[MV\IZ[MIV\MK]ITY]QMZILMTW[
R]MKM[Y]MM[\uKWVWKQMVLWLMTI[KI][I[INMK\ILI[X]LQMVLWWK]ZZQZ[QVMUJIZOWY]MVW
[MILQKPW\ZQJ]VITIY]MTY]MLMJI[][\IVKQIZMTQVKQLMV\M\IZMIY]MTITMaI[QOVIMVKWVKZM\W
IIY]MTLWVLM[MM[\u^MV\QTIVLWMTXZWKM[WUn[IV\QO]WX]M[[MZnI[]^MbMTKWUXM\MV\M
XIZIKWVWKMZLM\WLW[TW[WJRM\W[XZWKM[ITM[]VI^MbIK]U]TILW[
)[yX]M[MT\ZQJ]VITY]MZMKQJITI[WTQKQ\]LaY]MVWX]MLMVMOIZ[MIPIKMZTWLMVW[MZMT
KWUXM\MV\MI[]^MbXIZITTMÎZIKIJWMTQVKQLMV\M[MTQUQ\IZnILIZTMKI]KMZMUQ\QuVLWTIIT
\ZQJ]VITY]M[yTW[MI
8IZI XWLMZ [IJMZ I Y]u \ZQJ]VIT ZMUQ\QZ TI [WTQKQ\]L MT R]Mb ZMKMX\WZ LMJMZn I\MVLMZ I TW[
\uZUQVW[LMTM[KZQ\WY]M[MXZM[MV\IIZ\+8+5#WJQMV[WTQKQ\]LWZIT[QMVLWTII]LQMVKQI
LMTIJZM^QILWIXTQKIKQ~VXWZIVITWOyILMTIZ\[QMUXZMY]M[MTMÎV\MIK\IKWVMTKWV\MVQLW
LMTI[WTQKQ\]LXIZIKWV[\IVKQILMTW[LMUn[\ZQJ]VITM[MVMTY]M[M[]XWVMY]M\QMVMVY]M^MVQZ
M[XMKQKILW[TW[XZWKMLQUQMV\W[Y]M[MXZM\MVLMY]M[MIK]U]TMV
;QLMTM[KZQ\WVW[MLMZQÎK]nT[MZyIMTUn[IV\QO]WVQK]IV\WUMVW[TIUIaWZIV\QOMLIL
LM ITO]VW LM MTTW[ ZM[XMK\W LMT Y]M M[\n \ZIUQ\IVLW [Q I[y N]MZI TM MV^QIZn MT M[KZQ\W [M
LMJM LQZQOQZ I TW[ ZM[XMK\Q^W[ \ZQJ]VITM[ KWU]VQKIVLW TI KQZK]V[\IVKQI LM TI XZM[MV\IKQ~V
LM TI [WTQKQ\]L I V LM Y]M KILI ]VW LM MTTW[ TM QVLQY]M TI NMKPI LM XZM[MV\IKQ~V LM TI[
KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M[ LMUIVLI[ a I[y LM\MZUQVIZ K]nT M[ MT XTMQ\W Un[ IV\QO]W XIZI [IJMZ MV
LMVQ\QÎ[QI[]UQZnuTWVWTI[][\IVKQIKQ~VLMTIXZQUMZINI[MLMTQVKQLMV\MLMIK]U]TIKQ~V
W[QTWLMJMZMMV^QIZIW\ZW~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT
1.15.4.5.2.- Determinacin de si procede la acumulacin (Fase 2):

:MKQJQLITI[WTQKQ\]LXWZMT\ZQJ]VITKWUXM\MV\Mprima facieXIZI\ZIUQ\IZMTQVKQLMV\M^MZTW
Y]MaI[MPIM`XTQKILWITZM[XMK\Wu[\MIJZQZnMVMT[MVWLMTXZWKM[WUn[IV\QO]WITY]M[M
IK]U]TIZyIVTW[LMUn[]V\ZnUQ\MLMI]LQMVKQIXWZ\ZM[LyI[ITI[XIZ\M[XMZ[WVILI[MVuT
\ZI[MTK]ITZM[WT^MZnXWZI]\W[QM[\QUIY]MTIIK]U]TIKQ~VXZWKMLM[QXZWKMLMIV\MuTaI
Y]uXZWKM[W[MIK]U]TIZyIVTW[W\ZW[
;QZMKPIbITIIK]U]TIKQ~VTWKWU]VQKIZnIT\ZQJ]VITY]MTMP]JQMZMZMUQ\QLWTI[WTQKQ\]L[Q
N]MZMMTKI[WXIZIY]M[MXIY]Mu[\I[MPIZMKPIbILWIZ\+8+5
,ILWY]MMTIZ\LMKTIZIIXTQKIJTM[TI[VWZUI[IV\MZQWZM[MV\ZMMTTI[MTIZ\PIJZn
Y]MMV\MVLMZY]M[Q\WLI[TI[XIZ\M[LMTXZWKM[WUn[IV\QO]WM[\nVLMIK]MZLWM`XZM[IUMV\M
KWVTIIK]U]TIKQ~VMTR]MbVW\MVLZnUIZOMVIY]yXIZILMKQLQZW\ZIKW[ILMTWKWV\ZIZQW[y
TI\MVLZnKWUXZWJIVLWTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[TMOITM[[QVXMZR]QKQWLMLMTWY]MT]MOWWK]ZZIIV\M
los otros jueces.
,MT MV]VKQILW LMT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW [M LM[XZMVLM TI XZWPQJQKQ~V OMVMZIT LM [MO]VLI[ W
]T\MZQWZM[XM\QKQWVM[LMIK]U]TIKQ~VXWZMTUQ[UW[]RM\WINI^WZLMW\ZW[\ZQJ]VITM[aXZWKM[W[
;Q \ITM[ [M NWZUITQbIV [MZnV LMVMOILI[ XWZ MT \ZQJ]VIT LWVLM [M XTIV\MM W u[\M LMRIZn LM
KWVWKMZLMTIUQ[UIMVK]IV\W\MVOIKWVWKQUQMV\WLMY]MP]JWW\ZIIV\MZQWZ
141

1.15.4.5.3 Requerimiento (Fase 3):
,MLQK\IZ[MI]\WM[\QUI\WZQWPILM\MVMZT]OIZ]VIKWU]VQKIKQ~VKWVTW[LMUn[\ZQJ]VITM[
Y]MM[\]^QMZIVKWVWKQMVLWLMTI[W\ZI[KI][I[QVNWZUnVLWTM[MTZMY]QZMV\M[]IKMX\IKQ~VLM
TIIK]U]TIKQ~VaZMY]QZQuVLWTM[XIZIY]MTMZMUQ\IVTI[IK\]IKQWVM[PI[\IMTXZM[MV\MTWY]M
\IV\W[QOVQKIKWUWY]MIKMX\MVM[IIK]U]TIKQ~VKWVKMZ\QKIKQ~VLMTWXMZ\QVMV\MXIZI
LIZIKWVWKMZTIKI][IXWZTIY]M[MXZM\MVLMTIIK]U]TIKQ~VaTI[ITMOIKQWVM[Y]MMV[]KI[W
PIaIVNWZU]TILWTI[XIZ\M[LQ[\QV\I[LMT[WTQKQ\IV\MLMTIIK]U]TIKQ~VIZ\
)\MVLQMVLWITIVI\]ZITMbIM[XMKyKILMTWY]MIY]y[MXTIV\MITIKMZ\QKIKQ~VW\M[\QUWVQW
LMJM QVKT]QZ TW[ MTMUMV\W[ VMKM[IZQW[ XIZI XWLMZ R]bOIZ XWZ KILI \ZQJ]VIT K]nTM[ [WV TI[
XZM\MV[QWVM[LML]KQLI[MVTW[XZWKM[W[INMK\ILW[RIZ[]XW[QJTMKWVM`Q~VMV\ZMMTTI[aTW[
LI\W[[WJZMKWUXM\MVKQIaXZWKMLQUQMV\WLMKILIKI][IQVKT]aMVLWMVK]IV\WIM[\MT\QUW
[QTWPI[QLWXWZZIb~VLMTIUI\MZQIWLMTIK]IV\yI
1.15.4.5.4.- Decisin por el rgano u rganos requeridos (Fase 4):

:MKQJQLWMTZMY]MZQUQMV\WKILI~ZOIVWR]LQKQITZMY]MZQLWLMJMZnMV\WVKM[IK\]IZKWVNWZUM
I]VIXZQUMZIKQZK]V[\IVKQILMKQ[QÎY]MKWVLQKQWVIZn\WLWTWLMUn["
a)
Si constata que se le han formulado dos o ms requerimientos de

acumulacin, provenientes por tanto de dos o ms tribunales:
)]\WUn\QKIUMV\M\ZI[TILIZnMTI[]V\WITI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM2][\QKQIKM[IVLWLMPIKMZVILI
Un[M[\WM[[][XMVLQMVLWMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WY]MTTMÎI[]KIZOWKWVVW\QKIKQ~VLMMTTW\IV\W
ITW[\ZQJ]VITM[ZMY]QZMV\M[KWUWITI[XIZ\M[LM[]XZWKM[WIZ\+8+5"IIY]uTTW[XIZI
Y]M\IUJQuVMTM^MV\M[\QUWVQWLMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[ITI+WZ\MaIu[\W[XIZIY]MX]MLIVIK]LQZ
IV\MTI+WZ\MILMNMVLMZ[M
-T\ZnUQ\MIV\MTI+WZ\M;]XZMUIM[MTXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\ITY]MT]MOWPIZMUW[ZMNMZMVKQI
,MVW[MZI[yaZMKQJQZ]VVQKWZMY]MZQUQMV\WIK\]IZnMTZMY]MZQLWKWVNWZUMITW[XI[W[Y]M
IPWZI^MZMUW[MVMTMV\MVLQLWLMY]M[QXW[\MZQWZUMV\MZMKQJM]V[MO]VLWZMY]MZQUQMV\WLM
W\ZW\ZQJ]VITIXTQKIZnIXIZ\QZLMM[MQV[\IV\MTIZMOTILMTIZ\Y]M[MIKIJILMM`XWVMZ
b)
Si slo existe un tribunal requirente:
;MZnTIOMVMZITQLILLMTW[KI[W[+ILI]VWLMTW[~ZOIVW[ZMY]MZQLW[LMJMVIJZQZMV\WVKM[
]V \ZnUQ\M LM I]LQMVKQI XWZ \ZM[ LyI[ I TI[ XIZ\M[ XMZ[WVILI[ MV TW[ KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M[
XZWKMLQUQMV\W[[IT^WIY]MTTW[Y]MTWM[\]^QMZIV\IUJQuVMVIY]MTXZWKM[WUn[IV\QO]WX]M[
u[\I[ aI M[\nV MV\MZILI[ a PIV NWZU]TILW ITMOIKQWVM[ IV\M MT ZMY]QZMV\M XMZUQ\QuVLWTM[
IKKMLMZ I TW[ \M[\QUWVQW[ Y]M [M PIV ZMKQJQLW LMT ~ZOIVW ZMY]QZMV\M I V LM XWLMZ PIKMZ
TI[ ITMOIKQWVM[ Y]M M[\QUMV WXWZ\]VI[ IZ\ ! ) TI ^Q[\I LM MTTW KILI ]VW LM TW[ R]MKM[
ZMY]MZQLW[ZM[WT^MZnZM[XMK\WLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\W[Y]M\]^QMZII[]KIZOWITO]VILMTI[K]I\ZW
[WT]KQWVM[XW[QJTM[M`KT]aMV\M[MV\ZM[yIZ\+8+5"
142

I )KKMLMZnITIIK]U]TIKQ~VINI^WZLMTZMK]ZZMV\MaTMZMUQ\QZnTWIK\]ILWPI[\IM[M
UWUMV\W[QVQVO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[XMZ[WVILI[MVLQKPWXZWKM[WI[]KIZOW[MWXWVMV
IMTTW6WM[XZMKQ[WY]MMUQ\IV[]KWVNWZUQLILM`XZM[IUMV\M[~TWY]MVWTWPIOIV
MVKWV\ZIQVKT][WXWZY]MVWITMO]MVVILIIZ\"[QVQVO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[[M
WX][QMZMITIIK]U]TIKQ~V
J )KKMLMZn\IUJQuVITI[WTQKQ\]LIK]U]TI\QÎ[QXM[MIVWLQ[KZMXIVKQILMITO]VILM
TI[XIZ\M[LMTXZWKM[WI[]KIZOWTWY]M[MITMOIZMXIZIN]VLIZTILQ[KWVNWZUQLIL
N]MZMTWUQ[UWLMTWaIITMOILWa\MVQLWMVK]MV\IXWZMTR]MbZMY]QZMV\MKWVNWZUM
I}ILMMTUQ[UWIZ\+8+5XIZIM[W[MZnLMKQ[Q^WMTMÌUMVLMTW[\M[\QUWVQW[
Y]M[MPIaIVZMUQ\QLWXWZM[\MT\QUW
K
)KKMLMZnITIIK]U]TIKQ~V\IUJQuV[QXM[MIM`Q[\QZLQ[KZMXIVKQI[MT\ZQJ]VITIXZMKQI
Y]MITUMVW[ZM[XMK\WLMM[MXZWKM[WI[]KIZOW[yKWVK]ZZMVTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[TMOITM[
XIZITIIK]U]TIKQ~V
L :MKPIbIZn TI IK]U]TIKQ~V XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW [Q I XIZ\QZ LM TI[ LQ[KZMXIVKQI[ a LM
TW Y]M MT R]Mb KWUXZ]MJM MV M[\ZQK\W [MO]QUQMV\W LM TI TMOITQLIL ZM[]T\M KWUW VW
IKZMLQ\ILITIKI][ILMIK]U]TIKQ~V^nTQLI7JQMVMV\QMVLMY]MPILM[MZIV\MMT
[]aWY]M[MIK]U]TMV\WLW[TW[LMUn[
1.15.4.5.5.- Contestacin al requirente (Fase 5):

;Q [M IKMX\I TI IK]U]TIKQ~V XWZ MT ZMY]MZQLW W XWZ TW[ Y]M TW [MIV [M KWU]VQKIZn I[y IT
~ZOIVWZMY]QZMV\MaITI[XIZ\M[LMTXZWKM[WI[]KIZOWXIZIY]MX]MLIVXMZ[WVIZ[MMVMT
XTIbWLM\ZM[LyI[IV\MMT\ZQJ]VITZMY]QZMV\MaKWV\QV]IZITTyTILMNMV[ILM[][XZM\MV[QWVM[
IZ\+8+5\WLWMTTWKWVZMUQ[Q~VLMTW[I]\W[=VI^MbZMKQJQLW[u[\W[[MXZWKMLMZnI
TIMY]QXIZIKQ~VMVTI\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMTW[XZWKM[W[aIXIZ\QZLMIPyI[][][\IVKQIKQ~VVQKI
LMTUWLWKWUWaIUMVKQWVIUW[MVTIIK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZWKM[W[IV\MMTUQ[UW\ZQJ]VIT
1.15.4.5.6.- Posible planteamiento de cuestin de competencia ante la Corte

Suprema (posible Fase 6):
;Q ITO]VW LM TW[ ~ZOIVW[ R]LQKQITM[ ZMY]MZQLW[ VW IKMX\IZM TI IK]U]TIKQ~V Y]M [M TM QV[\I
TWQVNWZUIZnI[yITZMY]QZMV\MXTIV\MIVLWTIK]M[\Q~VIV\MTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM2][\QKQI-T
\ZQJ]VITZMY]QZMV\MLMJMZnQVNWZUIZ\IUJQuVITI+WZ\MY]M[MPILILWXWZVW\QKILWLMTI
LMKQ[Q~VLMTZMY]MZQLWIVLMZMKWVWKMZY]MM[TI+WZ\MTIY]MPILMZM[WT^MZMTXZWJTMUI
)TUQ[UW\QMUXW\IV\W\ZQJ]VITZMY]QZMV\MKWUWZMY]MZQLW[LMJMZnVW\QKIZLMMTTWITI[
XIZ\M[XMZ[WVILI[IV\MuTXIZIY]MX]MLIVXZM[MV\IZITMOIKQWVM[IV\MTI+WZ\M;]XZMUIXWZ
M[KZQ\WMVMTXTIbWLM\ZM[LyI[IKMZKILMTIIK]U]TIKQ~VIZ\+8+5
;M}ITIMTIZ\LMT+~LQOWY]MTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM2][\QKQIMVXTMVWLMKQLQZnXWZUMLQW
LMI]\WaMVMTXTIbWLMTW[KQVKWLyI[[QO]QMV\M[TWY]MKWZZM[XWVLILMIK]MZLWKWV\WLITI
LWK]UMV\IKQ~VZMUQ\QLIITMOIKQWVM[\M[\QUWVQW[LMTW[M[KZQ\W[LMTI[XIZ\M[M\K
143

4IM`XZM[Q~VMVXTMVWVWLMJM\WUIZ[MKWUWZMNMZQLII\WLITI+WZ\M[QVMUJIZOW[QVW
[~TWI[];ITILMTW+Q^QT-VMNMK\WaXWZQUXWZ\IV\MY]M[QVL]LIX]MLIZM^M[\QZ]VI[WTQKQ\]L
LM IK]U]TIKQ~V LM LW[ W Un[ XZWKM[W[ IV\M LQ[\QV\W[ \ZQJ]VITM[ KQ^QTM[ K]IVLW M[ IV\M MT
UQ[UW\ZQJ]VITIXM[IZLMY]MMTXMZR]QKQWLMVWIK]U]TIZLM[LMTIXMZ[XMK\QÎLM[MV\MVKQI[
KWV\ZILQK\WZQI[ZM[]T\IMÌK\IUMV\MMTUQ[UWVWKIJM[QVMUJIZOWKWV\ZWTLMTI+WZ\MVW
^MUW[VQVO]VIK]M[\Q~VLMWZLMVXJTQKWVQLMOZIV\ZI[KMVLMVKQIWZOnVQKIY]MR][\QY]M
VILIUMVW[Y]MI^WKIZI\WLW[TW[5IOQ[\ZILW[LMTI[\ZM[;ITI[LMTI+WZ\MIY]MM[\]LQMV
[QXZWKMLMWVWTIIK]U]TIKQ~V;yY]MTWPIOIVTW[5IOQ[\ZILW[LMTWZLMVR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITIT
Y]MKWZZM[XWVLMVTW[ZMNMZQLW[I[]V\W[Y]M[WVTW[LMTI;ITI+Q^QT
4W Y]M LMKQLI TI +WZ\M ;]XZMUI ^QVK]TIZn LM[LM T]MOW I \WLW[ TW[ XZWKMLQUQMV\W[
KWVKMZVQLW[aNZMV\MITI]\WY]MLQK\MVWKIJZnZMK]Z[WITO]VWMÌZ\+8+5
144
FINALIZACIN ANTICIPADA DEL PROCESO:

;=5):17"1.QVITQbIKQ~VIV\QKQXILI"KWVKMX\W.QVITQbIKQ~VXWZQUXZWXWVQ
JQTQLIL[WJZM^MVQLILMTXZWKM[W11.QVITQbIKQ~VXWZKIUJQWLMKQZK]V[\IVKQI["
:MTIKQ~V KWV TI TQ\Q[XMVLMVKQI 4I XW[QJTM [I\Q[NIKKQ~V M`\ZIXZWKM[IT LM TI
XZM\MV[Q~V1118WZTINWZUITQbIKQ~VLMUMKIVQ[UW[LMI]\WKWUXW[QKQ~VXZWKM
[IT":MV]VKQILMTIK\WZ,M[Q[\QUQMV\WLMTIQV[\IVKQI)TTIVIUQMV\WLMT
LMUIVLILW<ZIV[IKKQ~VMV\ZMTI[XIZ\M[
1.6 FINALIZACIN ANTICIPADA: CONCEPTO. FINALIZACIN POR IMPROPONIBILIDAD SOBREVENIDA DEL PROCESO:
:MO]TI M[\M +IXy\]TW 9]QV\W LMT <y\]TW <MZKMZW LMT +~LQOW \WLI ]VI [MZQM LM KI][I[
Y]MX]MLMVLM\MZUQVIZMTIZKPQ^WLMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[[QVY]M[MPIaIXZWL]KQLWMTVT~OQKW
LM \WLW XZWKM[W KWUW M[ TI MUQ[Q~V LM ]VI ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT Y]M R]bO]M [WJZM MT NWVLW
LM TI \]\MTI R]ZyLQKI QUXM\ZILI XWZ TI[ XIZ\M[ a [QV Y]M VQ [QY]QMZI [M PIaI \ZIUQ\ILW MT
XZWKMLQUQMV\W MV \WLI[ [][ NI[M[ 4I[ ZIbWVM[ XIZI M[M IZKPQ^W ^QMVMV LM\MZUQVILI[ MV
\uZUQVW[ OMVMZITM[ XWZ ]VI XuZLQLI LMT QV\MZu[ MV MT UIV\MVQUQMV\W LM TI KWV\ZW^MZ[QI VW
VMKM[IZQIUMV\M LMJQLI I TI ^WT]V\IL LM TW[ []RM\W[ I]VY]M I ^MKM[ \IUJQuV OZIKQI[ I MTTW
)]VY]M MT IZ\QK]TILW [M QV[MZ\I LMV\ZW LMT <y\]TW LMLQKILW IT WJRM\W LMT XZWKM[W ITO]VI[
LM M[I[ KI][I[ I ^MKM[ VW \QMVMV Y]M ^MZ M[\ZQK\IUMV\M KWV TI XuZLQLI W U]\IKQ~V LM TI[
XZM\MV[QWVM[ LML]KQLI[ [QVW KWV TI KIZMVKQI LM ITOV XZM[]X]M[\W LMT XZWKM[W Y]M PIKM
inviable su continuacin.
-RMUXTWLMMTTW[WVTI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[Y]MKWUXWVMVTIXZQUMZILMTI[KI][I[XW[QJTM[LM
\MZUQVIKQ~VIV\QKQXILIZMNMZMV\MIY]M[WJZM^MVOIMTKIZnK\MZQUXZWXWVQJTMLMTILMUIVLI
WTIZMKWV^MVKQ~VT]MOWLM[]ILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MIZ\+8+54W[ZMY]Q[Q\W[XIZITI
invocacin de este motivo son dos:
I 9]M [M \ZI\M VW LM K]ITY]QMZ LMNMK\W XZWKM[IT [QVW LM ITO]VW LM TW[ NIK\WZM[ LM
QUXZWXWVQJQTQTQLIL LMT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW TW[ K]ITM[ MV \MWZyI X]MLMV KWVKMZVQZ
\IV\WITINIT\ILMKWUXM\MVKQILMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITKWUWLMKIZMVKQI[M[MVKQITM[LMTI
XZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLIWTIKWVK]ZZMVKQILM]VUW\Q^WLMTQ\Q[XMVLMVKQIWKW[IR]bOILI
J )VLMVW[WTIXIZMTQVKQLMV\MITY]MLIT]OIZM[\IITMOIKQ~VKWVTIXZWXQILQVnUQKI
LM TW[ IK\W[ LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI a TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V LWVLM MT ZM[XMK\Q^W
TMOQ\QUILWXI[Q^WX]MLMMV\ZMW\ZI[K]M[\QWVM[XTIV\MIZUW\Q^W[LMQUXZWXWVQJQTQLIL
XIZI Y]M [MIV ZM[]MT\W[ MV TI I]LQMVKQI XI]\ILI XIZI MTTW TI XZMXIZI\WZQI MV MT
XZWKM[W KWUV W TI LM XZ]MJI MV MT IJZM^QILW [M MV\QMVLM Y]M TI KI][I Y]M PI
PMKPW IY]y QUXZWXWVQJTM I TI XZM\MV[Q~V KWV JI[M MV MT IZ\ +8+5 PI LM
PIJMZ[]KMLQLWWK]IV\WUMVW[PIJMZ[MKWVWKQLWKWVXW[\MZQWZQLILILQKPW[IK\W[
LMKWV\M[\IKQ~VaLM[LMT]MOWY]MVW[MJI[IMVTW[PMKPW[Y]MaIPITTIVXWLQLW
N]VLIZ ]VI ITMOIKQ~V [QUQTIZ LM \ITM[ TMOQ\QUILW[ XI[Q^W[ a ZM[]MT\I [M []XWVM
145

Y]MVMOI\QÎUMV\MWMTXZWKM[WaIM[\IZyIIZKPQÎLWXWZMTR]MbKWVÎTWZLMKW[I
R]bOILIIXIZ\QZLMM[\MUWUMV\WLMV\ZWLMTXZWKM[W
+~UWXZWKMLMZMVM[\W[KI[W['"IV\M\WLWTIXZM[MV\IKQ~VLMM[IITMOIKQ~VVW[][XMVLMZn
MTK]Z[WLMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[Y]MKWV\QV]IZnVWZUITUMV\MPI[\I\IV\W[MZM[]MTÎMTQVKQLMV\M
Y]M[MIJZMMVXIZITMTW
;M}ITITITMaY]M]VI^MbNWZU]TILITIITMOIKQ~VXWZM[KZQ\WWMVMT\]ZVWLMITMOIKQ~VWZIT
LMITO]VII]LQMVKQIMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITIJZQZnXTIbWLM\ZM[LyI[ITI[LMUn[XIZ\M[XIZIY]M
[MXZWV]VKQMV"LMIXIZMKMZITOVM[KZQ\WLMWXW[QKQ~V\MVLZnMV\WVKM[Y]MKWV^WKIZ[M]VI
^Q[\I WZIT MV TW[ LQMb LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ [IT^W Y]M aI M[\]^QMZI XZWOZIUILW XIZI IV\M[ ITO]VI
I]LQMVKQIKWVW\ZWVMTK]IT[MIXZW^MKPIZn\IUJQuVXIZIu[\M[MQVKT]QZnMTQVKQLMV\MKWUW
X]V\WLMIOMVLI
A contrario sensu[QVW[MXZM[MV\IVQVO]VIWXW[QKQ~VLMTI[XIZ\M[Y]MWJTQO]MITTMÎZI
KIJWTI^Q[\IWZITTIIXTQKIKQ~VLMTIZ\+8+5TTMÎIXMV[IZY]MMTR]MbM[\uWVWLM
IK]MZLWLMJMLMKZM\IZMTIZKPQ^W8MZWILMUn[[QKWV^WKILITIUMV\ILI^Q[\IWZITaTTMOILW
MT UWUMV\W \WLW[ UIVQM[\IV [] KWVNWZUQLIL IT IZKPQ^W W VQVO]VI LQKM VILI MV KWV\ZI
aI[QVIUJIOMMTIZ\QVVM[IVKQWVIY]MLMQVUMLQI\W[MIKKMLMZnITW[WTQKQ\ILWTI
VITQbIKQ~V
)[y X]M[ MV KI[W LM VW WXW[QKQ~V MT R]Mb IKWZLIZn MT IZKPQ^W Y]MLIVLW ^QVK]TILW XWZ TI
QV\MVKQ~VM`XZM[IW\nKQ\ILMTI[XIZ\M[)[y[MZnXWZTWOMVMZITXMZWVW[QMUXZM-VZMITQLIL
[Q TI LMUIVLI W TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V VW LM^QMVM QUXZWXWVQJTM XWZY]M VW ILWTMKM LMT LMNMK\W
Y]M[MTM[QUX]\ILIQO]ITTWY]MX]MLIVXMV[IZTI[XIZ\M[IY]uTTI[MO]QZn[QMVLWKWZZMK\Ia
VWXWLZyIKIJMZXWZMTTWTIVITQbIKQ~VIV\QKQXILITIK]IT[MIV\WRIZyI[MVKQTTIUMV\MQTMOIT
4]MOW [Q TI TMa ILUQ\M MT IZKPQ^W MV M[\M KI[W VW M[ XWZY]M LM^MVOI QUXZWXWVQJTM TI
XZM\MV[Q~V [QVW MV T\QUW M`\ZMUW XWZY]M \IV\W [Q TW M[ KWUW [Q VW TI[ XIZ\M[ M[\nV LM
IK]MZLW KWV Y]M [M KQMZZM TI KWV\QMVLI IV\QKQXILIUMV\M :QOQuVLWVW[ XWZ ]V XZQVKQXQW LM
R][\QKQIZWOILIMTZM[]T\ILWXZnK\QKWM[Y]MMTXZWKM[WLMJMIKIJIZ
5I[[QTIVWWXW[QKQ~VKWVL]KMMVX]ZQLILITIVITQbIKQ~VLMTXZWKM[WXWZI]\WKWUXW[QKQ~V
LMTI[XIZ\M[aM[I[yKWUWLMJMKITQKIZ[MVWXWLZnMTR]MbLMRIZLMPIKMZ][WMVM[I\M[Q\]ZI
LMTINIK]T\ILLMKWV\ZWTY]MTMW\WZOIMTXZMKMX\WIV\MZQWZMTIZ\+8+5MTK]ITXZWPyJM
[]PWUWTWOIKQ~VMVTW[KI[W[MVTW[Y]MTITMaXZWPyJITILQ[XW[QKQ~VWTITQUQ\MXWZZIbWVM[
LMWZLMVXJTQKWLMQV\MZu[OMVMZITLMXZW\MKKQ~VLMUMVWZM[a\MZKMZW[WK]IVLWQUXTQY]M
NZI]LMLMTMaAM[WX]MLMTTMÎZXIZILMRIZKTIZITI[KW[I[IY]MZIbWVnVLWTWLMJQLIUMV\M
MT\ZQJ]VITZMKPIKMMTIZKPQ^WaWZLMVMXZW[MO]QZTIKWV\QMVLI
5MLQIVLW WXW[QKQ~V XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW MT R]Mb ZM[WT^MZn TW Y]M XZWKMLI MV IXTQKIKQ~V
M[\ZQK\ILMTZuOQUMVLMQUXZWXWVQJQTQLIL[QM[MV[MV\QLWM[\QUI\WZQWLMKZM\IVLWMTIZKPQ^W
aZM[WT^QMVLW[WJZMTIKWVLMVIMVKW[\I[LMTXZWKM[WXZQVKQXITY]MLM\ITO]Q[INMVMKM[QJQMV
\MVQMVLWMVK]MV\IY]MK]IVLWMTTWXZWKMLIXWZ^WT]V\ILLM\WLI[TI[XIZ\M[Y]MVWLM]VI
[WTII[yLMJMZn\ZI\IZ[M\IUJQuVIMNMK\W[LMKW[\I[
146

;QXWZMTKWV\ZIZQWVW[MIKKMLMITWXMLQLWMTXZWKM[WKWV\QVIa[MKWVLMVIZnMVTI[KW[\I[
LMT XZM[MV\M QVKQLMV\M I Y]QMV XZWUW^QMZM MT UQ[UW a [M IKWZLIZn MT TMÎV\IUQMV\W LM TI[
UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[ILWX\ILI[MV[]KI[WXZM^QIUMV\MIZ\XnZZINWT\QUW+8+5
.QVITUMV\MTITMaZMK]MZLIY]MITUIZOMVLMTIITMOIKQ~VLMTI[XIZ\M[MT~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT
KWV[MZÎTIXW\M[\ILLMWKQWXIZILMKTIZIZQUXZWXWVQJTMTIXZM\MV[Q~VWMTXZWKM[WXZM^QW
\ZnUQ\MLMI]LQMVKQIIIY]uTTI[MVTII]LQMVKQIUn[XZ~`QUIXIZIY]MITMO]MVTWXMZ\QVMV\M
IZ\XnZZINWK]IZ\W
1.16.1 Finalizacin por cambio de circunstancias:

1.16.1.1 Relacin con la litispendencia:
4IXZM^Q[Q~VLMTIZ\ +8+5IK]aI^QZ\]LMTKIUJQWLMM[\ILWLMTI[KW[I[WXMZ[WVI[
Y]MPIVLILWXQMITIQV\MZXW[QKQ~VLMTILMUIVLIWTIZMKWV^MVKQ~VILUQ\QLII\ZnUQ\M
VW INMK\IZn I TI ÎTQLMb a LM[IZZWTTW LMT XZWKM[W LM Y]M [M \ZI\M M[ ]V MNMK\W QVKIZLQVILW
MVTITQ\Q[XMVLMVKQIY]MM[\]LQIZMUW[KWV^MVQMV\MUMV\MMVMT\MUILMTILMUIVLIITY]M
reenviamos al lector.
1UXWZ\I [y KWV[QLMZIZ Y]M K]IVLW M[W[ KIUJQW[ [QV MUJIZOW TTMÎV I TI LM[IXIZQKQ~V LMT
WJRM\WLMTXZWKM[WWITILM[IXIZQKQ~VLMITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[[QVY]MIXIZMbKIVILQMY]M
X]MLI[]KMLMZTMXZWKM[ITUMV\MTIKWV\QMVLIVWX]MLMY]MLIZIJQMZ\I8]M[\WMVKWVWKQUQMV\W
LMT \ZQJ]VIT MT XZWJTMUI LMJM IJZQZ MT QVKQLMV\M LMT IZ\ Y]M IKIJIUW[ LM ZMXI[IZ
X]LQMVLW K]TUQVIZ MV MT IZKPQ^W LMT XZWKM[W KWV TW[ KWV[QO]QMV\M[ XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[
QVPMZMV\M[IMTTW
1.16.1.2 La posible satisfaccin extraprocesal de la pretensin:

=VI LM TI[ PQX~\M[Q[ Y]M X]MLMV M`KQ\IZ \IUJQuV M[\I VITQbIKQ~V XWZ XZQÎKQ~V LMVQ\QÎ
LMTQV\MZu[TMOy\QUWMVTQ\QOIZIZ\ TW[MZyIXWZTIXW[QJTM[I\Q[NIKKQ~VM`\ZIXZWKM[ITLMTI
XZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLIMVR]QKQW
;Q ZMKTIUILW MT K]UXTQUQMV\W LM ]VI LM]LI u[\I [M XIOI \ZI[ ILUQ\QZ[M TI LMUIVLI W [Q
TI[XIZ\M[[][KZQJMV]VV]M^WKWV\ZI\WY]MLMRI[QVMNMK\WMTY]MPILM^MVQLWMVLQ[K][Q~V
W KWUW Y]QMZI Y]M N]M[M MT LMUIVLILW TTMÎ I KIJW ]VI IK\]IKQ~V MV MT \ZnKW R]ZyLQKW
NZMV\MITIK]ITMTIK\WZ[MLMKTIZIZM[IZKQLWLM\WLWTWY]MXMLyIMTXZWKM[WY]MUWV\~KWV
TI VITQLIL LM [MZ \]\MTILW XWZ MT -[\ILW XQMZLM aI [] ZIb~V LM [MZ MV \WLW W MV XIZ\M TI
[I\Q[NIKKQ~VM`\ZIR]LQKQITXWLZyI[MZ[~TWXIZKQITaMVM[IUQ[UIUMLQLIMTKWVQK\WR]ZyLQKW
PILM[IXIZMKQLWaMTXZWKM[WLMJMKMZZIZ[M
7ITUMVW[MTLMUIVLILW\QMVMLMZMKPWIY]M[MZML]bKIMTWJRM\WTQ\QOQW[WMVXZWXWZKQ~VI
TWY]MaIPIY]MLILW[I\Q[NMKPW8IZIMTTWIJQMZ\WMTXMZ\QVMV\MQVKQLMV\MMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT
LMJMZnMÌUQVIZTW[\uZUQVW[LMTILMUIVLIWTIZMKWV^MVKQ~VLM]VTILWaMTKWV\MVQLW
aMNMK\W[UI\MZQITM[aR]ZyLQKW[LMTW[IK\W[K]UXTQLW[M`\ZIXZWKM[ITUMV\MXWZMTW\ZWTILW
LM\MZUQVIVLW[QPIVTWOZILWWVWXZWaMK\IZ[MMVTIM[NMZIXIZ\QK]TIZLMTLMUIVLIV\MWLMT
147

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VITQbIKQ~VIV\QKQXILIWLMTQUQ\IZTIKWV\ZW^MZ[QILMV]M^W
1.16.2 Finalizacin por la formalizacin de mecanismos de autocomposicin procesal:

-V\MZKMZaT\QUWT]OIZ[MZMO]TIMVMTaIKQ\ILWIZ\aMVTW[IZ\[!a[QO]QMV\M[LMT
+~LQOW KWUW KI\MOWZyI LM M^MV\W[ [][KMX\QJTM[ LM XWVMZ V IT XZWKM[W IV\M[ LMT \QMUXW a
UWLW Y]M TM P]JQMZI [QLW VI\]ZIT IY]MTTW[ Y]M MV^]MT^MV ]VI UIVQNM[\IKQ~V LM ^WT]V\IL
]VQTI\MZITWKWV[MV[]ILILMTI[XIZ\M[XIZIY]MI[y[MPIOII\ZIû[LMTW[Y]M[MKWVWKMV
KWUWUMLQW[I]\WKWUXW[Q\Q^W[
;M\ZI\ILM]VIKWV[MK]MVKQIUn[LMTXZQVKQXQWLQ[XW[Q\Q^WY]MI[yKWUWMV\ZMOIITI[XIZ\M[
TI TTI^M XIZI IK]LQZ IT I]`QTQW LM TI 2]ZQ[LQKKQ~V ] WX\IZ [Q TW XZMMZMV MV KIUJQW XWZ MT
[WUM\QUQMV\WLMTI[]V\WIIZJQ\ZIRM[IT^WMVTI[UI\MZQI[VWLQ[XW[Q\QÎ[WQVKT][WY]MV]VKI
TTMO]MVIXTIV\MIZTIXZM\MV[Q~VIXM[IZLMM`Q[\QZ]VKWVQK\WR]ZyLQKWM`\QMVLM\IUJQuVMT
XZQVKQXQWLMZWOIKQ~VITnUJQ\WLMTIVITQbIKQ~VIV\QKQXILILMTXZWKM[WXWZ[]^WT]V\IL
-T +~LQOW I \IT MNMK\W ZMKWOM TI[ LQ^MZ[I[ N QO]ZI[ ZMXZM[MV\I\QÎ[ LMT NMV~UMVW
I]\WKWUXW[Q\Q^W LQ[\QVO]QMVLW TI[ Y]M IPWZI ^MZMUW[ )V\M[ LMJMUW[ NWZU]TIZ K]I\ZW
WJ[MZÎKQWVM[OMVMZITM[Y]M[MZ^QZnVXIZI\WLI[MTTI["
I :QOMTIXZWPQJQKQ~VXZM^Q[\IMVIY]MTIZ\IXIZ\QZLMTW[TyUQ\M[Y]MUIZY]MTI
TMaMTWZLMVXJTQKWMTQV\MZu[OMVMZITWTIXZW\MKKQ~VLMTW[LMZMKPW[MQV\MZM[M[
LMTW[UMVWZM[aLMTW[\MZKMZW[Y]MVW[WVXIZ\MMVMTXZWKM[WXMZWX]MLMVY]MLIZ
XMZR]LQKILW[XWZMNMK\WZMMRWUMZKMLIM[INIT\ILM\]\MTIIY]MTTMÎZyIMTKQMZZM
IJZ]X\WLMTXZWKM[W
J 0IJZn Y]M LM\MZUQVIZ MV KILI KI[W [Q TI I]\WKWUXW[QKQ~V MNMK\]ILI IJIZKI I TI
\W\ITQLIL W [~TW I ]VI XWZKQ~V LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V XZWKM[IT LML]KQLI KWUW ZM[]T\I
XMZNMK\IUMV\M XW[QJTM Y]M WK]ZZI -V M[\M [MO]VLW KI[W VW M[\IZMUW[ PIJTIVLW
XZWXQIUMV\M LM ]VI VITQbIKQ~V LMT XZWKM[W [QVW [Q IKI[W LM ]VI ZML]KKQ~V LMT
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[QV[]RMKQ~VIKWVLQKQ~VITO]VIUMLQIV\MIXWLMZIUQMV\WIX]LIK\ILMTXZWK]ZILWZ
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LM LQKPI NIK]T\IL M[XMKyKI XWLMZ M[XMKQIT" I[y IZ\[ ! XnZZINW [MO]VLW
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VWQUXTQKIIJIVLWVW[QVWKWVKM[Q~VZMKyXZWKILMMNMK\W[INI^WZLMIUJW[TQ\QOIV\M[
]VIKWUXW[QKQ~VM[\ZQK\IaJQTI\MZITLMTW[\uZUQVW[LMTKWVQK\WXIZI[][]XMZIKQ~V
148

L -V IY]MTTW[ XZWKM[W[ LWVLM KWVK]ZZI XT]ZITQLIL LM XIZ\M[ [MI MV TI TMOQ\QUIKQ~V
IK\QÎKWUWMVTIXI[QÎTW[UMLQW[LMI]\WKWUXW[QKQ~V[~TW^QVK]TIZnVIIY]MTTI[
XMZ[WVI[ Y]M TW [][KZQJIV 8WZ \IV\W LM M`Q[\QZ IT UMVW[ ]V LMUIVLIV\M W ]V
LMUIVLILWY]MVWUIVQM[\M[]^WT]V\ILMVM[M[MV\QLWTIKI][IR]LQKQITLMJMZn
KWV\QV]IZMV\ZMTI[XIZ\M[Y]MY]MLMV"M[\WM[XWZ]VTILWIY]MTY]M[MPIVMOILW
ITII]\WKWUXW[QKQ~VaXWZW\ZWTILWY]QMVM[O]ZMVI[]^MbMVMTXZWKM[WKWUW
XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI -T ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT LQK\IZn IT VIT TI [MV\MVKQI Y]M MV ,MZMKPW
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LMKQ[QWVM[Y]MXZMKQ[MXIZILMKTIZIZTII]\WKWUXW[QKQ~VXIZKQIT>MIUW[KILI]VW
de esos mecanismos:
1.16.2.1 Renuncia del actor (art. 129):

<ITKWUWLQ[XWVMTITMaTIZMV]VKQIKWZZM[XWVLMI]VINIK]T\IL]VQTI\MZITLMTTMOQ\QUILW
IK\Q^WLMTXZWKM[WY]MX]MLMZMITQbIZ[M[WJZM]VWLMTW[LW[XW[QJTM[LMZMKPW[[QO]QMV\M["
I ,MT LMZMKPW XZWKM[IT LM IKKQ~V MV MT [MV\QLW LM Y]M TI XMZ[WVI UIVQM[\I
[] ^WT]V\IL LM LMRIZ W IJIVLWVIZ LMVQ\QÎUMV\M \WLW QV\MZu[ XWZ ZMKTIUIZ
R]LQKQITUMV\M KWV\ZI MT LMUIVLILW MV KWVKZM\W MV K]IV\W IT KWVQK\W R]ZyLQKW
^MZ\QLW MV TI LMUIVLI W TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V -[\W QUXTQKI VW [WTIUMV\M MT KQMZZM
LM LQKPW XZWKM[W [QVW KWUW \IT ZMV]VKQI TI XuZLQLI LMVQ\QÎ M QZZMUQ[QJTM LMT
LMZMKPWILMUIVLIZTMMVMTN]\]ZWQV[Q[\QUW["[~TWNZMV\MIM[MLMUIVLILW[a[~TW
MVZMTIKQ~VKWVMTWJRM\WLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLIVWIT[WKIQZMLMW\ZI[ZMTIKQWVM[
UI\MZQITM[LQ[\QV\I[Y]MX]MLIVLM^MVQZI[QUQ[UWMVKWVQK\WMV\ZMMTTW[
J 4I ZMV]VKQI IT LMZMKPW UI\MZQIT [QMUXZM Y]M u[\M XWZ [] VI\]ZITMbI ZM[]T\M
LQ[XWVQJTMMVK]aIM^MV\]ITQLILMTLMZMKPWLMIKKQ~VXZWKM[ITI]VY]MVWPIaI[QLW
ZMV]VKQILWKIZMKMXWZMNMK\W[WJZM^MVQLW\IUJQuVaILM^QZ\]ITQLIL4IZMV]VKQILMT
LMZMKPWUI\MZQITMV[yV\M[Q[IKIZZMITIXuZLQLILM\WLWQV\MZu[R]ZyLQKWXZWKM[ITa
XZWaMK\IX]M[[]MNMK\W[WJZMTIKWV\QMVLIaIQVQKQILI-TLMZMKPWLMIKKQ~VXZWKM[IT
Y]MLIKWV^MZ\QLWITIXW[\ZMMV]VKI[KIZ~V[QVKWV\MVQLWXWZTWY]M[MQUXWVMMT
IZKPQ^WLMTIKI][I[IT^WZMK]uZLM[MY]MTIZMV]VKQIMNMK\]ILII]VW]W\ZWLMZMKPW
MTXZWKM[ITLMIKKQ~VWMTUI\MZQITN]M[MXIZKQITaVW\W\IT
;QXZWKMLMTIZMV]VKQIMVK]ITY]QMZILMTW[LW[I[XMK\W[[MLMKTIZIZnLQZMK\IUMV\MXWZ
[MV\MVKQIKWVMTKWV[QO]QMV\MIZKPQ^WLMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[
-V KI[W KWV\ZIZQW LQK\IZn I]\W K]IVLW IK]MZLM [] LMVMOIKQ~V W K]IVLW LMJI TQUQ\IZ
[] ITKIVKM I [~TW ]VI XWZKQ~V LM TW ZMKTIUILW MV M[M XZWKM[W WZLMVIVLW MV\WVKM[ []
KWV\QV]IKQ~VMVTW[\uZUQVW[LMTLMJI\MWZQOQVITWM`KT]aMVLWTIXWZKQ~VaII]\WKWUX]M[\I
1.16.2.2 Desistimiento de la instancia (art. 130):

5IVQNM[\IKQ~V LM ^WT]V\IL \IUJQuV LMT IK\WZ XWZ TI Y]M LMKTIZI VW \MVMZ QV\MZu[ MV
KWV\QV]IZM[XMKyKIUMV\MKWVM[MXZWKM[WQVQKQILW[QVKWVLQKQWVIZMV\uZUQVW[IJ[WT]\W[[]
149

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MVR]MOW-VMTLM[Q[\QUQMV\WTWVQKWY]MQUXWZ\IITLMUIVLIV\MM[VW[MO]QZILMTIV\MKWV
M[MXZWKM[WXWZZIbWVM[XMZ[WVITM[Y]MVQ\QMVMY]MR][\QKIZVQQUXWZ\IKWVWKMZ[QMVLWTW
VQKWR]ZyLQKIUMV\MZMTMÎV\MMTY]MVWM`Q[\IUW\Q^WTMOITQUXMLQ\Q^WXIZI[]NWZU]TIKQ~V
MÌZ\+8+5
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M[\I[ [Q\]IKQWVM[ MT QV\MZu[ LMT LMUIVLILW Y]QMV X]MLM \MVMZ QV\MZu[ MV Y]M TI K]M[\Q~V
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UMbKTILI[MVMTLMZWOILW+8+.
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TI LMUIVLI IT LMUIVLILW W LMUIVLILW[ XIZI Y]M TI KWV\M[\M MT LM[Q[\QUQMV\W
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^MTI XWZ MT QV\MZu[ R]ZyLQKW LM IUJI[ XIZ\M[ LMJQMVLW KWV\IZ[M KWV TI WXQVQ~V
LMT LMUIVLILW +WUW IV\M[ IX]V\nJIUW[ ]VI ^Mb Y]M u[\M \QMVM VW\QKQI LM TI
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,MM[\MUWLWTITMaXZMûY]M[MKWVKMLI\ZnUQ\MLMI]LQMVKQIILQKPWLMUIVLILW
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LMJMZn ZM[WT^MZ TW Y]M XZWKMLI a M[W [QOVQKI VW [WTIUMV\M KWV JI[M MV TI TMa
[QVW XWVLMZIVLW TW[ UW\Q^W[ IL]KQLW[ XWZ ]VI a W\ZI XIZ\M XIZI KWV[QLMZIZ TI
KWV^MVQMVKQIWVWLMY]MTW[LMZMKPW[W[Q\]IKQWVM[R]ZyLQKI[MVKWVQK\WIKIJMVaI
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K
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[QMTLMUIVLILWVW[MXMZ[WVIIKWV\M[\IZaXWZ\IV\W[MTMLMKTIZIMVZMJMTLyIIZ\
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150

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LMUIVMZIXMZ[WVITWXWZM[\ZILW[TWY]MQUXWZ\IM[Y]MW\WZOILWMTXTIbWXZWKM[W
KWUVWMT\uZUQVWXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWXIZIKWUXIZMKMZTIXMZ[WVIVWIK]LQ~aI
XIZ\QZLMMV\WVKM[[MTIPI\MVQLWXWZZMJMTLM
8]M[JQMVMV\QMVLMMTTMOQ[TILWZY]MXM[MIY]MY]QbnMVTW[PMKPW[MTLMUIVLILW
X]MLIKWVWKMZTILMUIVLILM[LMT]MOWI[y[MZn[Q[MTWOZ~[]VW\QKIKQ~VXMZ[WVIT
MTPIJMZ[MLM[MV\MVLQLWLM[]LM[IZZWTTWaLM[MVTIKMLMRIVLWLMXMZ[WVIZ[MQV^Q[\M
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4IPWUWTWOIKQ~VR]LQKQITLMTLM[Q[\QUQMV\WUMLQIV\MI]\WLMRIQUXZMR]bOILITIIKKQ~V
LMNWVLWaVILIQUXQLMKWUWLMKyIUW[[]NWZUITQbIKQ~VLMV]M^WMV\ZMTI[UQ[UI[XIZ\M[
QV\MZXWVQMVLWV]MÎLMUIVLIIZ\XnZZINW\MZKMZW+8+5
1.16.2.3 Allanamiento del demandado (art. 131):

)K\W ]VQTI\MZIT LMT []RM\W XI[Q^W LMT XZWKM[W XWZ MT Y]M IKMX\I MV \WLW W MV XIZ\M
TW[ MTMUMV\W[ KWVR]V\W[ LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V LML]KQLI MV [] KWV\ZI M[\W M[" TI KI][I LM XMLQZ
aTWY]M[MTMXQLM-VMTITTIVIUQMV\WXWZ\IV\W[MILUQ\MVTW[PMKPW[MT,MZMKPWaTI[
KWV[MK]MVKQI[ R]ZyLQKI[ M`\ZIyLI[ LM uT XWZ TI XIZ\M IK\WZI XMZW ZMXZM[MV\I IV\M \WLW ]VI
KWVNWZUQLILWKIXQ\]TIKQ~VXIZILMKQZTWMV\uZUQVW[OZnKW[KWVMTpetitum de la demanda
WLMTIZMKWV^MVKQ~VXWZTWY]MPIKMITIK\WZZMKWV^MVQLW
-T Y]M [M LQOI Y]M MT ITTIVIUQMV\W X]MLM [MZ \W\IT W XIZKQIT XWZ \IV\W VW [M ZMMZM I
]VI NZIOUMV\IKQ~V MV\ZM TW[ PMKPW[ W MT ,MZMKPW Y]M QV\MOZI I M[\M ZM[XMK\W ]VI ]VQLIL
QVLQ[WT]JTM[QVWIY]MMTLMUIVLILWX]MLMM[\IZLMIK]MZLWKWVY]MKWVIZZMOTWITIPQ[\WZQI
XIZ\QK]TIZIKWV\MKQLIaITWY]MKWV\MUXTITITMa[][\IV\Q^WMTLMZMKPWZMKTIUILWXWZMTIK\WZ
M[ZMIT[~TWPI[\IKQMZ\WX]V\WWY]MTIWJTQOIKQ~VY]M[MTMQUX]\IM[VQKIUMV\MKQMZ\Ia
M`QOQJTMMVLM\MZUQVILWQUXWZ\MM\K
8IZIXWLMZPIJTIZLMITTIVIUQMV\WXIZKQITKTIZWZM[]T\IQUXZM[KQVLQJTMY]MTWXZM\MVLQLW
XWZMTLMUIVLIV\MZM[]T\MLM[KWUXWVQJTMK]IV\Q\I\QÎUMV\MPIJTIVLWJQMVXWZY]M[MXQLIV
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OMVMZITWY]M[MZMITQbIMVXMZR]QKQWLM\MZKMZWWY]MMVK]JZM]VNZI]LMLMTMa
151

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[y TW PIV [QLW X]MLM MV\ZI}IZ W ZMXMZK]\QZ XWZ [y UQ[UW MV ]V XZMR]bOIUQMV\W
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XMZW[WJZMMTUQ[UWVWPIJZnXZWV]VKQIUQMV\WPI[\ITI[MV\MVKQIITM`Q[\QZZQM[OW
LMXZMR]bOIZTWVWITTIVILW-[LMKQZMT\ZQJ]VITTWPIKMKWV[\IZXMZWLMRIVLWY]MMT
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^WT]V\ILLMITTIVIUQMV\W[MPIaIXZWaMK\ILW[WJZMTI\W\ITQLILLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLIXWZ
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u[\IM[TIY]MXZWXWVyIMTIK\WZMV[]LMUIVLIaY]MMTLMUIVLILWPIIKMX\ILW[yY]MLMJM
LMKTIZIZY]MMTI[]V\WPIY]MLILWKWUX]M[\WaXWZ\IV\WKWV]V.ITTWLWVLM[MZMITQKMMT
XZWV]VKQIUQMV\WUMZWLMKTIZI\Q^WKWV[\Q\]\Q^WWLMKWVLMVIY]MKWZZM[XWVLI+WVNWZUMIT
XMVT\QUWXnZZINWLMTUQ[UWIZ\aITW[MNMK\W[XIZ\QK]TIZM[LMTIRIKQ~VLMTI[KW[\I[[Q
MTITTIVIUQMV\W[MMNMK\]IZIIV\M[LMTIMNMK\QÎKWV\M[\IKQ~VITILMUIVLIXWZMTLMUIVLILW
VWPIJZnKWVLMVILMIY]uTTI[[IT^WUIVQM[\I\MUMZQLILXZWKM[IT
,Q[\QV\IUMV\M [M LQK\IZn I]\W a VW [MV\MVKQI IXZWJIVLW MT ITTIVIUQMV\W K]IVLW u[\M
P]JQMZM [QLW XIZKQIT TW Y]M [QOVQKI KWUW aI WJ[MZ^nJIUW[ IV\M[ Y]M [QO]M XMZ[Q[\QMVLW
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MV TW[ PMKPW[ a MT ,MZMKPW W [~TW MV MT ,MZMKPW W ITMOIVLW M`KMXKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[ W
XMZMV\WZQI[Y]MMVM[IUQ[UIUMLQLIZMY]QMZMLM]VI[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQITKWVIZZMOTWITI
TMOITQLILIZ\T\QUWXnZZINW
8MZW ILMUn[ M[ VMKM[IZQW XIZI Y]M X]MLI LQK\IZ[M MT I]\W Y]M VW VW[ MVKWV\ZMUW[ MV TI
[Q\]IKQ~VIV\M[LM[KZQ\ILMY]M[]LMKTIZIKQ~Vin limineKWVTTM^MXZMR]bOIZTI[LMUn[K]M[\QWVM[
Y]MY]MLI[MVMVTQ\QOQW
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UI\MZQITaVWX]MLM^WT^MZI[MZWJRM\WLM]VIKWV\ZW^MZ[QIXW[\MZQWZ
1.16.2.4 Transaccin entre las partes (art. 132):

.QVITUMV\M a LMV\ZW LM TI[ UWLITQLILM[ LM UMKIVQ[UW[ I]\WKWUXW[Q\Q^W[ MT +~LQOW
PIKMUMVKQ~VLMTIXW[QJTM\ZIV[IKKQ~VLMTWJRM\WXZWKM[ITLMV\ZWLMTXZWKM[WMVMTT~OQKW
MV\MVLQUQMV\W LM Y]M M[ \ZIV[IKKQ~V a VW KIXQ\]TIKQ~V ]VQTI\MZIT LM ITO]VI LM TI[ XIZ\M[
XWZY]MIUJI[PIVKMLQLW]VIK]W\ILM[][M`QOMVKQI[QVQKQITM[INI^WZLMTW\ZWa^QKM^MZ[I
6WKWVN]VLQZKWVIY]MTW\ZWXTIbWMTLMTMUXTIbIUQMV\WWKQ\IKQ~VITLMUIVLILWXIZIKWV\M[\IZY]MM[MTIXTQKIJTM
I[]^MbXIZI[IJMZ[QPILMKWV\IZ[M\IUJQuVKWV[]KZQ\MZQW
152

-[ LMKQZ M[ \ZIV[IKKQ~V R]LQKQIT XWZY]M TI UQ[UI [M NWZUITQbI I \ZIû[ LM M[KZQ\W[ Y]M [M
LQZQOMVITR]MbJQMV[MI]VWKWVR]V\WWJQMVXWZ[MXIZILWXMZWLMQLuV\QKW\MVWZKWVMTV
LMY]Mu[\M\MVOIXWZKWUX]M[\WMTKWVQK\WR]ZyLQKWMVTW[\uZUQVW[Y]MPIVLM\MZUQVILW
TQJZMUMV\MTI[XIZ\M[
+WV^QMVMVWKWVN]VLQZXWZMVLMM[\I\ZIV[IKKQ~VM`\MZQWZQbILIMVMT[MVWLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\W
R]LQKQIT a JIRW TI \]\MTI LMT R]Mb Y]QMV MV LMVQ\QÎ \MVLZn Y]M I]\WZQbIZTI W VW KWV MT
KWV\ZI\WLM\ZIV[IKKQ~VLMTIZ\!a[[++MTK]IT[M[][KZQJMXWZTW[[]RM\W[ITUIZOMVLM
la contienda judicial.
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a juicio.
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M[KZQ\WIT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITQVNWZUIVLWLM[][][KZQXKQ~VKWVKWXQILMTKWV\ZI\Wa[WTQKQ\nVLW[M
Y]M[MLMKZM\MTIVITQbIKQ~VLMTXZWKM[WXWZXuZLQLI[WJZM^MVQLILMTQV\MZu[MVTQ\QOIZMÌZ\
+8+5I^QZ\]LLMPIJMZ[M^MZQKILW]VI[I\Q[NIKKQ~VM`\ZIXZWKM[ITLMTIXZM\MV[Q~V
9]MM[KWUWLMJMZn[MZ\ZI\ILWXWZTII]\WZQLILR]LQKQIT
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LMJMZnI\MVLMZMTR]MbIV\M[LMLIZTWXWZJ]MVWKWUWUMKIVQ[UWLM[I\Q[NIKKQ~VM`\ZIR]LQKQIT
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IZ\ LMT +~LQOW ITO]VI[ LM TI[ K]ITM[ ZMQ\MZI MT XZMKMX\W Y]M IPWZI [M KWUMV\I" ÔZ
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IZ\QVVM
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ZM[XMK\WLMTIXWZKQ~VVW\ZIV[QOQLI
153
1.17 CADUCIDAD DE LA INSTANCIA

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KIL]KQLILaXTIbW[111UJQ\W[M`KT]QLW[1>-NMK\W[LM[]LMKTIZIKQ~V1>
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MV [MO]QZ QUXM\ZIVLW TI \]\MTI R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT LMT KWVQK\W R]ZyLQKW XTIV\MILW K]IVLW [M
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LMLQKQMUJZMLM,76<WUW!LMTLMLQKQMUJZMLM[QO]QMVLWTI
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LMIJIVLWVIZMTXTMQ\WMVZIb~VLMT\QMUXW\ZIV[K]ZZQLWLMJQLWITIVWQV\MZ^MVKQ~VLMTI[XIZ\M[-[LMKQZY]M
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NMJZMZWLM LQK\ILIITI[PPZMN+I[+
154

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VMOI\Q^W[LMTIKWZZM[XMK\QÎKIZOIXZWKM[ITY]MZMKIyI[WJZM[][PWUJZW[VWKWV\M[\IZITI
LMUIVLIVW[WTQKQ\IZXZ]MJI[M\KTWY]MQUXTQKIY]M[QMTXZWKM[W[QO]MVWPIaXZM[]X]M[\W
XIZITIKIL]KQLIL
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IUJI[XIZ\M[KWVKMLQLIMÌZ\!!+8+5KWUW]VIM`XZM[Q~VUn[LMTXZQVKQXQW
LQ[XW[Q\Q^W^MZ\MUIZM[XMK\Q^WLMM[\MTQJZW-VM[IXMZ[XMK\QÎTI[XIZ\M[K]IVLW
XQLIV Y]M MT \ZnUQ\M VW KWV\QVM aI XWZY]M ÎV I QV\MV\IZ NZIO]IZ ]V IK]MZLW
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o se produzca la caducidad de la instancia
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UIOQ[\ZILW[PIV\MVQLWTIZM[XWV[IJQTQLILLQZMK\ILMY]MMTXZWKM[WVW[MZMIV]LMaY]M[QV
MUJIZOWIPWZIa\ZI[XI[IZMTXTIbW\M~ZQKWLMKIL]KQLIL[y[MU]M[\ZILQTQOMV\MXMZWXIZI
KMZZIZMTXZWKM[W
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los justiciables con la caducidad .
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LMKTIZILI R]LQKQITUMV\M MV \WLW[ IY]MTTW[ KI[W[ MV Y]M X]MLI LMUW[\ZIZ[M Y]M IT UMVW[
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-UXMZW VW ÎTM K]ITY]QMZ IK\W LM XIZ\M XIZI QV\MZZ]UXQZ TI KIL]KQLIL" \MVLZn Y]M [MZTW
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1.17.2 mbitos incluidos en la caducidad y plazos:

4IKIL]KQLILLMTIQV[\IVKQI[MIXTQKIITW[XZWKM[W[Y]MM[\uVIJQMZ\W[a[][\IVKQnVLW[M
\IV\WMVXZQUMZIKWUWMV[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQILMRIVLWIKTIZILWTITMaY]M\IUJQuV[MLMKZM\IZn
KWV\ZIMT-[\ILWaLMUn[XMZ[WVI[LMLMZMKPWXJTQKWY]MMVMTTW[QV\MZ^QVQMZMVIZ\
XnZZINW[MO]VLW
8IZITIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIMTIZ\QUXWVMMTXTIbWLM[MQ[UM[M[MTK]IT[MIKWZ\IITI
UQ\ILMVTIIXMTIKQ~V\ZM[UM[M[LMJQMVLWKWV\IZ[MIUJW[LM[LMTIT\QUIVW\QKIKQ~V
MNMK\]ILI I TI[ XIZ\M[ ;WV TW[ UQ[UW[ XTIbW[ Y]M aI \ZIyI MT IZ\ ) LMT LMZWOILW
CPC 6W[QOVQKILM[LMT]MOWY]MTIKIL]KQLILÎaII[MZLMKTIZILIITLyI[QO]QMV\MLM[]
^MVKQUQMV\W[QVWY]MIXIZ\QZLMMV\WVKM[XWLZn[MZTWMVK]ITY]QMZUWUMV\WXWZMT\Q\]TIZ
LMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT
;Q K]UXTQLW ITO]VW LM TW[ XTIbW[ LMT IZ\ XMZW \WLI^yI VW LMKTIZILI TI KIL]KQLIL
IXIZMKQMZM ITOV M[KZQ\W LM XIZ\M QV[\IVLW TI ZMIV]LIKQ~V LMT \ZnUQ\M XWLZyI LMRIZ[M [QV
)TMNMK\WPIZMM`QWVILW\IUJQuVTI+WZ\M;]XZMUIMVTIaIKQ\ILI;MV\MVKQILMLMNMJZMZWLM PP
ZMN+I[+"4I;ITIM[\QUIY]MXIZILMKTIZIZTIKIL]KQLILLMTIQV[\IVKQILMJMUMLQIZQVIK\Q^QLIL
XZWKM[ITÎTMLMKQZY]MMTXZWKM[WLMJMY]MLIZXIZITQbILW8MZWM[IQVIK\Q^QLILLMJMXZWKMLMZLMTI[XIZ\M[a
VWLMT2]MbLMTIKI][IXWZY]M[Qu[\MX]LQMZIXZWL]KQZTIXMZMVKQ~VMV\WVKM[[MPIJZyIX]M[\WMV[][UIVW[TI
\MZUQVIKQ~VIZJQ\ZIZQILMTW[XZWKM[W[AM[IVWM[TIVI\]ZITMbIR]ZyLQKILMTIKIL]KQLILLMTIQV[\IVKQIX]M[TI
IK\Q^QLILLMT2]MbM[XIZIUIV\MVMZKWV^QLIMTR]QKQWXMZW[]QVIK\Q^QLILVWM[UW\Q^WXIZIKIL]KIZTIQV[\IVKQI
8ZMKMX\WY]MN]MWJRM\WLMQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VI]\uV\QKIXWZ,4VLMLMIOW[\WLM#,7V<WUW
LMLMIOW[\WLMMVK]IV\WITQVQKQWLM[]^QOMVKQI
156

MNMK\WTIQVUQVMVKQILMM[ILMKTIZIKQ~V'<ITKW[IVWXIZMKMNIK\QJTMXWZLW[ZIbWVM["XZQUMZW
XWZY]MTW[XTIbW[LMKIL]KQLIL[MKWVO]ZIVKWUW]V~JQKMLMWZLMVXJTQKWXZWKM[ITVW
LQ[XWVQJTMXWZTW[[]RM\W[Y]QMVM[VQKIUMV\M\QMVMVTIWXKQ~VLMQV\MZZ]UXQZTIIV\M[LMY]M
[MKWV[]UMWLMTWKWV\ZIZQW[]NZQZ[][MNMK\W[AMV[MO]VLWT]OIZXWZY]MIXM[IZLM\ZI\IZ[M
KWUW^MyIUW[LM]VIXZM[]VKQ~Viuris tantumTIIKZMLQ\IKQ~VLMY]MTIKIL]KQLILVWKWVK]ZZM
\QMVMY]M^MZKWVKQZK]V[\IVKQI[M`QUMV\M[L]ZIV\MMT\ZIV[K]Z[WLMTXTIbWLMTIKIL]KQLIL
^MZMXyOZINM[QO]QMV\MaVWK]IVLWu[\IaI[MPIKWV[]UILW
)LMUn[ [] LMKTIZIKQ~V I]VY]M QVUMLQI\IUMV\M VMOI\QÎ XIZI MT IK\WZ Y]M VW XIZI MT
LMUIVLILWVWLMRI[QV\]\MTIZXIZI[QMUXZMMTLMZMKPWUI\MZQITKWVKMZVQLW[QUXTMUMV\MTW
Y]MWJTQOIITQV\MZM[ILWM[IQV[\IZV]MÎLMUIVLI]VXMZR]QKQWMV[yUQ[UWVWQZZM^MZ[QJTM
6ILI [M LQKM MV M[\M IZ\QK]TILW LMT +~LQOW I [] ^Mb [WJZM TI KIL]KQLIL LM TW[
XZWKMLQUQMV\W[LMUMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[IJQMZ\I[aVWZM[]MT\I[XMZWMVXZQVKQXQWVILIXIZMKM
WXWVMZ[MITIIXTQKIKQ~VXWZIVITWOyILMTW[XTIbW[LMTIZ\MVN]VKQ~VLMTIQV[\IVKQI
MVTIY]M[MPITTMI[]^MbMTXZWKM[WXZQVKQXITX]M[\IUJQuV]VIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZ[MX]MLM
[WTQKQ\IZMVIXMTIKQ~V
1.17.3 mbitos excluidos:

6W WXMZI XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW TI KIL]KQLIL XWZ LM[MW M`XZM[W LM TI TMa MV LW[ KTI[M[ LM
XZWKMLQUQMV\W["
-VTW[ZMK]Z[W[LMKI[IKQ~VITVWPIKMZ[MUMVKQ~VIMTTW[MVMTIZ\aKWVKWZLIV\M[LMT
+~LQOW;MO]ZIUMV\M[]M`KT][Q~V[MLMJIITW[VM[LMXWTy\QKIR]LQKQITius constitutionisY]M
WZQMV\IVTITW[WNyILMM[\MZMK]Z[WM`\ZIWZLQVIZQWaY]MVWPIVLMY]MLIZUMVW[KIJILW[XWZ
TIQVMZKQILMTI[XIZ\M[9]uL]LIKIJMILMUn[Y]MMT^WT]UMVLMZMK]Z[W[XMVLQMV\M[IV\M
TI+WZ\M;]XZMUIMV-T;ITÎLWZaMVTW[LMUn[XIy[M[PIZyIU]aLQNyKQTU]KPI[^MKM[M^Q\IZ
TIKIL]KQLIL[IT^WY]M[MQUX][QMZIVXTIbW[U]aTIZOW[
)[QUQ[UWaKWVNWZUMMTIZ\+8+5TWY]MXWZKQMZ\WaIM[\IJTMKyIMTIZ\-LMT
LMZWOILW+8+\IUXWKWKIJMTIKIL]KQLILMVTW[XZWKM[W[LMMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[I;MZMMZM
TITMaITXZWKM[WXIZITIMRMK]KQ~VLM\y\]TW[R]LQKQITM[WI[QUQTILW[XZM^Q[\WMVTW[IZ\[
y ss CPCM .
8WZ\IV\WVWIJIZKIM[\IM`KMXKQ~VITTTIUILWXZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^WLMTIZ\a[[LMT+~LQOW
ZM[XMK\WLMTK]ITIKI[WXWZY]MVW[M\ZI\ILMTWOZIZTIMNMK\Q^QLILLMTWZM[]MT\WXZM^QIUMV\M
XWZ ]V \ZQJ]VIT LM R][\QKQI [QVW JZQVLIZ ]VI ^yI Un[ M`XMLQ\I XIZI TI [I\Q[NIKKQ~V LM
WJTQOIKQWVM[ KQ^QTM[ a UMZKIV\QTM[ KWV\MVQLI[ MV KQMZ\W[ LWK]UMV\W[ M`\ZIR]LQKQITM[ VW [M
KWV[QLMZI VMKM[IZQW M`QUQZ I TI[ XIZ\M[ LMT LMJMZ LM K]QLIZ Y]M MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W VW MV\ZM
MV ^yI U]MZ\I [QV PIKMZ VILI IT ZM[XMK\W <ZIaMVLW I[y KWV[QOW XWZ M[I IK\Q\]L XI[QÎ []
caducidad.
+WV M[M UQ[UW [MV\QLW \IUXWKW KWUX]\IJI TI KIL]KQLIL [MOV MT LMZWOILW IZ\ - +8+ XIZI TW[
XZWKMLQUQMV\W[LMMRMK]KQ~VLM[MV\MVKQI
157

-V TI MRMK]KQ~V NWZbW[I LM \y\]TW[ R]LQKQITM[ M`Q[\MV U]KPI[ WKI[QWVM[ MV Y]M TI LQK]T\IL
XIZI TWKITQbIZ JQMVM[ LMT XI\ZQUWVQW LMT LM]LWZ W TI IXIZQKQ~V LM QVKQLMV\M[ LM LQ[\QV\W
\QXW MV [] [][\IVKQIKQ~V \MZKMZyI[ M\K X]MLM TTMÎZ de facto I XIZITQbIKQWVM[ Un[ W UMVW[
XZWTWVOILI[aLM[LMT]MOW[]XMZQWZM[ITW[XTIbW[LMTIZ\Y]MM[TWY]M[MY]QMZMM^Q\IZ
XWZMTTWKWV[]VWIXTQKIKQ~VKWUW[IVKQWVII[]^MbMT)XTQKIZIY]yTIKIL]KQLILVW
[~TWNI^WZMKMZyIKI[Q[QMUXZMIY]QMVPILMRILWLMK]UXTQZKWV[][WJTQOIKQWVM[MTMRMK]\ILW
XMZR]LQKIVLWIT\Q\]TIZLMTLMZMKPW[QVWY]MLMXI[W[]XWVM]VKQMZ\WLM[XZMKQWPIKQI\WLITI
IK\Q^QLILR]LQKQITY]MIV\MKMLMITIMUQ[Q~VLMT\y\]TWR]LQKQITLMMRMK]KQ~VMTK]ITY]MLII[y
LM[IK\QÎLWWJTQOIVLWITMRMK]\IV\MI\MVMZY]MQV[\IZ]VIV]MÎMRMK]KQ~VXZWJIJTMUMV\M
[QVY]M]VPWZQbWV\MKTIZWITI^Q[\I[QTW[PMKPW[Y]MPIVTTMÎLWIIY]MTTIXIZITQbIKQ~VVW
PIVKIUJQILW8WZ\WLWMTTW[MXZW\MOMTIMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[INZMV\MITIKIL]KQLIL
1.17.4 Efectos:
8ZMûTITMaLQ^MZ[W[MNMK\W[Y]M[MMVOMVLZIVLMV\ZWLMTXZWXQWXZWKM[WMVMTY]M[MLMKTIZI
TIKIL]KQLIL#aY]MINMK\IV\IUJQuVITIN]\]ZIQV\MZXW[QKQ~VLM]VV]M^WTQ\QOQW>MIUW["
1.17.4.1 Efectos generales:

,M]VTILWTIKIL]KQLIL[MLMKTIZIZnUMLQIV\MI]\WXIZIMTY]MVW[MZnXZMKQ[WIJZQZ
\ZnUQ\MLMI]LQMVKQIXZM^QW"VWTWXZMûTITMaXWZY]MTIKIL]KQLILLM^QMVM]VIKI][IWJRM\QÎ
VW[]RM\ILM[QUXTMKWV[\I\IKQ~VNnK\QKII]VY]MVWM`MV\ILMMZZWZM[4WY]M[yI]\WZQbIMT
+~LQOW M[ TI QUX]OVIKQ~V LMT I]\W ]VI ^Mb LQK\ILW KWV JI[M MV LW[ XW[QJTM[ UW\Q^W[ Y]M
T]MOWMÌUQVIZMUW[
2]V\WITIXZWXQILMKTIZIKQ~VLMKIL]KQLIL[MKWV\MVLZnILMUn[MTXZWV]VKQIUQMV\WLM
KW[\I[KWV\ZITIXIZ\MY]MP]JQMZILILWT]OIZIIY]uTTIIZ\XnZZINW\MZKMZW9]QMZM
LMKQZMVK]IV\WI[]WZQOMVX]M[aIPMUW[LQKPWY]MITIXW[\ZMTIQVIK\Q^QLILZM[]T\I[QMUXZM
QUX]\IJTM MV [] LM^MVQZ I IUJI[ XIZ\M[ ;Q VW X]MLM RIZ[M ]VI ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL VQKI
Y]MLIZyIIJQMZ\ITIXW[QJQTQLILLMVWNWZU]TIZ\ITKWVLMVIMVKW[\I[
+WVTIKIL]KQLIL[MXZWL]KQZnMTKM[MLM\WLI[TI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[Y]MWZLMVIVK]ITY]QMZ
UMLQLIWIK\]IKQ~VLMV\ZWLMM[MXZWKM[WI[yKWUWMTIZKPQ^WLMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[IZ\
+8+5
1.17.4.2 Efectos particulares en la primera instancia:

AI KWUW MNMK\W[ KWVKZM\W[ LM TI LMKTIZIKQ~V LMXMVLQMVLW LM TI QV[\IVKQI MV Y]M [M
PITTIZM TI KWV\ZW^MZ[QI [M LQ[XWVM [Q [M \ZI\I LM XZWKM[W MV XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI Y]M [M
MV\MVLMZnXZWL]KQLWMTLM[Q[\QUQMV\WMVLQKPIQV[\IVKQIaXWLZnQVKWIZ[MV]MÎLMUIVLI
IZ\XnZZINW[MO]VLWLMT+~LQOW
-V TI ZMLIKKQ~V LM M[\M XZMKMX\W QVKT]yI IT VIT TI KWTM\QTTI [IT^W Y]M P]JQMZI
XZM[KZQ\W W KIL]KILW MT LMZMKPW Y]M [M PIKM ÎTMZ )]VY]M [M PI JWZZILW KWV TI ZMNWZUI
LMXIZMKMM^QLMV\MY]M[QO]MÎTQMVLWTWY]MIPy[MLMKyIX]M[[QTIIK\Q\]LVMOTQOMV\M
158

LMTI[XIZ\M[a[WJZM\WLWLMTIIK\WZIPI[QLWTIY]MPIQUXMLQLWY]MMTXZWKM[WMVMTY]M
aI M[\IJIV [M KWUXTM\IZI KWZ\nVLW[M [] \ZIUQ\IKQ~V UIT X]MLM KWVKMJQZ[M [QV MUJIZOW
Y]M TW[ XTIbW[ LM ]VI XZM[KZQXKQ~V M`\QV\QÎ LMT LMZMKPW UI\MZQIT TQ\QOQW[W W ]V M^MV\]IT
XTIbWWZQOQVITXIZIMTMRMZKQKQWLMTIIKKQ~V[M\MVOIVXWZKWVOMTILW[WXWZQV\MZZ]UXQLW[
MV JMVMKQW LM LQKPI XMZ[WVI 8IZI M[W [MVKQTTIUMV\M VW [M LMKTIZIZyI TI KIL]KQLIL a [M
UIV\MVLZyI^Q^WMTXZWKM[WaIQVQKQILW)[y\IUJQuVTWPIMV\MVLQLWTI+WZ\M;]XZMUIMV[]
R]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI .
,MKIZIIM[IN]\]ZILMUIVLITI[ XZ]MJI[ Y]M[MP]JQMZIV XZM[MV\ILWMV MTXZWKM[W
NMVMKQLW XWZ KIL]KQLIL VW ÎTLZnV XIZI VQVOV W\ZW M`KMX\W IY]MTTI[ LM KIZnK\MZ
XZMKWV[\Q\]QLWaY]M[MIXWZ\IVKWVTW[M[KZQ\W[QVQKQITM[LMITMOIKQWVM["LWK]UMV\W[QVNWZUM[
XMZQKQITM[aTIXZIK\QKILIIV\M[LMTILMUIVLIKWUWXZ]MJIIV\QKQXILI#XMZW[QMUXZMaK]IVLW
[MZM[XM\MVTW[XTIbW[aNWZUI[XIZI[]IXWZ\IKQ~VLMIK]MZLWITZuOQUMVOMVMZITIZ\
T\QUWXnZZINW
1.17.3 Efectos particulares en la apelacin:

-V KIUJQW [Q [M LMKZM\I TI KIL]KQLIL aI MV TI [MO]VLI QV[\IVKQI [M \MVLZn XWZ ZUM TI
LMKQ[Q~VQUX]OVILIa[MLM^WT^MZnVTW[I]\W[ITR]bOILWLMWZQOMVR]V\WKWVTIKMZ\QKIKQ~V
KWZZM[XWVLQMV\MIZ\ 4~OQKIUMV\M[QVXW[QJQTQLILaILMZMQ\MZIZ]VV]M^WZMK]Z[W
LILITIZUMbIITKIVbILIXWZTIZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILI
1.17.5 Impugnacin de la declaracin de caducidad:

+WUWKWUMV\nJIUW[IV\M[MT+~LQOWZMKWOMKQZK]V[\IVKQI[Y]MX]MLMVLMRIZ[QVT]OIZMT
XZWV]VKQIUQMV\WLMKIL]KQLIL]VI^MbLQK\ILWXMZWY]M[WVKQZK]V[\IVKQI[QUXMLQ\QÎ[VW
[]J[IVILWZI[LMMTTI-VXZQUMZ\uZUQVWMTIZ\ TWXMZUQ\MK]IVLW]VI^MbVW\QKILWLM
TILMKQ[Q~VaMVMTXTIbWLMTW[KQVKWLyI[[QO]QMV\M[TIXIZ\MINMK\ILIITMO]MaXZ]MJMY]M[]
-T)Z\,8Z+M[\IJTMKMY]MTIKIL]KQLILLMKTIZILIMVXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIVWM`\QVO]MTIIKKQ~VLML]KQLI
XWZ KWV[QO]QMV\M MT QV\MZM[ILW XWLZn QV\MV\IZTI MV \WLW \QMUXW [QV XMZR]LQKIZ TI[ XZM[KZQXKQWVM[ Y]M X]MLIV
PIJMZ KWZZQLW MV [] KWV\ZI -V MT M`XMLQMV\M LM [MO]VLI QV[\IVKQI IXIZMKM TI KMZ\QKIKQ~V R]LQKQIT LMT R]QKQW
MRMK]\Q^WQVKWILWXWZTI+IRIKWV\ZITI[M}WZIMVTIY]MKWV[\IY]MXWZZM[WT]KQ~VLMT2]bOILWLMTW
+Q^QTLM=[]T]\nVXZWV]VKQILIITI[WKPWPWZI[aY]QVKMUQV]\W[LMTWVKMLMMVMZWLMLW[UQTLW[[MLMKTIZ~TI
KIL]KQLILLMTIQV[\IVKQILMTZMNMZQLWR]QKQWMRMK]\Q^WUIVLnVLW[MIZKPQÎZTW[I]\W[aMTKM[MQVUMLQI\WLM\WLI[
TI[LQTQOMVKQI[R]LQKQITM[LQK\ILI[MVMTUQ[UWZM[WT]KQ~VY]M[MLMKTIZ~MRMK]\WZQILIXWZZM[WT]KQ~VLMTUQ[UW
\ZQJ]VITLMTI[LQMbPWZI[LMTWVKMLMUIZbWLMLW[UQTLW[,MKWVNWZUQLILKWVMT)Z\,8Z+LQKPI[
ZM[WT]KQWVM[VWINMK\IVTIXZM[KZQXKQ~VY]MM[\nITMOIVLWTIXIZ\MIK\WZIMVM[\MXZWKM[WaK]IVLWTI+nUIZI
LQKMY]MMTR]QKQWMRMK]\Q^WY]ML~KWUWVWQVQKQILWW[MIY]MTI[KW[I[^WT^QMZWVITM[\ILWMVY]M[MMVKWV\ZIJIV
IV\M[LMQVQKQIZTIIKKQ~VXWZPIJMZ[MLMKTIZILWTIKIL]KQLILLMTIQV[\IVKQIaY]MMTTW[QOVQKIY]MTIWJTQOIKQ~V
^WT^Q~I[]M[\ILWWZQOQVITY]MLIVLWXWZ\IV\WKWUWXTIbWLMLQKPIWJTQOIKQ~VMTM[\QX]TILWMVMTKWV\ZI\Wa
Y]MTIIKKQ~VMRMK]\QÎVWPIVIKQLWTI+nUIZIPIZIbWVILWIXIZ\nVLW[MLMT)Z\,8Z+aIY]MTIIKKQ~V
VIKQ~K]IVLWP]JWUWZIIV\M[LMTMRMK]\Q^WaTIKIL]KQLILVWLI}~TIXZM[KZQXKQ~VLMTI[IKKQWVM[M[LMKQZ
Y]MMT\QMUXWIV\M[LMTIKIL]KQLILPIKWV\ILWXIZITIXZM[KZQXKQ~V-V\ITKI[WM`Q[\MTI^QWTIKQ~VIT)Z\
,8Z+ITMOILIXWZTIXIZ\MZMK]ZZMV\MaM[XZWKMLMV\MKI[IZTI[MV\MVKQIZMK]ZZQLIaXZWV]VKQIZTIY]MN]MZM
TMOIT";MV\MVKQILMTI;ITILMTW+Q^QTLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM2][\QKQILMLMR]TQWLMLQK\ILIITI[
PPZMN+
-TZ~\]TWLMTXZMKMX\WY]MXWZ]VIMZZI\IQVLQKIJIMNMK\W[LMTIKIL]KQLILMV[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQIWKI[IKQ~VPI
[QLWKWZZMOQLWXWZTIZMNWZUIXIZKQITLM
159

QVIK\Q^QLIL[MLMJQ~IITO]VIKI][ILMN]MZbIUIaWZWIW\ZIKI][IKWV\ZIZQIITI^WT]V\IL
LMTI[XIZ\M[WIZM\ZI[WVWQUX]\IJTMIMTTI[
-V\ITM^MV\]ITQLILMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT\MVLZnY]MIJZQZ]VQVKQLMV\MKWV^WKIVLWI\WLI[TI[
XIZ\M[I]VI^Q[\IWZITITIY]MLMJMZnVKWVK]ZZQZKWVTI[XZ]MJI[LMY]MQV\MV\MVÎTMZ[M
MV]V[MV\QLWWMVW\ZW[MOVTWY]MKILI]VILMMVLMaITY]M[MO]QZn]VI]\WZM[WT^QMVLW
TWY]MXZWKMLI[MOV[MPIaIVXZWJILWWVWIY]MTTI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[QUXMLQ\QÎ[)]\WKWV\ZI
MTY]MKIJZnZMK]Z[WLMIXMTIKQ~VMÌZ\ QVVM CPCM.
,Q[\QV\IUMV\M[QTWY]MPIWK]ZZQLWM[Y]MP]JW]VMZZWZMVMTK~UX]\WWJRM\Q^WLMTW[
XTIbW[ TMOITM[ JQMV XWZ KWVN][Q~V MV K]IV\W I TI RIKQ~V LMT LQM[ I Y]W JQMV XWZ MZZ~VMI
KWV[\I\IKQ~V LM [Q P]JW ZMITUMV\M QVIK\Q^QLIL ZMIT LM TI[ XIZ\M[ L]ZIV\M \WLW M[M \QMUXW
XIZIY]M[MZMIV]LIZITIKI][IKWVTWY]MMVZMITQLILNIT\IITO]VWLMTW[XZM[]X]M[\W[XIZI
Y]MIY]uTTI[MX]LQMZILMKTIZIZXWLZnXZWUW^MZ[MZMK]Z[WLMZM^WKI\WZQIKWV\ZIMTI]\WLM
LMKTIZIKQ~VZM[XMK\Q^WIZ\!
BIBLIOGRAFA:
)LMUn[ LM TI[ WJZI[ OMVMZITM[ KQ\ILI[ IT VIT LMT <y\]TW 8ZMTQUQVIZ ZMKWUMVLIUW["
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Judicial, n 1,+/825ILZQLXX! #,-4)741>);)6<7;)VLZu["7JRM\W
del proceso y cosa juzgada en el proceso civil, <PWU[WV+Q^Q\I[5ILZQL#/=);82IQUM"La
XZM\MV[Q~VXZWKM[IT+Q^Q\I[! #<)81).-:66,-B1[IJMT"-TWJRM\WLMTXZWKM[W"ITMOIKQWVM[
sentencia, cosa juzgada,4I4Ma5ILZQL
160
1.18 ACTIVIDAD PROCESAL

;=5):17"+76;1,-:)+176-;/-6-:)4-;14=/):,-4))+<1
>1,),8:7+-;)4")K\Q^QLILMV;MLMR]LQKQIT#)K\Q^QLILN]MZILM;MLMR]
LQKQIT#+WUQ[QWVM[XZWKM[ITM[11<1-587,-4))+<1>1,),8:7+-;)4
,yI[aPWZI[PnJQTM[#,yI[PnJQTM[#0WZI[PnJQTM[#8TIbW[XZWKM[ITM[#
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LM[][XMV[Q~VLMTW[XTIbW[111.7:5),-4);)+<=)+176-;8:7+-;)
4-;"8ZQVKQXQWOMVMZITLMWZITQLIL#1LQWUILMIK\]IKQWVM[XZWKM[ITM[
1.18.1 CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES

4I IK\Q^QLIL LM TW[ []RM\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ LMJM []RM\IZ[M I ]V ZuOQUMV TMOIT K]aI VITQLIL
XZQVKQXIT [MI OMVMZIZ ]V IUJQMV\M LM [MO]ZQLIL R]ZyLQKI I \WLW[ TW[ QV^WT]KZILW[ MV MT
XZWKM[WKQ^QTaUMZKIV\QT-VM[XMKQITTI[MO]ZQLILJMVMKQIITI[XIZ\M[XZWKM[ITM[L]ZIV\M
MT LM[MV^WT^QUQMV\W LMT XZWKM[W# aI Y]M LM M[\M LMXMVLMZn ]VI M^MV\]IT INMK\IKQ~V LM []
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1.18.2 Lugar de la actividad procesal

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5)=:167)6]TQLILM[8ZWKM[ITM[X
161

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1.18..2.1 Actividad en Sede judicial

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1.18.2.2 Actividad fuera de Sede judicial

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162

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1.18.2.3 Comisiones procesales

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163

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1.18.3 Tiempo de la actividad procesal

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1.18.3.1 Das y horas hbiles

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164

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8]MV\MLMTW[MUXTMILW[XJTQKW[!
1.18.3.1.2 Horas hbiles

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ordinaria.
165

1.18.3.2 Plazos procesales
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1.18.3.2.2 Cmputo de plazos

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166

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167

1.18.3.2.3 Principio general de suspensin de los plazos
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1.18.4 Forma de las actuaciones procesales

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slo a determinadas localidades.
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desarrollo en los trmites entre otras.
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1.18.4 Principio general de oralidad

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1.18.4.2 Idioma de actuaciones procesales

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1.19.1.1 Cooperacin de acuerdo a Tratados internacionales

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1.19.2 Cooperacin judicial por tribunal nacional

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1..2.2.1 Formacin de expedientes
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1.22.3. Suspensin del proceso

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1.23 RGIMEN DE LAS AUDIENCIAS

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1.23.1 Publicidad e inmediacin

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1.23.3.4. Antecedentes del caso

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1.23.3.5. Orden de intervencin de los sujetos procesales

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1.23.4. Direccin de las audiencias

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198

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sala de audiencias.
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como al resto de asistentes.
1.23.5. Documentacin de las audiencias

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K]ITY]QMZILMTW[[]RM\W[XZWKM[ITM[5n[JQMVTIVWZUIR]ZyLQKIITMUXTMIZTIXITIJZIQV\MOZQLIL[MZMMZM
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199

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sucedido en las audiencias.
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audiencias.
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200

1.23.6.1. Repeticin de la audiencia
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1.23.6.3. Interrupcin
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1.23.6.4. Receso
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202
1.24 RESOLUCIONES JUDICIALES

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1.24.1 Clases de resoluciones judiciales

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TM LMVWUQVIJI LM UIVMZI OMVMZIT KWUW TI[ XZW^QLMVKQI[ R]LQKQITM[# TI[ K]ITM[ I []
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4I XZQUMZI KWUW IY]MTTI MV Y]M MT 2]Mb KWVKT]QLW MT XZWKM[W ZM[]MT^M MT I[]V\W XZQVKQXIT
KWVLMVILWWIJ[WT^QMVLWITLMUIVLILW#TI[[MO]VLI[KWUWTI[Y]M[MLIV[WJZMITOVIZ\yK]TW
WQVKQLMV\M#aVITUMV\MITI\MZKMZIKWUWTI[XZW^QLMVKQI[Y]MM`XQLMMT2]MbMVMTK]Z[WLMT
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+)6)4-; +1;+7 7 ) 5MLQW[ LM 1UX]OVIKQ~V MV MT 8ZWKM[W +Q^QT ;ITÎLWZM}W 111 XX !! -[ XZMKQ[W IKTIZIZ
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QV\MZTWK]\WZQI[[QUXTM[TI[QV\MZTWK]\WZQI[KWVN]MZbILMLMVQ\QÎTI[QV\MZTWK]\WZQI[Y]MXWVMVITXZWKM[WaTI[
203

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TI[ [QO]QMV\M[ KTI[M[" 4W[ LMKZM\W[ TW[ I]\W[ a TI[ [MV\MVKQI[ -V M[MVKQI IUJI[ KI\MOWZyI[
LM ZM[WT]KQWVM[ R]LQKQITM[ ZMO]TILI[ MV MT ZMKQuV LMZWOILW +8+ a MT V]M^W +8+5 [M
QLMV\QKIV MV K]IV\W I [] KWV\MVQLW ) XM[IZ LM M[I QLMV\QLIL KWVKMX\]IT [WJZM MT \MUI
LM TI[ ZM[WT]KQWVM[ R]LQKQITM[ MV TW[ K]MZXW[ VWZUI\Q^W[ M[\I[ [M LQ[\QVO]MV M[MVKQITUMV\M
XWZMTUWUMV\WaTINWZUIMVY]M[MXZWV]VKQIV#X]M[MVMTXZQUMZK]MZXWVWZUI\Q^WTI[
XZW^QLMVKQI[[MLIVVQKIUMV\MXWZM[KZQ\W#MVKIUJQWMVTW[XZWKM[W[XWZI]LQMVKQI[TI[
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durante las audiencias y en el intermedio de estas.
1.24.2 Decretos
,M IK]MZLW I TI V]MÎ TMOQ[TIKQ~V XZWKM[IT [ITÎLWZM}I TW[ LMKZM\W[ \QMVMV XWZ WJRM\W MT
QUX]T[WaWZLMVIKQ~VUI\MZQITLMTXZWKM[W[MOVMTIZ\QVKQ[W+8+5)TWIV\MZQWZ
X]MLM IOZMOIZ[M Y]M XWZ MT KWV\MVQLW TW[ LMKZM\W[ [M MVK]MV\ZIV M`MV\W[ LMT ZMY]Q[Q\W LM
UW\QÎKQ~V I TI[ Y]M M[\nV []RM\I[ MT ZM[\W LM ZM[WT]KQWVM[ R]LQKQITM[ 7\ZI KIZIK\MZy[\QKI
LQ[\QV\QÎ Y]M ZM[IT\I MV M[\M \QXW LM ZM[WT]KQWVM[ M[ [] XIZ\QK]TIZ ZMLIKKQ~V LM NWZUI
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LMTIZM[WT]KQ~VMV\ZMMTTW[[MMVK]MV\ZIV\IV\WTW[[]RM\W[XZWKM[ITM[KWUWK]ITY]QMZ[]RM\W
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ITIZ\+8+5
1.24.3 Autos
,M UIVMZI OMVMZIT TW[ I]\W[ [M KIZIK\MZQbIV XWZ [MZ ZM[WT]KQWVM[ R]LQKQITM[ KWUXTMRI[ MV
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I :M[WT^MZ \WLW XTIV\MIUQMV\W LM TW[ QVKQLMV\M[ UI\MZQITM[ a XZWKM[ITM[ \ITM[ KWUW" 4I
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LMT\WLWNMTQb#MV^QZ\]LLMVW]\QTQbIZK]IVLW[MZMMZMITIKTI[QKIKQ~VLMTW[I]\W[M`XZM[QWVM[IV\~VQUI[Y]M
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MTI]\W[QUXTMKWUW[MTMMLMT\M`\WLMTIZ\QVKQ[W+8+5-TKWUMV\IZQWIV\MZQWZY]MZMIZUITI\M[Q[
LMU]M[\ZI[]ZW[\ZWTMOQ[TI\Q^WMVMTIZ\LMTUQ[UWK]MZXWTMOITMVMTK]IT[MLMVWUQVIITI]\W[QUXTMKWUW
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204

XZWKM[IT#MTLM[Q[\QUQMV\WLMTIQV[\IVKQITI\ZIV[IKKQ~VR]LQKQITMV\ZMW\ZW[1VLQ[\QV\IUMV\M
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[MO]ZQLILR]ZyLQKILMTI[XIZ\M[ZMKTIUITIM`Q[\MVKQILMTIUW\QÎKQ~VaTIKWVOZ]MVKQIMVMT
contenido de las sentencias y de los autos.
1.24.4 Sentencias
=\QTQbIVLW MT UQ[UW \M`\W TMOIT Y]M KWVKMX\]ITQbI I TI[ [MV\MVKQI[ [M MV\QMVLMV XWZ \ITM[
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XZWX]M[\IXWZTITMOQ[TIKQ~VK]IVLW[MLQKMY]MLMKQLMVMTNWVLWLMTXZWKM[WÎTMLMKQZ
Y]MTI[MV\MVKQILMKQLMMTWJRM\WLMTXZWKM[WMVTW[\uZUQVW[LMTW[IZ\[!a[QO]QMV\M[LMTI
V]MÎTMaXZWKM[ITKQ^QTaUMZKIV\QT
)X]V\ITILWLMVQ\QÎUMV\MMTIV\MZQWZKWVKMX\WLILW[WJZMTI[[MV\MVKQI[X]MLMIZUIZ[M
KI\MO~ZQKIUMV\M Y]M LM[IXIZMKMV LMT XIVWZIUI R]LQKQIT TI[ [MV\MVKQI[ QVPQJQ\WZQI[ I TI[
Y]M M[\nJIUW[ IKW[\]UJZILW[ MV -T ;ITÎLWZ -[\W []KMLM XWZY]M [Q MT KWV\MVQLW LM TI
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TI[MV\MVKQILMIK]MZLWITUIVLI\WTMOIT
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Y]M TI XZQVKQXIT KTI[QKIKQ~V LM TI [MV\MVKQI M[ IY]MTTI Y]M WJMLMKM I TI NWZUI LM
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IUXTQILIILMTIV\MITKWUMV\IZTI[MV\MVKQIWZITJIRWTIT]bLMTIZ\+8+5
1.24.5 Responsabilidad de dictar resoluciones

4W[XIZnUM\ZW[TMOITM[QVLQKIVY]MMTXZWV]VKQIUQMV\WLMTI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[R]LQKQITM[M[\IZn
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TI I]LQMVKQI ^QVK]TILI KWV MT I[]V\W +WV M[\I ZMOTI OMVMZIT [M ZMKWVWKM TI VMKM[IZQI
QVUMLQIKQ~V KWUW XZQVKQXQW N]VLIUMV\IT LM TW[ XZWKM[W[ XWZ I]LQMVKQI[# IXZMKQnVLW[M TI
QVUMLQI\MbR]LQKQITMV\WLW[]M[XTMVLWZ[MOVMTIZ\+8+5
) KWV\QV]IKQ~V [M \ZIV[KZQJQZnV M`\ZIK\W[ R]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQITM[ XZWV]VKQILW[ MV [MLM R]LQKQIT WZLQVIZQI TW[ K]ITM[
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+8+ >MIUW[IKWV\QV]IKQ~VTW[KZQ\MZQW[R]LQKQITM[[QO]QMV\M["I-VTI[MV\MVKQIQVPQJQ\WZQIM[LWVLM[M
LMKTIZITIQUXZWKMLMVKQILMTILMUIVLIKWV\ZIZQW[MV[][Q[M^MZQKITIM`Q[\MVKQILMTW[XZM[]X]M[\W[XZWKM[ITM[
LMNWVLWMTR]MbLMJMZnMUQ\QZ]VI[MV\MVKQILMUMZQ\WMVTIK]IT[MLMKTIZIN]VLILIWQVN]VLILITILMUIVLI
;;+-`X + J 4I[MV\MVKQIY]MVW[MXZWV]VKQI[WJZMMTNWVLWLMTI[]V\WXWZ]V
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TI[XZM\MV[QWVM[LMTLMUIVLIV\MXWZPIJMZu[\M]\QTQbILW^yIXZWKM[ITQVILMK]ILILMKTIZIVLWQVMX\ITILMUIVLI
LMRnVLWTMITLMUIVLIV\M[]LMZMKPWI[IT^WXIZILQ[K]\QZXWZMT\ZnUQ\MKWZZMK\WTIXZM\MV[Q~VLM[M[\QUILI
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205

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R]LQKQITM[XWZUT\QXTM[ZIbWVM[[MIV^WT]V\IZQI[WQV^WT]V\IZQI[
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1.24.6 Imposibilidad de dictar resoluciones

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1.24.7.5. Procedimientos para subsanar errores en la sentencia o auto que

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221
NULIDAD DE LAS ACTUACIONES PROCESALES

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KWV[\Q\]KQWVIT MV UI\MZQI LM IUXIZW I\ZQJ]QLI I TI ;ITI LM TW +WV[\Q\]KQWVIT LM TI +WZ\M
;]XZMUILM2][\QKQIMVMTKWV\ZWTLMTI[XW[QJTM[^]TVMZIKQWVM[KWV[\Q\]KQWVITM[MVTIIK\Q^QLIL
R]ZQ[LQKKQWVITXIZI[]X]M[\W[IJ[\ZIK\W[aVWLM[KZQ\W[XWZTITMOQ[TIKQ~VXZWKM[IT+WV\ZIZQWI
TIVWZUIOMVMZIT[MV\ILIXWZMTXZQVKQXQWLMM[XMKQKQLILM[MT[]X]M[\W[M}ITILWXWZY]M[M
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LMI]LQMVKQIWLMLMNMV[ILMTI[XIZ\M[
1.26.1.2. Principio de trascendencia

,MIK]MZLWITXZQVKQXQWLM\ZI[KMVLMVKQIVWJI[\ITIILMK]IKQ~VLMTIKWVL]K\IR]LQKQITITI
LM[KZQXKQ~VLMTIIK\]IKQ~VIV]TIJTM#ILMUn[TIUQ[UILMJMXZWL]KQZ]VIQVLMNMV[Q~VZMITI
TI[XIZ\M[LMIK]MZLWITIZ\+8+5+]IVLWVWIXIZMKMLMUIVQM[\W\ITQVLMNMV[Q~V
XZWKM[ITM[QUXZWKMLMV\MY]M[MLMKTIZMTIV]TQLILLMIK\]IKQWVM[
;MIXZMKQIWJRM\QÎUMV\MTIQVLMNMV[Q~VXZWKM[ITITVWK]UXTQZ[MMTVITY]MM[\IJILM[\QVILI
TI IK\]IKQ~V# MV MT [MV\QLW IX]V\ILW TI R]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI [ITÎLWZM}I [M PI XZWV]VKQILW MV
reiteradas ocasiones.
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LMZMKPWLMI]LQMVKQILMIUJI[XIZ\M[#XWZ\ITUW\Q^WK]ITY]QMZILMTI[XIZ\M[X]MLMZM[]T\IZ
IOZI^QILIMVMTLM[IZZWTTWLMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[R]LQKQITM[VW[~TWTIXIZ\MLMUIVLILI
;QITIM[XMKQKQLIL[MIKWUXI}ITI\ZI[KMVLMVKQIM[LMKQZITKWVK]ZZQZIUJW[XZM[]X]M[\W[
TILMKTIZI\WZQIR]LQKQITLMV]TQLILLMIK\]IKQWVM[M[QVUQVMV\M[MIZMKWVWKQLIXWZMTUQ[UW
2]bOILWZY]MTIXZWXQKQWWJQMVXWZMT\ZQJ]VIT[]XMZQWZXWZ^yILMZMK]Z[WR]LQKQITLM^WT]\Q^W
7\ZIZMM`Q~VLMWZLMVXZnK\QKWY]M[]UIITIVMKM[IZQITQUQ\IKQ~VLMTITIJWZR]LQKQITMVUI\MZQILMV]TQLILM[
XZWKM[ITM[M[IY]MTTIY]M]V\ZQJ]VITVWX]MLM[MZ2]MbaXIZ\MLMUIVMZI[QU]T\nVMI.WZU]TIZa[IVKQWVIZ
MZZWZM[XZWKMLQUMV\ITM[M[]VIKWUJQVIKQ~VLMLQNyKQT[WT]KQ~VX]M[[MLMRIZyIITIZJQ\ZQWLMT2]bOILWZK]IVLW
MNMK\QÎUMV\M[MOMVMZ~]VIQVLMNMV[Q~VXZWKM[ITITI[XIZ\M[XWZ]VIKWVL]K\IXZWXQI-[\WLMZMKWVWKMZMZZWZM[
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M^MV\]ITM[MNMK\W[LMZM[IZKQUQMV\WMKWV~UQKW[
/):+15):<16 576<-:7 : -T 1VKQLMV\M LM 6]TQLIL LM )K\]IKQWVM[ MV MT 8ZWKM[W +Q^QT X ! +WUMV\IVLW TI
VMKM[IZQIM`Q[\MVKQILMTIQVLMNMV[Q~VXIZIOMVMZIZMTQVKQLMV\MLMV]TQLILM`XZM[IY]MTILWK\ZQVITMI[QOVI
QUXWZ\IVKQI I Y]M TI QVLMNMV[Q~V PIaI XZWL]KQLW KWV[MK]MVKQI[ XMZR]LQKQITM[ ZMITM[ a VW ]VI QVLMNMV[Q~V
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224

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WVWLMTIQVLMNMV[Q~VXZWL]KQLIITIXIZ\MINMK\ILI
1.26.3. Principio de conservacin

-TXZQVKQXQWLMKWV[MZÎKQ~VM[]VIKWV[MK]MVKQILMTZMKWVWKQUQMV\WR]LQKQITLMTIV]TQLIL
LM IK\]IKQWVM[# LMJQMVLW \MVMZ[M K]QLILW MV KWV[MZÎZ TI MKIKQI LM \WLW[ IY]MTTW[ IK\W[
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ZM[]T\ILW P]JQMZM [QLW MT UQ[UW [Q V]TQLIL VW [M P]JQMZM KWUM\QLW I[y [M MV\QMVLM LM TW
ZMO]TILWMVMTIZ\+8+5
8IZI MT KI[W MT UMLQW LM XZ]MJI WJ\MVQLW LM UIVMZI [MXIZILI LM TI I]LQMVKQI XZQVKQXIT
MT K]IT N]MZM IV]TILW XWZ NIT\I LM VW\QKIKQ~V LMT T]OIZ LyI a PWZI LM TI XZWL]KKQ~V LM
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Y]MTW[QV\MZ^QVQMV\M[MVMTXZWKM[WR]LQKQIT\MVOIVMTKWVWKQUQMV\WaTI[MO]ZQLILLMTW[IK\W[
KWV[MZÎV[]ÎTQLMbWVW
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LMIK\]IKQWVM[[MZyIVLQ[\QVO]QLW[MV\ZM[]X]M[\W[[]J[IVIJTM[MQV[]J[IVIJTM[I\MVLQMVLWI
TIOZI^MLILLMTUQ[UWaTIQV\MZ^MVKQ~VLMTIXIZ\MINMK\ILIT]MOWLMPIJMZ[MXZWL]KQLWTI
conducta anulable.
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TIV]TQLILZMTI\QÎTIK]ITZM[XWVLyIIWZQMV\IKQWVM[XZWXQI[LMTITMa[][\IV\QÎILMUn[LMVW
IKWUWLIZ[MITI[VMKM[QLILM[IK\]ITM[Y]MZM[XWVLMVI]VIVITQLILOIZIV\Q[\IMVUI\MZQI
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X]M[LMJMLM\WUIZ[M[QMUXZMMVK]MV\I[QMT^QKQWXZWL]RWWX]MLMXZWL]KQZXMZR]QKQWITLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[ILM
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225

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LM IK]MZLW IT \M`\W LMT IZ\ +8+5 M[\W W\WZOI KWUWLQLIL IT QV\uZXZM\M X]M[
LMXMVLMZnLMTILM[QOVIKQ~VM`XZM[ILMTIVWZUIXZWKM[IT[QMTUW\Q^WMVKIRIMV\ITWK]IT
\QXW)]VY]MM[LMIL^MZ\QZTW[UW\Q^W[LMV]TQLILLQ[XMZ[W[MVTITMOQ[TIKQ~VMV[]UIaWZyI
KIZMKMVLMLQKPIKITQKIKQ~V
8WZ \IV\W [M MV\MVLMZn Y]M OWbIV VQKIUMV\M LM KITQKIKQ~V TMOIT M`XZM[I TI[ V]TQLILM[
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K]aIQVKT][Q~VKWUWKI\MOWZyILMQVMKIKQILMTW[IK\W[XZWKM[ITM[X]M[TIUQ[UIVWMVKIRI
LMV\ZWLMTIKTI[QKIKQ~VIV\M[KWUMV\ILIIXM[IZLMMTTWLMJMZnJ[KI[MTM]V\ZI\IUQMV\W
ILMK]ILWXIZIM^Q\IZKWVN]VLQZTIKWVTIV]TQLILQV[]J[IVIJTM
1.26.2.1. Nulidad subsanable

4I KI\MOWZyI LM V]TQLIL []J[IVIJTM M[ W\WZOILI XIZI IY]MTTW[ UW\Q^W[ MV TW[ K]ITM[ M[
XW[QJTM TI KWVÎTQLIKQ~V LMT IK\W ^QKQILW [MI M`XZM[I W \nKQ\IUMV\M XWZ MT INMK\ILW 4I
TMOQ\QUIKQ~VXIZIZMÎTQLIZTIKWVL]K\IIV]TIJTMM[KWVKMLQLITMOITUMV\MITIXIZ\MM`X]M[\I
I TI QVLMNMV[Q~V XZWKM[IT <ITM[ UW\Q^W[ LM IV]TIKQ~V KWV[\Q\]aMV QVNZIKKQWVM[ LM UMVWZ
ZMTMÎVKQI I KZQ\MZQW LMT TMOQ[TILWZ [~TW X]MLMV [MZ LMV]VKQILW[ XWZ TI XIZ\M INMK\ILI
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LMTINMK\ILWXWZTIV]TQLIL[QVWILMUn[LMJMZn^MVKMZMTXTIbWIV\M[UMVKQWVILW[MOVMT
IZ\QVKQ[W+8+5M[\WM[XIZI\MVMZXWZ[IVMILITIKWVL]K\IIV]TIJTM
1.26.2.2. Nulidad insubsanable

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MV K]ITY]QMZ M[\ILW LMT XZWKM[W -[\I KTI[M LM V]TQLILM[ IXIZMKM M[KI[IUMV\M MV TI V]MÎ
TMOQ[TIKQ~VXZWKM[ITMV\ZMTW[UW\Q^W[LMVWUQVILW[LMUIVMZIM`XZM[I[M\QMVMVTI[[QO]QMV\M["
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226

1.26.2.3. Nulidad de pleno derecho
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1.26.3 Oportunidad y promocin

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+8+5
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M[\ILWLMTXZWKM[WLMIK]MZLWITIZ\QVKQ[W+8+5
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KWUWLWK]UMV\WJI[MXIZITIZMLIKKQ~VLMV]M[\ZIV]MÎTMaXZWKM[IT-TN]VLIUMV\WIV\MZQWZ[MWJ[MZÎLMTI
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XZWKM[IT[ITÎLWZM}W-VKWV[MK]MVKQIXIZIMNMK\W[LMWZLMVXZnK\QKWMTQV\uZXZM\M[ITÎLWZM}WMV\MVLMZnY]MTI
M`XZM[Q~VLMV]TQLILLMXTMVWLMZMKPWM[I[QUQTIJTMITKWVKMX\WLMV]TQLILQV[]J[IVIJTM[WJZM\WLWXIZINIKQTQ\IZ
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227

1.26.3.1. Denuncia de parte afectada
4I TMOQ[TIKQ~V PIJQTQ\I I TI XIZ\M INMK\ILI I LMV]VKQIZ TI QVLMNMV[Q~V []NZQLI XWZ MT MZZWZ
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1.26.3.2. Apreciacin judicial

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1.26.4 Incidente de nulidad de actuaciones procesales

1.26.4.1. Generalidades
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1.26.4.3. Efectos de la declaratoria de nulidad

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1.26.4.3.1. Anulacin de actuaciones

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1.26.4.3.2. Reposicin de actuaciones

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ocasionados.
231
LIBRO SEGUNDO
LOS PROCESOS
DECLARATIVOS
SUMARIO: CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES. I. COMPETENCIA

JUDICIAL EN PROCESO DECLARATIVO: 1. Consideraciones generales;
2. mbito del proceso comn; 3. Contenido de pretensiones sobre materias
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sobre procedimiento adecuado; 6. Cuestionamiento de proceso adecuado; 7.
Impugnacin de la clase de proceso y cuanta.
El Cdigo Procesal Civil y Mercantil salvadoreo de reciente aprobacin y cuya vigencia
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tales como: la misma naturaleza declarativa de la pretensin y al poseer un tratamiento
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naturaleza.
-V M[MVKQI \WLW XZWKM[W LMKTIZI\Q^W ZMKWVWKM LMZMKPW[ XZMM`Q[\MV\M[ IV\M ]VI TMOy\QUI
KWV\MVKQ~V I Y]QuV [M WXWVMV \ITM[ ZMKTIUIKQWVM[ 5MLQIV\M MT XZWKM[W LMKTIZI\Q^W [M
instaura la supletoriedad del mismo; siendo a criterio del legislador salvadoreo el proceso
Y]MOIZIV\QbILMUMRWZUIVMZITW[LMZMKPW[N]VLIUMV\ITM[PIKQITI[XIZ\M[
-[ LMKQZ [Q TI TMa XZWKM[IT VW QVLQKI ]V XZWKM[W M[XMKQIT XIZI \ZIUQ\IZ LM\MZUQVILI KTI[M
LM XZM\MV[Q~V TI UQ[UI [M \ZIUQ\IZn KWVNWZUM I TI NWZUI LMKTIZI\QÎ KWUV =VQLW I TW
IV\MZQWZaXIZIIKTIZIZUMRWZTI[QLMI[[WJZMMTKWV\MVQLWLM]VXZWKM[WLMKTIZI\Q^W[MKQ\I
ITILWOUn\QKIKTn[QKIY]MLM[QOVIJIRWM[\ILMVWUQVIKQ~V"IY]MTTW[Y]M\QMVMVXWZWJRM\W
]VIXZM\MV[Q~VMVY]M[MZMKTIUILMT~ZOIVWR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITTIMUQ[Q~VLM]VILMKTIZIKQ~VLM
^WT]V\IL]VIUMZIU]\IKQ~VQLMITLM[Q\]IKQWVM[NZMV\MITW[XZWKM[W[LMMRMK]KQ~VMVTW[
Y]M[MXZM\MVLMM[]VIUIVQNM[\IKQ~VLM^WT]V\ILM[\WM[]VIWXMZIKQ~VNy[QKIWUI\MZQIT
LMTW[M[\ILW[LMPMKPWWLMLMZMKPWIY]MMTXZWKM[W[MZMMZM
>uI[MMV\WVKM[Y]MMTXZWKM[WLMKTIZI\Q^WKWUV[MKWUXWVMM[MVKQITUMV\MXWZTI[K]I\ZW
etapas siguientes:
I
)TMOIKQWVM[ QVQKQITM[ LM TI[ XIZ\M[ TI K]IT M[ MUQVMV\MUMV\M M[KZQ\I a KWUXZMVLM
tanto la presentacin de la demanda del demandante y las resistencias del
demandado;
! -[K]M[\QWVIJTMMTKQ\ILWM[XyZQ\]]VQKILWZLMTIV]MÎTMaXZWKM[ITKWVNWZUMI[]-`XW[QKQ~VLMUW\Q^W[a
LMVWUQVIKQ~VW\WZOILIITK]MZXWTMOQ[TI\Q^W4IIV\MZQWZKWV\ZW^MZ[QI [WJZM[] KWZZMK\IM[\Z]K\]ZI[MWZQOQVI
XWZY]MZMQ\MZILIUMV\MTITMOQ[TIKQ~VXZWKM[ITLMXZWV\I^QOMVKQIMTIJWZI]VIÎZQMLILLM\ZnUQ\M[XIZI[WT]KQWVIZ
K]M[\QWVM[QVKQLMV\ITM[IXM[IZLMXW[MMZ]V\ZnUQ\MOMVMZIT)[QUQ[UWVW[MMVK]MV\ZI]VIM[\Z]K\]ZIOMVMZIT
IXTQKIJTMI\WLW[TW[XZWKM[W[XI\ZQUWVQITM[K]aI]JQKIKQ~V[MIKWV[QLMZILIKWUW8IZ\M/MVMZIT-[\IT\QUI
LMKQMVKQIPIJQTQ\I]VIKWV[\IV\MIXTQKIKQ~VIVIT~OQKILM[]X]M[\W[ZMO]TILW[MVMTXZWKM[WKWUVMUQOZIVLW
hacia las escasas normas de los procesos especiales e inclusive al mismo proceso abreviado.
):)/76-;-;5):<16-B;Los Procesos Declarativos Ordinarios (Procesos ordinarios y sus especialidades)XX
-[LMIL^MZ\QZY]MTII]\WZIM[XI}WTIKWUMV\ITW[XZWKM[W[JIRWM[\MKWVKMX\WX]M[MVTI4MaLM-VR]QKQIUQMV\W
+Q^QT-[XI}WTILMTI}W\IUJQuV[MILWX\IITXZWKM[WLMKTIZI\Q^WKWUW\QXWOMVuZQKWY]MI[]^MbKWUXZMVLM
al proceso ordinario y el proceso abreviado.
234

J
)]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI K]aI[ VITQLILM[ [WV KWUXIZ\QLI[ XWZ W\ZI[ LM [] UQ[UI
KTI[M [QMVLW M[\I[" TI KWVKQTQIKQ~V LMT TQ\QOQW MT [IVMIUQMV\W LM TW[ LMNMK\W[
XZWKM[ITM[ TI RIKQ~V LMT WJRM\W LM LMJI\M a TI LM\MZUQVIKQ~V LM TW[ UMLQW[
XZWJI\WZQW[Y]MLMUW[\ZIZnVTI[ITMOIKQWVM[LMTI[XIZ\M[#
K
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probatorios;
L
+WVKT]aMVLWMTXZWKM[WKWUVKWVTI[MV\MVKQII]VY]MKWVTIXIZ\QK]TIZQLILY]M
MTNITTWXWLZnLQK\IZ[MQVUMLQI\IUMV\MLMKMZZILWMTLMJI\MLMTI[XIZ\M[LMNWZUI
WZIT a [] UW\QÎKQ~V M[KZQ\I XWLZn [MZ LQNMZQLI XIZI NMKPI XW[\MZQWZ LM IK]MZLW I
TIKWUXTMRQLILLMTTQ\QOQW161
Los procesos declarativos adoptan dos criterios para acomodar la va procesal adecuada
XIZI\ZIUQ\IZTIXZM\MV[Q~VKWV\MVKQW[ILM\WLWLMUIVLIV\M[QMVLWM[\W["XZMNMZMV\MUMV\M
TIUI\MZQIaLMUIVMZI[]J[QLQIZQITIK]IV\yI[WJZMTIXZM\MV[Q~V
-V\ZMIUJW[KZQ\MZQW[TITMOQ[TIKQ~VVIKQWVIT[MLMKIV\WXWZLIZTMXZMNMZMVKQIITIUI\MZQI#TW
K]IT[QOVQKIY]MXZMÎTMKM[WJZMMTÎTWZLM\MZUQVILWXIZIMTMOQZMV\ZMMTXZWKM[WKWUV
o bien el proceso abreviado.
-[ XZMKQ[W M`XTQKIZ MT \QXW LM XZWKM[W XWZ ZIb~V LM TI UI\MZQI ^QMVM I KWV[\Q\]QZ
^MZLILMZIUMV\M ]VI XZM\MV[Q~V WJRM\QÎ# LM \IT UIVMZI Y]M TI VWZUI\QÎ XZWKM[IT
QVLQKI IT QV\MZXZM\M LM TI TMa [WJZM MT XZWKM[W ILMK]ILW I [MO]QZ KWUW KWV[MK]MVKQI IT
2]bOILWZ KWUXM\MV\M LMJMZn IVITQbIZ QVQKQITUMV\M TI VWZUI XWZ ZIb~V LM TI UI\MZQI a
[]J[QLQIZQIUMV\M TI VWZUI XWZ ZIb~V LM TI K]IV\yI LM IK]MZLW KWV MT IZ\ ! QVKQ[W
+8+5 ,M UIVMZI KWVKZM\I ZM[XMK\W I TI[ KTI[M[ LM XZWKM[W[ LMKTIZI\Q^W[ UIZKIV ]VI
diferencia sobre el valor determinado de la pretensin.
7\ZI[LQNMZMVKQI[Y]MX]MLMVZM[IT\IZ[MMV\ZMTW[XZWKM[W[LMKTIZI\Q^W[[WVTW[[QO]QMV\M["MT
XZWKM[W KWUV XW[MM LW[ XZQVKQXITM[ I]LQMVKQI[ TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI a TI I]LQMVKQI
XZWJI\WZQIK]aI[VITQLILM[[WVLQ[\QV\I[
-V KIUJQW MT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW XW[MM ]VI [WTI I]LQMVKQI OMVMZIT TI K]IT \QMVM XWZ
VITQLILY]MMVTIUQ[UI[MZMITQKM\WLITIIK\Q^QLILXZWKM[ITLMUIVMZIKWVKMV\ZILI
Para no descuidar esta resumida introduccin sobre las caractersticas esenciales de los
XZWKM[W[ LMKTIZI\Q^W[ [M LMRIZn MT ZM[\W LM LM\ITTM[ I\QVMV\M[ I KILI ]VW LM IY]MTTW[ MV TW[
XW[\MZQWZM[KIXy\]TW[LMM[\IM`XW[QKQ~V
161 -;+:1*)6757:).La Prueba en el Proceso Civil,XX1@@,MIK]MZLWITW[KWUM\IZQW[LMTM[XI}WT-[KZQJIVW

5WZI\ITM[\Z]K\]ZIXZWKM[ITY]MN]MILWX\ILIXWZMTTMOQ[TILWZ[ITÎLWZM}W[MI[MUMRIITI[JI[M[WKIZIK\MZy[\QKI[
N]VLIUMV\ITM[LMT+~LQOW8ZWKM[IT5WLMTWXIZI1JMZWIUuZQKIMTK]ITI[]^Mb\]^WMVK]MV\ITI[KWVKMXKQWVM[
de la audiencia preliminar austriaca de Klein.
235
2.1 Competencia judicial en proceso declarativo

2.2 Consideraciones generales
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LM[LM TI XMZ[XMK\QÎ LMT XZWKM[W LMKTIZI\Q^W KWUV# MVNWKnVLW[M M`KT][QÎUMV\M PIKQI TI
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I
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4I IV\MZQWZ I[M^MZIKQ~V LMJM ]JQKIZ[M MV MT KWV\M`\W LM TI V]MÎ KWVNWZUIKQ~V LM TI
M[\Z]K\]ZI WZOnVQKI Y]M MT +8+5 MT K]IT ZMLQ[\ZQJ]aM N]VKQWVM[ ZM[XMK\W I KWUW [M
encuentran en la actualidad.
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les fue suprimida totalmente la competencia contenciosa en lo civil y mercantil de menor
K]IV\yITIK]IT[MTM[KWVIJILMIK]MZLWIT+8+163
4I V]MÎ TMa [~TW I\ZQJ]aM MT KWVWKQUQMV\W LM TW[ IK\W[ LM KWVKQTQIKQ~V LM IK]MZLW I TW[
IZ\[a+8+5#RnVLWTMKWUWWJRM\Q^WM^Q\IZ]VXZWKM[WKWV\MVKQW[W
.ZMV\M I TI IV\MZQWZ []XZM[Q~V WZOnVQKI LM KWUXM\MVKQI XZQÎ\QÎ [M ZMIZUI TI VMKM[IZQI
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[MTM[LM[XTIbIZyIVTITIJWZY]MMRMZKyIVTW[2]bOILW[LM8Ib
4]MOW LM TI[ IKTIZIKQWVM[ XZM^QI[ LMJM M[\IJTMKMZ[M KI\MO~ZQKIUMV\M Y]M [WV TW[ 2]bOILW[
LM 8ZQUMZI 1V[\IVKQI KWV KWUXM\MVKQI M[XMKQITQbILI MV TW +Q^QT a 5MZKIV\QT Y]QMVM[
WZOnVQKIUMV\M [MZnV TW[ MVKIZOILW[ XIZI TI \ZIUQ\IKQ~V LM TW[ XZWKM[W[ LMKTIZI\Q^W[
KWU]VM[# M[W [y M`KT]aMVLW LM M[\I KI\MOWZyI LM XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI I TW[ 2]bOILW[
162 -VTI+IXQ\ITLMTI:MXJTQKILM-T;ITÎLWZIK\]ITUMV\M[MMVK]MV\ZIVN]VKQWVIVLW\ZM[\ZQJ]VITM[KWTMOQILW[
M[\W[KWZZM[XWVLMVITI8ZQUMZI;MKKQ~VLMT+MV\ZWK]aI[LMVWUQVIKQWVM[[WVTI[[QO]QMV\M["+nUIZI8ZQUMZI
LMTW[+Q^QTLMTI8ZQUMZI;MKKQ~VLMT+MV\ZW+nUIZI;MO]VLILMTW+Q^QT+nUIZILMTI8ZQUMZI;MKKQ~VLMT
+MV\ZWaTI+nUIZI<MZKMZILMTW+Q^QTLMTI8ZQUMZI;MKKQ~VLMT+MV\ZW<WLW[TW[\ZQJ]VITM[UMVKQWVILW[
poseen competencia para tramitar los procesos comunes cuyo demandado sea el Estado.
163 Por naturaleza las normas procesales son irretroactivas; en consecuencia los procesos patrimoniales iniciados
KWVMT+8+KWV\QV]IZnVQUX]T[nVLW[MJIRWTIKWUXM\MVKQILMTW[2]bOILW[LM8IbPI[\I[]KWVKT][Q~V-[\M
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236

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TITMK\]ZILMTW[IZ\[a+8+5
2.2.1 mbito del proceso comn

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entendimiento del tema.
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siguiente:
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237

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y Otros Signos Distintivos.
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cantidad de dinero.
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con la intencin de favorecer el planeamiento de demandas colectivas; estas mismas seran promovidas por las
asociaciones de consumidores y usuarios legalmente constituidas legitimadas para la defensa de los derechos
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y Proteccin de la Propiedad Intelectual.
2.2.3 Otros mbitos del proceso comn

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nulidad de actuaciones por error de procedimiento adecuado no advertido oportunamente
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formalismos cmodamente subsanables.
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el someterse a un Juzgador con mayor conocimiento; contar con plazos procesales amplios;
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en el valor de la pretensin y la materia sea el incorrecto.
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razn de la materia.
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procesales conclusivos.
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2.3 EL ACTO DE CONCILIACIN

SUMARIO: I. CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES. 1. Competencia; 2.
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de la audiencia. II. IMPUGNACIN Y EJECUCIN DEL ACUERDO DE
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acuerdo de conciliacin.
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TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI MV MT XZWKM[W KWUV W TI VQKI I]LQMVKQI XIZI TW[ XZWKM[W[ Y]M
rigen sus destinos conforme al procedimiento abreviado. Como suele sostenerse en materia
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procesal.!
La legislacin especial salvadorea entiende por conciliacin de la manera siguiente: Un
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TM\ZIJ45+)8WZW\ZWTILWTIV]MÎTMaXZWKM[ITKQ^QTaUMZKIV\QTXWZ[]XMZTOMVMZIT
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IZ\+8+5
,MJM LMRIZ[M KTIZW Y]M TI IK\Q^QLIL LM KWVKQTQIKQ~V KWUW \MUI KMV\ZIT LM TI[ XZM[MV\M[
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168
!
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576<-:7):7+)2El Nuevo Proceso Civil, (Ley 1/2000).))>>XX
243
2.3.1 Competencia objetiva

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9]MLIVITUIZOMVXIZITIRIKQ~VLMKWUXM\MVKQI[WJZMTIKWVKQTQIKQ~VMTZM[\WLMKZQ\MZQW[
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del Juzgado de paz competente.
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LML]KMY]MTIXIZ\MKQ\ILIR]LQKQITUMV\MXIZII]LQMVKQIXWLZnITMOIZTIQVKWUXM\MVKQIXWZ
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MTXZMKMX\WXZQVKQXITLMTLWUQKQTQWLMTZM[XWV[IJTMKWV\ZIY]QuV[MXZM\MVLMTIKWVKQTQIKQ~V
2.3.2. Materias excluidas de la conciliacin

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M^MV\]ITUMV\M KWUXZWJILW \ITM[ MNMK\W[ MV TI VMOWKQIKQ~V [WV \WTMZIJTM[ MV K]ITY]QMZ
XI\ZQUWVQW M`KMX\W MV IY]MTTW[ Y]M ZMY]QMZMV ]VI XZW\MKKQ~V M[XMKQIT KWVNWZUM I TI
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-[W[[]X]M[\W[XI\ZQUWVQITM[M[\nVLM[\QVILW[ITWOZIZ]VJQMVM[\IZLMTIKWTMK\Q^QLILIT[MZ
un componente de la hacienda pblica estatal y los patrimonios socialmente protegidos. As
\MVMUW[TI[UI\MZQI[M`KT]QLI[LMTIKWVKQTQIKQ~VTI[[QO]QMV\M["
I
8ZWKM[W[ LM QV\MZu[ LMT -[\ILW TI[ ILUQVQ[\ZIKQWVM[ XJTQKI[ KWZXWZIKQWVM[ W

QV[\Q\]KQWVM[ LM QO]IT VI\]ZITMbI 1VLQ[\QV\IUMV\M TI KITQLIL LM XIZ\M MV TI Y]M
pueda intervenir eventualmente en un proceso contencioso.
J
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LMUIVLILW[IZ\+6
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imposibilidad de intentar conciliar a los representantes a nombre de los menores
de edad y los mayores de edad incapaces en pudieran resultar involucrados como
partes.
244

L
8ZWKM[W[MVTW[Y]M[MVQMO]MLQKPW\ZnUQ\MXWZUQVQ[\MZQWLMTMaaTW[XZWUW^QLW[
[WJZMUI\MZQI[VW[][KMX\QJTM[LM\ZIV[IKKQ~VVQKWUXZWUQ[W-VM[\M[]X]M[\WTI
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-V MT KI[W LM XTIV\MnZ[MTM IT 2]bOILW LM XIb ]VI [WTQKQ\]L LM KWVKQTQIKQ~V LWVLM
QV^WT]KZM K]ITY]QMZI LM TW[ []X]M[\W[ TMOITM[ XTIV\MILW[ [M LMJMZn ZMKPIbIZ TI UQ[UI XWZ
QUXZWXWVQJTM[MIQVTQUQVMWMVMT\ZIV[K]Z[WLMTI[LQTQOMVKQI[MV^QZ\]LY]MTIXZM\MV[Q~V
KWVKQTQI\WZQIVW[MMVK]MV\ZI[]RM\IITIXZW\MKKQ~VR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT
2.3.3. Solicitud de conciliacin

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R]LQKQITM[VWKWV\MVKQW[I[LMIPyY]MMTPetitum[MMVK]MV\ZMKWV\MVQLWMV]VI[WTQKQ\]LK]aI
informacin contentiva es mnima en comparacin a la demanda planteada en los procesos
KWV\MVKQW[W[-[\WMZILMM[XMZIZX]M[LQKPIQVNWZUIKQ~VLM[KIV[IMVTIZMNMZMV\MITXTMQ\W
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LMTITMK\]ZILMTIZ\ +8+5
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VW[MZ^QZnVLMVQVO]VIUIVMZIIT2]bOILWLMXIbY]QuVMRMZKMZnVQKIUMV\M]VITIJWZLM
IXZW`QUIKQ~VMV\ZMTW[QV^WT]KZILW[LMTIUIVMZIM[\IJTMKQLITMOITUMV\M
El acento de la solicitud en comento lo lleva en la narracin de los hechos de manera
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frente a lo pretendido.
=V ZMY]Q[Q\W VW M`XZM[ILW MV TI VWZUI R]ZyLQKI Y]M LMJM IOZMOIZ[M M[ TI XW[\]TIKQ~V
XZMKMX\QÎ ZMNMZQLI XWZ MT IZ\ +8+5 ;Q JQMV M[ KQMZ\W M[\I[ LQTQOMVKQI[ N]MZWV
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esta facilidad desapareci al adoptarse el imperativo de la norma citada.
2.3.3.1. Trmite de la admisin de la solicitud

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QVNWZUIKQ~VWJRM\WLMXZM^MVKQ~V
-[ LM IL^MZ\QZ Y]M TI WUQ[Q~V TMOIT MV QVLQKIZ K]IT M[ TI KWV[MK]MVKQI XZWL]KQLI K]IVLW
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IVITWOyIKWVMTIZ\ +8+5MTK]ITQVLQKITIWK]ZZMVKQILMT[]X]M[\WXTIV\MILW[MZn
la inadmisibilidad de la solicitud.
245

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[M LMJMZn XZWV]VKQIZ[M TI QUXZWXWVQJQTQLIL LM TI [WTQKQ\]L KWVKQTQI\WZQI .]MZI LM TI[
M`XZM[QWVM[ TMOITM[ LM ZMKPIbW VW KIJM VQVO]VI W\ZI IT M`KT]QZ[M TI KZMI\Q^QLIL R]LQKQIT
[WJZM MT \MUI +]ITY]QMZI [MI TI M`XZM[Q~V LM ZMKPIbW LM TI [WTQKQ\]L TI V]MÎ TMOQ[TIKQ~V
XZWKM[IT VQMOI TI OMVMZIKQ~V LM \WLI KTI[M LM MNMK\W[ NI^WZIJTM[ IT [WTQKQ\IV\M KWUW TI
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MT 2]bOILW ILUQ\QZn TI UQ[UI a KQ\IZn I TI[ XIZ\M[ I TI KMTMJZIKQ~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI
KWVKQTQI\WZQIMVTW[XTIbW[RILW[MVMTIZ\+8+5
2.3.4. Asistencia a la audiencia

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[QIY]MTKWU]VQKILWXZM\MVLMY]MTW[QV^WT]KZILW[I[Q[\IVWKWUXIZMbKIVX]M[\WY]MM[\W[
[WVKWVKMX\W[LQ[\QV\W[MTXZQUMZWM[^WT]V\IZQWaMT[MO]VLWM[WJTQOI\WZQW
-VKWV[MK]MVKQI[Q[MMUXTMITIM`XZM[Q~VKQ\ITIUQ[UI[MMV\QMVLMY]MTI[XIZ\M[LMJMV
comparecer obligatoriamente.
8WZ\IV\WIXM[IZLMTI]\QTQbIKQ~VLMTIXITIJZII[Q[\MVKQIITII]LQMVKQIKWUW[M\Q\]TI
MT IZ\ +8+5 [M MV\MVLMZn Y]M TI[ XIZ\M[ LMJMZnV KWUXIZMKMZ X]M[ LM VW [MZ I[y
VW [M XZWL]KQZyIV ]VI [MZQM LM MNMK\W[ XMZR]LQKQITM[ I TW[ UQ[UW[ -V\ZM M[W[ XW[QJTM[ XWZ
incomparecencia de las partes se tienen los efectos siguientes:
I
1VKWUXIZMKMVKQI QVR][\QKILI LMT [WTQKQ\IV\M [M \MVLZn XWZ VW XZM[MV\ILI TI
[WTQKQ\]LIZKPQ^nVLW[MTWIK\]ILW
J
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conciliacin intentada.
K
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LMTIXIZ\MY]M[QKWUXIZMKQ~
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instancia y las comunes por mitad.
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I]LQMVKQIKWVKQTQI\WZQITIKQ\I[QOVQKI]VI^MZLILMZIKWUXIZMKMVKQIITI[IY]MTTI[XWZY]M
[M XZWL]KMV ]VI [MZQM LM MNMK\W[ XZWXQW[ LMT QVK]UXTQUQMV\W IT TTIUILW R]LQKQIT I LQKPI
audiencia especial.
246
2.3.5. Celebracin de la audiencia

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K]IVLW KWUXIZMbKIV IUJI[ XIZ\M[ LMJQLIUMV\M KWV^WKILI[ IT MNMK\W# KI[W KWV\ZIZQW TI
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efectos legales consiguientes.
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7XMZI\QÎUMV\M MT X]V\W QUXWZ\IV\M LM TI IOMVLI LM TI I]LQMVKQI LM KWVKQTQIKQ~V [MZn MT
avenimiento de las partes para lograr acuerdos. El protagonismo en la intervencin de la
I]LQMVKQI M[ XZWXQW LM TI[ XIZ\M[ KWV TI LMJQLI I[Q[\MVKQI LM [][ ZM[XMK\Q^W[ IJWOILW[ LM
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por las partes.
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la avenencia por acuerdos conciliatorios y como efecto secundario puede darse en esta
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):1);/):+1)-:4I[,QTQOMVKQI[+WVKQTQI\WZQI[+Q^QTM[MV;MLMLM2]MbLM8IbVentana Jurdica, N 2 Ao

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R]LQKQITM[XMZNMK\IUMV\MIXTQKIJTMITIKWVKQTQIKQ~VXZM^MV\QÎKMTMJZILI[QMUXZMIV\MMT2]MbLM8IbMVTIV]MÎ
ley procesal civil y mercantil.
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IZOMV\QVWMTIK]MZLWKWVKQTQI\WZQWX]MLMKWV\MVMZ]VI\ZIV[IKKQ~V]VITTIVIUQMV\WMVV]VIK\WKWUXTMRWY]M
XIZ\QKQXMLMITO]VI[LMM[\I[NWZUI[M`\QV\QÎ[LMUIVMZIKWUJQVILI8MZ[WVITUMV\MVWKWUXIZ\WMTKZQ\MZQW
[M}ITILW \WUIVLW KWUW ZMNMZMVKQI MT +~LQOW 8ZWKM[IT +Q^QT a 5MZKIV\QT [ITÎLWZM}W X]M[ KWV[QLMZW Y]M TI
KWV[MK]MVKQILMTIKWVKQTQIKQ~VXZM^MV\QÎVWX]MLMXZWL]KQZ]VLM[Q[\QUQMV\WWZMV]VKQI]VITTIVIUQMV\WaI
Y]M[WVXZWL]K\W[XZWXQW[LM]VXZWKM[WR]LQKQITKWV\MVKQW[W#X]M[TWY]M^MZLILMZIUMV\M[MWJ\QMVMMVM[\I
etapa previa es una avenencia de las personas involucradas es un arreglo conciliatorio. Las instituciones procesales
QVQKQITUMV\MUMVKQWVILI[[~TWXZWKMLMZnVMVTIKWVKQTQIKQ~VQV\ZIXZWKM[IT[MOVTWM[\IJTMKQLWMVMTIZ\!
C.P.C.M.
247

)]VY]MMVMTXZQUMZ[]X]M[\WMT2]MbLMJMZn\MVMZMVK]MV\IXZM^QIIXZWJIKQ~VLMTIK]MZLW
Y]MTWKWV^MVQLWVWKWV[\Q\]aI]VITM[Q~VOZI^MXIZIITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[LMNZI]LMLMTMa
WLMIJ][WLMLMZMKPW#[QM`Q[\QMZMITO]VWLMM[\W[I[XMK\W[MT2]MbVWIXZWJIZnMTIK]MZLW
alcanzado por las partes.
2.3.6 Impugnacin y ejecucin del acuerdo de conciliacin

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partes en darle cumplimiento al acuerdo.
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a un lado el procedimiento aplicable en el conocimiento del recurso.
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entenderse como sinnimo de la competencia territorial.
248

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por dicho arreglo.
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C.P.C.M.
173 La impugnacin regulada por la nueva legislacin procesal civil y mercantil salvadorea contra el acuerdo
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contratos.
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249
2.4 DILIGENCIAS PRELIMINARES

SUMARIO: I. CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES. II. OBJETO DE
LAS DILIGENCIAS PRELIMINARES. III. SUSTANCIACIN DE LAS
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COSTAS.

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del cuerpo normativo en general es aplicable principalmente para los procesos civiles y
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previos a la demanda.
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denominadas as por el Cdigo Procesal Civil y Comercial de Argentina. A estas se les
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de proceso a iniciar.176
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realizar mayor esfuerzo intelectual es perfectamente trasladable hacia nuestro ordenamiento
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bienes muebles y anotaciones preventivas sobre inscripciones registrales.
176 ):)B1:Derecho Procesal Civil y ComercialX
250
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de la tediosa dispersin de procedimientos y efectos dados en el tratamiento del C.P.C.
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47:+)6)>)::-<-)5. La Regulacin de las Diligencias Preliminares en la nueva Ley de

Enjuiciamiento Civil:M^Q[\ILM,MZMKPW+Q^QT4)4-A
251

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2.4.3 Sustanciacin de las diligencias

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una cuestin incidental. Todas las averiguaciones para completar la informacin para la
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2.4.3.1. Competencia judicial

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estos los siguientes:
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las actuaciones.
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por el solicitante de las diligencias preliminares.
252

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subsidiario.
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KWUXM\MVKQIMVTI[LQTQOMVKQI[XZMTQUQVIZM[[WVTW[[QO]QMV\M["I+]IVLWTILQTQOMVKQI\MVOI
XWZWJRM\WTIQV\MOZIKQ~VLMTIZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VTMOITLMTW[UMVWZM[TW[QVKIXIKQ\ILW[aTW[
PQRW[ UMVWZM[ Y]M LMJIV TQ\QOIZ KWV\ZI TW[ XILZM[ XWZ UMLQW LM TI 8ZWK]ZIL]ZyI /MVMZIT
LM TI :MXJTQKI W XWZ TW UMLQW[ M[\IJTMKQLW[ XWZ TI TMa [MOV MT IZ\ WZLQVIT # a J
+]IVLWMTWJRM\W[MITILM\MZUQVIKQ~VR]LQKQITLMTOZ]XWLMINMK\ILW[MVTW[XZWKM[W[XIZI
TI LMNMV[I LM TW[ QV\MZM[M[ KWTMK\Q^W[ LM KWV[]UQLWZM[ a ][]IZQW[ LM IK]MZLW IT IZ\
WZLQVIT
*IRW TI UQ[UI QLMI IKMZKI LMT KZQ\MZQW M[XMKQIT a []J[QLQIZQW# M[ LM IL^MZ\QZ Y]M VW [~TW
\MVLZn T]OIZ IT LM[KWVWKMZ[M MT LWUQKQTQW LMT ZMY]MZQLW# ILMUn[ MV TW[ []X]M[\W[ LWVLM MT
KZQ\MZQW\MZZQ\WZQITVWX]MLI[MZ]\QTQbILWKWUWZMNMZMVKQIXIZIRIZTIKWUXM\MVKQIKWVNWZUM
I TI[ ZMOTI[ OMVMZITM[ \IT M[ MT KI[W LM TI[ LMUIVLI[ XZWUW^QLI[ KWV\ZI MT -[\ILW LM -T
;ITÎLWZ IKn MT IZ\ QVKQ[W QVL]LIJTMUMV\M VW[ ZMUQ\M \nKQ\IUMV\M I TW ZMO]TILW
XWZMTIZ\!+8+5
-V LMVQ\QÎ TI[ VWZUI[ KWUXM\MVKQITM[ XIZI TI[ LQTQOMVKQI[ XZMTQUQVIZM[ [M LQ[\QVO]MV
LMTI[VWZUI[OMVMZITM[[WJZMTIKWUXM\MVKQIITTQUQ\nZ[MTMMTLMZMKPWITIQUX]OVIKQ~VI
QV[\IVKQILMXIZ\M[MOVMTIZ\QVKQ[W#LMJQMVLWMV\MVLMZ[MMVM[\MT\QUWIXIZ\ILW
Y]M MT KWVKMX\W LM XIZ\M [M ZMMZM LM UIVMZI XZMKQ[I IT ZMY]MZQLW X]M[ ZMKWZLMUW[
Y]M[MM[\nNZMV\MITLM[IZZWTTWLMLQTQOMVKQI[aVWXZWXQIUMV\MIV\M]VXZWKM[WXI\ZQUWVQIT
contencioso.
-[\IXZWPQJQKQ~VM`XZM[IITZMY]MZQLW[MR][\QKIMVIZI[LMTIVMKM[IZQIXZWV\Q\]LKWVY]M
LMJMV [MZ TTMÎLI[ TI[ LQTQOMVKQI[ TI VITQLIL XZMXIZI\WZQI LM TI[ UQ[UI[ a TI INMK\IKQ~V
temporal de sus decisiones.
2.4.3.2. Solicitud y caucin

8IZI TTMÎZ I KIJW TI[ LQTQOMVKQI[ XZMTQUQVIZM[ [M XQLM IT QO]IT Y]M MV TW[ XZWKM[W[
XI\ZQUWVQITM[ KWV\MVKQW[W[ TI XZM[MV\IKQ~V LM TI [WTQKQ\]L XWZ M[KZQ\W LM IK]MZLW IT
IZ\ +8+5 M`QOM QVNWZUIKQ~V M[XMKQIT a ILQKQWVIT I K]ITY]QMZ XM\QKQ~V LQZQOQLI
I TI[ I]\WZQLILM[ R]LQKQITM[ KWV MT XZWX~[Q\W LM I\MVLMZ LM UMRWZ UIVMZI TI[ XM\QKQWVM[
preparatorias solicitadas. Tal informacin esencial y especial se resalta de la manera
siguiente:
I
4MOQ\QUIKQ~V XZWKM[IT IK\QÎ LMT [WTQKQ\IV\M I TI T]b LMT IZ\ +8+5 [MI
KWUW\Q\]TIZLM]VLMZMKPWW]VQV\MZu[TMOITUMV\MZMKWVWKQLWMVZMTIKQ~VKWVTI
XZM\MV[Q~V# ^QVQMVLW I KWV[\Q\]QZ TI UQ[UI Y]M [MZn IT]LQLI MV MT N]\]ZW XZWKM[W
civil y mercantil.
253

J
.]VLIUMV\W[ Y]M IXWaMV TW XMLQLW -[\I[ ZIbWVM[ [WV LQZMK\IUMV\M ZMTIKQWVILI[
KWVTILQTQOMVKQIY]M[MXZM\MVLIXZWUW^MZ
K
2][\QKIKQ~V LM TI VMKM[QLIL LM [] ILWXKQ~V -V M[\M ZMY]Q[Q\W [M ZMTI\IZn TW[
UW\Q^W[LMT[WTQKQ\IV\MITXZWUW^MZTI[LQTQOMVKQI[aTI]\QTQLILY]MTMJZQVLIZnVKWV
TW[ ZM[]T\ILW[ WJ\MVQLW[ [MI UMLQIV\M TI LMKTIZIKQ~V TI M`PQJQKQ~V W TI VMKM[IZQI
QV\MZ^MVKQ~VLMTI[XMZ[WVI[PIKQIY]QMVÎaIVLQZQOQLI[
L
;Q N]MZM MT KI[W QVLQKIZ TI[ XMZ[WVI[ Y]M LMJIV QV\MZ^MVQZ ,MXMVLMZn LMT WJRM\W
LM TI[ LQTQOMVKQI[# XWZ \IV\W M[\I M`QOMVKQI IXIZMKM [~TW K]IVLW IXIZMbKI \IT
necesidad.
M
5MLQLI[ZMY]MZQLI[-[\MIXIZ\ILWMY]QÎTMITPetitum de la demanda; es decir las

XM\QKQWVM[ KWVKZM\I[ [WJZM K~UW LMJI QV\MZ^MVQZ[M R]LQKQITUMV\M XIZI TWOZIZ TI
VITQLIL LM TI[ LQTQOMVKQI[ XZWUW^QLI[ *n[QKIUMV\M [M ZM[]UM MV ZMY]MZQUQMV\W[
hacia destinatarios determinados.
N
7NZMKQUQMV\WLMT[WTQKQ\IV\MLMTI[LQTQOMVKQI[[WJZMNWZUIaK]IV\yILMTIKI]KQ~V
XIZI ZM[XWVLMZ LM TW[ OI[\W[ a LM TW[ LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ 8IZI LIZTM K]UXTQUQMV\W
IT ZMY]Q[Q\W LM TI NWZUI a K]IV\yI LM TI KI]KQ~V [M TWOZI UMLQIV\M TI M`XZM[I
IXTQKIKQ~V []XTM\WZQI \WUIVLW MV K]MV\I TW[ KZQ\MZQW[ XZM[KZQ\W[ MV MT IZ\
+8+5 TW[ K]ITM[ QT][\ZIV IT [WTQKQ\IV\M [WJZM TI[ NWZUI[ LM KI]KQ~V Y]M X]MLM
ofrecer y son aceptadas por la nueva legislacin procesal salvadorea.
)LQKQWVITUMV\M I TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ IZZQJI [M}ITILW[ MT M[KZQ\W [M KWUXTM\I KWV TW[
ZMY]MZQUQMV\W[ OMVMZITM[ LM \WLI XM\QKQ~V LQZQOQLI I TI[ I]\WZQLILM[ R]ZQ[LQKKQWVITM[ MV
XIZ\QK]TIZ XIZI TW LQ[X]M[\W I TI LMUIVLI a TI[ NWZUITQLILM[ M`\ZyV[MKI[ \ITM[ KWUW TW[
LWK]UMV\W[ Y]M TI LMJIV LM IKWUXI}IZ 8IZI KMZZIZ M[\W[ KWUMV\IZQW[ KWV^QMVM ZMKWZLIZ
Y]M I XM[IZ LM TI VI\]ZITMbI VW KWV\MVKQW[I LM TI[ LQTQOMVKQI[ XZMTQUQVIZM[ \IUJQuV TM M[
IXTQKIJTMTIXW[\]TIKQ~VXZMKMX\QÎ#M[\WT\QUWIXM[IZLMT\MVWZTQ\MZITLMTIZ\+8+5
el cual aparentemente slo es reclamado para los procesos civiles y mercantiles.
2.4.3.3. Decisin sobre la solicitud

8ZM[MV\ILI TI [WTQKQ\]L IV\M MT 2]bOILW W <ZQJ]VIT KWUXM\MV\M [M LMJMZn MÌUQVIZ Y]M
IY]MTTI ZMVI TI QVNWZUIKQ~V OMVMZIT a M[XMKQIT LM TI[ XM\QKQWVM[ MV MT XTIbW LM KQVKW LyI[
[QO]QMV\M[I[]XZM[MV\IKQ~V[MOVMTIZ\!+8+5
)VITQbILI TI [WTQKQ\]L X]MLM M[XMZIZ[M TI[ XW[\]ZI[ R]LQKQITM[ QVyKQITM[ LM TI ILUQ[Q~V W
denegacin de la solicitud y terminacin de las actuaciones por incumplimiento de la
ZMVLQKQ~VLMTIKI]KQ~VTW[K]ITM[[MIUXTQIZnVLMTINWZUI[QO]QMV\M"
I
)LUQ[Q~VLMTI[WTQKQ\]L;Q[MKWV[QLMZIR][\QKILITIXM\QKQ~VaK]UXTMKWV\WLW[
TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ TMOITM[ MT 2]bOILWZ UMLQIV\M I]\W M[\QUI\Q^W WZLMVIZn TI XZnK\QKI
LMTI[LQTQOMVKQI[[WTQKQ\ILI[#R]V\IUMV\MKWVTIRIKQ~VLMTINWZUIaMTUWV\WLM
254

TI KI]KQ~V Y]M LMJI ZMVLQZ MT [WTQKQ\IV\M XIZI ZM[XWVLMZ LM TW[ XW[QJTM[ LI}W[ a
XMZR]QKQW[[MOVMTIZ\!QVKQ[W+8+5
J
,MVMOIKQ~VLMTI[WTQKQ\]L;QTIXM\QKQ~VKIZMKMLMITO]VW[LMTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[TMOITM[
aM[\W[N]MZMVQV[]J[IVIJTM[[MLMVMOIZnTIXM\QKQ~VLMTI[LQTQOMVKQI[XZMTQUQVIZM[#
LQK\nVLW[M IT MNMK\W MT I]\W LM[M[\QUI\WZQW# MT K]IT [MZn KWU]VQKILW IT [WTQKQ\IV\M
,QKPWI]\W[MZnIXMTIJTM4IVMOI\QÎILIZTM\ZnUQ\MITI[WTQKQ\]LLMTILQTQOMVKQI
[MZnIXMTIJTMKWVNWZUMITIZ\!QVKQ[W+8+5!QVKQ[W+8+5
K
<MZUQVIKQ~VLMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[=VI^MbKWU]VQKILWMTKWV\MVQLWLMTIILUQ[Q~V
LM TI [WTQKQ\]L MT [WTQKQ\IV\M KWV\IZn KWV MT XTIbW LM KQVKW LyI[ XIZI XZM[\IZ W
KWV[\Q\]QZ TI KI]KQ~V MV TI NWZUI a UWV\W RILW[ R]LQKQITUMV\M >MVKQLW LQKPW
XTIbW[QVPIJMZK]UXTQLWTWIV\M[WZLMVILW[MLQK\IZnI]\WLMVQ\Q^W+WV\ZIZQII
TI[ZMOTI[LMQUX]OVIKQ~VTITMOQ[TIKQ~V[MVQMOIMTLMZMKPWIZMK]ZZQZKWV\ZIM[\M
I]\WLMVQ\Q^WLMIK]MZLWITIZ\!QVKQ[W+8+5
-T ZM[]T\ILW WJ\MVQLW LM TI XZnK\QKI LM TI[ UMLQLI[ IKWZLILI[ MV TI[ LQTQOMVKQI[
XZMTQUQVIZM[ XW[MM ]VI MKIKQI \MUXWZIT [QMVLW M[\M MT XTIbW LM ]V UM[ XIZI Y]M MT
[WTQKQ\IV\MQV\MZXWVOITIKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MLMUIVLI[MOVMTIZ\QVKQ[W+8+5#[QMT
[WTQKQ\IV\MaM^MV\]ITLMUIVLIV\MIV^MVKQLWMTXTIbWIV\MZQWZXZM[MV\IZMTILMUIVLITI
QVNWZUIKQ~V[MZnLM[KIZ\ILIXWZMT2]bOILWUMLQIV\MMTZMKPIbWLMTILMUIVLI
2.4.3.4. Incidente de oposicin

=VI^MbVW\QKILWMTI]\WLMILUQ[Q~VLMTI[WTQKQ\]LY]MI[]^MbIK]MZLITIXZnK\QKILM
TI[ LQTQOMVKQI[ XZMTQUQVIZM[ [M XZWL]KMV MNMK\W[ QVUMLQI\W[ PIKQI TW[ QV\MZM[ILW[# ZM[XMK\W
IT [WTQKQ\IV\M TI LM ZMVLQZ TI KI]KQ~V MV TI NWZUI a K]IV\yI RILI R]LQKQITUMV\M Y]M N]M
WXWZ\]VIUMV\M KWUMV\ILI# a MT MNMK\W \WKIV\M IT ZMY]MZQLW M[ MT K]UXTQUQMV\W LM TW
IKWZLILWMVTINWZUIaXTIbWXIZITIXZnK\QKILMTILQTQOMVKQI
8]MLM []KMLMZ Y]M MT LM[\QVI\IZQW LM TI XZnK\QKI LM TI LQTQOMVKQI XZMTQUQVIZ M[ LMKQZ MT
ZMY]MZQLW M[\u MV LM[IK]MZLW KWV TW XMLQLW XWZ MT [WTQKQ\IV\M a WZLMVILW XWZ MT 2]Mb -[I
LQ[KWVNWZUQLILX]MLM^MZ[MUIVQNM[\ILII\ZIû[LMTLMVWUQVILW1VKQLMV\MLMWXW[QKQ~V
ZMO]TILWMVMTIZ\+8+5
,QKPI WXW[QKQ~V LMT ZMY]MZQLW [M NWZUITQbI UMLQIV\M TI XZM[MV\IKQ~V LM ]V M[KZQ\W
LMJQLIUMV\M N]VLIUMV\ILW a LQZQOQLW IT N]VKQWVIZQW R]LQKQIT Y]M TM VW\QKW MT I]\W MV
Y]M [M IK]MZLI TI XZnK\QKI LM LQTQOMVKQI[ XZMTQUQVIZM[ LMV\ZW LMT XTIbW LM KQVKW LyI[
[QO]QMV\M[ LM TI KWU]VQKIKQ~V :MKQJQLW MT IV\MZQWZ M[KZQ\W [M KWV^WKIZn I TW[ QV\MZM[ILW[
ITIKMTMJZIKQ~VLM]VII]LQMVKQIY]M\MVLZnXWZWJRM\WKWV\ZW^MZ\QZTW[N]VLIUMV\W[LMTI
WXW[QKQ~VLM[IZZWTTnVLW[MTII]LQMVKQIKWVIZZMOTWITI[VWZUI[LMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWMV
TWY]MN]MZMIXTQKIJTM[MOVMTIZ\QVKQ[W+8+5
-`Q[\M ]VI LQ[\QVKQ~V [WJZM MT UWUMV\W MV Y]M [M ZM[]MT^M MT QVKQLMV\M ZM[XMK\W I TW
M[\IJTMKQLW MV TI[ ZMOTI[ LM \ZIUQ\IKQ~V LMT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW X]M[ MV MT QVKQLMV\M LM
255

WXW[QKQ~V[MWZLMVIZM[WT^MZMVTIUQ[UII]LQMVKQI[MOVMTIZ\QVKQ[W-[\WQUXTQKI
la prontitud del Juzgador para dictar de inmediato la resolucin de forma oralmente. De esta
ZM[WT]KQ~V Y]M LMKQLM MT QVKQLMV\M [M XMZUQ\M ]VI QUX]OVIKQ~V ZMTI\QÎ IT XMZUQ\QZ[M [~TW
al solicitante inicial de las diligencias preliminares la interposicin del recurso de apelacin
K]IVLW TI LMKQ[Q~V M[\QUI R][\QKILI TI WXW[QKQ~V LMT ZMY]MZQLW 9]MLI ^MLILW MT LMZMKPW
ITIQUX]OVIKQ~VLMM[\MT\QUWQV\MZM[ILWIT^MZNZ][\ZILW[[][N]VLIUMV\W[LMWXW[QKQ~V
-V KI[W LMT NI^WZMKMZ TI LMKQ[Q~V I TI [WTQKQ\]L LM TI[ LQTQOMVKQI[ XZMTQUQVIZM[ TW LM[MILW
M[ Y]M MT KQ\ILW W ZMY]MZQLW K]UXTI KWV TI[ UMLQLI[ WZLMVILI[ R]LQKQITUMV\M )]VY]M
X]MLM[]KMLMZY]Mu[\MVWLMK]UXTQUQMV\WITILMKQ[Q~VQVLMXMVLQMV\MUMV\MLMRM^MVKMZ
MTXTIbWXIZIXZWUW^MZMTQVKQLMV\MLMWXW[QKQ~VWJQMVXZWUW^QLWMTUQ[UW[MLM[M[\QUM
los fundamentos.
8ZM[MV\ILITIKWVL]K\IVMOI\QÎLMTZMY]MZQLWMVMTXTIbWR]LQKQITQVLQKILWTITMaXZWKM[IT
WNZMKM ]VI [MZQM LM MNMK\W[ [][\MV\ILW[ ITO]VW[ MV XZM[]VKQWVM[ TMOITM[# MT WZLMVIZ TI
MV\ZILI a ZMOQ[\ZW W MT IKKM[W R]LQKQIT I T]OIZM[ W JI[M[ LM LI\W[ MV\ZM W\ZW[ MNMK\W[
ZMO]TILW[ MV MT IZ\ +8+5 TI VITQLIL LM M[\IJTMKMZ \ITM[ MNMK\W[ IV\M TI VMOI\QÎ
LMTZMY]MZQLWM[LIZTMMKIKQIITI[LMKQ[QWVM[ILWX\ILI[MVTI[LQTQOMVKQI[XZMTQUQVIZM[
2.4.4 Aplicacin de la caucin y costas

Como resultado de la invocacin de las diligencias preliminares se producen consecuencias
LM VI\]ZITMbI MKWV~UQKI M[\I[ [WV ZM[IZKQLI[ XWZ TW[ QV\MZM[ILW[ LM IK]MZLW IT
LM[MV^WT^QUQMV\W a LM[MVTIKM LMT \ZnUQ\M XZMTQUQVIZ 8IZI MT KI[W [MZnV I KIZOW LMT
[WTQKQ\IV\MTW[OI[\W[WKI[QWVILW[ITI[XMZ[WVI[Y]MP]JQMZMVLMQV\MZ^MVQZMVTI[LQTQOMVKQI[
-V KIUJQW MT ZMY]MZQLW LM[MUJWT[IZn MT ÎTWZ LM TI[ KW[\I[ Y]M P]JQMZM OMVMZILW MT
QVKQLMV\M LM WXW[QKQ~V K]IVLW [MI LM[M[\QUILW MT UQ[UW IZ\ QVKQ[W # a TW[ OI[\W[
QVK]ZZQLW[ MV TW[ KI[W[ LM VMOI\QÎ LMT ZMY]MZQLW MV K]UXTQZ TW WZLMVILW XIZI TI XZnK\QKI
LMTI[LQTQOMVKQI[XZMTQUQVIZM[IZ\QVKQ[W+8+5
En cuanto al destino de la caucin prestada por el solicitante para responder de los gastos
a LM TW[ LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ WKI[QWVILW[ I TI[ XMZ[WVI[ K]aI QV\MZ^MVKQ~V [MI ZMY]MZQLI# TI
IXTQKIKQ~V LM TI KI]KQ~V [M PIZn MNMK\QÎ XIZI K]JZQZ MT UWV\W KWV\MVQLW MV TI XM\QKQ~V LM
QVLMUVQbIKQ~V XZM^QI R][\QKIKQ~V LM TW[ OI[\W[ XZM[MV\ILW[ XWZ MT INMK\ILW VW [QV IV\M[
QVNWZUIZTMUMLQIV\MVW\QKIKQ~VIT[WTQKQ\IV\MXIZIY]MWXWVOI[QTWLM[MI[WJZMTW[Z]JZW[
a MT UWV\W LM TW[ OI[\W[ a TW[ LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ ZMKTIUILW[ LM IK]MZLW IT IZ\ QVKQ[W
+8+5178
178 -TXTIV\MIUQMV\WTMOITXIZIMTZM[IZKQUQMV\WLMTW[OI[\W[QVK]ZZQLW[XWZMTZMY]MZQLWMVKWVKMX\WLMKW[\I[[M
aparta de la va normal de reclamacin conforme a la Ley de Arancel Judicial. De igual manera la cantidad de
LQVMZWZMKTIUILIKWUWQVLMUVQbIKQ~VLMLI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[[M^]MT^MZnXQLIaITQO]ITY]MMTZ]JZWIV\MZQWZ
[M[MXIZILMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW[MOVMTIZ\WZLQVIT+8+5-V[]UIMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WLMKWJZWLM
TW[OI[\W[aTIQVLMUVQbIKQ~VLMXMZR]QKQW[MVTI[LQTQOMVKQI[XZMTQUQVIZM[M[nOQTaMKIbLMJQLWITINWZUIXIZI
hacerlo efectivo.
256
2.5 CUESTIONES INCIDENTALES

SU M A R IO: I. PR I NCI PIO GE N E R A L DE L A S CU E ST ION E S
INCIDENTALES. II. REGLA GENERAL DE NO SUSPENSIN DEL
PROCESO PRINCIPAL. III. SUPUESTOS DE SUSPENSIN DEL CURSO
DEL PROCESO PRINCIPAL. IV. TRAMITACIN CONJUNTA. V.
PROMOCIN ESCRITA DE LA CUESTIN INCIDENTAL: 1. Generalidades:
:MY]Q[Q\W[LMTM[KZQ\WLMTIXZWUWKQ~VQVKQLMV\IT#:uOQUMVLMILUQ[Q~V
del escrito. VI. SUTANCIACIN DE LAS CUESTIONES INCIDENTALES:
1. Generalidades; 1.1. Admisin de la cuestin incidental; 1.2. Celebracin de
la audiencia incidental. VII. DECISIN DE LA CUESTIN INCIDENTAL: 1.
Oportunidad del pronunciamiento; 2. Impugnacin de la decisin.
2.5.1. Principio general de las cuestiones incidentales

<WUIVLWKWUWIV\MKMLMV\MIT+~LQOWLM8ZWKMLQUQMV\W[+Q^QTM[LM MTUQ[UWKIZMKyI
LM ]VI [Q[\MUI\QbIKQ~V [WJZM MT \ZI\IUQMV\W LM TI[ K]M[\QWVM[ QVKQLMV\ITM[ Y]M X]LQMZIV
IXIZMKMZ L]ZIV\M TI [][\IVKQIKQ~V LM TW[ XZWKM[W[ LM \IT []MZ\M Y]M LM ITO]VI UIVMZI
]VQNWZUIZIKWPMZMV\MUMV\MTW[\ZnUQ\M[
-[QVVMOIJTMMTIXIZMKQUQMV\WLMQVKWV^MVQMV\M[Y]MM^Q\MVMTVWZUITLM[IZZWTTWLMTXZWKM[W
R]LQKQITTW[K]ITM[M^Q\MVTIKWV\QV]IKQ~VLMTUQ[UWaKWUWKWV[MK]MVKQITIQUXW[QJQTQLIL
LMLMKQLQZMTWJRM\WXZQVKQXITLMTXZWKM[WKQ^QTaUMZKIV\QT
+IUJQI TI PQ[\WZQI I XIZ\QZ LM TI ^QOMVKQI LMT IZ\ +8+5 aI Y]M [M XZWXWZKQWVIV
]VI [MZQM QUXWZ\IV\M LM VWZUI[ R]ZyLQKI[ Y]M \QMVMV XWZ VITQLIL JZQVLIZ TI [WT]KQ~V LM
M[I KIZMVKQI VWZUI\QÎ LM UIVMZI [Q[\MUI\QbILI KWUMV\ILI MV MT XnZZINW IV\MZQWZ [WJZM
TMVMKM[QLILLMTIM`Q[\MVKQILM]V\ZI\IUQMV\WTMOQ[TI\Q^WXIZITI[K]M[\QWVM[QVKQLMV\ITM[
+WUW XZQUMZ I[XMK\W Y]M IJZM MT +IXy\]TW +]IZ\W <y\]TW 8ZQUMZW LMT 4QJZW ;MO]VLW M[
sentando el principio general de las cuestiones incidentales.
-V LQKPW XZQVKQXQW [M ZMKWVWKM Y]M TI \ZIUQ\IKQ~V QVKQLMV\IT XW[MM ]V WJRM\W XZWXQW Y]M
LMJMLMKQLQZ[MXWZMT2]bOILWZXWZKWV[QO]QMV\M[M\ZIUQ\IZnMVXQMbI[MXIZILIM`XMLQMV\M
[MXIZILW[IT^WLQ[XW[QKQ~VTMOITMVKWV\ZIZQWLMIK]MZLWITWKWV[QOVILWMVMTQVKQ[W
LMTIVWZUIKQ\ILI4MOQ[TI\QÎUMV\M[MWNZMKMVZMOTI[[WJZM[]\ZIUQ\IKQ~VOMVMZIT[QMVLW
estas las siguientes:
I
+]IVLW TI K]M[\Q~V QVKQLMV\IT N]MZM LMV]VKQILI XWZ TW[ IJWOILW[ LM TI[ XIZ\M[
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257

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continuacin del proceso y a su realizacin mediante sentencia.
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2.5.2. Regla general de no suspensin del proceso principal

La nueva legislacin procesal civil y mercantil adiciona otra regla especial para la
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UQMV\ZI[ Y]M MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W QVKQLMV\IT M[\M XMVLQMV\M LM LMKQ[Q~V ,M M[I QLMI X]MLM
sentarse el principio general acuado legalmente de la manera siguiente: La tramitacin
LM ]VI K]M[\Q~V QVKQLMV\IT ITMOILI XWZ TI[ XIZ\M[ VW [][XMVLM TI KWV\QV]QLIL LMT XZWKM[W
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! <):1/7--Lecciones de Derecho Procesal Civil, Segn el Nuevo Cdigo<11X
258

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IZ\ QVKQ[W # a MT QVKQLMV\M VWUQVILW LM ;]KM[Q~V XZWKM[IT XWZ \ZIV[UQ[Q~V LMT WJRM\W
LMTXZWKM[WIZ\ QVKQ[W+8+5
2.5.3 Supuestos de suspensin del curso en el proceso principal

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MNMK\W LM TI [][XMV[Q~V LMT XZWKM[W I KWV[MK]MVKQI LM TI \ZIUQ\IKQ~V LM ]VI K]M[\Q~V
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-V\ZM TW[ []X]M[\W[ OMVMZITM[ LM XZWKMLMVKQI LM [][XMV[Q~V LMT XZWKM[W [M LQ[\QVO]MV TW[
siguientes:
I
.IT\I LM ]V XZM[]X]M[\W XZWKM[IT \IT KWUW" TI KIXIKQLIL XIZI [MZ XIZ\M TI
KIXIKQLILXZWKM[ITTMOQ\QUIKQ~VXZWKM[ITTIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VTIKWUXM\MVKQIWJRM\QÎ
TI TQ\Q[XMVLMVKQI a TI KW[I R]bOILI [QMUXZM Y]M PIaI [QLW LMV]VKQILI T]MOW LM
terminadas la audiencia preparatoria del proceso comn.
J
+]ITY]QMZ W\ZW LMNMK\W XZWKM[IT WK]ZZQLW L]ZIV\M MT XZWKM[W a K]aI LMKQ[Q~V [MI
VMKM[IZQI# KWUW ]V LMNMK\W LM PMKPW K]aI XZM\MV[Q~V [M [][\MV\M MV ]V WJRM\W
QTyKQ\W QUXW[QJTM W IJ[]ZLW# W ]V LMNMK\W LM LMZMKPW KWUW TI LMV]VKQI LM TI
utilizacin del procedimiento inadecuado.
2.5.4 Tramitacin conjunta

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en una misma resolucin todos los puntos pendientes; tal imperativo al ser trasladado
I TI \ZIUQ\IKQ~V QVKQLMV\IT [M MV\QMVLM I[y" 4W[ LMNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ Y]M M`Q[\QMZMV
[QU]T\nVMIUMV\MLMJMZnV[MZITMOILW[XWZTIXIZ\MQV\MZM[ILILM]VI[WTI^MbXWZM[KZQ\WW
JQMVMVTI[I]LQMVKQI[[QMUXZMY]MX]LQMZMVXIZITQbIZMTXZWKM[W[MOVMTIZ\+8+5
Ante el incumplimiento del imperativo legal dirigido a la parte interesada en no alegar
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El efecto de suspender la tramitacin del proceso principal e virtud del planteamiento de una cuestin incidental
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259

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VW [QOVQKI Y]M MT LMNMK\W XZWKM[IT Y]MLW []J[IVILW a MT XZWKM[W XZQVKQXIT KWV\QV]IZn
KWUW [Q V]VKI P]JQM[M ]V LMNMK\W XZWKM[IT OZI^M# Un[ JQMV MT MNMK\W XZQVKQXIT LM TI
improponibilidad de la cuestin incidental resta nicamente el efecto suspensivo o de
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2.5.5 Promocin escrita de la cuestin incidental

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las audiencias. Veamos en esta oportunidad las particularidades en torno a la promocin
escrita fuera de audiencia de la cuestin incidental.
2.5.5.1.1. Requisitos del escrito de la promocin incidental

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K]M[\Q~VXTIV\MILIVWILUQ\M\ITMNMK\W[MWUQ\QZnM[\IT\QUIM`QOMVKQI
2.5.5.1.2. Rgimen de admisin del escrito

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alegada previamente.
260

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TMOQ[TIKQ~V XIZI M[\M \QXW LM XZWKMLQUQMV\W R]LQKQIT# ]VI ^Mb IOW\ILW IY]MT [M LMKQLI TI
cuestin planteada.
;Q N]MZM MT KI[W LM TI XZM^MVKQ~V XWZ QVK]UXTQUQMV\W LM TI[ NWZUITQLILM[ M`QOQLI[ XIZI
TI ILUQ[Q~V LMT M[KZQ\W \IV\W MT \ZnUQ\M KWUW [][ MNMK\W[ [M []RM\IZnV KWVNWZUM I TI
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+8+5 IT X]V\W Y]M XWLZn [MZ ZMKPIbILW MT M[KZQ\W XWZ QVILUQ[QJTM .QVITUMV\M [Q MT
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XWZMTK~LQOWTIXM\QKQ~VQVKQLMV\IT[MZMKPIbIZn[QVW\ZW\ZnUQ\M182
Para esta clase de cuestiones incidentales se instaura la prohibicin de plantear cuestiones
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QVKQ[W+8+5
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TI VWZUI XMZ[QO]M VWJTM[ [MV\QUQMV\W[ TW[ K]ITM[ XZWK]ZMV TI WJ\MVKQ~V LM TW[ UMLQW[
XZWJI\WZQW[ XZWX]M[\W[ [MIV ZMKQJQLW[ R]LQKQITUMV\M QVLMXMVLQMV\MUMV\M Y]M TI K]M[\Q~V
defecto incidental pueda ser planteado posteriormente en va de recursos.
Realmente se pretende aprovechar la disponibilidad de los medios de prueba sin interferir
la actividad probatoria completa.
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ITO]VW[ KI[W[ M[XMKQITM[ LWVLM [Q XWLZn XTIV\MIZ[M TW[ QVKQLMV\M[ \ITM[ KWUW" ,MV]VKQI
LM TI NIT\I LM KWUXM\MVKQI WJRM\QÎ IZ\ QVKQ[W # TI ZMK][IKQ~V XWZ KI][I [WJZM^MVQLI
WLM[KWVWKQLIXWZTI[XIZ\M[IZ\QVKQ[W#TINIT\ILMKIXIKQLILXIZI[MZXIZ\MIZ\
QVKQ[W+8+5
2.5.6 Sutanciacin de las cuestiones incidentales

Mediante el tema de la sustanciacin del incidente se ofrece un panorama completo del
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innominados promovidos fuera de audiencia y por escrito.
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KWVWbKIIY]MTIV\MMTUQ[UWN]VKQWVIZQWR]LQKQIT)Y]yXWLZn]\QTQbIZ[MMTZMK]Z[WR]LQKQITQL~VMWLMZM^WKI\WZQI
4W IV\MZQWZ I XM[IZ LM [MZ ]V ZMKPIbW LM QUXZWXWVQJQTQLIL LMT M[KZQ\W [Q M[ Y]M TI XIZ\M IV [M KWV[QLMZI
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MTZMK]Z[WLMIXMTIKQ~VM[\WM[LMJQLWITIVI\]ZITMbILMTIZM[WT]KQ~VXZWV]VKQILI[MOVMTIZ\QVKQ[WKWV
ZMTIKQ~VITIZ\+8+5
261

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conforme a las disposiciones del art. 268 C.P.C.M.
Esta nica audiencia inusualmente puede ser utilizada analgicamente para completar la
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2.5.6.1.1. Admisin de la cuestin incidental.

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-T[M}ITIUQMV\WXIZITIKMTMJZIKQ~VLMTII]LQMVKQI[MZnMVMTXTIbWLMLQMbLyI[[QO]QMV\M[
al de la citacin.
2.5.6.1.2. Celebracin de la audiencia incidental

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QVKQ[W+8+5
262

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I]LQMVKQIIZ\ QVKQ[W#4IXZ]MJIXMZQKQITXZWX]M[\IXWZTIXIZ\MQV\MZM[ILI[MTQUQ\II
la intervencin de un solo perito designado por el Juez; La prueba testimonial propuesta se
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2.5.7 Decisin de la cuestin incidental

2.5.7.1. Oportunidad del pronunciamiento
:M[XMK\WITILMKQ[Q~VLMTIK]M[\Q~VQVKQLMV\IT[MXQLMIT2]MbY]MPIOIMTXZWV]VKQIUQMV\W
LMV\ZW LM TI UQ[UI I]LQMVKQI ZWUXQMVLW KWV TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM LQNMZQZ TI ZM[WT]KQ~V
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QVKQLMV\IT VW LMJMZn LM[K]QLIZ[M TI KITQLIL LM [] KWV\MVQLW M[\M K]UXTQZn TI NWZUI TI
UW\QÎKQ~V a TI KWVOZ]MVKQI LM \WLI XZW^QLMVKQI R]LQKQIT [MOV TI[ VWZUI[ XZWKM[ITM[
pertinentes.
2.5.7.2. Impugnacin de la decisin

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KWVNWZUM IT KWV\MVQLW LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V WJRM\W LM IVnTQ[Q[ IZ\ +8+5 4W K]IT
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]VIZMOTIIKTIZI\WZQIY]MVW[WTWINMK\IITI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[LMVQ\QÎ[LILI[MVTW[XZWKM[W[
XZQVKQXITM[[QVW\IUJQuVITI[XZW^MyLI[MVTI[K]M[\QWVM[QVKQLMV\ITM[QVVWUQVILI[
La disponibilidad de los medios de impugnacin funciona de la manera siguiente: Si la
LMKQ[Q~V QVKQLMV\IT M[ M[\QUI\WZQI a XWVM V IT XZWKM[W XZWKMLM MT ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V
-V KIUJQW MV \WLW KI[W XZWKMLMZn MT ZMK]Z[W LM ZM^WKI\WZQI [Q TI LMKQ[Q~V QVKQLMV\IT M[
desestimatoria de la cuestin incidental planteada.
-VUI\MZQIXI\ZQUWVQIT[MZMQ\MZIMTLMZMKPWIQUX]OVIZTIZM[WT]KQ~VY]MLMKQLMTI[K]M[\QWVM[QVKQLMV\ITM[XWZ
MTIOZI^QILW[MOVMTIZ\QVKQ[W+8+5TWK]ITVWM[XW[QJTMMVTW[XZWKM[W[LMNIUQTQIZM[aIY]MXWZ
TMaM`XZM[IVWXZWKMLMTI]\QTQbIKQ~VLMVQVOVZMK]Z[WR]LQKQITIZ\ QVKQ[W48.
263
2.6 LAS COSTAS PROCESALES

SUMARIO: I. CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES. II. PAGO DE COSTAS: 1.
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DE CONDENACIN EN COSTAS: 1. Generalidades; 2. Oportunidad de
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ÎZQI[#+W[\I[LMTIMRMK]KQ~VLMZM[WT]KQWVM[R]LQKQITM[

+WUWM[[IJQLWTIXZWUWKQ~VMQV\MZ^MVKQ~VLMTI[XIZ\M[MV\WLWXZWKM[WR]LQKQIT[QVL]LI
ITO]VIWKI[QWVIVMVOMVMZITOI[\W[MKWV~UQKW[TW[K]ITM[LMJMZnVXZW^MVQZLMTXI\ZQUWVQW
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M[ Y]M TI TMOQ[TIKQ~V ZMKWVWKM MT ZMMUJWT[W LM M[\M T\QUW I KIZOW LM TI XIZ\M Y]M ZM[]T\M
vencida en sus argumentos. Esas cantidades de dinero van destinadas al pago de aranceles
O]JMZVIUMV\ITM[ XIOW I XIZ\QK]TIZM[ XWZ TI XZM[\IKQ~V LM ]V [MZ^QKQW W JQMV IT XIOW LM
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4I MK]IKQ~V R]ZyLQKI XZWKM[W QO]IT KW[\W [QMUXZM IXIZMKMZn MV MT PWZQbWV\M XZWKM[IT#
I XM[IZ LMT JMVMNQKQW LM ZIVOW KWV[\Q\]KQWVIT \ITTILW LM TI [QO]QMV\M UIVMZI" 4I
ILUQVQ[\ZIKQ~V LM R][\QKQI [MZn OZI\]Q\I MT K]IT [M MVK]MV\ZI XZM[MV\M MV MT IZ\ +6
-[\WT\QUWVW[MZMMZMITI[KW[\I[XZWKM[ITM[[QVWUn[JQMVITW[OI[\W[R]LQKQITM[KWUW"
TI[ QV^MZ[QWVM[ O]JMZVIUMV\ITM[ XZWXQI[ LMT XIOW LM TW[ [MZ^QLWZM[ R]LQKQITM[ a TW[ ZMK]Z[W[
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0Q[\~ZQKIUMV\M XIZI TI QUXW[QKQ~V LM KW[\I[ M[ IKMX\ILW MV TI[ TMOQ[TIKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[
UWLMZVI[ MT XZQVKQXQW OMVMZIT LMT ^MVKQUQMV\W \W\IT LM ]VI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ MT K]IT PI [QLW
\QT XIZI KIZOIZ IY]MTTI XIZ\M Y]M VW LMUW[\Z~ KWUXTM\IUMV\M [] M[\ZI\MOQI NZMV\M IT
adversario. -[LMKQZY]M[MM`QOMLMTIXIZ\MQV\MZ^QVQMV\MMTXTIV\MIUQMV\WLM]VIJ]MVI
LMNMV[ILM\ITUIVMZIY]MITUMVW[]VILM[][XZM\MV[QWVM[WNWZUI[LMZM[Q[\MVKQI[[MIV
MNMK\QÎ[ [~TW I[y [M M^Q\IZn KIZOIZ KWV TI[ KW[\I[ XZWKM[ITM[ XZWL]KQLW[ XWZ MT ZM[XMK\Q^W
proceso civil y mercantil.
-[LMIL^MZ\QZY]MTIV]MÎTMOQ[TIKQ~VXZWKM[ITKQ^QTaUMZKIV\QTZMKWVWKMY]MQVQKQITUMV\M
TW[ LM[MUJWT[W[ UWVM\IZQW[ [MZnV I KIZOW LMT JWT[QTTW LM TI[ XIZ\M[ 4]MOW MTTW[ XWLZnV
+017>-6,) 2 La Condena en Costas X ,M IK]MZLW I ]VI KWZZQMV\MLM XMV[IUQMV\W Q\ITQIVI JI[\IV\M
ZMXZM[MV\I\QÎ[W[\MVQLIXWZMTI]\WZKQ\ILWZM[IT\IY]MTIKIZIK\MZy[\QKIN]VLIUMV\ITLMTXZQVKQXQWUWLMZVW
LMTIKWVLMVIMVKW[\I[KWV[Q[\MXZMKQ[IUMV\MMVPITTIZ[MKWVLQKQWVILIIT^MVKQUQMV\WX]ZWa[QUXTMaVWITI
QV\MVKQ~VVQITKWUXWZ\IUQMV\WLMT^MVKQLWUITINMWK]TXI
264

[MZ ZM[IZKQLW[ XWZ IY]MT I Y]QuV KWVNWZUM I TI[ ZMOTI[ OMVMZITM[ a M[XMKQITM[ ZM[]T\IZM
KWVLMVILWITXIOWLMIK]MZLWITIZ\+8+5
2.6.2 Pago de costas

2.6.2.1. Concepto de costas
=V [MK\WZ LM TI LWK\ZQVI XZWKM[IT M[XI}WTI MV\QMVLM XWZ KW[\I[ XZWKM[ITM[ TW [QO]QMV\M"
4W[ LM[MUJWT[W[ MKWV~UQKW[ Y]MPIV LM ZMITQbIZ TI[ XIZ\M[ a Y]M\QMVMV []KI][ILQZMK\I
e inmediata en la realizacin de un proceso determinado.186 Esta propuesta conceptual es
QT][\ZI\QÎ a IXTQKIJTM I V]M[\ZW WZLMVIUQMV\W R]ZyLQKW [ITÎLWZM}W X]LQMVLW IOZMOIZ[M
KWVKZM\IUMV\M I TW[ Z]JZW[ KWUXZMVLQLW[ LMV\ZW LM TI[ KW[\I[ XZWKM[ITM[ TW[ KW[\W[
siguientes:
I
4W[ PWVWZIZQW[ XZWNM[QWVITM[ LM TW[ IJWOILW[ TI[ QVLMUVQbIKQWVM[ LM TI[ XIZ\M[ a
los peritos conforme al Arancel Judicial.
J
4W[ LMZMKPW[ MKWV~UQKW[ KWUXMV[I\WZQW[ I NI^WZ LM TI[ [QO]QMV\M[ XMZ[WVI[" MT
depositario por la labor de custodia y conservacin del bien depositado por orden
R]LQKQIT# MT QV\MZ^MV\WZ MV TI ILUQVQ[\ZIKQ~V LM TI MUXZM[I UMZKIV\QT []RM\I I
MUJIZOW# MT K]ZILWZ M[XMKQIT LM[QOVILW R]LQKQITUMV\M \ITM[ KWUW" MT K]ZILWZ IL
TQ\MU a MT K]ZILWZ LM PMZMVKQI aIKMV\M XWZ [] I[Q[\MVKQI R]ZyLQKI LM[MUXM}ILI# a
MT MRMK]\WZ Y]M XZIK\QY]M MT MUJIZOW XZM^MV\Q^W LM JQMVM[ MV\ZM W\ZI[ XMZ[WVI[
conforme al Arancel Judicial.
8ZQVKQXITUMV\MTI[KIV\QLILM[IZM[IZKQZKWUWaI[MLQRWXW[MMV]VI\I[IKQ~VTMOIT#I]Y]M
VWLMJMXMZLMZ[MLM^Q[\IY]MMVTIXZnK\QKILQIZQIITO]VW[LMTW[LM[MUJWT[W[UMVKQWVILW[
[W []XMZQWZM[ Y]MLIVLW []XMLQ\ILW[ I TI TQJMZ\IL LM KWV\ZI\IKQ~V# \IT KWUW []KMLM KWV
MT IXWLMZILW R]LQKQIT IJWOILW LM TI XIZ\M a [] KTQMV\M MT XWLMZLIV\M# XWZ KWV[QO]QMV\M
MT KW[\W ZMIT [QMUXZM LQMZM IT KW[\W XZnK\QKIUMV\M [QUJ~TQKW M[\IJTMKQLW XWZ MT )ZIVKMT
R]LQKQIT ;QV L]LI ITO]VI TI XIZ\M LMJM M[\IZ KWV[QMV\M Y]M I[]UM JIRW [] KIXIKQLIL
MKWV~UQKITILQNMZMVKQIUI\MUn\QKIY]MX]LQMZIZM[]T\IZMV\ZMTWIKWZLILWaMTXWZKMV\IRM
Y]MTITMaM[\ILQ[X]M[\IIZMKWVWKMZXIZIMNMK\W[LMZMMUJWT[WITNI^WZMKQLWXWZTI[KW[\I[187
<IUJQuV LMJMV IOZMOIZ[M I TI[ KI\MOWZyI[ IV\MZQWZM[ W\ZW[ \QXW[ LM MZWOIKQWVM[ KWVMÌ[
Y]MLMJMVKWV[QLMZIZ[MKWUXZMVLQLW[LMV\ZWLMTZ]JZWLMTI[KW[\I[XZWKM[ITM[MV\ZMW\ZW[
pueden mencionarse los siguientes:
186 576<-:7):7+)2El Nuevo Proceso Civil, (Ley 1/2000).))>>XX
187 8IZI TI RIKQ~V KWV\ZIK\]IT LM PWVWZIZQW[ XZWNM[QWVITM[ MV\ZM XWLMZLIV\M KTQMV\M a IXWLMZILW IJWOILW [M
[]RM\IVQKIUMV\MITQJZM^WT]V\ILLMMTTW[#MVKWV[MK]MVKQITI[KIV\QLILM[XIK\ILI[MVKWVKMX\WLMPWVWZIZQW[
][]ITUMV\M [WV []XMZQWZM[ I TW[ M[\IJTMKQLW[ XZM^QIUMV\M a ]\QTQbIVLW KZQ\MZQW[ WJRM\Q^W[ XWZ TI TMOQ[TIKQ~V
1VLMXMVLQMV\MUMV\M[QTIKIV\QLILXIK\ILIXWZ]VILMTI[XIZ\M[KWV[]IJWOILWZM[]T\M[]XMZQWZITW[PWVWZIZQW[
RILW[XWZUQVQ[\MZQWLMTMa#\ITKIV\QLILJIRWM[MKWVKMX\WVW^QVK]TIITXIOW[WJZMMTM`KM[WIIY]MTTIXIZ\MI
Y]QuV[MTMQUXWVOIVTI[KW[\I[XZWKM[ITM[ZM[XWVLQMVLWMTKWVLMVILWITXIOW[~TWMVMTUWV\WM[\IJTMKQLWXWZ
MT)ZIVKMTR]LQKQIT#MTM`KM[WLMTW[PWVWZIZQW[[MZnI[]UQLWaXIOILW[XWZTIXIZ\MKWV\ZI\IV\M
265

I
-T XIOW LM TW[ IZIVKMTM[ XIZI TI WJ\MVKQ~V LM \WLW \QXW LM LWK]UMV\IKQ~V
MV ZM[O]IZLW O]JMZVIUMV\IT Y]M LMJI [MZ IXWZ\ILI IT XZWKM[W R]LQKQIT XIZI
R][\QKIZ TI[ ITMOIKQWVM[ LM TI[ XIZ\M[ 8WZ MRMUXTW" TI[ KMZ\QKIKQWVM[ ZMOQ[\ZITM[
a TI[ KMZ\QKIKQWVM[ M`XMLQLI[ XWZ MT :MOQ[\ZW LM -[\ILW .IUQTQIZ IL[KZQ\I[ I TI[
Municipalidades.
J
4W[ IZIVKMTM[ XIOILW[ XWZ TI XZM[MV\IKQ~V LM TI[ QV[KZQXKQWVM[ a M^MV\]ITM[
cancelaciones registrales. Tal como la anotacin preventiva sobre bienes inmuebles
y la anotacin preventiva de demanda.
K
8IOW[ LM TW[ KIZ\MTM[ W I^Q[W[ X]JTQKILW[ MV MT ,QIZQW 7KQIT a TW[ ,QIZQW[
comerciales de circulacin nacional.
8WZ W\ZW TILW TI RIKQ~V LMT UWV\W I K]JZQZ MV KWVKMX\W LM KW[\I[ a MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W
R]LQKQIT XIZI PIKMZTI[ MNMK\QÎ[ KWUW MZI LM M[XMZIZ VW [M ZMO]TIV MV MT +~LQOW 8ZWKM[IT
+Q^QT a 5MZKIV\QT [QVW MT UQ[UW VW[ ZMUQ\M I KWV[]T\IZ ]VI TMa LM KIZnK\MZ M[XMKQIT
-[M KnTK]TW XZMKQ[W [WJZM TI[ KIV\QLILM[ I XIOIZ XWZ IY]MT []RM\W XZWKM[IT KWVLMVILW I
ZM[IZKQZTI[[MTWOZIUMLQIV\MTI]\QTQbIKQ~VLMWXMZIKQWVM[IZQ\Uu\QKI[KWV\MVQLI[MVTI4Ma
LMT)ZIVKMT2]LQKQIT^QOMV\MMVV]M[\ZWXIy[LM[LMMTI}WLM!
-V TI TMOQ[TIKQ~V M[XMKQIT UMVKQWVILI [M XZWXWZKQWVIV TW[ XWZKMV\IRM[ IXTQKIJTM[ XIZI TI
WJ\MVKQ~V LM TI[ KIV\QLILM[ MV KWVKMX\W LM KW[\I[ XZWKM[ITM[ \WUIVLW KWUW XIZnUM\ZW[
TW[ KZQ\MZQW[ XZMM[\IJTMKQLW[ RIVLW MV\ZM W\ZW[ TW[ [QO]QMV\M[" -T ÎTWZ LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V
procesal; la clase de proceso patrimonial; la instancia en la cual se pronuncian las costas; y
TW[[]RM\W[XZWKM[ITM[Y]MQV\MZ^MVOIVMVTIOMVMZIKQ~VLMTW[OI[\W[,QKPW[KZQ\MZQW[TMOITM[
QT][\ZIVIT2]bOILWZITUWUMV\WLMIXZWJIZMTUWV\WXZWX]M[\WXWZTIXIZ\MNI^WZMKQLIM[M
UWV\W[MZMMRIZnMVTIZM[WT]KQ~VLILIMVMT\ZnUQ\MR]LQKQITLMVWUQVILWKWUW">Q[IKQ~V
de planillas.
,M[LMMTQVQKQWPI[\IMTVITXIZIY]MMTNI^WZMKQLWWJ\MVOITIKIV\QLILMVMNMK\Q^WLMTI[
MZWOIKQWVM[MNMK\]ILI[[MI\ZI^QM[IXWZ]VITIZOIMQVM^Q\IJTMXMZMOZQVIKQ~VXZWKM[ITLMTI
K]ITX]MLMVQLMV\QKIZ[MXZQVKQXITUMV\MTW[UWUMV\W[XZWKM[ITM[[QO]QMV\M["
I
=VI KWVLMVI LM TI[ KW[\I[ XZWKM[ITM[ MV IJ[\ZIK\W -[ KWV\MVQLI MV TI ZM[WT]KQ~V
KWVKT][QÎ [MI ]VI [MV\MVKQI W JQMV MV MT I]\W LMVQ\Q^W LM IK]MZLW I TI[
ZMO]TIKQWVM[ZM[XMK\QÎ[aTW[TQVMIUQMV\W[QVLQKILW[MVTW[IZ\[+8+5
-T\y\]TWKWV\MV\Q^WaPIJQTQ\IV\MXIZIQVQKQIZTI[QO]QMV\MM\IXI[MZnTIM`XMLQKQ~V
LMTIKMZ\QKIKQ~VLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQIT
J
4I TQY]QLIKQ~V LM TI[ KIV\QLILM[ I KIZOW LMT []RM\W KWVLMVILW I XIOIZ TI[ KW[\I[
XZWKM[ITM[ -[\W WJ\QMVM UMLQIV\M MT IOW\IUQMV\W LM TI \ZIUQ\IKQ~V R]LQKQIT LM TI
>Q[IKQ~VLMXTIVQTTI[IZ\[ 4)2
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266

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IXZWJILI[-TLWK]UMV\WY]MIXIZITIXZM\MV[Q~VLMMRMK]KQ~V[MZnTIKMZ\QKIKQ~V
LMTIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQITY]MIXZ]MJITI>Q[IKQ~VLMXTIVQTTI[[MXZM[MV\IZnIT2]Mb
Y]MP]JQM[MLQK\ILW[MOVTW[IZ\[WZLQVITaQVKQ[W+8+5
Vistos los momentos para obtener el dinero en efectivo invertido por la parte victoriosa en el
XZWKM[WKQ^QTaUMZKIV\QTY]MLQWWZQOMVITZMKTIUWLMTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[QVQKQITM[[MIL^QMZ\M
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KWUMV\W[MLMJMITXZWV]VKQIUQMV\WMVIJ[\ZIK\WY]M[MZMITQbI[WJZMTI[KW[\I[XZWKM[ITM[
en el proceso principal.
2.6.2.2. Sujetos llamados al pago de las costas

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desplaza al recurso de reforma regulado en el art. 236 C.P.C./1882.188
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268
2.6.3 Reglas de condenacin en costas

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un sistema de condena absoluta.!
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o defensa contra las pretensiones del demandante.
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2.6.3.2. Oportunidad de condena en costas

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antes mencionados.
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269

2.6.3.2.1. Primera instancia
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haber litigado con temeridad. Esta especie de condena viene a constituir el monto mas
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son los arts. 217 y 272 C.P.C.M.
2.6.3.2.2. Finalizacin anticipada del proceso

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realizar la separacin siguiente:
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270

2.6.3.2.3. Recursos judiciales
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de reconocerle el recibimiento de las costas a la parte.
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una condenacin en costas procesales.
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en costas.
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posteriores de la demanda.
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[] M`Q[\MVKQI a MV M[I UMLQLI LMJMV QVLQKIZ[M 6W PIa Un[ WJTQOIKQ~V Y]M u[\I
a XWZ \IV\W \WLW[ TW[ LMUn[ UMLQW[ LM XZ]MJI LM TW[ Y]M TI XIZ\M IK\WZI Y]QMZI
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PIV LM [WTQKQ\IZ[M VQ QLMV\QKI[M \WLI^yI [QVW MV MT XW[\MZQWZ IK\W LM TI I]LQMVKQI
XZMXIZI\WZQIMÌZ\+8+5
N
Petitum" .QVITUMV\M MT M[KZQ\W LM LMUIVLI LMJM KWVKZM\IZ K]nT M[ MT KWV\MVQLW LM
TI \]\MTI R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT KWVKZM\I Y]M [M [WTQKQ\I XZMKQ[IVLW XWZ \IV\W TW[ MNMK\W[
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IKKQ~VLMKTIZI\QÎK]nTPILM[MZMTLMZMKPWMVK]M[\Q~VY]M[MLM[MIZMKWVWKMZI[]
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TI N~ZU]TI ) =[\ML KWV ZM[XM\W XQLW [Q M[ ]V 2]bOILW W ) ^W[W\ZW[
ZM[XM\]W[IUMV\M XQLW [Q M[ ]V \ZQJ]VIT KWTMOQILW; para identificar esta
parte de la demanda puede entenderse como una muestra de respeto al rgano
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de la demanda.
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IT ZM[XMK\W a [Q PIa Un[ LM ]VI [MXIZIZTW MV IXIZ\ILW[ LQ[\QV\W[ XIZI [] UMRWZ
inteleccin por el Juez.
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por razn de la materia como de la cuanta han de ventilarse por los cauces de este proceso.
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277

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una demanda completa del 276.
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demandado antes del acto de la audiencia.
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X]MLI TTMOIZ I OZIJIZ[M <WLW TW Y]M KWV[\I XWZ M[KZQ\W NWZUI XIZ\M LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V a I
MTTILMJMLIZZM[X]M[\IMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT-[IM[]VI^MV\IRIWJRM\QÎKTIZILMTILMUIVLI
M`\MV[I[WJZMTI[QUXTQKILI
2.7.3 Medios de prueba que han de acompaarse:

2.7.3.1. Determinacin:
8WZ ZIbWVM[ LM [MO]ZQLIL R]ZyLQKI a I V LM VW KI][IZ QVLMNMV[Q~V I TI XIZ\M LMUIVLILI
el Cdigo establece un sistema de preclusin de determinados medios de prueba de los
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278

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un efecto preclusivo.
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tal sentido tenemos:
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TW[ XZM[]X]M[\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ I[y KWUW MT XWLMZ LMT ZMXZM[MV\IV\M XZWKM[IT" LMT
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MV ITO]VI LM TI[ NWZUI[ ZMKWVWKQLI[ XWZ MT ,MZMKPW [ITÎLWZM}W I[y KWUW TI
KIXIKQLIL LM WJZIZ MV MT XZWKM[W LM V]M^W MV MT KI[W LM XMZ[WVI[ R]ZyLQKI[
mediante la designacin de un representante legal; si son personas fsicas la
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TI KWV[\IVKQI LM MTTW a MT ZMXZM[MV\IV\M LM[QOVILW XIZI TTMÎZ [][ I[]V\W[ ,MT
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279

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+8+5 Y]M KWV TI LMUIVLI a TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V XWZ TW Y]M I\I}M IT LMUIVLILW
MV \WLW KI[W [M IXWZ\MV TW[ LWK]UMV\W[ XZWJI\WZQW[ MV Y]M TI[ XIZ\M[
fundamenten su derecho. Se trata de los documentos con trascendencia en la
K]M[\Q~V LM NWVLW KWV\ZW^MZ\QLI +WV^QMVM WJ[MZÎZ MT KIZnK\MZ IUXTQW LM TI
LQKKQ~V TMOIT Y]M PI P]QLW KWV[KQMV\MUMV\M LM W\ZI[ KWV[\Z]KKQWVM[ KWVKMX\]ITM[
\ITM[ KWUW" LWK]UMV\W[ N]VLIUMV\ITM[ LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V W LWK]UMV\W[ LM TW[
Y]M [M LM[XZMVLI LQZMK\IUMV\M TI XZM\MV[Q~V M\K Y]M LM PIJMZ[M MUXTMILW
WJTQOIZyI IT R]Mb I XZMR]bOIZ MT u`Q\W LM KILI LMUIVLI [~TW XIZI XWLMZ LQ[KMZVQZ
[Q MT LWK]UMV\W M[ LM TW[ Y]M LMJMV IXWZ\IZ[M IT XZQVKQXQW W VW TTMÎVLW I[y I
NIZZIOW[I[ LQ[\QVKQWVM[ MV\ZM LWK]UMV\W[ N]VLIUMV\ITM[ a VW N]VLIUMV\ITM[
XWZMRMUXTW6WPIMV\ZILWMVM[IM[\uZQTJI\ITTIMT+~LQOWINWZ\]VILIUMV\MY]M
PI WX\ILW XWZ TI [MO]ZQLIL R]ZyLQKI IT M`\MVLMZ MT XZQVKQXQW XZMKT][Q^W I \WLW[ TI
XZ]MJI LM TW[ PMKPW[ KWV[\Q\]\Q^W[ LM TI LMUIVLI a LM TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V MV M[\M
T\QUWKI[WJQMV[MIXIZIXZWJIZTIQZZMITQLILLM]VPMKPWITMOILWXWZMTIK\WZW
XIZIXZWJIZTW[PMKPW[LM]VIM`KMXKQ~VXZWKM[ITWLM]VIXMZMV\WZQI4WUQ[UW
XIZITIZMKWV^MVKQ~VaTIKWV\M[\IKQ~VIu[\I
L ,MT UQ[UW UWLW LMJMZn PIKMZ[M KWV TW[ LQK\nUMVM[ XMZQKQITM[ MV Y]M TI[ XIZ\M[
IXWaMV [][ XZM\MV[QWVM[ IZ\ XnZZINW [MO]VLW +8+5 +WV M[\M MV]VKQILW
Y]M [M KWUXTMUMV\I T]MOW KWV MT IZ\ a [[ MT TMOQ[TILWZ QV\ZWL]KM ]VI LM TI[
XZQVKQXITM[VW^MLILM[MVUI\MZQILMXZ]MJIMVMTV]M^WXZWKM[WKQ^QTaUMZKIV\QT
KWUW M[ MT W\WZOIUQMV\W LM ÎTWZ R]ZyLQKW IT QVNWZUM XMZQKQIT M`\ZIR]LQKQIT IT
UQ[UW VQ^MT TMOIT Y]M TI XMZQKQI ZMITQbILI LMV\ZW LMT XZWKM[W I\ZQJ]aMVLW I[y I
TI[XIZ\M[TIKIZOILMOM[\QWVIZTITIJWZLMTM`XMZ\WaMVKIZOIZTMTIZMITQbIKQ~VLMT
KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M LQK\IUMV ZMTMÎVLW LM LQKPI ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL IT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT
para su aportacin con el escrito de alegaciones inicial. Volveremos sobre ello en
el tema de la prueba pericial.
2.7.3.2 Casos especiales:

.QVITQbIMTIZ\ +8+5M[\IJTMKQMVLWY]MILMUn[LMTW[IV\MZQWZM[LMJMZnVIXWZ\IZ[M
IY]MTTW[W\ZW[LWK]UMV\W[Y]MM[\MK~LQOW]W\ZITMaM`QRIVM`XZM[IUMV\MXIZITIILUQ[Q~V
de la demanda.
280

;M \ZI\IV XWZ \IV\W LM []X]M[\W[ \I[ILW[ LM XZ]MJI LWK]UMV\IT VW LM W\ZW \QXW LWVLM
TI VWZUI LM[KZQJM K]nT PI LM [MZ MT KWV\MVQLW LMT LWK]UMV\W MV K]M[\Q~V N]MZI LM TW[
K]ITM[VQKIJMM`QOQZUn[ITIXIZ\MVQMTXZM[MV\IZITOWLQ[\QV\WLMTWY]MXQLMMTXZMKMX\W
[MZ^QZnXIZIM^Q\IZTI[IVKQ~VXZWKM[ITXWZ[]QVK]UXTQUQMV\W-VM[\MOZ]XWLMLWK]UMV\W[
especiales encontramos entre otros y por referirnos al Cdigo:
I 4W[ LWK]UMV\W[ KWV TW[ Y]M X]MLM IJZQZ[M ]V XZWKM[W MRMK]\Q^W JQMV LM \y\]TW
M`\ZIR]LQKQIT IZ\[ \y\]TW[ LMT IZ\ I KWV[QOVIZ KWV TI LMUIVLI M` IZ\ !
+8+5 JQMV TI LM ]VI ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT W \y\]TW I[QUQTILW \y\]TW[ LM TW[ IZ\[
#Y]M[MILR]V\IZnVITI[WTQKQ\]LIZ\+8+5
J 4W[ Y]M [M XZMKQ[IV XIZI TI IXMZ\]ZI LM ]V XZWKM[W LMKTIZI\Q^W UWVQ\WZQW"
\IV\W LWK]UMV\W[ LMT IZ\ ! XIZI WJTQOIKQ~V XMK]VQIZQI# M[\W M[ LWK]UMV\W[
Y]M[QZÎVXIZIIKZMLQ\IZZMTIKQWVM[MV\ZMIKZMMLWZaLM]LWZaMVMTTIIXIZMbKI
TI ZUI LMT LM]LWZ I]VY]M [MI XW[\MZQWZ I [] [][KZQXKQ~V W TI LM W\ZI XMZ[WVI
MV [] VWUJZM W QVKWZXWZIZ K]ITY]QMZ W\ZW [QOVW UMKnVQKW MTMK\Z~VQKW Y]M TM
QLMV\QY]M#W[MIVTW[LMTIZ\!XIZIWJTQOIKQWVM[LMPIKMZVWPIKMZWLIZ
LWVLM [M IUXTyI MT M[XMK\ZW LWK]UMV\IT a ILMUn[ LM QVKT]QZ IY]MTTW[ LMT ! [M
KWVKMLMÎTWZITW[]VQTI\MZITM[LMTIKZMMLWZ[QMUXZMY]M[MMUXTMMVVWZUITUMV\M
MV MT \ZnKW UMZKIV\QT KWUW UMLQW LM IKZMLQ\IKQ~V LWK]UMV\IT LM KWV\ZI\W[ a
WJTQOIKQWVM[KWUW\MTMOZIUI[\MTMNI`]W\ZW[MTMK\Z~VQKW[QO]ITUMV\M^MZQKIJTM[
K
4I IXWZ\IKQ~V LM ]V XZQVKQXQW LM XZ]MJI M` IZ\[ a +8+5 MV MT Y]M
\MVOIV ZMMRW TW[ PMKPW[ Y]M N]VLIUMV\IV TW XZM\MVLQLW KWV MT MRMZKQKQW LM ]VI
\MZKMZyILMLWUQVQWaWLMXZMNMZMVKQILMXIOWM[\WM[MTPMKPWLMTIXZWXQMLILW
TI\Q\]TIZQLILLM]VKZuLQ\WXZQ^QTMOQILW4IIT][Q~VIY]MM[MLWK]UMV\WX]MLI[MZ
]VXZQVKQXQWLMXZ]MJITWVQKWY]MZMUIZKIM[TIM`QJQTQLILY]MPILM\MVMZ[M
para su apreciacin en esta fase inicial de la litis y a los nicos efectos de resolver
[WJZM TI ILUQ[Q~V LM TI LMUIVLI [QV XZMR]bOIZ [] ZMTMÎVKQI MV TI [MV\MVKQI LM
NWVLW Y]M X]MLM ZM[]T\IZ PI[\I LMKQ[QÎ I TI XW[\ZM 4W Y]M [M XMZ[QO]M MV M[\W[
KI[W[M[KWV\ZWTIZTI[MZQMLILLMTIIKKQ~VMRMZKQ\ILI\MVQMVLWMVK]MV\ITW[MNMK\W[
Y]MIKIZZMI[]ILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MXIZIW\ZW[[]RM\W[
2.7.3.3 Excepciones al rgimen de preclusin:

4I TMa M[\IJTMKM LW[ [Q\]IKQWVM[ Y]M M`QUMV I TI XMZ[WVI LM TI IXWZ\IKQ~V UMVKQWVILI MV
MT IXIZ\ILW IV\MZQWZ -V XZQUMZ T]OIZ Y]M VW LQ[XWVOI LMT LWK]UMV\W Y]M Y]QMZM PIKMZ
ÎTMZ MV K]aW KI[W a KWUW XZMKQ[I MT +~LQOW LMJMZn QVLQKIZ L~VLM X]MLM TWKITQbIZ[M [MI
MVMV\QLILWIZKPQ^WXJTQKWWMVXWLMZLM]VXIZ\QK]TIZLMUWLWY]MX]MLI[MZTMPMKPW
MT KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M ZMY]MZQUQMV\W R]LQKQIT XIZI TW K]IT [WTQKQ\IZn TI[ UMLQLI[ XMZ\QVMV\M[
XIZIM[IQVKWZXWZIKQ~VY]M[MXZW^MII[]M`PQJQKQ~V
-V [MO]VLW T]OIZ \ZI\nVLW[M LM XZ]MJI XMZQKQIT a aI VW XWZ QUXW[QJQTQLIL UI\MZQIT
[QVW LMZQÎLW LM [] ZuOQUMV R]ZyLQKW LM LMNMV[I K]IVLW IK\M TI 8ZWK]ZIL]ZyI /MVMZIT
LM TI :MXJTQKI Y]MLI LQ[XMV[ILI TI XIZ\M LMNMVLQLI LM IXWZ\IZ LQKPW LQK\IUMV VQ TI
281

8ZWK]ZIL]ZyITILMMVKIZOIZTWX]M[MVM[MKI[WTIXZ]MJI[MKWV[\Q\]QZnLMV\ZWLMTXZWKM[W
LM[QOVIKQ~V R]LQKQIT LMT M`XMZ\W M\K LMJQMVLW M[W [y IV]VKQIZTW MV TI LMUIVLI M[\W M[
M[XMKQKIVLWTIVI\]ZITMbILMTLQK\IUMVa[WJZMY]uX]V\W[[MXZM\MVLMY]M[MXZWV]VKQMMT
M`XMZ\WQVNWZUIKQ~VY]MI[yOIZIV\QbIMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[ILMTILMUIVLILIY]MY]MLI
XZM^MVQLILMTWY]M[MÎIXZIK\QKIZaXIZIY]u
2.7.3.4 Efectos:
4I IXWZ\IKQ~V MNMK\QÎ LM TW[ LWK]UMV\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ Y]M PIV LM KWV[QOVIZ[M MV M[\M
XZQUMZ M[\ILQW LMT XZWKM[W []Z\QZn TW[ MNMK\W[ XZMLM\MZUQVILW[ XWZ TI TMa M[MVKQITUMV\M
TI ILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M LM TI LMUIVLI W IT UMVW[ MT Y]M M[I QVILUQ[Q~V VW LMZQ^M LM []
I][MVKQIaMVK]IV\WITW[UMLQW[LMXZ]MJIUI\MZQITLWK]UMV\W[aLQK\nUMVM[XMZQKQITM[
asegurar el derecho de defensa de la contraparte evitando as una posterior nulidad de
IK\]IKQWVM[ XWZ WK]T\IUQMV\W NZI]L]TMV\W LM \ITM[ XZ]MJI[ a Y]MLIZ JIRW TI K][\WLQI LMT
~ZOIVWR]LQKQITXIZI[]ÎTWZIKQ~VMVTI[MV\MVKQILMVQ\QÎWIV\M[ITW[MNMK\W[XZWKM[ITM[
aIUMVKQWVILW[LM[MZ^QZITIRIKQ~VLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WaK]IV\yI
8WZMTKWV\ZIZQW[QMTLWK]UMV\WWMTQVNWZUMXMZQKQITVW[MIXWZ\ITW[MNMK\W[[MZnVLMLW[
\QXW[]VWOMVMZITaW\ZWM[XMKyKW
-TOMVMZITM[Y]MWXMZIMTXZQVKQXQWLMXZMKT][Q~VQUX]M[\WMVMTIZ\ !+8+5aXWZMVLM
VW [M XWLZn IXWZ\IZ LM[X]u[ I UMVW[ Y]M MT LWK]UMV\W [MI LM NMKPI XW[\MZQWZ IT IK\W LM
LMUIVLI W [M LM[K]JZQMZM [] M`Q[\MVKQI \IUJQuV LM[X]u[ [QMVLW Y]M MT UW\Q^W XWZ MT Y]M
[MLM[KWVWKyIZM[XWVLIIKI][ILMN]MZbIUIaWZWXWZW\ZIR][\IKI][I"
+WUWMNMK\W[M[XMKyKW[PIJZnY]MLQ[\QVO]QZTIVITQLILI[QOVILIITUMLQWLMXZ]MJI"
I ;QMVLW LWK]UMV\W KWV N]VKQ~V XZWKM[IT I NIT\I LM W\ZW UMLQW LM XZ]MJI
KWV^QVKMV\MY]MLIZyI[QVIKZMLQ\IZMTXZM[]X]M[\WLMIY]MTTIyVLWTMXIZIMTY]MMZI
LM]\QTQLILTWY]MWJTQOIZyIIQVILUQ\QZTILMUIVLI
J ;QMVLW LWK]UMV\W W QVNWZUM XMZQKQIT UI\MZQIT MV XZQVKQXQW VW LM\MZUQVI TI
QVILUQ[QJQTQLIL LM TI LMUIVLI I]VY]M [y MT Y]M TI XIZ\M Y]MLI LM[XWRILI LM ]V
QV[\Z]UMV\W XZWJI\WZQW I [] NI^WZ Y]M X]MLM QVKQLQZ MV MT ZM[]T\ILW LMVQ\Q^W LM
TI KWV\QMVLI W VW LM IK]MZLW I TI ÎTWZIKQ~V KWVR]V\I Y]M [M PIOI LM TW[ UMLQW[
Y]MVITUMV\M[MZMKI]LMV
K
+WUW M`KMXKQ~V TI NIT\I LM IXWZ\IKQ~V LMT LWK]UMV\W UI\MZQIT \ZIMZn KWV[QOW
TI QVILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M LM TI LMUIVLI MV IY]MTTW[ []X]M[\W[ M[XMKQITM[ LWVLM
[M M`QOM [] IXWZ\IKQ~V KWV u[\I ^MZ TQ[\ILW IV\MZQWZ W LWVLM MT LWK]UMV\W [M
KWV^QMZ\MMVMTMUMV\WKWV[\Q\]\Q^WLMTIXZWXQIIKKQ~VKWUWMVMTXZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^W
LM \y\]TW[ M`\ZIR]LQKQITM[# MV MT XZWKM[W LM MRMK]KQ~V LM \y\]TW[ R]LQKQITM[# MV MT
UWVQ\WZQW IT KWV^MZ\QZ[M MV KI][I LM QVILUQ[QJQTQLIL LM IK]MZLW I TW Y]M [M
MÌUQVIZnIPWZI
282
2.7.4 El control de su admisin a trmite:

2.7.4.1 Principio general:
<WLW LMNMK\W QUX]\IJTM IT MRMZKQKQW LM ]VI IKKQ~V R]LQKQIT XWZ QVK]UXTQUQMV\W LM TW[
XZM[]X]M[\W[ W ZMY]Q[Q\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ a TW M[ LM M[\M KITQJZM TW[ Y]M I\I}MV KI[Q [QMUXZM I
LMNMK\W[ LM TI LMUIVLI W LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V Y]M [M LML]KM MV MTTI KWUXWZ\I ]VI M`KMXKQ~V
XZWKM[IT []J[IVIJTM W VW [MOV TI M[XMKQM Y]M X]MLM ITMOIZ MT LMUIVLILW MV MT IK\W
LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI W QVKT][W XW[\MZQWZUMV\M IZ\ +8+5 XMZW VW IV\M[
M[ LMKQZ VW XZMû TI TMa Y]M \MVOI Y]M [MZ WyLW MT LMUIVLILW IV\M[ LM XZW^MMZ[M [WJZM
TI ILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M LM TI LMUIVLI 8WZ \IV\W TW KIZIK\MZy[\QKW LMT KWV\ZWT R]LQKQIT
LM ILUQ[Q~V M[ Y]M TW TTMÎ I KIJW MT 2]Mb LM WKQW a ]VQTI\MZITUMV\M UMLQIV\M LW[
UMKIVQ[UW[ LQ[\QV\W[ LM ^QOQTIVKQI I TW[ Y]M IPWZI XZM[\IZMUW[ I\MVKQ~V KWUW [WV TI
QUXZWXWVQJQTQLILaTIQVILUQ[QJQTQLILWK]ITM[[WVIXTQKIJTM[I\WLW\QXWLMXZWKM[W[
8IZI LQ[\QVO]QZ MV\ZM IUJI[ KTI[M[ LM KWV\ZWT PI LM XIZ\QZ[M ]VI ^Mb Un[ LM TI LQ[\QVKQ~V
MV\ZM TI LMUIVLI KWUW IK\W XZWKM[IT ZM^M[\QLW LM ]VI[ LM\MZUQVILI[ NWZUITQLILM[ a TI
LMUIVLIKWUW^MPyK]TWXWZMTY]M[MNWZUITQbI]VILM\MZUQVILIXZM\MV[Q~VLM\]\MTI4I
LMUIVLIX]MLM[MZLMNMK\]W[IMVMTXZQUMZKWV\M`\WaPIKMZ[MQV[MZ^QJTMXIZIMTXZWX~[Q\W
Y]MM[\IJITTIUILIIK]UXTQZ
8MZWXWLZyIVW[MZI[yM[LMKQZTILMUIVLIKWUWIK\WXZWKM[ITX]MLMIXIZMKMZKWZZMK\Ia
MVKIUJQWTIXZM\MV[Q~VY]M[M^QMZ\MMVMTTIKIZMKMZLM]VZMY]Q[Q\WLMÎTQLMbY]MQUXQLM
Y]MX]MLI[MZKWVWKQLIR]LQKQITUMV\M;WJZMMTXZQUMZnUJQ\WQV\MZ^QMVMTIQVILUQ[QJQTQLIL
;WJZMMT[MO]VLWTIQUXZWXWVQJQTQLIL
)PWZIJQMVTIILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MLM]VILMUIVLIKWUXWZ\ITILMKTIZIKQ~VR]LQKQITLMY]M
u[\I K]UXTM TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ TMOITM[ XIZI KWV[QLMZIZ[M LML]KQLI [QV W\ZI KWV[MK]MVKQI Y]M
XMZUQ\QZ TI QVKWIKQ~V LM TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[ LMT XZWKM[W KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M 8WZ \IV\W VW M`QOM
LMT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT ]V IVnTQ[Q[ [WJZM TI[ XW[QJQTQLILM[ LM u`Q\W VIT LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V VQ MT
ILUQ\QZTIX]MLMXZMR]bOIZ]VI[MV\MVKQIM[\QUI\WZQI8WZM[\IZIb~VaXWZY]MTILMVMOIKQ~V
I \ZnUQ\M LM ]VI LMUIVLI INMK\I I TI XZWXQI MNMK\Q^QLIL LMT LMZMKPW IT XZWKM[W R][\W
QUXQLQMVLW Y]M TW[ KWVQK\W[ R]ZyLQKW[ X]MLIV [MZ PM\MZWKWUX]M[\W[ XWZ TW[ \ZQJ]VITM[ LM
R][\QKQI TI ILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M LM TI LMUIVLI [M MZQOM MV ]V KWV\ZWT R]LQKQIT LM KIZnK\MZ
esencialmente formal y no sustantivo.
,M ITTy Y]M K]IVLW MT IZ\ ! LMT +~LQOW [WUM\M TI ILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M LM TI LMUIVLI
IT ZMY]Q[Q\W LM Y]M TI UQ[UI K]UXTI KWV TW[ NWZUITQ[UW[ M[MVKQITM[ XIZI MV\ZIZ IT
KWVWKQUQMV\WLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VMVMTTIKWV\MVQLI[MM[\nZMZQMVLWINWZUITQ[UW[XZWKM[ITM[
y no sustantivos.
A Y]M K]IVLW I ZMVOT~V [MO]QLW \IUJQuV M`QOM Y]M LM TI LMUIVLI ZM[]T\M [] NIK]T\IL
IJ[WT]\I LM R]bOIZ TW M[ \IUJQuV MV MT [MV\QLW M[\ZQK\IUMV\M XZWKM[IT X]M[ [Q TW N]MZI
[][\IV\Q^WVWLQZyI R]bOIZ[QVWM[\QUIZITOWXWZW\ZWTILWIJ[]ZLWX]M[MY]QÎTLZyII
LMKQZY]M[~TWTI[LMUIVLI[Y]MÎVI[MZM[\QUILI[X]MLMVZM[]T\IZILUQ\QLI[I\ZnUQ\M
283

+]IVLWMVVKQMZZI[]MV]VKQILWMTIZ\!XZMKQ[IVLWY]MTIZMKWV^MVKQ~V[M[]RM\IZn
IT MÌUMV LM NWVLW a NWZUI LM TW[ XZMKMX\W[ IV\MZQWZM[ M[\W M[ TW[ LMLQKILW[ I TI
LMUIVLI VW M[\n IT\MZIVLW VQ XIZI TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V VQ XIZI TI LMUIVLI TW Y]M aI PI
M[\IJTMKQLWXZMKQ[IUMV\MIV\M[AM[Y]MMTKWV\ZWTLMILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MLM^QMVMXZWKM[IT
XWZ VI\]ZITMbI KWV TI VQKI M`KMXKQ~V LMT IZ\ +8+5 MT K]IT MV\ZM TI[ KI][I[ LM
QUXZWXWVQJQTQLIL Y]M IPWZI ^MZMUW[ QVKT]aM MT LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V K]aW WJRM\W [MI QTyKQ\W
QUXW[QJTMWIJ[]ZLWX]M[\WY]MMV\WVKM[VQMVM[MVQMVVQVOVXZWKM[WXWLZyIKWVWKMZ[M
LMMTTI8MZWMTMÌUMVLMM[M\QXWLMLMNMK\W[LMNWVLWXWZM`KMXKQWVITLMJM[MZXZM[QLQLW
XWZ TI XZ]LMVKQI LMT R]Mb \IT KWUW WK]ZZM KWV \WLW[ TW[ UW\Q^W[ LM QUXZWXWVQJQTQLIL a
MV KI[W LM L]LI [WJZM TI KWVK]ZZMVKQI LM IY]MTTI QTQKQ\]L QUXW[QJQTQLIL W IJ[]ZLW LM TI
XZM\MV[Q~VM[UMRWZXW[XWVMZK]ITY]QMZXW[QJTMZMKPIbWITI[MV\MVKQILMVQ\QÎK]IVLWaI
se tienen todos los elementos necesarios para resolver.
2.7.4.2 La improponibilidad:
2.7.4.2.1 Supuestos:
El Cdigo como decamos utiliza dos mecanismos distintos para referirse a las modalidades
LMKWV\ZWTLMTILMUIVLI"]VWM[TIQUXZWXWVQJQTQLILY]MINMK\IITIXZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLIa
ITIY]MIT]LMMTIZ\+8+5aITIY]M[MZMUQ\MMTIZ\XIZIMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW
4IW\ZIM[TIQVILUQ[QJQTQLILY]MI\I}MM[\ZQK\IUMV\MITILMUIVLIKWUWM[KZQ\WLMXIZ\M
aY]M[MZMO]TIMVMTIZ\ +8+5\IUJQuVIZ\XIZIMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW
,M M[\I UIVMZI ^QMVMV I WZLMVIZ[M MV TI TMa TW[ LQ[\QV\W[ UW\Q^W[ Y]M X]MLMV QUXMLQZ TI
ILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MLMTILMUIVLI[QUXTQKIVLWILMUn[TIKWV[\Z]KKQ~VR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQITLM
TI+WZ\M;]XZMUIMVM[\IUI\MZQITIK]ITPIJyI^MVQLWILQ[\QVO]QZLMV\ZWLMTOuVMZWLMTI
QUXZWXWVQJQTQLILLQ[\QV\II[]^MbLMTIQVILUQ[QJQTQLILaTIQUXZWKMLMVKQIKWV\ZWTM[I
WXMZIZMVW\ZI[NI[M[LMTXZWKM[WLQ^MZ[I[ÎZQIV\M[aLM[LMW\ZIXMZ[XMK\QÎILQNMZMVKQIZ
\IUJQuVMV\ZMLMUIVLIQVPnJQTQV\QTQVI\MVLQJTMMQUXW[QJTM. Ahora la inadmisin ha
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su naturaleza.
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subsanar la omisin de aportacin.
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insistimos disponga de datos sustentados con pruebas concretas en torno a la
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real.
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referencia.
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289

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2.7.4.3.2.- Tratamiento:
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potencial y abstractamente subsanables. Por ello el Juez a virtud del citado 278 CPCM le
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2.7.5 Efectos derivados de su admisin:

2.7.5.1 La litispendencia:
2.7.5.1.1 Concepto y momento en que se produce.
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Cdigo.
291

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CPCM.
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2.7.5.1.2 Perpetuacin del procedimiento:

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litis. A este fenmeno se le conoce con el nombre de la perpetuatio jurisdictionisaKWUXWZ\IY]M
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292

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MVXZW\MKKQ~VLMTW[LMZMKPW[LMTI[XIZ\M[-TIZ\ LMT+~LQOWMV[]ZMLIKKQ~VWZQOQVIT
LM XZM^MyI]VII]\uV\QKIZMOTILMperpetuatio jurisdictionisY]MIJIZKIJITIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~Va
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KWVTIZMNWZUIXIZKQITLMLMUIVMZIQVM`XTQKIJTM[MPIKMZKMVILWXIZ\MLMTIVWZUI
reduciendo el alcance de la perpetuacin a la prohibicin de cambio en el procedimiento.
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ZM\ZIK\IKQ~V KWV TW IXZWJILW LW[ I}W[ IV\M[ TW Y]M M`\ZI}I \MVQMVLW MV K]MV\I Y]M VQ
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\ZIMZKWV[QOWMNMK\W[VMOI\Q^W[VQ[MIV\WRIMVY]uX]V\WXWLZyI\IUXWKW\MVMZTW[K]IVLW
KWUWaIPMUW[M`XTQKILWTIOIZIV\yILMTIperpetuatio[MQZZILQI\IV\WMVTWWZOnVQKWKWUW
MVTWXZWKMLQUMV\IT4WIXZWJILWIPWZI[]XWVMZM[\ZQVOQZTIXZQUMZILMM[I[LW[^MZ\QMV\M[
Y]M Y]MLI MV XW[QKQ~V ^]TVMZIJTM IV\M QV\MV\W[ LM NZI]LM XMZW ILMUn[ KWV TI[ [QMUXZM
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[M}ITIY]MTI[IT\MZIKQWVM[Y]MX]LQMZIV\MVMZT]OIZMVK]IV\WITLWUQKQTQWLMTI[XIZ\M[TI
[Q\]IKQ~VLMTIKW[ITQ\QOQW[IaMTWJRM\WLMTXZWKM[WI[yKWUWTI[Y]MQV\ZWL]bKIVTI[XIZ\M[
W\MZKMZW[MVMTM[\ILWLMTI[KW[I[WLMTI[XMZ[WVI[VWUWLQKIZnVTIKTI[MLMXZWKM[WY]M
[MLM\MZUQVIZnVC]\QTQbIMTXT]ZIT"LMJMZyI[MZMV[QVO]TIZTIKTI[MLMXZWKM[WE[MOVTWY]M[M
acredite en el momento inicial de la litispendencia.
+WV\WLWKWV^QMVMPIKMZ\ZM[WJ[MZÎKQWVM[IM[\IZMOTI"
I 4W[ KIUJQW[ I TW[ Y]M PIKM ZMNMZMVKQI MT IZ\ +8+5 VW INMK\IZnV KWUW
[M PI LQKPW IT XZWKMLQUQMV\W KWUW IPy [M QVLQKI XMZW [y X]MLM \ZIMZ KWV[QOW
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,MTWKWV\ZIZQWQUXMZITIZMOTIOMVMZITLMTIZ\!aITO]VIM[XMKQITMVMTUQ[UW
sentido213[WJZMTIQVU]\IJQTQLILLMTWJRM\WITINMKPIMVY]M[MQV\MZX][WTILMUIVLI
a la sazn admitida.
213 +WUWTI[M}ITILIMVMTIZ\LMT++WUXIZIMTMRMZKQKQWXWZTIMV\QLILI[MO]ZILWZILMTIIKKQ~VLMZM[KQ[Q~V
LM KWV\ZI\W XWZ WK]T\IUQMV\W LM LI\W[ XWZ MT \WUILWZ" -T LWTW W K]TXI OZI^M MV TI[ LMKTIZIKQWVM[ I Y]M [M
ZMMZMMTIZ\yK]TWIV\MZQWZLIITI[MO]ZILWZIKKQ~VXIZIXMLQZTIZM[KQ[Q~VLMTKWV\ZI\WLMV\ZWLMTW[\ZM[UM[M[
[QO]QMV\M[ITLyIMVY]MPIaIKWVWKQLWTIQVMÌK\Q\]L]WUQ[Q~VLWTW[IWK]TXIJTM4W[MNMK\W[LMTI[MV\MVKQI[M
retrotraen al momento de la presentacin de la demanda.
293

J 4IXMZXM\]IKQ~VLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WMV\WLWKI[WXZM[]XWVM[QMUXZMY]MTW[KIUJQW[
IKWV\MKQLW[VWPIaIVQVKQLQLWMVTIM`Q[\MVKQIUQ[UILMTWJRM\WTQ\QOQW[WPI[\I\IT
X]V\WLMPIKMZTWLM[IXIZMKMZ;Q\ITM^MV\]ITQLILP]JQMZIWK]ZZQLWXWLZyIUW[M[\IZ
IV\M]VIXuZLQLILMQV\MZu[TMOy\QUW[][KMX\QJTMLMXWVMZVITXZWKM[WMÌZ\
+8+5 XZWJTMUI [QV MUJIZOW M[\ZQK\IUMV\M LQ[\QV\W LM TI perpetuatio jurisdictionis.
4I NWZU]TIKQ~V LM ]VI XZM\MV[Q~V LQ[\QV\I ZM[]T\ILW LM IY]MTTI LM[IXIZQKQ~V XWZ
MRMUXTW MRMZKQKQW LM ]VI IKKQ~V LM LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ KWV\ZI MT ZM[XWV[IJTM LM TI
LM[\Z]KKQ~V LWTW[I W VMOTQOMV\M LMT JQMV \MVLZyI Y]M [MZ KIVITQbILI I \ZIû[ LM
V]MÎ LMUIVLI a XWZ MVLM LM ]V V]M^W XZWKM[W X]M[ VW M[\IZyIUW[ IY]y IV\M
]VIUMZIIUXTQIKQ~VLMTILMUIVLIVQIV\MITMOIKQWVM[KWUXTMUMV\IZQI[Y]M
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TI[ XIZ\M[ 4I \ZIV[UQ[Q~V Y]M VW LM[IXIZQKQ~V LM TI KW[I TQ\QOQW[I I ]V \MZKMZW
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MT IZ\ +8+5 XMZW Y]M KWUW \IT VW INMK\I I TI M`Q[\MVKQI UQ[UI LMT XZWKM[W
VQIT\MZIZnTIKWUXM\MVKQIaXZWKMLQUQMV\WaIRILW[OZIKQI[ITIperpetuatio. Por su
TILWMTNITTMKQUQMV\WLMITO]VWLMTW[TQ\QOIV\M[XWLZnLM[MUJWKIZ\IUJQuVMV]VI
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,MVW[MZI[yMTXZWJTMUIXWLZyI\WZVIZ[MMVXuZLQLILMQV\MZu[TMOy\QUWLMTIK\WZ
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perpetuatio jurisdictionis.
K
4IXMZXM\]IKQ~VLMTIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VMVTW[\uZUQVW[TMOITUMV\MZMO]TILW[VWK]JZM
la eventualidad de una aplicacin retroactiva derivada de un cambio legislativo en
TIRIKQ~VLMV]M^W[KZQ\MZQW[LMKWUXM\MVKQIWJRM\QÎa\MZZQ\WZQITWLMTTQ[\ILWLM
I[]V\W[ Y]M PIV LM ^MV\QTIZ[M XWZ KILI ]VW LM TW[ LQ[\QV\W[ XZWKMLQUQMV\W[ X]M[
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IVWZUI[)PWZIJQMVI]VY]MI[y[MIVWM[UMVW[KQMZ\WY]MMTXZWJTMUIMVTIbI
KWV MT ZuOQUMV LM MKIKQI \MUXWZIT LM TI[ VWZUI[ XZWKM[ITM[ a XIZI [MZ Un[
XZMKQ[W[ LM TW Y]M [M WZLMVM MV TI[ KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M[ LQ[XW[QKQWVM[ \ZIV[Q\WZQI[ LM
KILIWZLMVIUQMV\WXZWKM[IT
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IV\MZQWZUMV\MXIZIM[IQV[\IVKQIR]LQKQITMVM[\MKI[WXIZITIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI\IT
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\WLW[TW[XZWKM[W[aMV[]KI[WMNMK\]IZTW[KIUJQW[LMR]MbWLMXZWKMLQUQMV\WY]M
procedan. El Cdigo a este respecto ha abogado por la estabilidad de los procesos
ya iniciados.
+WVNWZUMITIZ\Y]MKWV\QMVMI[]^Mb[],Q[XW[QKQ~V<ZIV[Q\WZQI4W[XZWKM[W[XZWKMLQUQMV\W[aLQTQOMVKQI[
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conformidad a la normativa con la cual se iniciaron.
294

2.7.5.2 Efectos sustantivos:
.QVITUMV\M PIa Y]M \MVMZ XZM[MV\M Y]M TI ILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M LM TI LMUIVLI MV K]IV\W
PMKPWR]ZyLQKWXZW^WKIMNMK\W[VW[~TW[WJZMMTLM^MVQZLMTIIK\Q^QLILXZWKM[IT[QVW[WJZM
TI^QOMVKQIWMKIKQILMTW[LMZMKPW[UI\MZQITM[MVR]MOW
<ITM[ MNMK\W[ [][\IV\Q^W[ W M`\ZIXZWKM[ITM[ PI LM XZM^MZTW[ M`XZM[IUMV\M TI TMa X]LQMVLW
I[yKQ\IZIY]yKWUWMRMUXTW["MTKIZnK\MZTQ\QOQW[WLM]VLMZMKPWIZ\XnZZINW[MO]VLW
++# TI ]\QTQLIL MV TI OM[\Q~V LM VMOWKQW[ IRMVW[ IZ\ ++216; el derecho a pedir
KI]KQ~V ZM[XMK\W LM TI IVbI aI XZM[\ILI IZ\ 111 ++WU217# TI QV\MZZ]XKQ~V KQ^QT LM
TI XZM[KZQXKQ~V \IV\W TI ILY]Q[Q\QÎ M` IZ\ ++218 KWV TI[ M`KMXKQWVM[ XZM^Q[\I[ MV MT
UQ[UWXZMKMX\WKWUWTIXZM[KZQXKQ~VM`\QV\QÎIZ\T\QUWQVKQ[W++!Y]M[MZMUQ\M
\IUJQuVITI[M`KMXKQWVM[XZM^Q[\I[MVIY]MTTIW\ZI
=VI LM M[I[ M`KMXKQWVM[ M[ Y]M VW [M P]JQMZM XZIK\QKILW MT MUXTIbIUQMV\W TMOIT LMT
LMUIVLILW PQX~\M[Q[ Y]M TI +WZ\M ;]XZMUI M`QJQTQbI MV KI[W[ LM []J[IVIKQ~V \nKQ\I LMT
LMNMK\WXWZMT[]RM\W.
)Z\++";MKMLM]VLMZMKPWTQ\QOQW[WK]IVLWMTWJRM\WLQZMK\WLMTIKM[Q~VM[MTM^MV\WQVKQMZ\WLMTITQ\Q[
LMT Y]M VW [M PIKM ZM[XWV[IJTM MT KMLMV\M ;M MV\QMVLM TQ\QOQW[W ]V LMZMKPW XIZI TW[ MNMK\W[ LM TW[ [QO]QMV\M[
IZ\yK]TW[LM[LMY]M[MVW\QKIR]LQKQITUMV\MTILMUIVLI
216 )Z\ ++" -T Y]M ILUQVQ[\ZI ]V VMOWKQW IRMVW KWV\ZI TI M`XZM[I XZWPQJQKQ~V LMT QV\MZM[ILW VW \QMVM
LMUIVLIKWV\ZIuTsino en cuanto esa gestin le hubiere sido efectivamente til, y existiere la utilidad al tiempo de la demanda; por
MRMUXTW[QLMTIOM[\Q~VPIZM[]T\ILWTIM`\QVKQ~VLM]VILM]LIY]M[QVMTTIP]JQMZILMJQLWXIOIZMTQV\MZM[ILW
-T2]Mb[QVMUJIZOWKWVKMLMZnMVM[\MKI[WITQV\MZM[ILWMTXTIbWY]MXQLIXIZIMTXIOWLMTILMUIVLIaY]M
XWZTI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[LMTLMUIVLILWXIZMbKIMY]Q\I\Q^W
217 )Z\111++WU"4IQV[\Q\]KQ~VILWZILM[X]u[LMKMTMJZILWMTKWV\ZI\W[~TWXWLZnM`QOQZY]MMTILWW
MTKWV\ZIILWZTMKI]KQWVMVMTXIOWMVTW[KI[W[[QO]QMV\M["111;QTIWJTQOIKQ~VIIVbILI[MPIKMM`QOQJTM
W[MLMUIVLIR]LQKQITUMV\M[]XIOW
218 )Z\++"1V\MZZ]XKQ~VKQ^QTM[\WLWZMK]Z[WR]LQKQITQV\MV\ILWXWZMTY]M[MXZM\MVLM^MZLILMZWL]M}W
LMTIKW[I KWV\ZIMTXW[MMLWZ ;~TWMTY]MPI QV\MV\ILWM[\M ZMK]Z[W XWLZn ITMOIZ TI QV\MZZ]XKQ~V# a VQ I]V uT
MVTW[KI[W[[QO]QMV\M[";QTIVW\QKIKQ~VLMTILMUIVLIVWPI[QLWPMKPIMVNWZUITMOIT#;QMTZMK]ZZMV\M
LM[Q[\Q~M`XZM[IUMV\MLMTILMUIVLIWKM[~MVTIXMZ[MK]KQ~VXWZUn[LM\ZM[I}W[#;QMTLMUIVLILWWJ\]^W
[MV\MVKQI LM IJ[WT]KQ~V -V M[\W[ \ZM[ KI[W[ [M MV\MVLMZn VW PIJMZ [QLW QV\MZZ]UXQLI TI XZM[KZQXKQ~V XWZ TI
LMUIVLI<IUXWKWTIQV\MZZ]UXMMTR]QKQWKWVKQTQI\WZQW
! )Z\++"4IXZM[KZQXKQ~VY]MM`\QVO]MTI[IKKQWVM[IRMVI[X]MLMQV\MZZ]UXQZ[MaIVI\]ZITaIKQ^QTUMV\M
;MQV\MZZ]UXMKQ^QTUMV\MXWZTILMUIVLIR]LQKQIT#[IT^WTW[KI[W[MV]UMZILW[MVMTIZ\yK]TW
;MV\MVKQI LM TI ;ITI LM TW +Q^QT LM LM R]TQW LM LQK\ILI I TI[ PWZI[ ZMN " ,M IPy Y]M
\MVOIUW[XIZIVW[W\ZW[Y]M[QTILMUIVLIR]LQKQITQV\MZZ]UXMKQ^QTUMV\MTIXZM[KZQXKQ~VTQJMZI\WZQI[IT^W[TW[
KI[W[MV]UMZILW[MVMT)Z\++MV\ZMTW[K]ITM[[MUMVKQWVI[QTIVW\QKIKQ~VLMTILMUIVLIVWPI
[QLW PMKPI MV NWZUI TMOIT# MT ZMK]ZZMV\M VILI \QMVM Y]M ITMOIZ MV M[M [MV\QLW XWZ K]IV\W LM PIJMZ M`Q[\QLW
ITO]VI V]TQLIL aI [MI XWZ QVNZIKKQ~V LM TI[ NWZUITQLILM[ XZM^MVQLI[ XIZI MT MUXTIbIUQMV\W )Z\ 8Z
+ W JQMV XWZ PIJMZ[M WUQ\QLW MT UQ[UW )Z\ 1L# LQKPI V]TQLIL Y]ML~ []J[IVILI XWZ UMLQW LM TI
ZI\QKIKQ~V\nKQ\ILMTIQUXM\ZIV\MY]MKWV[Q[\Q~MVPIJMZKWV\M[\ILWTILMUIVLI[QVITMOIZM[IV]TQLIL-V
KWV[MK]MVKQITI;ITIM[\QUIY]MTILMUIVLILMUuZQ\WQV\MZZ]UXQ~KQ^QTUMV\MTIXZM[KZQXKQ~VLMY]M[M\ZI\I
XWZMVKWV\ZIZ[M[]J[IVILITINIT\ILMTIVW\QKIKQ~VLMTLMKZM\WLMMUJIZOWWMUXTIbIUQMV\W#XWZ[]MZ\MY]MMT
UQ[UW[MMV\QMVLMY]MN]MVW\QKILWMVNWZUITMOITMVTINMKPILMXZM[MV\IKQ~VLMTM[KZQ\WLMKWV\M[\IKQ~VLM
la demanda.
295

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0MUW[ PIJTILW LM TI QVU]\IJQTQLIL LMT KWVQK\W R]ZyLQKW LML]KQLW MV TI LMUIVLI KWUW
MNMK\W XZWXQW LM TI TQ\Q[XMVLMVKQI ;QMVLW MTTW I[y MT TMOQ[TILWZ [QV MUJIZOW M[ ZMKMX\Q^W I
TI ZQY]MbI LM TI KI[]y[\QKI XZnK\QKI Y]M X]MLM KWVL]KQZ MV U]KPI[ WKI[QWVM[ I VMKM[Q\IZ
QV\ZWL]KQZIR][\M[MVMTZMTI\WQVQKQITaMVTI[[WTQKQ\]LM[LM\]\MTINWZU]TILI[JQMVXWZY]MI
TINMKPILM[]XZM[MV\IKQ~VPIJyIVLI\W[LM[KWVWKQLW[WL]LW[W[Y]MVWX]LQMZWVQV\MOZIZ[M
MV TI XZM\MV[Q~V JQMV XWZY]M [M ZMY]QMZMV IR][\M[ W UI\QbIKQWVM[ MV XW[ LM ]VI UMRWZ
KTIZQKIKQ~VLMTW[WTQKQ\ILW
,M M[\M UWLW MT +~LQOW XMZUQ\M LM[LM LW[ ^yI[ LQ[\QV\I[ MT ZMIR][\M LM TI LMUIVLI
[QMUXZMY]MMTTWQV[Q[\QUW[VWKWUXWZ\MTIU]\IKQ~VLMTKWVQK\WaILML]KQLW#\WLWTWUn[
el aadido de otras peticiones colaterales. Tales vas son las siguientes:
2.7.5.3.1 Ampliacin de la demanda:

5QMV\ZI[MTLMUIVLILWVWPIKWV\M[\ILWITILMUIVLILQOIUW[Y]MVW[MXZWL]KMXIZI
u[\MVQVOVMNMK\WLMQVLMNMV[Q~VXWZMTPMKPWLMY]MTIXZM\MV[Q~VWZQOQVITX]MLI[]NZQZITOV
ZMIR][\M IZO]UMV\IT MV WZLMV I [] UMRWZ QV\MTMKKQ~V W MT I}ILQLW LM ITOV petitum Un[ M[
LMKQZVWM`Q[\MXMZR]QKQWXZWKM[ITXWZKWV[MV\QZITO]VW[KIUJQW[MVTILMUIVLI,M[LMT]MOW
XWLZyIXMV[IZ[MY]MITLMUIVLILWTMXIZMKMZyIUMRWZKWV\M[\IZI]VILMUIVLILMNMK\]W[I
Y]MIW\ZIIKTIZILIWY]MI]VILMUIVLILWVLM[MTMXQLM]VIXZM[\IKQ~VaVWLW[-UXMZW
VW M[ u[M ]V XMZR]QKQW Y]M X]MLI KWV[QLMZIZ TMOITUMV\M [W[\MVQJTM KWUW XIZI QUXMLQZ
Y]M TI LMUIVLI X]MLI ZMIR][\IZ[M 4W Y]M UIZKI MT X]V\W LM QVM`Q~V VW M[ MT XMZR]QKQW
LMZQÎLWLM\MVMZY]M[WXWZ\IZ]VILMUIVLIUMRWZILIMVK]IV\WX]MLIZM[]T\IZKWVUn[
XW[QJQTQLILM[LMu`Q\WOZIKQI[ITW[IR][\M[[QVWY]MPIaIKWV\M[\ILWaIITILMUIVLIY]M[M
TMPIJyIVW\QKILWX]M[MVM[MUWUMV\WTITQ\Q[Y]MLILMTQUQ\ILIMV\ZMIUJW[aK]ITY]QMZ
KIUJQW[][\IVKQITPIZyIQVK]ZZQZMVQVLMNMV[Q~VITLMUIVLILWY]QMVaIPIXZWOZIUILWMV
la contestacin su estrategia de defensa en el proceso. Tampoco puede haber indefensin si
MTKIUJQWKWV[Q[\MMVM`\MVLMZTITQ[\ILMLMUIVLILW[IW\ZW[V]M^W[X]M[M[\W[T\QUW[VQ
[QY]QMZIPIJyIVMUXMbILWIXZMXIZIZLMNMV[IITO]VIY]MX]LQMZI^MZ[MNZ][\ZILI
)[y TI[ KW[I[ MT IZ\ +8+5 XMZUQ\M TW Y]M TTIUI TI IUXTQIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI
\IV\WLM[LMMTX]V\WLM^Q[\IWJRM\Q^WKWUW[]JRM\Q^W\MVQMVLWKWUWTyUQ\M\MUXWZITXIZI
MNMK\]IZTI TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI LMT LMUIVLILW )]VY]M M[\I VWZUI [M QV[MZ\I
LMV\ZW LM TI[ LQ[XW[QKQWVM[ LMT XZWKM[W KWUV PIa Y]M [M}ITIZ Y]M LM^QMVM IXTQKIJTM
[]XTM\WZQIUMV\M XIZI MT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW [QMUXZM MV MT UIZKW LM TI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ Y]M
X]MLIVKIVITQbIZ[MXWZLQKPWXZWKMLQUQMV\WIZ\+8+5#aXIZITW[XZWKM[W[M[XMKQITM[
[QMUXZMaK]IVLW[M\ZI\MVLMXZM\MV[QWVM[M[XMKyKI[IZM[WT^MZMVMTTW[
4IIUXTQIKQ~VWJRM\QÎLMTILMUIVLIXZQUMZILMTI[LW[NIKM\I[XMZUQ\QLI[X]MLMKWV[Q[\QZ
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296

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]VI XZWPQJQKQ~V Y]M XMZXM\ZILI ab initio habra conducido a un motivo de inadmisibilidad
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acumulacin de pretensiones.
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simplemente para formular matizaciones o aclaraciones sobre algn apartado ambiguo
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MV LMVQ\QÎ X]MLM IXZW^MKPIZ XIZI ]V IK\W XZWKM[IT XW[\MZQWZ I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI
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ampliacin puede ser el producto de una opcin libre del actor para aprovechar tratar en
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297

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a la ampliacin.
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N]VLIUMV\IKQ~V LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V [IT^W Y]M MT IK\WZ P]JQMZI WX\ILW XWZ MT NWZUI\W LM
LMUIVLI KWUXTM\I -V TW Y]M IPWZI VW[ QUXWZ\I KIJM [M}ITIZ [QV MUJIZOW Y]M M[\M IZ\
VWX]MLM[MZMUXTMILWXIZIIUXTQIZTILMUIVLIKWV\WLITIM`\MV[Q~VLMTIZ\
X]M[ [WZXZMVLMZ IT LMUIVLILW KWV V]MÎ[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ W XZM\MVLMZ Y]M [M \MVOIV XWZ
LMUIVLILI[IW\ZI[XMZ[WVI[\WLWMTTWQV[Q\]MVMTXZWXQWIK\WLMTII]LQMVKQIIKIZZMIZyI
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I )V\M[LMTIK\WLMTII]LQMVKQIX]MLMMTIK\WZIUXTQIZ[]LMUIVLIMVTW[\uZUQVW[
LMT IZ\ +8+5 IY]y KWV TI KMZ\QL]UJZM LM [IJMZ TI NMKPI MÌK\I MV Y]M Î
I \MVMZ T]OIZ TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V LMT LMUIVLILW W [MI MT LyI LM TI I]LQMVKQI a [Q TW
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\WLW MTTW TW Y]M QUXTQKI Y]M MT 2]bOILW LMJI ZMXZWOZIUIZ V]M^W LyI XW[\MZQWZ
para la audiencia.
J )JQMZ\I TI I]LQMVKQI IT IK\WZ [~TW TM M[\IZn XMZUQ\QLW IUXTQIZ TI LMUIVLI MV TW[
\uZUQVW[ Y]M QVLQKI MT IZ\ +8+5" XZM[MV\IZ [] N]VLIUMV\IKQ~V KI][I LM
XMLQZ[QVWTWPIJyIPMKPWIV\M[aZMITQbIZKWZZMKKQWVM[UI\MZQITM[IKTIZIKQWVM[W
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298

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TILW a KWUW aI PMUW[ IX]V\ILW [M XZWL]KM ]V ITIZOIUQMV\W LMT XTIbW Y]M \MVyI XIZI
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ni efecta prorrata alguna del cmputo ya agotado para cuando el demandado recibi la
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MT IK\WZ M[XMZIZyI I Y]M NIT\I[MV XWKW[ LyI[ XIZI KWVKT]QZ MT XTIbW LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V XIZI
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[WTIUMV\M I TI LMUIVLI WZQOQVIT a IT KWV\MVQLW LM TI IUXTQIKQ~V [QVW \IUJQuV IT PMKPW
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.QVITUMV\M MT IZ\ +8+5 JIRW MT Z~\]TW LM XZWPQJQKQ~V LMT KIUJQW LM LMUIVLI
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LMTXZWKM[WKWVXW[\MZQWZQLIL
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MT \ZnUQ\M LM KWV\M[\IKQ~VZMKWV^MVKQ~V [IT^W LW[ M`KMXKQWVM[ LM TI[ Y]M IPWZI VW[
WK]XIZMUW[8MZWILMUn[LMM[I[M`KMXKQWVM[\IUJQuVM[NIK\QJTMY]MTIXIZ\MLM[MMPIKMZ
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UI\QbIKQWVM[ VW Y]MLIV K]JQMZ\I[ XWZ TI M`KMXKQ~V LMT IZ\ X]M[ u[\M LMRI I [IT^W TI
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cdigo. Procede distinguir por tanto los distintos supuestos:
6]MÎ[ XZM\MV[QWVM[" XWZ M`KMXKQ~V \ZI\nVLW[M LMT XZWKM[W KWUV MT IZ\
del Cdigo permite al actor introducir nuevas pretensiones en el acto de la audiencia
XZMXIZI\WZQI[QMUXZMaK]IVLWZM[]T\MVIKKM[WZQI[LMTI[aILML]KQLI[MVTILMUIVLI0I
299

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KWV[Q[\QZnVQKIUMV\MMVMTpetitumIKKM[WZQW[QVW\IUJQuVMVTIKI][ILMXMLQZY]MTWN]VLI
U]a XZWJIJTMUMV\M M`KT]QLI LMT \M`\W WZQOQVIT LM TI LMUIVLI MV\IV\W MV K]IV\W LM^QMVM
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TQUQ\nVLWVW[ I XWVMZ LM UIVQM[\W M[\I XW[QJQTQLIL LMT IK\WZ a TI KWV[QO]QMV\M WXW[QKQ~V
Y]M X]MLM XTIV\MIZ MT LMUIVLILW IT ZM[XMK\W MV K]aW KI[W MT R]Mb LMJMZn ZM[WT^MZ MV
XZQVKQXQWINI^WZLMTLMUIVLIV\M[IT^WY]MMV\QMVLIZIbWVILIUMV\MY]MTIV]MÎXZM\MV[Q~V
MV ZMITQLIL VW ZM[]T\I IKKM[WZQI LM TI W\ZI W Y]M [QuVLWTW []XWVM UMVW[KIJW XIZI MT
ILMK]ILW MRMZKQKQW LMT LMZMKPW LM LMNMV[I IZ\ XnZZINW \MZKMZW +8+5 1VLMNMV[Q~V
X]M[Y]MXWLZyIXZMLQKIZ[M\IV\WLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VXZQVKQXIT[QKWVTIIKKM[WZQI[MQV\MV\IV
QV\ZWL]KQZILMUn[W\ZW[PMKPW[Y]MLMUIVMZI[]JZMX\QKQIIT\MZIVTIXZQVKQXITKWUWLMTI
XZWXQIIKKM[WZQI[QXWZ[]KWUXTMRQLILR]ZyLQKIVWXMZUQ\M]VILMNMV[IIXZWXQILILMV\ZWLM
la audiencia preparatoria.
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[QUXTMUMV\MY]MTI[UQ[UI[\MVLZnVY]MLML]KQZ[MMV]VXZWKM[WIXIZ\M
8WZ TW Y]M ZM[XMK\I IT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW VQVOV WJ[\nK]TW ^MUW[ XIZI XWLMZ IXTQKIZ[M
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[QMUXZMM[W[yKWVTI[TQUQ\IKQWVM[M[\IJTMKQLI[MVIY]MTIZ\aIUMVKQWVILI[
0MKPW[ V]M^W[ W LM[KWVWKQLW[ ZMTIKQWVILW[ KWV TI KI][I LM XMLQZ aI LML]KQLI" MV
[MO]VLW T]OIZ MT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW W\ZI ^Mb I XZWX~[Q\W LM TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI
XZMûY]MIUJI[XIZ\M[aVW[~TWMTIK\WZX]MLMVPIKMZMVMTTIITMOIKQWVM[[WJZMK]ITY]QMZ
PMKPW Y]M [MI ZMTMÎV\M XIZI TI LM\MZUQVIKQ~V LM TI KI][I LM XMLQZ LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V W
XIZI TI RIKQ~V LM TW[ \uZUQVW[ LMT LMJI\M 8IZI MTTW M[ VMKM[IZQW Y]M \ITM[ PMKPW[ [MIV
XW[\MZQWZM[ITIK\WLMITMOIKQWVM[Y]MXWZTWY]MI\I}MITIK\WZ[QOVQKIVW[WTIUMV\MIV\M[
LM XZM[MV\IZ TI LMUIVLI [QVW IV\M[ LM Y]M MT LMUIVLILW PIaI KWV\M[\ILW I TI LMUIVLI
Y]M M[ K]IVLW XZMKT]aM TI XW[QJQTQLIL XIZI IUXTQIZ TI LMUIVLI# W Y]M [QMVLW PMKPW[
anteriores resultaren desconocidos para la parte respectiva y por ello no se pudieron tomar
en cuenta en sus alegaciones originales.
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IJZM^QILWJIRWTINIK]T\ILLMTLMUIVLIV\MXIZIY]MIUXTyM[]LMUIVLIXMZWZM[XM\IVLW
KWUWXZMKMX\IMTIZ\MTKIZnK\MZVW^MLW[WWLM[KWVWKQLWLM\ITM[PMKPW[X]M[LMTW
contrario su introduccin traera consigo un fraude de ley.
300

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ILMTIV\ILWIY]MTTI[IKTIZIKQWVM[KWZZMKKQWVM[UI\MZQITM[aIZO]UMV\W[LMZMN]MZbWY]MVW
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MVMTUWUMV\WXZWKM[ITUIZKILWXWZTITMa"WZITII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQILMTXZWKM[WKWUV
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W[K]ZW[WXWKWQV\MTQOQJTM[LMTILMUIVLIIZ\+8+5WZIIQV[\IVKQILMTXZWXQWIK\WZ
[QMVLWK]ITM[Y]QMZILMIY]MTTI[ITMOIKQWVM[KWUXTMUMV\IZQI[UQ[UWIZ\+8+57\ZW
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301
INTERVENCIN DEL DEMANDADO

;=5):17"14IKWV\M[\IKQ~VITILMUIVLI+WVKMX\WaKWV\MVQLW.WZ
UITQLILM[aXTIbW114IZMKWV^MVKQ~V"+WVKMX\WaTyUQ\M[<ZI\IUQMV\W
XZWKM[IT1115MLQW[LMXZ]MJIY]MPIVLMIKWUXI}IZ[M1>4ILMKTIZIKQ~V
de rebelda del demandado: concepto y efectos
2.7.6 La contestacin a la demanda:

2.7.6.1 Concepto y contenido.
+WV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI M[ MT IK\W XZWKM[IT LMT LMUIVLILW XWZ MT Y]M u[\M ILWX\I ]VI
LMNMV[IKWVKZM\INZMV\MITIXZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLIMV[]KWV\ZIXWZMTLMUIVLIV\M[WTQKQ\IVLW
]VI\]\MTIR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITKWVOZ]MV\MKWVLQKPILMNMV[I[QVZMJI[IZTW[TyUQ\M[LMTKWVQK\W
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;]ZMO]TIKQ~VJn[QKI[MKWV\QMVMMVMTIZ\ +8+5Y]MMV[]KWV\MVQLWZM[]T\I\IUJQuV
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dentro del acto de la audiencia. La contestacin a la demanda alude pues a la posicin
LMT LMUIVLILW NZMV\M I TI LMUIVLI QV\MZX]M[\I MV [] KWV\ZI NZMV\M I TI Y]M IY]uT X]MLM
ZMIKKQWVIZ LM ÎZQI[ UIVMZI[ LQ[\QV\I[ \WLI[ MTTI[ TMOy\QUI[ a ILUQ\QLI[ XWZ TI TMa a KILI
]VI[][KMX\QJTMLMIKIZZMIZMNMK\W[R]ZyLQKW[\IUJQuVLQ[\QV\W[
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XWLZyIV MV\ZMKZ]bIZ[M MV ]V UQ[UW IK\W LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V IV\M XZM\MV[QWVM[ KWUXTMRI[ KWV
ÎZQI[ XM\QKQWVM[ ZM[XMK\W LM TI[ Y]M MT LMUIVLILW XWZ MRMUXTW X]MLM WXWVMZ[M I ]VI a
ITTIVIZ[MIW\ZIM\KX]MLMV[MZ"
a) Oposicin a la demanda:
-[ TI XW[\]ZI Un[ NZMK]MV\MUMV\M ILWX\ILI XWZ MT LMUIVLILW MV TW[ XZWKM[W[ M QUXTQKI
ZMKPIbIZTIIKKQ~VY]M[MMRMZKQ\IKWV\ZIuTLM[LM[][LQ[\QV\W[X]V\W[LM^Q[\I\IV\WNnK\QKW[
KWUWR]ZyLQKW[-VKWVKZM\WMTLMUIVLILWXWLZyI"
I
+WV\ZILMKQZ \W\IT W XIZKQITUMV\M MT ZMTI\W LM PMKPW[ LM TI LMUIVLI IZ\
XnZZINW \MZKMZW QVKQ[W XZQUMZW" VMOIVLW [QUXTMUMV\M MV \uZUQVW[
IJ[WT]\W[ TI ^MZIKQLIL LM ITO]VW[ LM MTTW[ W JQMV WNZMKQMVLW ]V ZMTI\W
IT\MZVI\Q^WMV\WLWWMVXIZ\MKWVMTY]MWJZIMVTILMUIVLI
I
)TMOIZ M`KMXKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[ IZ\ XnZZINW XZQUMZW" MT LMUIVLILW

X]MLM IL]KQZ Y]M TI XZM\MV[Q~V ILWTMKM LM ITOV UW\Q^W \IV\W LM
QUXZWXWVQJQTQLILXWZNIT\ILM]VXZM[]X]M[\WLMTXZWKM[WWTIKWVK]ZZMVKQI
LM]V~JQKMQUXMLQ\Q^WLM]VILMKQ[Q~VLMNWVLWKWUWLMQVILUQ[QJQTQLIL
302

LMNMK\W[ LM TI LMUIVLI W QVK]UXTQUQMV\W LM ZMY]Q[Q\W[ NWZUITM[ LM
u[\I Y]M aI PMUW[ MÌUQVILW MV MT IXIZ\ILW WXWZ\]VW a I K]aI TMK\]ZI
ZMUQ\QUW[ -T XZWX~[Q\W LM M[\I ITMOIKQ~V M[ KTIZW M^Q\IZ QVKT][W Y]M MT
XZWKM[W [QOI [] UIZKPI LMKZM\nVLW[M MT IZKPQ^W MV MT IK\W LM TI I]LQMVKQI
XZMXIZI\WZQI XZWKM[W KWUV W MV TI I]LQMVKQI LMT IJZM^QILW a Y]M VQ
[QY]QMZI[MLQ[K]\IMTNWVLW
I
)TMOIZ M`KMXKQWVM[ UI\MZQITM[ W XMZMV\WZQI[ IZ\ XnZZINW \MZKMZW

QVKQ[W \MZKMZW" VW \WLW KWV[Q[\M MV VMOIZ TW[ PMKPW[ LMT IK\WZ XWZ [MZ
NIT[W[ 8WLZyI []KMLMZ Y]M \ITM[ PMKPW[ MV MNMK\W N]MZIV KQMZ\W[ [~TW Y]M TI
LMUIVLIPIWUQ\QLWUMVKQWVIZILMUn[W\ZW[PMKPW[Y]M\IUJQuVZWLMIV
ITKI[WaY]MLM^QMVMVR]ZyLQKIUMV\MZMTMÎV\M[MVOZILW\ITLMTTMÎZITI
desactivacin de los hechos constitutivos de la demanda. Estamos en este
KI[WIV\MV]M^W[PMKPW[X]M[XMZWKWVTW[Y]MMTLMUIVLILWVWXZM\MVLM
QV\ZWL]KQZ ]VI V]MÎ XZM\MV[Q~V UI\MZQI LM ]VI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V XMZW VW
LM ]VI KWV\M[\IKQ~V [QVW [QUXTMUMV\M LMUW[\ZIZ Y]M TI XZM\MV[Q~V LM TI
LMUIVLIKIZMKMLMMKIKQITMOIT
-[W[ PMKPW[ V]M^W[ Y]M MT LMUIVLILW LM[LM T]MOW X]MLM ITMOIZ a XZWJIZ
MVM[ITQ\Q[ZM[XWVLMMVMTXTIVWKQMV\yKWI]VIKTn[QKILQ[\QVKQ~VMV\ZM"I
PMKPW[QUXMLQ\Q^W["KQZK]V[\IVKQI[Y]MPIVPMKPWY]MMTLMZMKPWWMTXIK\W
VW VIbKIV XWZ NIT\I LM ITO]VW LM [][ MTMUMV\W[ M[MVKQITM[" UQVWZQLIL LM
ITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[WJRM\WQTyKQ\W^QKQW[LMTKWV[MV\QUQMV\WM\K#JPMKPW[
M`\QV\Q^W[" IY]MTTW[ PMKPW[ W [Q\]IKQWVM[ Y]M PIV \ZIyLW KWV[QOW TI XuZLQLI
[WJZM^MVQLI LMT LMZMKPW M`Q[\MV\M MV WZQOMV XWZ IK\]IKQWVM[ P]UIVI[
IKKQWVM[ ] WUQ[QWVM[ W PMKPW[ LM TI VI\]ZITMbI" MT XIOW LM TI LM]LI TI
XZM[KZQXKQ~V M`\QV\QÎ TI LM[\Z]KKQ~V LMT JQMV TQ\QOQW[W M\K a K PMKPW[
M`KT]aMV\M[" KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ Y]M PIV [MZ^QLW XIZI MT VIKQUQMV\W LM W\ZW[
LMZMKPW[ K]aI ÎTQLMb a MKIKQI [M KWV\ZIXWVM I [] ^Mb I TI LMT LMZMKPW
QV^WKILW XWZ MT IK\WZ +I[W \yXQKW M[ MT LM TI XZM[KZQXKQ~V ILY]Q[Q\QÎ
LMT LMZMKPW XWZ \ZIV[K]Z[W LMT \QMUXW ;QV MUJIZOW [QMVLW KTIZW Y]M
MT LMUIVLILW X]MLM [QMUXZM PIKMZ ][W LM K]ITY]QMZI LM M[\I[ TyVMI[ LM
LMNMV[IUI\MZQITVWTWM[\IV\WMTY]M\WLI[MTTI[X]MLIV[MZTWI\ZIû[LMTI
KWV\M[\IKQ~VITILMUIVLIX]M[MVITO]VW[KI[W[[]ITMOIKQ~VKWVL]KMI]V
XZWV]VKQIUQMV\WR]LQKQIT[WJZMTIZMITQLILWTIQVM`Q[\MVKQILM]VLMZMKPW
W [WJZM TI IXIZQKQ~V LM LMZMKPW[ IT\MZVI\Q^W[ K]aW MNMK\W LM KW[I R]bOILI
UI\MZQITZMJI[IMTnUJQ\WLMTIIJ[WT]KQ~VWKWVLMVILMTLMUIVLILW
-[\W KWVL]KM I Y]M UWLMZVIUMV\M [M M`QRI MT MUXTMW LM TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V
XIZI XWLMZ LQ[K]\QZ M[I KTI[M LM IZO]UMV\W[ a [] N]VLIUMV\W R]ZyLQKW MV
MT XTMQ\W LM UIVMZI Y]M M`Q[\I ]V LMJI\M XTMVW [WJZM MTTW a TI [MV\MVKQI
Y]M [M LQK\M IT \QMUXW Y]M X]MLI \MVMZTW MV KWV[QLMZIKQ~V KWUW UW\Q^W
LM IJ[WT]KQ~V LMT LMUIVLILW [QZÎ \IUJQuV XIZI LMKTIZIZ W KWV[\Q\]QZ
TW[ MNMK\W[ R]ZyLQKW[ LMVQ\Q^W[ Y]M XZWKMLIV ZM[XMK\W LM M[I ZMTIKQ~V
UI\MZQIT )[y TI[ KW[I[ MT nUJQ\W LM TI[ M`KMXKQWVM[ UI\MZQITM[ Y]M
LM^QMVM M`KT][QÎUMV\M \IT [M ZML]KM MV TI IK\]ITQLIL I IY]MTTW[ PMKPW[
303

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W\ZW IVnTQ[Q[ Y]M MT LM [] ZMXMZK][Q~V [WJZM TI XZWKMLMVKQI LM TI IKKQ~V
MRMZKQ\ILI KWV\ZI MT LMUIVLILW# [QV XZMKQ[IZ VQVO]VI KITQKIKQ~V R]ZyLQKI
[QY]QMZI QV[\Z]UMV\IT W XZMR]LQKQIT KQ^QTM[ W UMZKIV\QTM[ [M MV\QMVLM LM
TI Y]M X]MLIV LMZQÎZ[M W\ZW[ MNMK\W[ R]ZyLQKW[ MV WZLMV I TI V]TQLIL LMT
\y\]TWR]ZyLQKWWITZMKWVWKQUQMV\WLMLMZMKPW[ITLMUIVLILW4IM`KMXKQ~V
XMZMV\WZQIVQKIUMV\M\ZIMKWV[QOW[Q[MM[\QUITIVMOIKQ~VLMTW[LMZMKPW[
M[OZQUQLW[ XWZ MT LMUIVLIV\M >WT^MZMUW[ Un[ ILMTIV\M [WJZM M[\W IT
hablar de la reconvencin.
b) Admisin de hechos, pero disconformidad con el petitum o la causa de pedir
(art. 284, prrafo tercero, inciso segundo):
=VI[MO]VLIM[\ZI\MOQIX]MLMKWV[Q[\QZLILITIM^QLMVKQILMTI^MZIKQLILLMTW[PMKPW[Y]M
XZM[MV\IMTIK\WZXMZWY]MVW[MKWZZM[XWVLMI]VIKWZZMK\IM`XW[QKQ~VR]ZyLQKILMTKI[WMVTI
LMUIVLIY]MMTLMUIVLILWVWVQMO]MTW[PMKPW[XMZW[MWXWVOIITW[MTMUMV\W[R]ZyLQKW[
LMTIXZM\MV[Q~VJQMVXWZY]MITMO]MY]MMT\y\]TWR]ZyLQKWY]MWZLMVIM[IZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITVW
M[TIY]MIZO]aMTILMUIVLI[QVWW\ZWY]MITI[Ib~V[MQLMV\QKIaXWZY]MMV\WLWKI[WTI[
KWV[MK]MVKQI[TMOITM[LMIXTQKIZKWZZMK\IUMV\MTIVWZUI[][\IV\QÎVW[WVTI[Y]MXZMLQKITI
LMUIVLI[QVWW\ZI[XZMKQ[IUMV\MNI^WZIJTM[ITLMUIVLILW
;Q TI ILUQ[Q~V XWZ \IV\W MNMK\]ILI MV TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V TW M[ VQKI a M`KT][QÎUMV\M
ZM[XMK\WLMTW[PMKPW[aITUIZOMV\IUJQuVLMY]MMTLMUIVLILWQV\ZWL]bKIM`KMXKQWVM[
UI\MZQITM[ \WLW TW ILUQ\QLW \MVLZn ]V MNMK\W XZWKM[IT U]a \IVOQJTM Y]M M[ [IKIZ M[M
ZMTI\W NnK\QKW LMT KIUXW LM TW KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW MV M[M XZWKM[W W LQKPW LM W\ZW UWLW \WLW
TW ILUQ\QLW NnK\QKIUMV\M XWZ MT LMUIVLILW Y]MLI RILW KWUW KQMZ\W IZ\ +8+5
I MNMK\W[ LM [] XW[\MZQWZ ÎTWZIKQ~V MV TI [MV\MVKQI ;MV\MVKQI Y]M [QV MUJIZOW X]MLM
IKIJIZ LQK\nVLW[M MV LM[M[\QUIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI [Q MT R]Mb KWVK]MZLI KWV TI \M[Q[ LM TI
KWV\M[\IKQ~VMV\WZVWITMZZWZLMXTIV\MIUQMV\WR]ZyLQKWLMTIK\WZ8WZ\IV\WILUQ[Q~VLM
PMKPW[ VW [QOVQKI ITTIVIUQMV\W VQ KIXQ\]TIKQ~V [y XZWJQLIL XZWKM[IT a [QVKMZIKQ~V LM TW[
verdaderos lmites del debate.
c) Allanamiento (art. 284, prrafo segundo):
-V\MZKMZT]OIZTIXW[\]ZILMTLMUIVLILWX]MLMUI\MZQITQbIZ[MMV[]KWVNWZUQLILKWVTW[
LQ^MZ[W[ MTMUMV\W[ LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V Y]M [M LML]KMV MV [] KWV\ZI []RM\W petitum y causa de
XMLQZ-V\ITKI[WI[Q[\QUW[IV\MTIUIVQNM[\IKQ~VLM]VUMKIVQ[UWI]\WKWUXW[Q\Q^WLMTI
TQ\Q[K]aIVITQLILJn[QKIM[M^Q\IZ]VILQTIKQ~VQV\QTLMTW[\QMUXW[XZWKM[ITM[a\IUJQuV
K~UWVW]VIKWVLMVIMVKW[\I[Y]MLMM[\IO]Q[IX]MLMM^Q\IZ[M[QMTLMUIVLILWI]VY]M
VW TW P]JQMZI PMKPW \WLI^yI XZM[MV\M LMV\ZW LMT XTIbW LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V ]V M[KZQ\W VW LM
WXW[QKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI LM KWV\M[\IZTI MV MT [MV\QLW Y]M TMI\ZQJ]aM MT IZ\ +8+5
sino de allanamiento221.
221 ;~TW LM[X]u[ LM WXWVMZ[M I TI LMUIVLI LM KWV\M[\IZTI MV MT [MV\QLW LM ZMKPIbW K]ITY]QMZ QVQKQI\QÎ LM
ITTIVIUQMV\WXW[\MZQWZXWZUMLQWLM]VM[KZQ\WITLyI[QO]QMV\MWMVMTIK\WLMTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQIWLyI[
304

)PWZI JQMV \IUXWKW LMJM WT^QLIZ[M Y]M MT ITTIVIUQMV\W X]MLM [MZ XIZKQIT a VW \W\IT
K]IVLW TI XZM\MV[Q~V IK\WZI M[\n KWUX]M[\I LM ÎZQI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ LM \]\MTI XWZ MR
TI KWVLMVI I ÎZQI[ XZM[\IKQWVM[ W LM ]VI VQKI XZM\MV[Q~V XMZW [][KMX\QJTM LM [MZ
NZIKKQWVILI MV XWZKQWVM[ ]VI []UI LM LQVMZW TI MV\ZMOI LM ]VI UMZKIVKyI N]VOQJTM
M\K a MT LMUIVLILW [~TW KWVK]MZLI KWV ]VI XIZ\M LM M[M \WLW -V M[I UQ[UI UMLQLI
M^QLMV\MUMV\M MT LMUIVLILW \QMVM LMZMKPW I ITTIVIZ[M VQKIUMV\M MV M[I XWZKQ~V
a ZM[XMK\W LMT ZM[\W ZM[XWVLMZ KWUW Un[ ILMK]ILW MV ,MZMKPW KZMI KWV^MVQMV\M
WXWVQuVLW[MILUQ\QMVLWTW[PMKPW[XMZWVWMTLMZMKPWM\K
d) El Silencio y sus modalidades:
1.- No contestacin a la demanda:
-V K]IV\W IT [QTMVKQW PIa Y]M LQ[\QVO]QZ ÎZQI[ [Q\]IKQWVM[ W OZILW[ LM QV\MV[QLIL -V
XZQUMZ\uZUQVWMTLMUIVLILWXWLZyIWX\IZXWZLMRIZXI[IZMT\ZnUQ\MLMTIKWV\M[\IKQ~V[QV
LMNMVLMZ[M;QMTLMUIVLILWLMJQLIUMV\MMUXTIbILW[MPIXZM[MV\ILWIV\MMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT
XIZIY]M[MTM\MVOIXWZKWV[\Q\]QLWKWUWXIZ\MaT]MOW[QVMUJIZOWVWXZM[MV\IM[KZQ\WLM
KWV\M[\IKQ~VMVXTIbWWQV\MZ^QMVMMVTII]LQMVKQILMTIJZM^QILW[]M[\I\][KWZZM[XWVLMITLM
]VIXIZ\MY]MM[\nLMV\ZWLMTXZWKM[WI]VY]M[MUIV\QMVMQVIK\Q^W[M[]XWVMY]MLMUIVMZI
^WT]V\IZQI I]VY]M XWLZyI VW [MZ I[y a KWVO]ZIZ ]V []X]M[\W LM QVLMNMV[Q~V -TTW ZM[]T\I
LQ[\QV\W[QVMUJIZOWITI[Q\]IKQ~VLMTZMJMTLMY]MT]MOWMÌUQVIZMUW[ZM[XMK\WLMY]QMV
MT XZWKM[W [M LM[IZZWTTI I [][ M[XITLI[ XWZY]M VW KWUXIZMKM a KWUW KWV[MK]MVKQI LM MTTW
\IUXWKW[MLMMVLM
) XM[IZ LM M[\I LQNMZMVKQI MV\ZM IUJW[ TI [WT]KQ~V TMOIT ZM[XMK\W I K~UW QV\MZXZM\IZ TI
QVIK\Q^QLIL LMT LMUIVLILW K]IVLW [M PI XMZ[WVILW a VW KWV\M[\I I TI LMUIVLI LMJM
IXTQKIZ[M XWZ IVITWOyI LILI [] [QUQTQ\]L NnK\QKI NIT\I LM XW[\]ZI NZMV\M I TI LMUIVLI IT
UMVW[IM[\W[XIZ\QK]TIZM[MNMK\W[VWIW\ZW[\yXQKW[LMTIZMJMTLyIKWVIY]MTTIXZM^Q[\IXWZ
MTIZ\ +8+5XIZIMTZMJMTLMKWV[Q[\MV\MMVTIXuZLQLILMTIWXWZ\]VQLILLMLMNMVLMZ[M
[Q JQMV [QV QUX]\IZ I M[I QVIK\Q^QLIL ]V MNMK\W XZWKM[IT VMOI\Q^W Un[ QV\MV[W KWUW ]V
ITTIVIUQMV\WW]VZMKWVWKQUQMV\WLMPMKPW[TWY]MY]MLILM[KIZ\ILWXWZTIVWZUI
2.- Silencio y respuestas evasivas durante la contestacin (art. 284, ltimo
prrafo):
=VI [MO]VLI [Q\]IKQ~V ZMTIKQWVILI KWV MT [QTMVKQW M[ Y]M MT LMUIVLILW QV\MZ^MVOI
NWZUITUMV\MMVTIKWV\M[\IKQ~VXMZWPIOI][WL]ZIV\M[]LM[IZZWTTWLMTIM[\ZI\MOQILMKITTIZ
IV\M]VIWUn[IZUIKQWVM[LMTILMUIVLI-VM[\MKWV\M`\WMT[QTMVKQWKWUW\uKVQKILM
LMNMV[I[MXZM[MV\IMV[yUQ[UIKWUW]VIN~ZU]TIIKI[WTMOy\QUIXMZWY]QMVTII[]UMKWZZM
]V ZQM[OW XZWKM[IT M^QLMV\M M[\IJTMKQLW XWZ MT +~LQOW MV TyVMI KWV W\ZW[ WZLMVIUQMV\W[
modernos222" M[ TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM Y]M MT R]Mb X]MLI RIZ KWUW KQMZ\W[ XWZ ^yI \nKQ\I W
IV\M[LMKMTMJZIZ[MTII]LQMVKQILMXZ]MJIM\KaIVWM^Q\IZnTI[KW[\I[ITZMUQ\QZMV\ITPQX~\M[Q[MTIZ\ITI[
ZMOTI[OMVMZITM[LMT^MVKQUQMV\WLMTLMTXZWXQW+~LQOW
222 >MZIZ\+/8#IZ\4-+
305

QVL]K\QÎIY]MTTW[PMKPW[LMTILMUIVLIY]MTM[WVXMZR]LQKQITM[ITLMUIVLILWaIV\MTW[
K]ITM[u[\MPIKITTILWKWV\M[\IVLWW\ZW[M`\ZMUW[WXI[IRM[LMTILMUIVLIaVWu[W[
-T+~LQOWMVM[\MT\QUWIXIZ\ILWLMTIZ\ I]\WZQbILQKPIXW[QJTMRIKQ~V\nKQ\I\IV\W
MVK]IV\WIT[QTMVKQWKWUWMVK]IV\WITI[ZM[X]M[\I[MÎ[QÎ[Y]MLQMZMMTLMUIVLILW"
MV M[\I T\QUI KI\MOWZyI KIJM KWUXZMVLMZ IY]MTTI[ NZI[M[ LM TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V Y]M QV\MV\IV
PIKMZ[M XI[IZ XWZ ]VI ZM[X]M[\I IZUI\QÎ XMZW Y]M MV ZMITQLIL VW LQKMV VILI W LWVLM
se contesta aludiendo a un hecho desconectado de la aseveracin concreta de la demanda.
4I ZM[X]M[\I MÎ[QÎ ÎTOI TI ZML]VLIVKQI KWV[\Q\]aM NWZUITUMV\M ]VI ZM[X]M[\I VW ]V
[QTMVKQW XMZW Y]M \QMVM \WLI[ TI[ \ZIbI[ LM [MZ KWV[KQMV\MUMV\M MT][Q^W LM TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V
XMZ\QVMV\M Y]M [M M[XMZI MV K]IV\W IT X]V\W M[XMKyKW LM TI LMUIVLI <IT KWV\M[\IKQ~V
XMZ\QVMV\MVWM[W\ZIY]MIZUIZWVMOIZM`XZM[IUMV\MMTPMKPWWMV[]KI[WIZUIZY]M
TWLM[KWVWKM-VMNMK\WZM[XWVLMZKWV]VVWTW[u\IÌ\Q^WWKWV]VTWLM[KWVWbKWVW
ZMXZM[MV\IM[\ZQK\IUMV\M]VIZM[X]M[\IMÎ[QÎ[QVWIZUI\QÎX]M[\WY]MMT[]RM\WY]MVW
M[\nWJTQOILWLM[LMT]MOWIKWVWKMZ\WLITIZMITQLILM`\ZIXZWKM[ITY]MMTIK\WZ\MVOIIJQMV
VIZZIZMV[]LMUIVLIQVNWZUIIT\ZQJ]VITY]MTILM[KWVWKM223.
+WV^QMVM \MVMZ XZM[MV\M [MI Y]M [M \ZI\M LM RIKQ~V \nKQ\I LMT PMKPW XWZ [QTMVKQW W XWZ
ZM[X]M[\I[ MÎ[QÎ[ Y]M MT +~LQOW PIJTI LM Y]M MT R]Mb XWLZn KWV[QLMZIZ M[I RIKQ~V
9]u[QOVQKIM[\W'
*n[QKIUMV\M \ZM[ KW[I[" TI XZQUMZI Y]M VW ZM[]T\I M[\ZQK\IUMV\M VMKM[IZQW Y]M I[y [M
LMKTIZM[QMUXZMX]M[KWZZM[XWVLMITR]bOILWZMÎT]IZMT[MV\QLWKWVKZM\WLMTI[XITIJZI[a
[]]\QTQbIKQ~VMVMTKWV\M`\WIZO]UMV\ITMVMTY]M[MQV[MZ\IV8WZ\IV\WTWY]MMVIXIZQMVKQI
X]MLMXIZMKMZ]VIZM[X]M[\IMÎ[QÎX]MLMVW[MZTWLMV\ZWLM]VKWV\M`\WWTWY]M[MXZM[MV\I
MV]VXI[IRMLMTIKWV\M[\IKQ~VKWUW]V[QTMVKQWX]MLMIXIZMKMZZM[XWVLQLWUn[ILMTIV\M
WI\Zn[#Y]MMTR]MbVWM[TQJZMVQ\QMVMLQ[KZMKQWVITQLILXIZILMKTIZIZM[IRIKQ~V[QVW
Y]MLMJMZnPIKMZTW[QMUXZMY]MZM[XWV[IJTMUMV\MaKWUWIKIJIUW[LM[M}ITIZR]bO]MY]M
ZMITUMV\M [M PI Y]MZQLW PIKMZ ]V [QTMVKQW KWV[KQMV\M W ]VI ZM[X]M[\I MÎ[QÎ 4W Y]M VW
X]MLMPIKMZMTR]MbM[XMZLWVIZITLMUIVLILWLM]VXZWKM[WaVWLMKTIZIZRILWMTPMKPW
I]VY]MM[\uXMZ[]ILQLWLMY]MIY]uTVWY]Q[WKWV\M[\IZa[yPIKMZTWMVW\ZWXZWKM[WWIW\ZW
KWLMUIVLILWLMTIUQ[UITQ\Q[-[\MVWM[]VXWLMZWUVyUWLWLMTY]MMTR]bOILWZX]MLM
hacer uso arbitrariamente.
4IXW\M[\ILLM^QMVMIY]y[QV~VQUWLMLMJMZWKQITVWLMLQ[KZMKQWVITQLIL#aM[\IUW[MV
\WLW KI[W IV\M ]V QV[\Z]UMV\W LM ][W ZM[\ZQVOQLW Y]M VQKIUMV\M MV []X]M[\W[ M^QLMV\M[
LMJM[MZLMKTIZILWKWUW\IT7TWY]MM[TWUQ[UW"MVKI[WLML]LIMTPMKPWLMJMY]MLIZ
NWZUITUMV\MKWUWKWV\ZW^MZ\QLWaVWILUQ\QLWXWZMTLMUIVLILWTWY]MQUXTQKIZn\MVMZY]M
IK]LQZITIXZ]MJIWIW\ZW[UMKIVQ[UW[LQ[\QV\W[LMRIKQ~V"VW\WZQMLILM\K
223 7\ZIKW[IXWZ[]X]M[\WM[Y]MM[MLM[KWVWKQUQMV\WIXIZMbKI[QVKMZWWVWMTTWaIXWLZnY]MLIZLM[^QZ\]ILWa
posterioriKWVTIXZ]MJILMI]\W[Y]M[MZMKIJM4WQUXWZ\IM[Y]MIM[\W[MNMK\W[VWXWLZyILIZ[MMTPMKPWXWZKQMZ\W
\nKQ\IUMV\MX]M[VWLM^QMVMZM[X]M[\IMÎ[QÎZM[XWVLMZ[MY]M[MQOVWZIIUMVW[Y]MMTM[KZQ\WLMKWV\M[\IKQ~V
QVK]ZZQMZIMVKWV\ZILQKKQWVM[Y]MX][QMZIVMVMV\ZMLQKPWTI^MZIKQLILLMM[M[]X]M[\WLM[KWVWKQUQMV\W
306

2.7.6.2 Formalidades y plazo:
-VMTXZWKM[WKWUVTIKWV\M[\IKQ~VITILMUIVLIPILMNWZU]TIZ[MXWZM[KZQ\WMVMTXTIbW
LM TW[ ^MQV\M LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ IT LM TI VW\QKIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI IZ\ +8+5 TW K]IT
VW XTIV\MI XZWJTMUI[ LM K~UX]\W K]IVLW u[\M [M PI TTMÎLW I KIJW XMZ[WVITUMV\M W I ]V
\MZKMZWK]ITQKILWXWZTITMaXIZIZMKQJQZM[IVW\QKIKQ~V^MZIZ\[ a
;QV MUJIZOW MV TW[ KI[W[ LM MUXTIbIUQMV\W XWZ MLQK\W[ PIJZn Y]M MV\MVLMZ Y]M MT XTIbW
XIZI KWV\M[\IZ [QMUXZM M[W[ ^MQV\M LyI[ LMJM KWV\IZ[M LM[LM MT UWUMV\W MV Y]M M`Q[\MV
KWVLQKQWVM[WJRM\QÎ[XIZIMNMK\]IZ[M]VILMNMV[ILMTLMUIVLILWTWY]MMV[yV\M[Q[QUXTQKI"
I LM[LM MTLyI[QO]QMV\MIIY]MTMV Y]M MTLMUIVLILWPI KWUXIZMKQLW IT2]bOILW ILIZ[M
XWZVW\QKILW[Q\ITKW[I[]KMLMTWY]MLMJMZnPIKMZMNMK\Q^WKWVNWZUMMTIZ\ +8+5
MV TW[ LQMb LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ LM TI[ X]JTQKIKQWVM[ WKQITM[# J W JQMV MT XTIbW XIZI KWV\M[\IZ
[M KWV\IZn LM[LM MT LyI [QO]QMV\M I TI LM[QOVIKQ~V LMT K]ZILWZ IL TQ\MU [Q PI \MVQLW Y]M
XZW^MMZ[Mu[\IXWZVWPIJMZKWUXIZMKQLWMTLMUIVLILWMVVQVOVUWUMV\W
;MV\ILW TW Y]M IV\MKMLM LQKM TI TMa Y]M MT M[KZQ\W LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V [M ZMLIK\IZn MV TI
NWZUIM[\IJTMKQLIXIZITILMUIVLIIZ\ M`XZM[Q~VKWVTIY]M[MY]QMZM[QOVQKIZY]M
LMJMZn [MZ KWUXTM\I [Q JQMV [] KWV\MVQLW ZMXZM[MV\I [QMUXZM ]VI ZM[X]M[\I W ZuXTQKI [MI
LMTKWV\MVQLWY]M[MII]VIXZM\MV[Q~VIV\MZQWZaI^MZ\QLI
8WZ\IV\WMTM[KZQ\WPILMIZ\QK]TIZ[MKWVTW[LI\W[QLMV\QKI\Q^W[LMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITVLM
XZWKMLQUQMV\WLI\W[XMZ[WVITM[LMTLMUIVLILWaT]MOWXI[IZILM[IZZWTTIZTIM[\ZI\MOQILM
LMNMV[I Y]M [M PIaI M[KWOQLW j[\I LMJM MUXMbIZ XWZ ]V IXIZ\ILW LMLQKILW I TW[ PMKPW[
LWVLM LMJM XZMKQ[IZ K]nTM[ LM TW[ ^MZ\QLW[ MV TI LMUIVLI [M \QMVMV XWZ ILUQ\QLW[ a LM
K]nTM[[MLQ[KZMXIXWZMV\MVLMZTW[VWIR][\ILW[ITIZMITQLILWNZMKQMVLWIZMVOT~V[MO]QLW
MV[]KI[WMTZMTI\WLMPMKPW[IT\MZVI\Q^WY]MXQMV[I[W[\MVMZMVMTXZWKM[W
=VI ^Mb LM[XIKPILW MT JTWY]M LM PMKPW[ [M MV]VKQIZnV TI[ M`KMXKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[ Y]M [M
\]^QMZM I JQMV ITMOIZ# IJWZLIVLW LM[X]u[ TI[ XW[QJTM[ M`KMXKQWVM[ UI\MZQITM[ a TW[ X]V\W[
LM,MZMKPWLMTW[Y]MLQ[QMV\MLMTILMUIVLI;QWX\IXWZMTITTIVIUQMV\WLMJMM[XMKQKIZ
TW[ TyUQ\M[ XZMKQ[W[ LM u[\M [Q M[ \W\IT W XIZKQIT a MV M[\M T\QUW []X]M[\W ZM[XMK\W LM Y]u
pretensin de la demanda se formula.
.QVITUMV\M MT M[KZQ\W LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V LMJM KWVKZM\IZ ]VI XM\QKQ~V LM \]\MTI OMVMZITUMV\M
TI LM LM[M[\QUIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI a KWV[QO]QMV\M IJ[WT]KQ~V LMT LMUIVLILW [IT^W Y]M
[MNWZUITQKMITTIVIUQMV\W;QMTLMUIVLILWÎILML]KQZZMKWV^MVKQ~VKWV\ZIMTIK\WZ^MZ
MXyOZINM[QO]QMV\MTWPIZnMVMTUQ[UWM[KZQ\WXMZW[~TWK]IVLWPIaIIOW\ILWTIM`XW[QKQ~V
XMZ\QVMV\M MV K]IV\W I TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V M[\ZQK\IUMV\M V]VKI UMbKTIVLW IUJI[ XW[\]ZI[
procesales.
8WZ [] TILW MV MT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW TI LMNMV[I LM TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V [M [][\IVKQI LM UIVMZI
WZITLMV\ZWLMT\]ZVWLMQV\MZ^MVKQ~VQVQKQITY]MPILMKWVKMLMZTMMTR]MbITLMUIVLILWMV
[] KI[W ZMXZM[MV\ILW XWZ K]ZILWZ IL TQ\MU \ZI[ TI M`XW[QKQ~V LM TI XIZ\M IK\WZI Y]M u[\I
IXZW^MKP~ZMK]uZLM[MXIZIZI\QKIZIUXTQIZWZML]KQZ[]LMUIVLI7ZLMVIMTIZ\I
307

\ITMNMK\WY]M[MTMKWVKMLITIXITIJZIITLMUIVLILWXIZIY]MX]MLILM[XTMOIZTIM[\ZI\MOQI
LM LMNMV[I KWV TI UQ[UI M`\MV[Q~V Y]M MV MT XZWKM[W KWUV" ITMOIVLW MV XZQUMZ T]OIZ
K]IV\W[ LMNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ M[\QUM KWV^MVQMV\M a XW[\MZQWZUMV\M IZUIVLW W VMOIVLW
KWVKZM\IUMV\M TW[ PMKPW[ a TW[ N]VLIUMV\W[ LM LMZMKPW LM TI LMUIVLI )K\W [MO]QLW MT
LMUIVLILW XWLZn NWZU]TIZ ZMKWV^MVKQ~V )]VY]M VW [M UMVKQWVI M`XZM[IUMV\M MV M[\I
VWZUILM^QMVMM^QLMV\MY]M\IUJQuVXWLZnITTIVIZ[M
2.8 LA RECONVENCIN:
2.8.1 Concepto y lmites:
4I ZMKWV^MVKQ~V M[ MT IK\W XZWKM[IT XWZ MT K]IT Y]QMV O]ZI KWUW LMUIVLILW MV ]V
XZWKM[W X]MLM IXZW^MKPIZ TI XMVLMVKQI LM u[\M XIZI LML]KQZ ]VI XZM\MV[Q~V Y]M I [] ^Mb
\]^QMZMKWV\ZITIXIZ\MIK\WZIaM^MV\]ITUMV\MKWV\ZIW\ZI[XMZ[WVI[IVLMY]M[MKWVWbKI
y resuelva sobre ella en el mismo procedimiento.
:MXZM[MV\I TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V ]VI UWLITQLIL LM IK]U]TIKQ~V [WJZM^MVQLI LM XZM\MV[QWVM[
N]VLILI MV UW\Q^W[ M[MVKQITM[ LM MKWVWUyI XZWKM[IT X]M[\W Y]M I]VY]M MV \MWZyI a
XZMKQ[IUMV\M XWZ \ZI\IZ[M LM ]V [MO]VLW WJRM\W XZWKM[IT XWLZyI XMZNMK\IUMV\M LML]KQZ[M
MV W\ZW XZWKM[W LQ[\QV\W XZMMZM TI TMa KWVKMLMZ TI WXWZ\]VQLIL I Y]QMV I V LM K]MV\I[
a KWV\ZI [] ^WT]V\IL [M PI ^Q[\W NWZbILW I TQ\QOIZ KWV\ZI MT LMUIVLIV\M XIZI Y]M MRMZKQ\M
IY]MTTI[IKKQWVM[Y]M\MVOII[]NI^WZKWV\ZIuT]VQKIVLWI[yTIIK\Q^QLILXZWKMLQUMV\ITa
ZIKQWVITQbIVLWTW[ZMK]Z[W[R]LQKQITM[MVXW[LM[WT]KQWVIZ\WLW[TW[KWVQK\W[R]ZyLQKW[Y]M
M`Q[\IVMV\ZMIUJW[;QMUXZMIM`XMV[I[LMY]MMTLMUIVLILWMTQRI[QY]QMZMZMKWV^MVQZW
por el contrario reservar la accin para otro proceso.
Responde asimismo el instituto de la reconvencin a cierto cuidado por la seguridad
R]ZyLQKI\ZIL]KQLWMVTILM[IK\QÎKQ~VLMTZQM[OWIV\MNITTW[KWV\ZILQK\WZQW[WLQ[yUQTM[IPy
LWVLM TI XZM\MV[Q~V ZMKWV^MVKQWVIT O]IZLM KWVM`Q~V KWV TI XTIV\MILI XWZ MT IK\WZ MV []
demanda.
,ILI [QV MUJIZOW TI LQ[\WZ[Q~V Y]M IKIZZMI MV MT VWZUIT LM^MVQZ LM ]VI KWV\QMVLI TI
XW[QJQTQLIL LM Y]M [M LQTI\M [] WJRM\W a PI[\I MT MTMVKW LM XMZ[WVI[ INMK\ILI[ UMLQIV\M
ZMKWV^MVKQ~V u[\I VQKIUMV\M KIJZn MV TW[ XZWKM[W[ LWVLM I[y TW XMZUQ\I M`XZM[IUMV\M
TI TMa ,WVLM VW [MI I[y MT QV\MZM[ILW LMJMZn NWZUITQbIZ LMUIVLI MV XZWKM[W V]M^W M
independiente.
)PWZI JQMV Y]u LQNMZMVKQI ]VI KWV\M[\IKQ~V LM ]VI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V' W [Q [M XZMMZM
LMKQZ K~UW [M [IJM Y]M [M PI ZMJI[ILW TI NZWV\MZI LM TI UMZI KWV\M[\IKQ~V XIZI
KWV^MZ\QZ[MMV]VIOMV]QVIZMKWV^MVKQ~V'
,Q[\QVO]QZ MV\ZM IUJI[ O]ZI[ ZM[]T\I N]VLIUMV\IT VW aI [~TW XWZ UW\Q^W[ M[\ZQK\IUMV\M
NWZUITM[ K~UW a MV Y]u WZLMV KWV[\Z]QZ MT M[KZQ\W KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M [QVW XWZ ZIbWVM[
^QVK]TILI[ IT LMZMKPW LM LMNMV[I LMT IK\WZ WZQOQVIT Y]QMV \MVLZn LMZMKPW I [] ^Mb I
KWV\M[\IZ TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V XMZW VW I ZMXTQKIZ MT NWVLW LM ]VI KWV\M[\IKQ~V# I[y KWUW LMT
308

MNMK\W UI\MZQIT LM KW[I R]bOILI LM TI [MV\MVKQI Y]M [M LQK\M MV M[M XZWKM[W TTIUILW I
ZM[WT^MZW]VWKWV\M[\IKQ~VWLW[ZMKWV^MVKQ~VWJRM\W[TQ\QOQW[W[
8WLMUW[ZMKWVWKMZI[y\ZM[XI]\I[QLMV\QKI\QÎ[\QTM[MV\ZMKWV\M[\IKQ~VaZMKWV^MVKQ~V"
I )V\M \WLW TI VITQLIL LM TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V VW KWV[Q[\M MV Y]M [M LM[M[\QUM TI
LMUIVLIWZQOQVITX]M[XIZIM[WM[\nTIKWV\M[\IKQ~V[QVWTILMWJ\MVMZ]VI\]\MTI
R]LQKQIT LM NWVLW LQ[\QV\I LM TI IJ[WT]KQ~V KWV XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[ I NI^WZ LMT
ZMKWV^QVQMV\M MV MT XZWXQW NITTW LM TI [MV\MVKQI ) M[\W [M ZMMZM MT IZ\ MV []
ltimo inciso.
J ;Q TI ZMTIKQ~V R]ZyLQKI UI\MZQIT Y]M NWZU]TI TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V M[ LQ[\QV\I LM TI Y]M
ITMOI TI LMUIVLI I]VY]M MT V T\QUW LMT ZMKWV^QVQMV\M XI[M XWZ M[\IJTMKMZ
]VI ZMXMZK][Q~V KI][IT MV\ZM IUJI[ KWV JI[M MV TI TMa VW X]MLM PIJTIZ[M aI
LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V [QVW LM ZMKWV^MVKQ~V X]M[ M[ M^QLMV\M Y]M QUXM\ZIZ MNMK\W[
R]ZyLQKW[ NI^WZIJTM[ ZM[XMK\W LM M[I [MO]VLI ZMTIKQ~V UI\MZQIT VW KWVTTMÎ [QUXTM
a TTIVIUMV\M ]VI IJ[WT]KQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI )[y XWZ MRMUXTW WX]M[\I ]VI
KWUXMV[IKQ~V LM KZuLQ\W[ XIZI Y]M [M LMKTIZM TI M`\QVKQ~V \W\IT X XIZKQIT LM TI
WJTQOIKQ~V Y]M [M TM ZMKTIUI M` IZ\ ++ M[\IZMUW[ MV XZM[MVKQI LM ]VI
ZMKWV^MVKQ~V I]VY]M VW [M XQLI VQVO]VI KWVLMVI X]M[\W Y]M TI ZMITQLIL LM ]V
KZuLQ\WM`QOQJTMINI^WZLMTLMUIVLILWKWV\ZIMTIK\WZLQ[\QV\WLMTKZuLQ\WLML]KQLW
WZQOQVITUMV\MMVMTXTMQ\WM`QOMVW[WTIUMV\MY]MMT[]X]M[\WLM]LWZITI[Ib~VMT
LMUIVLIV\M[MIWyLWXIZI[IJMZ[QY]QMZMWXWVMZ[MQV^WKIVLWITO]VIXZWPQJQKQ~V
LMTMaXIZIXWLMZKWUXMV[IZIZ\a[[++[QVWXWZY]MTI[MV\MVKQIÎI\MVMZ
Y]M M[\I\]QZ KW[I R]bOILI [WJZM MT LMZMKPW LMT LMUIVLILW I KWUXMV[IZ a [WJZM
\WLWTIM`\QVKQ~V\W\ITWXIZKQITLMTKZuLQ\WQV\ZWL]KQLWMVTIZMKWV^MVKQ~VR]V\W
KWVTIM`\QVKQ~V\W\ITWXIZKQITLMIY]MTW\ZWZMKTIUILWITQVQKQW.
K
8MZW ILMUn[ a VW UMVW[ QUXWZ\IV\M M[ Y]M TW[ XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[ NI^WZIJTM[
Y]M [M QV[\IV MV TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V PIV LM [MZ^QZ XIZI XZWL]KQZ MT MNMK\W LM KW[I
R]bOILI UI\MZQIT VW [WTIUMV\M MV K]IV\W I TI ZMTIKQ~V R]ZyLQKI XTIV\MILI XWZ MT
IK\WZ [QVW \IUJQuV KW[I R]bOILI UI\MZQIT [WJZM TI ZMTIKQ~V R]ZyLQKI [][KQ\ILI XWZ
MT LMUIVLILWZMKWV^QVQMV\M M[\u W VW KWVMK\ILI KWV IY]uTTI X]MLM KWV[Q[\QZ
QVKT][W MV TI UQ[UI XZM\MV[Q~V WZQOQVIT I TI Y]M MT LMUIVLILW ZMKWV^QVQMV\M TM
LI TI ^]MT\I R]ZyLQKIUMV\M LMNMVLQMVLW Y]M MT LMZMKPW TW \QMVM uT a VW MT IK\WZ
-[ LMKQZ Y]M ]VI ^Mb ZM[]MT\I TI XZM\MV[Q~V ZMKWV^MVKQWVIT MV M[M XZWKM[W VW
KIJM NWZU]TIZTI LM V]M^W MV ]V XZWKM[W V]M^W XWZ VQVO]VW LM TW[ []RM\W[ Y]M
XIZ\QKQXIZWV MV TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V TMOQ\QUILW[ IK\Q^W[ a XI[Q^W LM u[\I X]M[ \WLW
TWY]MXWLyILQ[K]\QZ[MMVZMTIKQ~VIMTTIaI[MPIPMKPWY]MLIVLWR]bOILWMVTI
[MV\MVKQIZM[WT]\WZQILMIUJW[KWVQK\W[R]ZyLQKW[NWZUITUMV\MLML]KQLW[
-TK]ITIL^QMZ\MY]M"-VVQVOVKI[W[MKWV[QLMZIZnNWZU]TILIZMKWV^MVKQ~VMVMTM[KZQ\WLMTLMUIVLILWY]M
VITQKM[WTQKQ\IVLW[]IJ[WT]KQ~VZM[XMK\WLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VWXZM\MV[QWVM[LMTILMUIVLIXZQVKQXIT
)]VY]M N]MZI LMT XZMKMX\W ZMO]TILWZ LM TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V MT IZ\ TI KWUXMV[IKQ~V LM KZuLQ\W[ [M \ZI\I
XZWKM[ITUMV\M XWZ TI 4-+ M[XI}WTI KWUW ]V IZO]UMV\W LM IY]MT \QXW LIVLW MV \WLW KI[W LMZMKPW IT
LMUIVLIV\MIWXWVMZ[MIuTMVTINWZUIXZM^MVQLIXIZITIKWV\M[\IKQ~VITIZMKWV^MVKQ~V"IZ\
309

8MV[MUW[XWZMRMUXTWMVTIIKKQ~VLMMRMK]KQ~VKWV\ZIK\]ITXWZQUXIOWLMTJQMVMVIRMVILW
frente a la cual el demandado opone la nulidad del negocio. Desde el punto de vista del
LMZMKPW UI\MZQIT ZM[]T\IV LM[LM T]MOW XMZNMK\IUMV\M LQ[\QVO]QJTM[ LMV\ZW LMT OuVMZW LM
TI V]TQLIL KWV\ZIK\]IT TI TTIUILI V]TQLIL IJ[WT]\I a TI V]TQLIL ZMTI\QÎ W IV]TIJQTQLIL
ZM[KQ[Q~V\IV\WMVK]IV\W[MZMMZMITI[KI][I[Y]MWZQOQVIKILI]VIIZ\++KWUW
[]XW[QJTMIXZMKQIKQ~VLMWKQWXWZMTR]bOILWZK]IVLW[M\ZI\ILMTIXZQUMZIXMZWVWLMTI
[MO]VLIIZ\++6WWJ[\IV\MMVTWY]MIY]yQUXWZ\IINIT\ILM]VIVWZUIKWVKZM\I
Y]MLQ[X][QMZMW\ZIKW[I226 ambas vertientes de la nulidad deben tratarse como reconvencin
aVWKWUWITMOI\WLMUMZIKWV\M[\IKQ~VXWZLW[ZIbWVM[XZQVKQXITM["
8ZQUMZI XWZY]M MT IK\WZ IT LMUIVLIZ TI MRMK]KQ~V LMT KWV\ZI\W PI XIZ\QLW LM TI ÎTQLMb
LMu[\MXWZTWY]MVW[MPIKWV[QLMZILWMVMTLMJMZLM\MVMZY]MR][\QKIZMV[]M[KZQ\WLM
demanda la concurrencia de todos y cada uno de los elementos de validez del pacto. Que
LMXZWV\W[MKWTWY]MMVMV\ZMLQKPW]VWWÎZQW[LMM[W[MTMUMV\W[M`QOM[]KWV[QLMZIKQ~V
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pueda defenderse de la imputacin de nulidad.
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]VI XZM\MV[Q~V LM XZWKM[W M[XMKQIT 8MZW \IUJQuV K]IVLW VW MY]QÎTM IT UQ[UW
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hubiera debido sustanciarse por un abreviado por razn de la cuanta.
228 ;MIXWZY]MMV\WVKM[M[XW[QJTMLMUIVLIZMVMTLWUQKQTQWLMK]ITY]QMZILMMTTW[aM[U]aXZWJIJTMY]MMTIK\WZ
ZMKWV^MVQLWTW\MVOIMVMTUQ[UWY]MMTLMUIVLILWWZQOQVITXWZMTY]M[MR~TIKWUXM\MVKQIXWZMT\MZZQ\WZQW
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313

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XZWOZIUILIa\ZI[KWV\M[\IZITILMUIVLIIZ\XnZZINW[MO]VLW+8+5
Cuando el demandado se muestra diligente y se preocupa de separar claramente ambos
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I TW Y]M LM QVUMLQI\W LQZMUW[ -T XZWJTMUI []ZOM K]IVLW MT LMUIVLILW UMbKTI TI[ KW[I[
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-T 2]Mb MV\WVKM[ \QMVM MT XIXMT LM KTIZQKIZ TW[ \uZUQVW[ LM TI KWV\ZW^MZ[QI LM \IT UIVMZI
Y]M [Q \QMVM L]LI[ LM TI QV\MVKQ~V LM TW Y]M XZM\MVLM MT LMUIVLILW IT ZM[XMK\W LMJM
ZMY]MZQZTM IV\M[ LM XZW^MMZ IT M[KZQ\W XZM[MV\ILW XIZI Y]M TW M[XMKQY]M XZWKM[W KWUV
] WZITUMV\M [Q M[ ]V IJZM^QILW IPy UQ[UW MV TI I]LQMVKQI 8WZ []X]M[\W K]IVLW MT R]Mb
M[\u KWV^MVKQLW LM Y]M [M PI XTIV\MILW UI\MZQITUMV\M ]VI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V a VW [~TW ]VI
KWV\M[\IKQ~VLMJMWJZIZMVKWV[MK]MVKQIX]M[MVMTTWÎMUXM}ILITIXZWXQIÎTQLMbLMTI
contienda y el peligro de una ulterior nulidad de actuaciones procesales.
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TI XITIJZI I TI XIZ\M IK\WZI XIZI Y]M X]MLI LMNMVLMZ[M LM TI[ M`KMXKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[
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314

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I]\WZQbIZ IT LMUIVLIV\M XIZI Y]M X]MLI LML]KQZ ZMKWV^MVKQ~V KWV\ZI TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V LMT
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ZMKWV^MVKQ~V VW KIJM IT IK\WZ ZMKWV^MVQLW Un[ \ZnUQ\M LM ZuXTQKI Y]M TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V aI
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VW KIJMV LQ[KZQUQVIKQWVM[ )[y \IUJQuV XWLZn MT LMUIVLILW ZMKWV^QVQMV\M QV\ZWL]KQZ
UWLQKIKQWVM[ UMVWZM[ a IKTIZIKQWVM[ I [] ZMKWV^MVKQ~V LM[X]u[ LM [] KWV\M[\IKQ~V XWZ
MT IK\WZZMKWV^MVQLW MV TW[ KI[W[ a KWV TW[ TyUQ\M[ Y]M \IUJQuV MV]VKQIUW[ IV\M[ XIZI TI
demanda.
8WZT\QUWKWUWMNMK\WXZWKM[ITKWV[QO]QMV\MITIZMKWV^MVKQ~VMVZMTIKQ~VKWVMTLMJMZ
LMKWVOZ]MVKQIR]LQKQITIZ\ +8+5u[\M[MM`\QMVLMVW[WTIUMV\MITWLML]KQLWMVMT
KWVQK\WQVQKQITMTM`X]M[\WMVLMUIVLIa\ZnUQ\MLMKWV\M[\IKQ~V[QVWITWLML]KQLWMVTI
ZMKWV^MVKQ~Va[]KWV\M[\IKQ~VXWZTW[TMOQ\QUILW[XI[Q^W[LMMTTI)LMUn[KWUW[M\ZI\IVLM
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LMMTTI[[QVZM[WT^MZTI[KWUW]Vtotum revolutumITUIZOMVLMRIZXZM^QIUMV\MMV[]KI[WTW[
PMKPW[KWU]VM[Y]M[MZ^QZnXIZIZM[WT^MZR]ZyLQKIUMV\MTI[LQ[\QV\I[XZM\MV[QWVM[,MXMVLMZn
LM[QM`Q[\MVÎ[W[KWU]VQKIV\M[MV\ZMMTTI[!.
-V M[I UMLQLI TI ;MV\MVKQI LMJM K]QLIZ TI QV\MZKWVM`Q~V LM TI[ KI][I[ R]LQKQITM[ X]M[ MV
MNMK\W [MZyI IJ[]ZLW Y]M LMKTIZILI TI V]TQLIL LMT VMOWKQW W TI XZM[KZQXKQ~V ILY]Q[Q\QÎ
[WJZM MT JQMV I NI^WZ LMT LMUIVLILW P]JQMZM KWVLMVI I u[\M [W KIXI LM Y]M TW Y]M ITMO~
TW PQbW KWUW ZMKWV^MVKQ~V a VW KWUW M`KMXKQ~V 6W M[ I[y" [M PQbW KWV TW[ LW[ VM[ [~TW
Y]M [M NWZUITQb~ KWUW ZMKWV^MVKQ~V XWZY]M I[y LMJyI PIKMZ[M XWZY]M ZM[]T\IJI VMKM[IZQW
[ITÎO]IZLIZ MT LMZMKPW LM LMNMV[I LM TI KWV\ZIXIZ\M XMZUQ\QuVLWTM LMNMVLMZ[M a XWZ TW[
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JMVMKQM IT LMUIVLILW XIZI [] IJ[WT]KQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI QVQKQIT 6W X]MLM [MZ LM W\ZW
modo.
2.8.2 Medios de prueba que han de acompaarse:

+WUWaI[MM`XTQK~IT\ZI\IZMT\MUILMTW[UMLQW[LMXZ]MJIY]MPIVLMIKWUXI}IZ[MITI
LMUIVLIMTIZ\ LMT+~LQOW[MZMMZMMVZMITQLILVW[~TWITILMUIVLI[QVW\IUJQuVITI
KWV\M[\IKQ~VM[LMKQZTI[ITMOIKQWVM[QVQKQITM[LMIUJI[XIZ\M[8WZ\IV\WI[Q[\MITLMUIVLILW
! ,M[LM T]MOW I[y [MZn MV MT []X]M[\W LM IY]MTTI[ LMNMV[I[ ZMKWV^MVKQWVITM[ Y]M O]IZLIV yV\QUI ZMTIKQ~V KWV
M`KMXKQWVM[ UI\MZQITM[ M[\W M[ LWVLM MT ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W LMT LMZMKPW XZM\MVLQLW MV ZMKWV^MVKQ~V XWZ MT
LMUIVLILWÎILM\MZUQVIZKI][ITUMV\MITI^MbTIMVMZÎKQ~VWXuZLQLILMTLMZMKPWZMKTIUILWXWZMTIK\WZa
KWVMTTWTIIJ[WT]KQ~VIIY]uTLMTILMUIVLIWZQOQVIZQI
315

QO]ITUMV\MMTLMZMKPWa[QU]T\nVMIUMV\MTIKIZOILMIXWZ\IZTW[LWK]UMV\W[\IV\WXZWKM[ITM[
KWUW [][\IV\Q^W[ I[y KWUW TW[ QVNWZUM[ XMZQKQITM[ LM TW[ Y]M PI LM ÎTMZ[M MV MT XZWKM[W
K]IVLWÎaIIMÎK]IZ[]KWV\M[\IKQ~VITILMUIVLIA[QVWX]MLMPIKMZTWMV\WVKM[PILM
QVLQKIZL~VLM[MPITTIMTLWK]UMV\WMVK]M[\Q~VaMTXWZY]uVWX]MLMKWV[QOVIZTWab initio
KWVMTXZWX~[Q\W]T\MZQWZLM[]ZMY]MZQUQMV\WR]LQKQIT-TXZQVKQXQWLMXZMKT][Q~V\IUJQuVWXMZI
X]M[XIZIMTLMUIVLILWa\IVVMKM[IZQIM[TI[ITÎO]IZLILMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[ILMTIK\WZMV
MT[MV\QLWLMY]MVW[MXZM[MV\MV\IZLyIUMV\MaXWZ[WZXZM[ILWK]UMV\W[WQVNWZUM[XMZQKQITM[
LMTKWV\ZIZQWY]MTI[ITÎO]IZLILMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[ILMTLMUIVLILWNZMV\MITI[XZ]MJI[
LMTIK\WZ-TXZQVKQXQWLMQO]ITLILXZWKM[ITTTMÎIM[\IJTMKMZMTUQ[UWZuOQUMVXIZIIUJW[
+WV MT UQ[UW V MT XZWXQW IZ\ +8+5 M`\QMVLM KWUW VW XWLyI [MZ UMVW[ IT
TMOQ\QUILWXI[Q^WLMTIZMKWV^MVKQ~VÔZMTIK\WZZMKWV^MVQLWaM^MV\]ITUMV\MTW[\MZKMZW[
QO]ITUMV\M LMUIVLILW[ XWZ M[\I ^yI MT LMZMKPW a TI KIZOI LM IXWZ\IZ IY]MTTW[ UMLQW[
LM XZ]MJI LWK]UMV\IT a XMZQKQIT Y]M \MVOIV XIZI KWV\ZILMKQZ TI XZM\MV[Q~V LML]KQLI MV
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QVVMKM[IZQI[ VW[ ZMUQ\QUW[ IY]y I TW M`X]M[\W MV MT MXyOZINM KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M MV K]IV\W
I TI[ LQ[\QV\I[ KTI[M[ LM LWK]UMV\W[ M QVNWZUM[ XMZQKQITM[ Y]M X]MLMV IXWZ\IZ[M a TI[
consecuencias derivadas de no hacerlo en funcin de su naturaleza procesal o sustantiva.
+WUWZMOTIXMK]TQIZLMIXWZ\IKQ~VLMXZ]MJIMVUWUMV\WXW[\MZQWZXMZWVWM`\MUXWZnVMW
MVZMTIKQ~VKWVTIXIZ\MIK\WZIIXIZMKMTIKWV\MVQLIMVMTIZ\ !XnZZINW[MO]VLW+8+5I
K]aI^QZ\]LMTLMUIVLIV\M\MVLZnMTLMZMKPWLMXZM[MV\IZex novo en la audiencia preparatoria
IY]MTTW[ LWK]UMV\W[ QV[\Z]UMV\W[ LQK\nUMVM[ M QVNWZUM[ ZMTI\Q^W[ IT NWVLW LMT I[]V\W
K]aW QV\MZu[ W ZMTMÎVKQI [M XWVOI LM UIVQM[\W I KWV[MK]MVKQI LM ITMOIKQWVM[ MNMK\]ILI[
XWZMTLMUIVLILWMVTIKWV\M[\IKQ~VITILMUIVLI0ILMIKTIZIZ[MY]MVW[MM[\nZMZQMVLW
M[\M ! I TI LMNMV[I XZWJI\WZQI LM TI XIZ\M IK\WZI K]IVLW IK\I KWUW LMUIVLILW LM TI
ZMKWV^MVKQ~VX]M[JIRWM[\I~ZJQ\IaIO]ZITIZMOTIOMVMZITLMTIZ\ XnZZINWXZQUMZW
IZZQJI UMVKQWVILI Y]M W\WZOI IT IK\WZZMKWV^MVQLW MT LMZMKPW a TI KIZOI LM IXWZ\IZ TI
XZ]MJILWK]UMV\ITaXMZQKQITY]MI[]LMZMKPWKWV^MVOIITKWV\M[\IZITIZMKWV^MVKQ~V
4W Y]M XWZ \IV\W LQ[\QV\IUMV\M XZMû M[\M IZ\ ! XnZZINW [MO]VLW M[ ]VI LMNMV[I LMT
LMUIVLIV\M LMZQÎLI M[\ZQK\IUMV\M LM TW Y]M ^QMZ\M MT LMUIVLILW MV TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V
,MNMV[IY]M[QJQMVVWWXMZIMVMTXTIVWIZO]UMV\ITX]M[TITMaVWQUXTMUMV\I]V\]ZVW
LM ZuXTQKI NZMV\M I TW[ IZO]UMV\W[ LM TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V [QV MUJIZOW [y TW PIKM MV MT XTIVW
XZWJI\WZQW IT NIK]T\IZ IT LMUIVLIV\M XIZI Y]M X]MLI XZM[MV\IZ LWK]UMV\W[ M QVNWZUM[
XMZQKQITM[ KWV TW[ Y]M ZMJI\QZ TI ZMITQLIL LM TW[ PMKPW[ IL]KQLW[ XWZ MT LMUIVLILW MV M[I
KWV\M[\IKQ~V8QuV[M[MXWZMRMUXTWY]MMTLMUIVLILWPIaIWX]M[\WM`KMXKQWVM[XZWKM[ITM[a
Y]MMTIK\WZ\]^QMZIMV[]XWLMZ]VLWK]UMV\WY]MLM[^QZ\I\ITM`KMXKQ~VLWK]UMV\WY]M
VWIXWZ\~LM[LMMTXZQVKQXQWXWZY]MVWTMZM[]T\IJIVMKM[IZQWXIZIN]VLIZ[][XZM\MV[QWVM[
7 XWZY]M MT LMUIVLILW IL]KM ]VI M`KMXKQ~V UI\MZQIT W XMZMV\WZQI Y]M KWUXWZ\I TI
IZUIKQ~V I [] ^Mb LM PMKPW[ TQJMZILWZM[ W QUXMLQ\Q^W[ LM [] ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL Y]M MT
LMUIVLIV\MOZIKQI[ILWK]UMV\ITWQVNWZUMXMZQKQITY]M\QMVMXWLZyILMUW[\ZIZQV^MZIb
-VM[\W[KI[W[TINZWV\MZIY]MLMTQUQ\ITIIXTQKIJQTQLILLMM[\IUIVQNM[\IKQ~VLMXZ]MJIM[
IY]MTY]M^QMVMUIZKILWXWZTIXZWXQIZMITQLILLMTW[PMKPW[KWV[\Q\]\Q^W[LMTILMUIVLI
316

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T\QUIMÌZ\ aVWX]MLMPIKMZ[MLM[X]u[[WXZM\M`\WLMY]MTIVITQLILLMTI\IZLyI
IXWZ\IKQ~V M[ KWV\ZILMKQZ IT LMUIVLILW -T UMLQW LM XZ]MJI LMT IK\WZ LMJM QZ LQZQOQLW
VQKIaM`KT][QÎUMV\MMVM[\W[KI[W[II\IKIZTIMKIKQILMPMKPW[V]M^W[aLQ[\QV\W[Y]M
XIZI[]LMNMV[IP]JQMZMQV\ZWL]KQLWMTLMUIVLILWMVTIKWV\M[\IKQ~VVWTIUMZIVMOIKQ~V
XWZu[\MLMTW[PMKPW[LMTILMUIVLI
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LMTLMUIVLILW[WJZMTW[PMKPW[LMTILMUIVLITWY]MMV\ZI}IMVZMITQLILM[]VIXZ]MJI
LMTILMUIVLIUQ[UIaLM[LMM[IXMZ[XMK\QÎ\ITXZ]MJIY]MLIJI[]RM\IM[\ZQK\IUMV\MIT
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M[\MIZ\ !XnZZINW[MO]VLW+8+5
2.8.3 La declaracin de rebelda del demandado: concepto, presupuestos

y efectos:
1.- Concepto y presupuestos:
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MTLMUIVLILWLMJQLIUMV\MVW\QKILWLMTILMUIVLIXZM[MV\ILIMV[]KWV\ZII\ZIû[LM
ITO]VWLMTW[UMLQW[LMKWU]VQKIKQ~VXZM^Q[\W[ITMNMK\WVW[MXMZ[WVIMVMTXTIbWLMTY]M
dispone para contestar a la demanda.
-VM[MX]V\W[]ZOMXWZLMKQZTWLMUWLWOZnKW]VIKWTQ[Q~VLMLMZMKPW[KWV\ZIX]M[\W[LM
]VTILWTILMNMV[ILMTLMUIVLILWY]MÎIZM[MV\QZ[M[QVL]LILMTPMKPWLMY]MMTXZWKM[W
X]MLIIÎVbIZaKWUXTM\IZ[MMV[]I][MVKQIaLMW\ZWTILWMTLMZMKPWLM\]\MTIR]LQKQITLMT
LMUIVLIV\MY]QMV[IT^WXZ]MJIMVKWV\ZIZQWVWM[ZM[XWV[IJTMLMM[INIT\ILMKWUXIZMKMVKQI
a Y]QMV XWZ MTTW a LM XIZITQbIZ[M MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W [M ^MZyI QVR][\QKILIUMV\M XMZR]LQKILW
IT VW XWLMZ[M XZW^MMZ [WJZM [] XZM\MV[Q~V )V\M [MUMRIV\M X]OVI [Q TI ZM[X]M[\I LM TI TMa
consistiera en suspender todos los procesos donde el demandado no se persona hasta tanto
IXIZMbKIMY]QÎTLZyIILMRIZMV[][UIVW[TIMKIKQIUQ[UILMTXZWKM[WY]MM[IK\Q^QLILLMT
-[\ILW-[WVW[MX]MLMKWV[MV\QZaXWZ\IV\WKWZZMK\IUMV\MaMVTyVMIKWVTW[WZLMVIUQMV\W[
UWLMZVW[ MT +~LQOW WX\I XWZ QV[\Q\]QZ TI LMKTIZIKQ~V LM ZMJMTLyI KWV MT V LM XMZUQ\QZ MT
R]QKQWMVI][MVKQILMTLMUIVLILW[QJQMVLW\IVLWIM[\MT\QUWLMKQMZ\I[OIZIV\yI[XMK]TQIZM[
LMTI[Y]MÎIXWLMZPIKMZ][WXW[\MZQWZUMV\MMVMTUWUMV\WMVY]MZMKTIUMTILMNMV[ILM
su derecho.
<ZM[[WVTW[XZM[]X]M[\W[LMTIZMJMTLyIZMO]TILIMVMTIZ\ +8+5"
I -TXZQUMZWY]MTIXMZ[WVIPIaI[QLWMUXTIbILIKWUWLMUIVLILWMVTIKWV\QMVLI
XWZITO]VWLMTW[UWLW[XZM^Q[\W[MVTITMaVW[ZMUQ\QUW[IT\MUIKWZZM[XWVLQMV\M
QVKT]aMVLWTIVW\QKIKQ~VVWXMZ[WVITLMTILMUIVLIK]IVLWu[\IVWPIXWLQLW[MZ
XW[QJTM8WZ\IV\W[Qa contrario sensu el emplazamiento no ha sido correcto o deviene
317

QTyKQ\W[MXWLZnLMKTIZIZITLMUIVLILWMVZMJMTLyI[QMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITVW[MXMZKI\I
LMT LMNMK\W LM MUXTIbIUQMV\W XMZW M[\ZQK\IUMV\M M[I XMZ[WVI VW M[ ZMJMTLM X]M[
formalmente no ha sido convocada a participar en el proceso.
J -T [MO]VLW PIa ZMJMTLyI K]IVLW MT LMUIVLILW VQ [QY]QMZI [M XMZ[WVI XIZI LIZ[M
XWZ MV\MZILW LMT MUXTIbIUQMV\W a Y]M [M TM \MVOI KWUW XIZ\M -T Y]M KWV\M[\M
W VW I TI LMUIVLI M[\ZQK\IUMV\M KWUXWZ\I W\ZI KW[I -[ KQMZ\W Y]M KWUW ZMOTI
OMVMZIT MT LMUIVLILW IXZW^MKPI MT \ZnUQ\M LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V XIZI XMZ[WVIZ[M a
LM M[W [M PIKM MKW MT IZ\ XMZW VW ZM[]T\I QUXZM[KQVLQJTM Y]M ZMITQKM IUJI[
XM\QKQWVM[ITI^MbLM[]MZ\MY]MKIJMXMZNMK\IUMV\MY]MXZQUMZW[MXMZ[WVMaLyI[
LM[X]u[ KWV\M[\M M[W [y LMV\ZW LMT XTIbW XZWKM[W KWUV W \uZUQVWI]LQMVKQI
XZWKM[WIJZM^QILWY]M[MTMPIW\WZOILWWY]M[MXMZ[WVMaT]MOW[MVKQTTIUMV\M
VW KWV\M[\M ;QMUXZM Y]M [M XMZ[WVM LnVLW[M XWZ VW\QKILW LM TI LMUIVLI aI
VW M[ ZMJMTLM X]M[ [M PI X]M[\W I LMZMKPW I]VY]M LMRM \ZIV[K]ZZQZ MT XTIbW LM
contestacin sin deducir nada.
9]M VW KWV\M[\M I TI LMUIVLI \MVLZn [QV L]LI KWV[MK]MVKQI[ VMOI\QÎ[ KWUW
IPWZI ^MZMUW[ XMZW VW M`QOM LMT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT Y]M [M TM LMKTIZM MV ZMJMTLyI a
KWUW VW M[ ZMJMTLM \IUXWKW XWLZn LQ[NZ]\IZ LM TI[ XZMZZWOI\QÎ[ XZWXQI[ LM M[\I
condicin.
K
AXWZT\QUW[MPIJTIZnLMZMJMTLM[~TWIXIZ\QZLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQITY]MI[y
TWLMKTIZM-[LMKQZTIZMJMTLyIM[]VM[\ILWXZWKM[ITLMTLMUIVLILWY]MM`QOM]VI
KITQKIKQ~VM`XZM[ILMTR]Mb\IV\WXIZIKWVWKMZY]MM[IM[[][Q\]IKQ~VaMTXWZY]u
LMMTTIKWUWXIZIY]M[MLM[MVKILMVMVTW[MNMK\W[LMZQÎLW[LM\ITLMKTIZIKQ~V
2.- Efectos:
I +WVNWZUMITKQ\ILWIZ\ XnZZINWXZQUMZW+8+5]VI^MbLMKTIZILIXWZI]\WTI
ZMJMTLyILMJMZnVW\QKnZ[MTMLMMTTIITLMUIVLILW[QM[XW[QJTMLMUIVMZIXMZ[WVIT
a[QVWXWZM[\ZILW[XIZIY]MKWVWbKI[][Q\]IKQ~V[QVY]MZM[]T\MXZMKMX\Q^W^WT^MZ
I XZIK\QKIZ[M VQVO]VI W\ZI VW\QKIKQ~V XWZ VQVOV UMLQW PI[\I \IV\W ZMKIQOI
ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT LMVQ\QÎ LMT XZWKM[W Y]Qbn [MV\MVKQI Y]Qbn IV\M[ ]V I]\W
IZKPQÎVLWTIKI][IXWZ]VIM`KMXKQ~VXZWKM[ITIXZMKQILILMWKQWXWZMTR]Mb
J 4ILMKTIZIKQ~VLMZMJMTLyITMOQ\QUITIKWV\QV]IKQ~VLMTI[NI[M[LMTXZWKMLQUQMV\W
[QVVMKM[QLILLM[][XMV[Q~VVQLM\MVMZY]MZM\ZW\ZIMZIK\]IKQWVM[ITUWUMV\WMV
Y]M\]^QMZMT]OIZ[Q\ITKW[I[]KMLMTIXMZ[WVIKQ~V\IZLyILMTLMUIVLILW
4ITMaM[KTIZIK]IVLW[M}ITIY]MXZWL]KQLITIM^MV\]ITQLILLM[]KWUXIZMKMVKQI
XW[\MZQWZ MV MT QV[\IV\M MV Y]M I[y WK]ZZI [M MV\MVLMZnV KWV uT TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[
[]KM[QÎ[ [QV Y]M [M X]MLI ZM\ZWKMLMZ MV VQVOV KI[W IZ\ XnZZINW \MZKMZW
QV VM -[ LMKQZ [QV Y]M Y]MXI IV]TIZ MT \ZIUW XZWKM[IT MV MT Y]M M[\]^W I][MV\M
\MVQMVLWY]MZMXM\QZ[M8IZIM^Q\IZM[WR][\IUMV\MM[TIZMJMTLyI
318

4I XMZ[WVI [M QVKWZXWZI IT XZWKM[W I XIZ\QZ LMT X]V\W MV MT Y]M [M PITTM TI
KWV\QMVLI a XWLZn IXZW^MKPIZ TW[ \ZnUQ\M[ LM LMNMV[I Y]M Y]MLMV XMVLQMV\M[
XMZW VW XMLQZ Y]M [M ZMIJZIV TW[ aI KMZZILW[ XIZI XZM[MV\IZ M`\MUXWZnVMIUMV\M
]V M[KZQ\W LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI M\K <WLW MTTW [QV XMZR]QKQW KTIZW M[\n
LM Y]M TI I][MVKQI MV MT KI[W KWVKZM\W X]LQMZI LMJMZ[M I ITO]VI LM TI[ KI][I[
LM V]TQLIL XZWKM[IT Y]M KWV\MUXTI TI TMa IZ\ +8+5 MV K]aI PQX~\M[Q[ TI
ZM\ZWIKKQ~V [M LMZQÎZn LMT LMNMK\W W TI QVLMNMV[Q~V LM Y]M [M \ZI\M VW LMT PMKPW
en s de la rebelda.
K
6W [M XZM[]UQZn VQ TMOIT VQ R]LQKQITUMV\M M[ LMKQZ" Y]MLI XZWPQJQLW Y]M MT R]Mb
QV\MV\M LML]KQZ \ITM[ MNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ VMOI\Q^W[ Y]M TI XMZ[WVI Y]M VW PI
KWV\M[\ILWITILMUIVLI[MPIITTIVILW\nKQ\IUMV\MIu[\IVQY]MPI^MZQKILW]V
ZMKWVWKQUQMV\WLMPMKPW[LMTILMUIVLIIZ\ XnZZINWXZQUMZWQVVM
<IUXWKW PI LM \WUIZ[M KWUW ]VI WXW[QKQ~V \nKQ\I I TI LMUIVLI ;QUXTMUMV\M
TWY]MWK]ZZMMVM[\W[KI[W[M[Y]MMTLMUIVLILWVWPINWZUITQbILW]VIXW[\]ZI
NZMV\MIMTTITIK]IT[QIKI[W[MQZnLML]KQMVLWLMW\ZW[IK\W[XW\MZQWZM[KWUWTW[
LMXZ]MJI[QIXIZMKMIV\M[LMTI[MV\MVKQI
;QVWMTR]MbLQK\IZn[MV\MVKQI[WJZMTIJI[MLM]VIVQKI^MZ[Q~VLMTIKWV\ZW^MZ[QI"
TIY]MWNZMKMTILMUIVLIY]M[MM[\QUIZnWLM[M[\QUIZnMVN]VKQ~VLMY]MMTIK\WZ
cumpla con sus propias cargas procesales y tenga razn en el fondo.
L 8ZWL]KQLITIVW\QKIKQ~VLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VY]MXWVMVITXZWKM[W[MIY]MTWN]MZM
LM UIVMZI XMZ[WVIT W XWZ MLQK\W[ \MVLZn MT LMUIVLILW MT LMZMKPW a I TI ^Mb TI
KIZOILMZMK]ZZQZTIXIZITWOZIZ[]ZM^WKIKQ~VLMV\ZWLMTXTIbWTMOITY]M[MXZM^MI
XIZIMTZMK]Z[WKWZZM[XWVLQMV\M\IV\WIXMTIKQ~VKWUWKI[IKQ~V[QMUXZMaK]IVLW
]VW]W\ZWXZWKMLQMZMV;QVWTIZMK]ZZMMVXTIbWX]LQMVLWPIKMZTWITKIVbIZyIKW[I
R]bOILI
-TY]MT]MOWX]MLIWVWQV[\IZMTXZWKM[WLMZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQIZUMLMXMVLMZn
LM Y]M IKZMLQ\M Y]M [M PITTIJI MV ITO]VW LM TW[ LW[ KI[W[ Y]M TW XMZUQ\MV
LM[KWVWKQUQMV\W LMT XZWKM[W a LM TI [MV\MVKQI W QUXW[QJQTQLIL LM N]MZbI UIaWZ
XIZILQZQOQZQV[\Z]KKQ~VI[]LMNMV[WZXIZIY]M[MZMK]ZZI"IZ\+8+5
-V TI ZMLIKKQ~V WZQOQVIZQI LMT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW [M QVKT]yI ]V QVKQ[W W XnZZINW
K]IZ\WY]MMVZMTIKQ~VITW[KI[W[LMVW\QKIKQ~VXMZ[WVITLMTI[MV\MVKQIaTIKIZOI
LMZMK]ZZQZTI+WVTIZMNWZUIXIZKQITLMLQKPWQVKQ[WPI[QLW[]XZQUQLWUI[MT
MNMK\WLMMTTWVWM[W\ZWY]MMTLMVW\MVMZY]MIXTQKIZaI]VIZMOTIKWVNMKKQWVILI
MV\uZUQVW[]V\IV\WIJQOIZZILW[
,QKPWM[\W[QUXTMUMV\MPIaY]MIXTQKIZMT[Q[\MUIOMVMZITLMZMJMTLyILMT \IT
KWUWM[\nXIZIKWTMOQZTWY]MaIPMUW[[M}ITILW"Y]M[QTIXMZ[WVI[MMV\MZILMTI
[MV\MVKQIMVXTIbWXIZIZMK]ZZQZTIPILMPIKMZTWaVWLMRIZY]MLM^MVOIZUM9]M
[QVW[IJMWVWX]MLMLQ[XWVLZnLMTIZM^Q[Q~VIZ\[a[[+8+5IK]aW\MUI
319

ZMUQ\QUW[ IT TMK\WZ A XWZ T\QUW KTIZW Y]M TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI \MVLZn MT LMZMKPW
LM XZWJIZ [Q TW TWOZI Y]M MT LMUIVLILW ZMJMTLM [y KWVWKQ~ I \QMUXW TI [MV\MVKQI
y por negligencia no la recurri en plazo.
M )}ILM VITUMV\M MT T\QUW XnZZINW LMT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW Y]M TI ILUQ[Q~V
LM TW[ ZMK]Z[W[ QV\MZX]M[\W[ XWZ TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI [M PIZn LMT KWVWKQUQMV\W LMT
LMUIVLILW ZMJMTLM XIZI Y]M [MXI Y]M TI KI][I [QO]M IJQMZ\I XWZ [Q Y]QMZM
XMZ[WVIZ[M MV MT KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M ZMK]Z[W KWUW XIZ\M ZMK]ZZQLI QVKT][W XIZI
MRMZKQ\IZTITTIUILIILPM[Q~VITIIXMTIKQ~V^MZ\MUIZM[XMK\Q^W
BIBLIOGRAFA:
*-:B7;) .:)6+7; 5IZyI >QK\WZQI" Demanda, causa petendi y objeto del proceso, El
)TUMVLZW +~ZLWJI ! # +)*)k); /):+) 2]IV +IZTW[" 4I LMUIVLI Revista
Jurdica de Catalunya, V *IZKMTWVI XX !# +07B); )476;7 2W[u
5IV]MT" 4ITQ\Q[XMVLMVKQI" MNMK\W[ a \ZI\IUQMV\W XZWKM[IT MV Cuaderno de Derecho Judicial,
n 6,+/825ILZQL#;)5)6-;):)+IZUMV"La tutela del rebelde en el proceso civil,
*W[KP*IZKMTWVI!!
320
2.9 AUDIENCIA PREPARATORIA

Santiago Garderes
;=5):17"1.]VKQ~VaKWV\MVQLWLMTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQI11+WV^WKI\WZQI
LMTII]LQMVKQIKI][I[LM[][XMV[Q~VMQV\MZZ]XKQ~V1118ZM[MVKQILMTR]MbaLM
TI[XIZ\M[1>1V\MV\WLMKWVKQTQIKQ~V>,MV]VKQIaMÌUMVLMLMNMK\W[XZWKM
[ITM[":MOTI[OMVMZITM[,MNMK\W[LMKIXIKQLILZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VWXW[\]TIKQ~V
-`KMXKQ~V LM NIT\I LM TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW VMKM[IZQW -`KMXKQ~V LM TQ\Q[XMVLMVKQI
WKW[IR]bOILI-`KMXKQ~VLM^yIXZWKM[ITMZZ~VMI-`KMXKQ~VLMLMUIVLI
LMNMK\]W[I >1 .QRIKQ~V LM TW[ \uZUQVW[ LMT LMJI\M -^MV\]IT QVKWZXWZIKQ~V LM
V]MÎ[XZM\MV[QWVM[IKKM[WZQI[>110MKPW[V]M^W[>111.QRIKQ~VLMTWJRM\WLM
TIXZ]MJI1@8ZWXW[QKQ~VaILUQ[Q~VLMTIXZ]MJI@.QRIKQ~VLMTINMKPILMTI
audiencia probatoria.
2.9.1 Funcin y contenido de la audiencia preparatoria

La audiencia preparatoria se ubica en el proceso comn luego de los actos introductorios
LMUIVLI a KWV\M[\IKQ~V a KWVKMV\ZI LQ^MZ[I[ IK\Q^ QLILM[ Y]M KWUXZMVLMV
N]VLIUMV\ITUMV\M MT QV\MV\W LM KWVKQTQIKQ~V MT [IVMIUQMV\W LM TW[ LMNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[
TI RIKQ~V LMVQ\QÎ LMT WJRM\W LMT XZWKM[W a LM TI XZ]MJI TI XZWXW[QKQ~V a ILUQ[Q~V LM
TI XZ]MJI ;M LM[IZZWTTI JIRW TI XZM[QLMVKQI a LQZMKKQ~V LMT \ZQJ]VIT JIRW XMVI LM V]TQLIL
QV[]J[IVIJTMaKWVTIXZM[MVKQILMTI[XIZ\M[a[][IJWOILW[
;MOV TW LQ[XWVM MT IZ\yK]TW ! TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI [MZ^QZn XWZ M[\M WZLMV" XIZI
QV\MV\IZTIKWVKQTQIKQ~VLMTI[XIZ\M[IVLMM^Q\IZTIKWV\QV]IKQ~VQVVMKM[IZQILMTXZWKM[W#
XIZI XMZUQ\QZ MT [IVMIUQMV\W LM TW[ LMNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ Y]M X]LQMZIV \MVMZ TI[ ITMOIKQWVM[
QVQKQITM[#XIZIRIZMVNWZUIXZMKQ[ITIXZM\MV[Q~VaMT\MUILMTIXZ]MJI#aXIZIXZWXWVMZ
a ILUQ\QZ TI XZ]MJI LM Y]M QV\MV\MV ÎTMZ[M TI[ XIZ\M[ MV TI I]LQMVKQI XZWJI\WZQI KWUW
N]VLIUMV\W LM [] XZM\MV[Q~V W ZM[Q[\MVKQI -`KMXKQWVITUMV\M MV KI[W[ LM ]ZOMVKQI XWLZn
ZMKQJQZ[MTIXZ]MJIY]MXWZ[]VI\]ZITMbI[MIXW[QJTMLQTQOMVKQIZMVLQKPII]LQMVKQI#I]VY]M
TII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQIVW\QMVMI[QOVILI]VIN]VKQ~VXZWJI\WZQI[QVWLMWZLMVIKQ~VLMT
debate.
4I[ ^MV\IRI[ LM KWVKMV\ZIZ M[I IK\Q^QLIL MV I]LQMVKQI ZM[]T\IV M^QLMV\M[ MV \uZUQVW[ LM
IJZM^QIKQ~V LM TI L]ZIKQ~V LMT XZWKM[W \MVQMVLW XZM[MV\M Y]M TI IK\Q^QLIL ZMITQbILI MV
TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI M[ U]a ÎZQILI a KWUXZMVLM ZM[WT]KQWVM[ R]LQKQITM[ TI Y]M [M
XZWV]VKQI[WJZMTI[M`KMXKQWVM[XZWKM[ITM[TIY]MILUQ\MWZMKPIbI]VUMLQWLMXZ]MJITI
Y]MRIMTWJRM\WLMTIXZ]MJITI[Y]M[MXZWV]VKQMV[WJZMM^MV\]ITM[QVKQLMV\M[XTIV\MILW[
MV I]LQMVKQI M\K IK\W[ LM XZWXW[QKQ~V XZWXW[QKQ~V LM TI XZ]MJI VW\QKIKQWVM[ I TI[
XIZ\M[XZM[MV\M[MVTII]LQMVKQIY]MXWZM[I[WTIKQZK]V[\IVKQIY]MLIVVW\QKILI[LM\WLI[
TI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[XZWV]VKQILI[MVTII]LQMVKQIaM^MV\]ITM[QUX]OVIKQWVM[LMTI[XIZ\M[
La audiencia preparatoria recoge los institutos principales del sistema oral previsto en el
+~LQOW5WLMTWXIZI1JMZWIUuZQKIaMVXIZ\QK]TIZMTKWVWKQLWKWUWLM[XIKPW[IVMILWZ
321

Y]M KWV[Q[\M MV TI LMX]ZIKQ~V QVQKQIT LM TW[ LMNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ ITMOILW[ XWZ TI[ XIZ\M[ W
ZMTMÎLW[ LM WKQW XWZ MT \ZQJ]VIT UMLQIV\M MT LQK\ILW LM ]VI ZM[WT]KQ~V Y]M [IVMI MT
XZWKM[WaXMZUQ\MQVOZM[IZITNWVLWWUuZQ\WLMTIK]M[\Q~VLMJI\QLI
4I [QOVQKIKQ~V LM M[\M QV[\Q\]\W M[ XZQWZQ\IZQI MV MT UWLMTW LM XZWKM[W XWZ I]LQMVKQI IT
XMZUQ\QZ KWVKMV\ZIZ TI IK\Q^QLIL XZWKM[IT MV TW Y]M ZMITUMV\M QV\MZM[I XIZI TI ZM[WT]KQ~V
LMT TQ\QOQW XZ]MJI a ITMOIKQWVM[ [WJZM MT NWVLW LM TI K]M[\Q~V LMJI\QLI ZM[WT^QMVLW LM[LM
MTQVQKQWLMTXZWKM[WTI[K]M[\QWVM[NWZUITM[Y]M[MP]JQMZMVXTIV\MILWWJQMVKWVKT]aMVLW
MT XZWKM[W MV ]VI QV[\IVKQI QVQKQIT K]IVLW I[y KWZZM[XWVLI XWZ MRMUXTW XWZ M`Q[\QZ KW[I
R]bOILI W TQ\Q[XMVLMVKQI M^Q\IVLW LM M[I NWZUI ]V LQ[XMVLQW QVVMKM[IZQW LM \QMUXW a
M[N]MZbW[XZQVKQXQWLMMKWVWUyIXZWKM[IT
-[\MQV[\Q\]\WPI\MVQLW]VT]OIZLM[\IKILWMVTIZMNWZUILMTXZWKM[WKQ^QTMV1JMZWIUuZQKI
y sus orgenes pueden encontrarse en la audiencia preparatoria del proceso abreviado
XWZ\]O]u[!aMVMTLM[XIKPW[IVMILWZLMT+~LQOWLM8ZWKM[[W+Q^QTJZI[QTM}W!
;] XZQVKQXIT ]\QTQLIL XZnK\QKI LMZQÎ LM TI MKWVWUyI Y]M \ZIL]KM MV \uZUQVW[ LM
ZIKQWVITQbIKQ~V LM TI IK\Q^QLIL XZWKM[IT IT M^Q\IZ Y]M \ZI[ ÎZQW[ I}W[ LM TQ\QOQW KWV MT
KWV[QO]QMV\M LQ[XMVLQW LM OI[\W[ a M[N]MZbW[ [M ZMTM^M ]V LMNMK\W XZWKM[IT Y]M WJ[\M IT
XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W LM UuZQ\W XWZ MRMUXTW TI QVM`Q[\MVKQI LM ]V XZM[]X]M[\W XZWKM[IT ]VI
K]M[\Q~V LM QVKIXIKQLIL W NIT\I LM XMZ[WVMZyI KW[I R]bOILI W TQ\Q[XMVLMVKQI W JQMV ]VI
V]TQLIL XZWKM[IT K]IVLW \ITM[ K]M[\QWVM[ X]LQMZWV ZMTMÎZ[M LM[LM MT QVQKQW LMT XZWKM[W
ya sea para permitir la subsanacin de los defectos o para concluir el proceso en una etapa
inicial.
,MX]ZILW MT XZWKM[W LM M[\I[ K]M[\QWVM[ NWZUITM[ [M X]MLM NWKITQbIZ TI IK\Q^QLIL XZWKM[IT
MVTILMKQ[Q~VLMUuZQ\WY]MM[TWY]MITI[XIZ\M[ZMITUMV\MQV\MZM[I
8MZWTI[^QZ\]LM[LMTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQIVW[MTQUQ\IVITZMNMZQLWLM[XIKPW[IVMILWZ
[QVW Y]M KWUXZMVLMV \WLI[ IY]MTTI[ LMZQÎLI[ LMT XZQVKQXQW LM QVUMLQIKQ~V Y]M LQKPI
I]LQMVKQI UIVQM[\I MV \WLI [] LQUMV[Q~V ,M M[I NWZUI TI I]LQMVKQI XW\MVKQI TI[
XMZ[XMK\QÎ[ LM ]VI [WT]KQ~V \ZIV[IKKQWVIT LMT XTMQ\W UMLQIV\M TW[ XWLMZM[ LM KWVKQTQIKQ~V
Y]M [M TM W\WZOIV IT R]Mb [QMVLW M[\I ]VI QVUMRWZIJTM WXWZ\]VQLIL LM IKMZKIZ I TI[ XIZ\M[
X]M[ aI [M M[\n MV KWVWKQUQMV\W LM [][ ZM[XMK\Q^W[ IZO]UMV\W[ I \ZIû[ LM TI LMUIVLI
a TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V <IUJQuV KWV\ZQJ]aM I MKWVWUQbIZ M[N]MZbW[ a \QMUXW TI RIKQ~V MV
I]LQMVKQILMTW[\uZUQVW[LMTLMJI\MaLMTWJRM\WLMTIXZ]MJI#TWY]MXMZUQ\MLM[KIZ\IZMV
TIUQ[UII]LQMVKQITI[XZ]MJI[UIVQM[\IUMV\MQUXMZ\QVMV\M[XIZIKWVKMV\ZIZTIIK\Q^QLIL
XZWJI\WZQIMVTW[PMKPW[[WJZMTW[Y]MM`Q[\ILQ[KWVNWZUQLIL
2.9.2 Convocatoria de la audiencia, causas de suspensin e interrupcin

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TW[\M[\QOW[WTW[XMZQ\W[KQ\ILW[R]LQKQITUMV\MITQO]ITY]MMTIV\MZQWZM[\M[]X]M[\WM[\IZyI
ZMNMZQLW I TI I]LQMVKQI XZWJI\WZQI I]VY]M XWLZyI IXTQKIZ[M I TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI
K]IVLW [MI VMKM[IZQW LQTQOMVKQIZ XZ]MJI XIZI ZM[WT^MZ ITO]VI M`KMXKQ~V XZWKM[IT# K]IVLW
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\WLI[TI[XIZ\M[ITMOIVLWR][\IKI][I
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QVKQLMVKQI LM XZQVKQXQW[ N]VLIUMV\ITM[ KWUW MT LM LMNMV[I a KWV\ZILQKKQ~V Y]M X]MLMV
determinar la conveniencia de interrumpir la audiencia preparatoria en otros supuestos no
previstos en las normas citadas.
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garantas del debido proceso.
2.9.3 Presencia del juez y de las partes

+WUW MV \WLI I]LQMVKQI MT R]Mb \QMVM MT LMJMZ LM XZM[QLQZTI XMZ[WVITUMV\M JIRW XMVI
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323

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,M M[M UWLW MT R]Mb WZLMVIZn MT LMJI\M a UIV\MVLZn MT WZLMV MV TI I]LQMVKQI KWV TW[
XWLMZM[LMLQZMKKQ~VY]MTM[WVQVPMZMV\M[MQVLQ[XMV[IJTM[XIZI[]VWZUITLM[IZZWTTWIZ\[
a#XZWV]VKQIZnLQZMK\IUMV\MaMVNWZUIWZITTI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[VMKM[IZQI[LMIK]MZLW
IT KWV\MVQLW PIJQ\]IT a M^MV\]IT LM TI I]LQMVKQI M QUX]T[IZn [] \ZnUQ\M XIZI I[MO]ZIZ MT
cumplimiento de las actividades previstas legalmente durante su curso.
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la ausencia injustificada del demandante determina el fin del proceso
sin ms trmite, [IT^W Y]M MT LMUIVLILW U]M[\ZM QV\MZu[ TMOy\QUW MV TI XZW[MK]KQ~V
LMT XZWKM[W a TW UQ[UW WK]ZZQZn [Q LMRIZIV LM KWVK]ZZQZ IUJI[ XIZ\M[# [Q MT I][MV\M N]MZI
MT LMUIVLILW [M ZMITQbIZn TI I]LQMVKQI a [M KWV\QV]IZn KWV TI \ZIUQ\IKQ~V LMT XZWKM[W MV
TW Y]M ZM[]T\M XMZ\QVMV\M XMZW IY]uT VW XWLZn aI ZMITQbIZ TW[ IK\W[ XZM^Q[\W[ L]ZIV\M TI
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Las consecuencias referidas en caso de ausencia de las partes durante la audiencia
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fecha.
324

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proceso.
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2.9.4 Intento de conciliacin

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;M \ZI\I LM TI LMVWUQVILI KWVKQTQIKQ~V QV\ZIXZWKM[IT IY]MTTI Y]M [M XZWK]ZI L]ZIV\M
MT \ZnUQ\M LMT XZWKM[W XZQVKQXIT XIZI LQNMZMVKQIZTI LM TI KWVKQTQIKQ~V XZM^QI IV\MZQWZ I
TI LMUIVLI 4I[ ^MV\IRI[ LMT QV[\Q\]\W [M ^QVK]TIV KWV TI M\IXI MV TI Y]M [M QV[MZ\I M[\M
QV\MV\WLMKWVKQTQIKQ~VT]MOWLMXZM[MV\ILITILMUIVLIaTIKWV\M[\IKQ~VTWY]MXMZUQ\MI
IUJI[XIZ\M[aITR]Mb\MVMZ]VXIVWZIUIUn[KTIZWLMTW[IZO]UMV\W[MVY]M[MIXWaIV
TI XZM\MV[Q~V a TI LMNMV[I XZWXQKQIVLW LM M[I NWZUI ]VI UIaWZ MKIKQI MV MT QV\MV\W LM
conciliacin.
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2]MbTM[IL^MZ\QZnLMTW[LMZMKPW[aWJTQOIKQWVM[Y]MX]LQMZIVKWZZM[XWVLMZTM[[QVXZMR]bOIZ
el contenido de la eventual sentencia.
325

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2.9.5 Denuncia y examen de defectos procesales

2.9.5.1 Reglas generales
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TW[ LMNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ LMV]VKQILW[ XWZ MT LMUIVLILW MV TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI W
XWZMTLMUIVLIV\MMVTIKWV\M[\IKQ~VITIZMKWV^MVKQ~VIZ\[! a
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ZMKWV^MVKQ~V 6W WJ[\IV\M TI TQ\Q[XMVLMVKQI W TI KW[I R]bOILI XWLZnV [MZ IXZMKQILI[ LM
WKQW XWZ MT R]Mb L]ZIV\M TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI IT QO]IT Y]M TI M`Q[\MVKQI LM LMNMK\W[
[]J[IVIJTM[ MV TI LMUIVLI IZ\[ a # XW\M[\IL Y]M \IUJQuV X]MLM MRMZKMZ MT R]Mb
cuando constate la falta de un presupuesto procesal.
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LMV]VKQILW[# LM UWLW Y]M XWZ MRMUXTW [Q MT LMUIVLILW P]JQMZI LMV]VKQILW MV []
KWV\M[\IKQ~VITILMUIVLITINIT\ILMKIXIKQLILLMTLMUIVLIV\MWP]JQMZIPMKPWÎTMZTI
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326

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mediante resolucin de fondo.
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2.9.5.2 Defectos de capacidad, representacin o postulacin.

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327

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MT R]Mb W\WZOIZn I TI XIZ\M ]V XTIbW Un`QUW LM KQVKW LyI[ XIZI XZWKMLMZ I [] KWZZMKKQ~V
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MVMTUQ[UWIK\W+]IVLWTIXIZ\MY]MLMJIKWZZMOQZMTLMNMK\WLMKIXIKQLILZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V
W XMZ[WVMZyI N]MZI MT LMUIVLIV\M a VW TW PQKQMZI MV MT XTIbW [M}ITILW [M ZMKPIbIZn TI
LMUIVLI a [M XWVLZn V IT XZWKM[W TW Y]M VW WJ[\I I [] ZMXTIV\MW XW[\MZQWZ# [Q Y]QMV
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W XMZ[WVMZyI ILUQ\M ZMK]Z[W LM ZM^WKI\WZQI WZIT Y]M LMJM QV\MZXWVMZ[M a ZM[WT^MZ[M MV
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I TI M`KMXKQ~V MV K]aW KI[W [M}ITIZn MT XTIbW XIZI KWZZMOQZ MT LMNMK\W W Y]M LM[M[\QUM
TI UQ[UI <IUJQuV ILUQ\M QUX]OVIKQ~V TI ZM[WT]KQ~V Y]M \ZI[ KWVKMLMZ I TI XIZ\M
LMUIVLIV\M]VXTIbWXIZIKWZZMOQZMTLMNMK\WLMV]VKQILWZMKPIbITILMUIVLIaXWVMV
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QVLQKILW TI ZM[WT]KQ~V I ZMKIMZ LMKTIZIZn [] ZMJMTLyI a XWLZn [MZ QUX]OVILI UMLQIV\M MT
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2.9.5.3 Excepcin de falta de litisconsorcio necesario

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-TIZ\yK]TWZMMZMITTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWVMKM[IZQW[M}ITIVLWY]MK]IVLW]VIZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKI
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328

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y comprador del negocio alegadamente simulado.
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LIVLWXWZVITQbILWMTXZWKM[W[QXW[\MZQWZUMV\MMTLMUIVLIV\MVWXZM[MV\IZMTILMUIVLI
contra los nuevos demandados dentro de ese plazo231.
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ZM[WT]KQ~VY]MKWV[\I\MTIWUQ[Q~VLMTLMUIVLIV\MMVKWZZMOQZMTLMNMK\WTIK]IT[yILUQ\QZn
apelacin.
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demanda.
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329

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ITII]LQMVKQILMJQuVLW[MKWV\QV]IZu[\IXIZILIZK]UXTQUQMV\WI[][W\ZI[VITQLILM[
2.9.5.4 Excepcin de litispendencia o cosa juzgada

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-V M[\M KI[W KWUW MV TW[ ZM[\IV\M[ LMJMZn WyZ[M I TI XIZ\M LMUIVLIV\M XZM^QW I ZM[WT^MZ
I]VY]MTIVWZUIVWTWQVLQY]MM`XZM[IUMV\M;QTIM`KMXKQ~VN]M[MIKWOQLI[MXWVLZnVIT
XZWKM[WMVMTIK\WUMLQIV\MZM[WT]KQ~VY]MILUQ\MZMK]Z[WLMIXMTIKQ~V#[QXWZMTKWV\ZIZQW
TIM`KMXKQ~VN]MZILM[M[\QUILIXWZMTR]MbMTLMUIVLILWXWLZnQV\MZXWVMZZM^WKI\WZQIWZIT
XWZ\ZI\IZ[MLM]VIZM[WT]KQ~VY]MVWXWVMVITXZWKM[W
;M XZMû IT QO]IT Y]M MV ZMTIKQ~V I TI M`KMXKQ~V LM NIT\I LM TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW VMKM[IZQW TI
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MTKI[WMV\ZI}M]VIM[XMKQITLQK]T\IL
2.9.5.5 Excepcin de va procesal errnea.

-T IZ\yK]TW ZMO]TI TI M`KMXKQ~V LM ^yI XZWKM[IT MZZ~VMI VWZUI Y]M LMJM QV\MOZIZ[M
KWV TW XZM^Q[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW ;M \ZI\I MV [yV\M[Q[ LM KI[W[ MV TW[ Y]M MT LMUIVLILW
ITMOIY]MLMJQ~[MO]QZ[MW\ZW\ZnUQ\MaI[MIMTKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MI]VXZWKM[WM[XMKQITWIT
XZWKM[WIJZM^QILWK]aWnUJQ\WM[\nXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW-TR]MbLMJMZnWyZIIUJI[
XIZ\M[MVI]LQMVKQIaLQK\IZZM[WT]KQ~V#[QM[\QUIZMY]MKWZZM[XWVLM\ZIUQ\IZTIXZM\MV[Q~V
XWZ MT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW KQ\IZn I TI[ XIZ\M[ XIZI TI I]LQMVKQI XZM^Q[\I MV LQKPW XZWKM[W
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2.9.5.6 Excepcin de demanda defectuosa.

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TI M`Q[\MVKQI LM LMNMK\W[ []J[IVIJTM[ MV TI LMUIVLI ;M \ZI\I MV OMVMZIT LM LMNMK\W[ Y]M
QUXQLMV ]V ILMK]ILW MRMZKQKQW LMT LMZMKPW LM LMNMV[I LMT LMUIVLILW XWZ INMK\IZ TI
claridad de la demanda.
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MT R]Mb ZM[]MTÎ IKMZKI LM TI M`KMXKQ~V XZWKM[IT XWZ IXTQKIKQ~V LMT XZQVKQXQW LM LMNMV[I a
contradiccin.
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330
2.9.6 Fijacin de los trminos del debate. Eventual incorporacin de

nuevas pretensiones accesorias.
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MVTILMUIVLIaY]MXWLZnILUQ\QZ[Msiempre que no afecte el adecuado ejercicio del derecho de defensa.
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UI\MZQIKQ^QTaUMZKIV\QTY]MXWLZnVI}ILQZ[MMVTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQI[QMUXZMY]MVW
[]XWVOIVUMVW[KIJWITILMK]ILWMRMZKQKQWLMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[II[XMK\WY]MLMJMZnÎTWZIZ
MTR]MbLMIK]MZLWITI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[LMTKI[WKWVKZM\W"
I
-V]VXZWKM[WLMZMQ^QVLQKIKQ~VLMTIXZWXQMLILLM]VQVU]MJTMXWLZyII}ILQZ[M
MVTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQIKWUWV]MÎXZM\MV[Q~VIKKM[WZQITILMKWVLMVIITI
restitucin de los frutos civiles;
J
;Q MT XZWKM[W \QMVM XWZ WJRM\W TI XZM\MV[Q~V LM KWVLMVI IT KM[M LM TI ^QWTIKQ~V LM
LMZMKPW[ LM I]\W[ LM IK]MZLW I TI TMa LM XZW\MKKQ~V I TI XZWXQMLIL QV\MTMK\]IT
XWLZyIV I}ILQZ[M MV TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI KWUW XZM\MV[QWVM[ IKKM[WZQI[ TI[
LMZMXIZIKQ~VLMTW[LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[KI][ILW[XWZTIQVNZIKKQ~VITW[LMZMKPW[LM
I]\WZXZWPQJQKQ~VITQVNZIK\WZLMZMIV]LIZM[IIK\Q^QLILQTyKQ\IMVMTN]\]ZWZM\QZW
LMTKWUMZKQWLMTW[MRMUXTIZM[QTyKQ\W[aTILMQV]\QTQbIKQ~VLMTI[UI\ZQKM[]\QTQbILI[
para esa actividad ilcita;
K
;Q TI LMUIVLI \QMVM XWZ WJRM\W TI XZM\MV[Q~V LM ZM[WT]KQ~V LM ]V KWV\ZI\W LM
LQ[\ZQJ]KQ~VKWUMZKQITXWZQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTIXIZ\MLMUIVLILIXWLZyII}ILQZ[M
MV TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI KWUW XZM\MV[Q~V IKKM[WZQI TI LM KWJZW LM TI U]T\I
por incumplimiento pactada en el contrato.
331

-T XTIV\MW LM V]MÎ[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ IKKM[WZQI[ L]ZIV\M TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI LMJM
[][\IVKQIZ[M KWV ]V \ZI[TILW MV I]LQMVKQI I TI KWV\ZIXIZ\M XZQVKQXQW LM LMNMV[I a
KWV\ZILQKKQ~V IZ\ Y]M XWLZn WXWVMZ[M I M[M XTIV\MW [M}ITIVLW XWZ MRMUXTW Y]M VW
[M \ZI\I LM ]VI XZM\MV[Q~V IKKM[WZQI W Y]M [] QVKWZXWZIKQ~V INMK\I [MZQIUMV\M [] LMZMKPW
LM LMNMV[I K]M[\Q~V Y]M LMJMZn ZM[WT^MZ MT R]Mb MV TI UQ[UI I]LQMVKQI ILUQ\QMVLW W
LMVMOIVLW TI QVKWZXWZIKQ~V LM TI V]MÎ XZM\MV[Q~V ) M[W[ MNMK\W[ LMJMZn XWVLMZIZ TI
KWVLQKQ~VLMIKKM[WZQMLILLMTIV]MÎXZM\MV[Q~VZM[XMK\WLMTIXTIV\MILIMVTILMUIVLI
a MV M[XMKQIT LMJMZn IXZMKQIZ [Q ILUQ\QZ M[I V]MÎ XZM\MV[Q~V VW []XWVM UMVW[KIJW IT
ILMK]ILWMRMZKQKQWLMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[IXI]\IXZQUWZLQITITUWUMV\WLMZM[WT^MZIKMZKI
del planteo del demandante.
4I ZM[WT]KQ~V LMT R]Mb ILUQ\QMVLW TI QV\ZWL]KKQ~V LM TI V]MÎ XZM\MV[Q~V XWLZn [MZ
QUX]OVILIXWZMTLMUIVLILWUMLQIV\MMTZMK]Z[WLMZM^WKI\WZQIWZIT,MTIUQ[UINWZUI
MT LMUIVLIV\M XWLZn ZMK]ZZQZ LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V Y]M LMVQMO]M TI QVKWZXWZIKQ~V LM TI V]MÎ
XZM\MV[Q~V -V M[\M T\QUW KI[W ZM[WT]KQ~V LMVMOI\WZQI LM TI V]MÎ XZM\MV[Q~V XWLZyI
IZUIZ[M TI XZWKMLMVKQI LMT ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V MV TI UMLQLI Y]M TI ZM[WT]KQ~V XWVM
V IT XZWKM[W MV ZMTIKQ~V I M[I V]MÎ XZM\MV[Q~V LMVMOILI# XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW MV V]M[\ZI
WXQVQ~V a ZMKWVWKQMVLW TW KWUXTMRW LMT X]V\W KWZZM[XWVLM ZM[MZÎZ TI IXMTIKQ~V XIZI TI
[MV\MVKQI LMVQ\QÎ a TI[ ZM[WT]KQWVM[ Y]M MNMK\QÎUMV\M XWVMV V IT XZWKM[W a VW [MZyI
M[\MMTKI[WX]M[MTXZWKM[WKWV\QVIMVTWZMTI\Q^WITIXZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLIWZQOQVITUMV\M
MV TI LMUIVLI a VITUMV\M XWLZn IXMTIZ[M TI [MV\MVKQI LMVQ\QÎ a PIKMZ ÎTMZ MV M[I
oportunidad el agravio causado por la denegatoria de la nueva pretensin accesoria.
)LUQ\QLITIV]MÎXZM\MV[Q~VIKKM[WZQI[MWQZnMVTII]LQMVKQIITIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIIMNMK\W[
LMY]MMRMZbI[]LMZMKPWLMLMNMV[IZM[XMK\WLMTIUQ[UI;QJQMVTIVWZUIVWKWV\MUXTI
M`XZM[IUMV\M M[\I XW[QJQTQLIL KWV[QLMZIUW[ Y]M TI XIZ\M M[\n NIK]T\ILI XIZI [WTQKQ\IZ
IT R]Mb TI [][XMV[Q~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI I MNMK\W[ LM MRMZKMZ ILMK]ILIUMV\M [] LMZMKPW LM
LMNMV[I ZM[XMK\W LM TI V]MÎ XZM\MV[Q~V ILUQ\QLI MV I]LQMVKQI X]M[ I]VY]M [M \ZI\M LM
]VI XZM\MV[Q~V IKKM[WZQI XIZI IZ\QK]TIZ TI LMNMV[I M[ XZMKQ[W MV U]KPW[ KI[W[ KWV\IZ KWV
QVNWZUIKQ~V a XZ]MJI[ Y]M X]MLMV VW M[\IZ I LQ[XW[QKQ~V LM TI XIZ\M LMUIVLILI L]ZIV\M
la audiencia.
-VM[W[KI[W[MTR]MbLMJMZnXZQWZQbIZMTXZQVKQXQWLMLMNMV[IaKWV\ZILQKKQ~Va[QP]JQMZM
ILUQ\QLW TI V]MÎ XZM\MV[Q~V KWZZM[XWVLMZn KWVKMLMZ I TI XIZ\I KWV\ZIZQI ]VI ZIbWVIJTM
WXWZ\]VQLILLMLMNMV[I[][XMVLQMVLWIM[W[MNMK\W[TII]LQMVKQI[QN]MZIVMKM[IZQW
-VW\ZIXW[QJTMQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VLMTUIZKWVWZUI\Q^WKWUMV\ILWMTR]MbLMJMZyILMVMOIZTI
V]MÎ XZM\MV[Q~V [QMUXZM Y]M XWZ [][ KIZIK\MZy[\QKI[ KWUXTMRQLIL NnK\QKI W XZWJI\WZQI MT
demandado no se encuentre en posicin de contestarla en la misma audiencia sin menoscabo
LMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[IILUQ\QMVLWTIV]MÎXZM\MV[Q~V[~TWMVTW[KI[W[Y]MZM[]T\MXW[QJTM
su contestacin en la propia audiencia.
4I QV\ZWL]KKQ~V LM PMKPW[ V]M^W[ W LM V]M^W KWVWKQUQMV\W XZM^Q[\I MV MT IZ\yK]TW
XTIV\MIW\ZIQV\MZM[IV\MK]M[\Q~VMV\WZVWITIXW[QJTMUWLQKIKQ~VLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VK]M[\Q~V
Y]M[MZnIVITQbILIIKWV\QV]IKQ~V
332

8IZIVITQbIZKWVM[\MX]V\WZMNMZQLWITIRIKQ~VLMVQ\QÎLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VLMJMZnKWV[\IZ
en acta la RIKQ~VLMTW[\uZUQVW[LMTLMJI\M a partir de las pretensiones deducidas en la demanda
y las eventuales aclaraciones y precisiones o nuevas pretensiones accesorias agregadas en
TI I]LQMVKQI -[\I QV[\IVKQI XMZUQ\QZn MV TW []KM[Q^W KWVKMV\ZIZ TI IK\Q^QLIL XZWKM[IT a
XZWJI\WZQIMVXIZ\QK]TIZMVTIZM[WT]KQ~VLMTLMJI\MXTIV\MILWLMIK]MZLWITI[ITMOIKQWVM[
QVQKQITM[LMUIVLIaKWV\M[\IKQ~VaTI[KWUXTMUMV\IZQI[Y]M[MP]JQMZIVMNMK\]ILWaILUQ\QLW
en la misma audiencia.
2.9.7 Hechos nuevos

,M IK]MZLW IT IZ\yK]TW TI[ XIZ\M[ XWLZnV XWVMZ LM UIVQM[\W MV TI I]LQMVKQI
K]ITY]QMZ PMKPW ZMTMÎV\M XIZI TI LM\MZUQVIKQ~V LM TI KI][I LM XMLQZ LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V W
XIZI TI RIKQ~V LM TW[ \uZUQVW[ LMT LMJI\M [QMUXZM Y]M \ITM[ PMKPW[ P]JQMZIV WK]ZZQLW
KWV XW[\MZQWZQLIL IT UWUMV\W MV Y]M [M NWZU]TIZWV TI[ ITMOIKQWVM[ QVQKQITM[ W LM
PIJMZ IKWV\MKQLW IV\M[ [M P]JQM[MV KWVWKQLW XWZ TI[ XIZ\M[ KWV XW[\MZQWZQLIL I LQKPW
UWUMV\W4IWXWZ\]VQLILXIZIPIKMZTWL]ZIV\MTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQI[MZnMTRIZ[MTW[
\uZUQVW[LMTIXZM\MV[Q~VWXWZ\]VQLILMVTIY]MKWUW^QUW[TI[XIZ\M[XWLZnVNWZU]TIZ
IKTIZIKQWVM[WXZMKQ[QWVM[aLMIK]MZLWITIVWZUIY]MIPWZIKWUMV\IUW[ITMOIZPMKPW[
nuevos.
4I KIZIK\MZy[\QKI Y]M LMVM IT PMKPW V]M^W ZILQKI MV [] IKIMKQUQMV\W XW[\MZQWZ I TI
XZM[MV\IKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI [Q M[ MT LMUIVLIV\M Y]QMV XZM\MVLM QV\ZWL]KQZTW W LM TI
KWV\M[\IKQ~VITILMUIVLI[QM[MTLMUIVLILWY]QMVTWXWVMLMUIVQM[\WTWY]MR][\QKI
[] XTIV\MW XW[\MZQWZ I TW[ IK\W[ LM ITMOIKQ~V QVQKQIT# LMJM \ZI\IZ[M ILMUn[ LM ]V PMKPW
ZMTMÎV\MY]M\MVOIZMTIKQ~VKWVTIK]M[\Q~VLMJI\QLIMVMTXZWKM[WaY]MX]MLIQV]QZMV
ella.
;Q JQMV IUJI[ KI\MOWZyI[ [M ILUQ\MV MV MT +8+5 MT PMKPW V]M^W X]MLM LQ[\QVO]QZ[M
KWVKMX\]ITUMV\MLMTPMKPWLM[KWVWKQLWY]M[QJQMVWK]ZZQ~KWVIV\MZQWZQLILITILMUIVLI
W TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V [MOV MT KI[W MZI LM[KWVWKQLW XWZ TI XIZ\M IT UWUMV\W LM XZM[MV\IZ
TI LMUIVLI W TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V# MV M[M KI[W TI XIZ\M LMJMZn R][\QKIZ ZIbWVIJTMUMV\M M[I
KQZK]V[\IVKQI LM[KWVWKQUQMV\W LMT PMKPW IT UWUMV\W LM XZM[MV\IZ TI LMUIVLI W TI
KWV\M[\IKQ~VXIZIY]M[]XTIV\MWMVI]LQMVKQI[MIILUQ[QJTM
4I QVKWZXWZIKQ~V LM PMKPW[ V]M^W[ IT XZWKM[W XTIV\MI ]VI QV\MZM[IV\M K]M[\Q~V
QV\MZXZM\I\QÎ MV \WZVW I [] IX\Q\]L XIZI UWLQKIZ MT WJRM\W LMT XZWKM[W -V OMVMZIT [M
ILUQ\M TI ITMOIKQ~V LM PMKPW[ V]M^W[ [QMUXZM Y]M VW UWLQY]MV [][\IVKQITUMV\M TI
XZM\MV[Q~V# JIRW M[I XZMUQ[I TI LWK\ZQVI NWZU]TI ]VI LQ[\QVKQ~V MV\ZM TW[ PMKPW[ V]M^W[
ZMTI\Q^W[ I TI UQ[UI [Q\]IKQ~V R]ZyLQKI ITMOILI MV TI LMUIVLI a TW[ PMKPW[ LQ^MZ[W[ Y]M
[]XWVMV ]VI UWLQKIKQ~V LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V a Y]M XWZ MTTW VW X]MLMV ILUQ\QZ[M MV M[\I
etapa del proceso.
-V[Q[\MUI[XZWKM[ITM[IVnTWOW[ITLMT+8+5KWUWMT+/8]Z]O]IaWTIR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI
ILUQ\M TI ITMOIKQ~V LM PMKPW[ V]M^W[ MV TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI [QMUXZM Y]M VW
UWLQY]MV[][\IVKQITUMV\MTIXZM\MV[Q~V
333

8IZIUMVKQWVIZITO]VW[MRMUXTW[Y]M[MPIVXTIV\MILWMVTIR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI]Z]O]IaIMV]V
XZWKM[W ZMXIZI\WZQW XWZ LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ TI[ [MK]MTI[ LI}W[I[ VW KWVWKQLI[ IT UWUMV\W
LM TI LMUIVLI XWLZnV ITMOIZ[M MV TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI KWUW PMKPW V]M^W [QMUXZM
Y]M [MPIaIV UIVQNM[\ILWKWV XW[\MZQWZQLILITILMUIVLIa M[\uV ^QVK]TILI[ KI][ITUMV\M
KWVTW[UQ[UW[PMKPW[Y]MN]VLIVTIXZM\MV[Q~V#QV[Q[\QMVLWMVM[MMRMUXTW[QTILMUIVLI
ZMXIZI\WZQI[MN]VLIMVUITIXZI`Q[UuLQKIL]ZIV\M]VIK\WY]QZZOQKWITIY]M[MI\ZQJ]aM
KI][ITUMV\M ]VI LM\MZUQVILI LWTMVKQI MT IOZIÎUQMV\W LM TI KWVLQKQ~V LM [IT]L LMT
XIKQMV\M W TI UIVQNM[\IKQ~V LM V]MÎ[ LWTMVKQI[ ^QVK]TILI[ KWV MT UQ[UW IK\W Y]QZZOQKW
XWLZnVITMOIZ[MKWUWPMKPW[V]M^W[[M\ZI\ILMPMKPW[KWV[MK]MVKQITM[ZM[XMK\WLMTUQ[UW
IK\W Y]M UW\QÎ TI LMUIVLI ,MT UQ[UW UWLW XWLZyIV ITMOIZ[M KWUW PMKPW[ V]M^W[
MV ]V XZWKM[W LM ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL XWZ ^QKQW[ LM KWV[\Z]KKQ~V LM ]V MLQKQW V]M^W[ ^QKQW[
constructivos manifestados con posterioridad a la demanda.
-V W\ZW[ KI[W[ TW[ PMKPW[ V]M^W[ VW M[\IZnV ZMNMZQLW[ I [MK]MTI[ W V]MÎ[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[
LMT UQ[UW IK\W Y]M LQW WZQOMV IT TQ\QOQW [QVW Y]M XWLZnV KWV[Q[\QZ MV V]MÎ[ IKKQWVM[ LMT
LMUIVLILW ^QVK]TILI[ KI][IT a WJRM\QÎUMV\M I TI[ UQ[UI[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ NnK\QKI[ Y]M
N]VLIVTIXZM\MV[Q~VaWK]ZZQLI[KWVXW[\MZQWZQLILITILMUIVLIKWUWV]MÎ[QVNZIKKQWVM[
I TW[ LMZMKPW[ LM I]\WZ W I TW[ LMZMKPW[ LMT \Q\]TIZ LM ]VI XI\MV\M LM QV^MVKQ~V W V]MÎ[
acciones de competencia desleal.
-V TW[ KI[W[ UMVKQWVILW[ MT PMKPW V]M^W M[ ITMOILW KWV MT V LM QVKWZXWZIZTW IT WJRM\W
LMT XZWKM[W XMZW [QV IT\MZIZ TI XZM\MV[Q~V MV [] I[XMK\W WJRM\Q^W# [QV MUJIZOW X]MLM
WK]ZZQZY]MMTPMKPWV]M^WLM\MZUQVM]VIUWLQKIKQ~VLMTWXMLQLWMVTILMUIVLIXWZMT
IOZIÎUQMV\WLMTXMZR]QKQWK]aIZMXIZIKQ~V[MZMKTIUIWXWZTIQVKQLMVKQIMKWV~UQKILMTI[
V]MÎ[IKKQWVM[ITMOILI[:MQ\MZIVLWMTMRMUXTWLMTXZWKM[WZMXIZI\WZQWMVMTY]M[MITMOIV
[MK]MTI[LI}W[I[VWKWVWKQLI[ITUWUMV\WLMTILMUIVLIMTIOZIÎUQMV\WLMTIKWVLQKQ~V
LM [IT]L LMT LMUIVLIV\M Y]M KWV[\Q\]aM MV [y UQ[UW ]V PMKPW V]M^W X]MLM LM\MZUQVIZ
]VI]UMV\WLMTW[LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[XILMKQLW[IKWV[MK]MVKQILMTIK\WWPMKPWY]MLQMZI
WZQOMV IT TQ\QOQW# LMT UQ[UW UWLW [Q MT LMUIVLIV\M ITMOI ]V V]M^W ^QKQW KWV[\Z]K\Q^W LMT
MLQKQW[]ZMXIZIKQ~V[QOVQKIZnV]M^W[KW[\W[ILQKQWVITM[ITW[ZMKTIUILW[MVTILMUIVLI
-V]VKI[WZM[]MT\WXWZTIR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI]Z]O]IaI[MIZUIITZM[XMK\WY]MMTQVKZMUMV\W
ZMXIZI\WZQW [][\MV\ILW MV [MK]MTI[ LI}W[I[ VW KWVWKQLI[ IT UWUMV\W LM TI LMUIVLI
KWVNWZUIV PMKPW[ V]M^W[ ZMTI\Q^W[ I TI UQ[UI [Q\]IKQ~V R]ZyLQKI XIZI KWVKT]QZ" 4I
IUXTQIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI X]MLM KITQKIZ[M MV TI M[XMKQM KWUW LMUIVLI KWV[MK]MVKQIT
Y]M\ZI\ILMPMKPW[LMZQÎLW[LMTW[ITMOILW[MVTIM\IXILMXZWXW[QKQ~VaIK]aWZM[XMK\W
>M[KW^Q XW[\]TIJI ]VI QV\MZXZM\IKQ~V M`\MV[QÎ X]M[ TI XZWPQJQKQ~V LM ÎZQIZTW[ X]MLM
KWVL]KQZI[MV\MVKQI[QVR][\I[WUn[IVITKWV\ZI[MV\QLWLMY]MMVT]OIZLMZM[WT^MZ\WLITI
KWV\ZW^MZ[QIMV]V[WTWXZWKM[WLMJIVQVKWIZ[MW\ZW[KWVQO]ITVITQLIL-VTIM[XMKQMVW
[MIL^QMZ\MXWZY]uVWPILMILUQ\QZ[MMTXMZR]QKQWKWVWKQLWKWVXW[\MZQWZQLILITILMUIVLI
aI Y]M TI VMKM[QLIL LMT \ZI\IUQMV\W [QKWT~OQKW X]LW KWVWKMZ[M XZMKT]QLI TI M\IXI LM
proposicin y constituye un dao generado por el mismo hecho .232
232 <ZQJ]VITLM)XMTIKQWVM[MVTW+Q^QTLM\]ZVW=Z]O]Ia[MV\MVKQI!!X]JTQKILIMVTI:M^Q[\I=Z]O]IaI
LM,MZMKPW8ZWKM[IT6!!KI[W
334

,MJM ZMKWZLIZ[M ILMUn[ Y]M MT +8+5 XMZUQ\M I}ILQZ MV TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI
V]MÎ[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ IKKM[WZQI[ a IV K]IVLW X]MLI ZM[]T\IZ L]LW[W MT KIZnK\MZ IKKM[WZQW
LM TI V]MÎ XZM\MV[Q~V MV MT MRMUXTW UMVKQWVILW V]M^W LI}W KWV[MK]MVKQIT ZM[XMK\W
LMT ITMOILW QVQKQITUMV\M TI[ VWZUI[ KQ\ILI[ IZ\[ V]MÎ[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ IKKM[WZQI[
a PMKPW[ V]M^W[ M[\nV QV[XQZILI[ MV TW[ UQ[UW[ XZQVKQXQW[ LM MKWVWUyI XZWKM[IT
a KWV\QVMVKQI LM TI KI][I Y]M XZWK]ZIV M^Q\IZ TI VMKM[QLIL LM V]M^W[ XZWKM[W[ [WJZM
K]M[\QWVM[ KWVMÌ[ XMZUQ\QMVLW Y]M [MIV ZM[]MT\I[ MV MT UQ[UW XZWKM[W a XWZ ]VI UQ[UI
sentencia.
-[I M[ XWZ W\ZI XIZ\M TI QV\MZXZM\IKQ~V IKWZLM I TI XI]\I KWV\MVQLI MV MT IZ\yK]TW LMT
+8+5 ,M W\ZW UWLW TI XIZ\M LMJMZyI XTIV\MIZ ]VI V]MÎ LMUIVLI XIZI ZMKTIUIZ TW[
V]M^W[ XMZR]QKQW[ KI][ILW[ XWZ MT UQ[UW PMKPW a XWLZyI T]MOW [WTQKQ\IZ TI IK]U]TIKQ~V
LMIUJW[XZWKM[W[IZ\a[[TWY]MVWXIZMKMZIbWVIJTM[QMTUQ[UWZM[]T\ILWX]MLM
obtenerse sin necesidad de iniciar un nuevo proceso.
)]VY]M TI VWZUI IZ\ VW TW QVLQY]M M`XZM[IUMV\M TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI LMJMZn KWV\IZ
KWV ]VI ZIbWVIJTM WXWZ\]VQLIL LM LMNMV[I IZ\ ZM[XMK\W LM TI ITMOIKQ~V LM PMKPW[
V]M^W[XWZTWY]MLMJMZn[MZWyLIXZM^QWIY]MMTR]MbZM[]MTÎIKMZKILMTIQVKWZXWZIKQ~V
LM M[W[ PMKPW[ IT WJRM\W LMT XZWKM[W a LM TI XZ]MJI# MV M[M [MV\QLW TI WXW[QKQ~V LM TI
KWV\ZIXIZ\MXWLZnN]VLIZ[MMVTIKWVLQKQ~VLMTPMKPWXWZVW\ZI\IZ[MLM]VPMKPWV]M^WW
LM[KWVWKQLWITUWUMV\WLMXZM[MV\IZTILMUIVLIWTIKWV\M[\IKQ~VWMVTIQZZMTMÎVKQILM
M[MPMKPWITW[MNMK\W[LMTIZM[WT]KQ~VLMTTQ\QOQW4IZM[WT]KQ~VY]MILUQ\QMZMWZMKPIbIZM
TIQVKWZXWZIKQ~VLMTPMKPWV]M^WVWILUQ\MZMK]Z[W[LMIK]MZLWITWXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW
I]VY]M MV MT []X]M[\W LM ZMKPIbW XWLZn XZM[MV\IZ[M V]MÎUMV\M TI XM\QKQ~V IV\M TI
KnUIZILM[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQIITIXMTIZTI[MV\MVKQI
;WJZM TW[ PMKPW[ V]M^W[ ILUQ\QLW[ XWLZn TI XIZ\M WNZMKMZ XZ]MJI MV TI M\IXI XZM^Q[\I IT
MNMK\WL]ZIV\MTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQIIZ\"T]MOWLMRILWMTWJRM\WLMTIXZ]MJI
2.9.8 Fijacin del objeto de la prueba

=VI^MbRILW[TW[\uZUQVW[LMTLMJI\MKWZZM[XWVLMRIZMTWJRM\WLMTIXZ]MJIY]MKWV[Q[\M
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remitimos al comentario de las normas generales sobre la prueba.
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sus pretensiones.
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prueba en la demanda y en la contestacin a la demanda. As resulta de lo dispuesto en el
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de defensa y contradiccin en el marco de la actividad probatoria.
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remitimos.
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337
2.9.10 Fijacin de la fecha de la audiencia probatoria

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pudiera determinar la suspensin de la audiencia probatoria en la fecha sealada.
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338
2.10 LA ACTIVIDAD PROBATORIA

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Concepto y diferencias con el aseguramiento de la prueba y con las diligencias
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probatorios.
2.10.1 La prueba. Concepto. La prueba como derecho subjetivo procesal:

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practicado.
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para el posterior epgrafe VI las consideraciones sobre la prueba como carga.
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cuyo enunciado garantiza:
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el mismo se halla limitado desde dos planos distintos pero vinculantes con igual
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LMZMKPW[ [][\IV\Q^W[ W XZWKM[ITM[ LM TI[ LMUn[ XIZ\M[ W LM \MZKMZW[ A XWZ W\ZW
TILWTIXZ]MJIY]MX]MLMIL^MVQZLMV\ZWLMKILITQ\QOQWM[IY]MTTIY]MO]IZLIVLW
ZMTIKQ~VKWVTI[IZUIKQWVM[VMKM[Q\ILI[LMLMUW[\ZIKQ~V\MVOIVZMTMÎVKQIXIZI
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Y]M LM^QMVM XWZ [] VI\]ZITMbI QVKWVL]KMV\M W QVIVM XIZI XZWJIZ TW[ PMKPW[ LMT
KI[W1ZMUW[^QMVLWXI]TI\QVIUMV\MK~UW[MLM[XTQMOIMTLMZMKPWITIXZ]MJIMVMT
[Q[\MUIIZ\QK]TILWXWZMTV]M^W+~LQOWXWZTWLMUn[[MV[QJTMITI[Un[UWLMZVI[
corrientes reguladoras de esta actividad.
340
2.10.2 Objeto de la prueba:

-V\MVLMUW[IY]yXWZWJRM\WLMTIXZ]MJITILM\MZUQVIKQ~VLMTI[]V\WUI\MZQIWK]M[\Q~V
ZMY]MZQLI LM TI IK\Q^QLIL XZWJI\WZQI XIZI [MZ RILI KWUW KQMZ\I -T WJRM\W LM TI XZ]MJI M[
LMVQJTM MV \uZUQVW[ OMVuZQKW[ Y]M M[ KWUW TW KWV\MUXTI TI TMa LMT UWLW KWUW IPWZI
ZMNMZQZMUW[ IT]LQMVLW I KI\MOWZyI[ LM UI\MZQI[ [][KMX\QJTM[ LM XZ]MJI a I TI KWV\ZI TI
M`KT][Q~V LM W\ZI[ XWZ VW VMKM[Q\IZTW -T WJRM\W LM TI XZ]MJI \QMVM \IUJQuV ]VI LQUMV[Q~V
particularizada en funcin de las pretensiones deducidas en cada proceso.
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a ITO]VI[ ^MZ\QMV\M[ QVLQ[XWVQJTM[ LMT LMZMKPW KQ^QT LM XMZ[WVI XMZUQ\M Y]M VW [M QV^QMZ\I
\QMUXW VQ M[N]MZbW[ MV XZWJIZ IY]MTTW [WJZM TW Y]M TI[ LW[ XIZ\M[ M[\nV LM IK]MZLW MV TI
KWV\QMVLI I]V I ZQM[OW LM WJTQOIZ IT R]Mb I IXTQKIZ MT WZLMVIUQMV\W UI\MZQIT [WJZM ]VW[
PMKPW[ Y]M Y]Qbn VW PIV []KMLQLW MV TI ZMITQLIL XMZW Y]M I V LM K]MV\I[ XWZ IKMX\IZTW
I[y IUJI[ XIZ\M[ TI [WT]KQ~V [][\IV\QÎ Y]M [M Lu IT KI[W K]UXTQZn KWV MT XZWX~[Q\W LM
PM\MZWKWUXW[QKQ~V LMT KWVQK\W Y]M TW[ PI \ZIyLW IV\M MT \ZQJ]VIT MTTW [QV XMZR]QKQW KTIZW
LM^]TVMZIZMTWZLMVXJTQKWVQTW[LMZMKPW[LM\MZKMZW[
8WZ \IV\W ]VI XZQUMZI ZMNMZMVKQI XIZI LMTQUQ\IZ MT WJRM\W LM TI XZ]MJI M[ Y]M [M \ZI\MV
LMX]V\W[KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW[MVMTXTMQ\W;QVWTWM[\nVY]MLIVRILW[KWUWKQMZ\W[aVW[M
XZ]MJIV5I[\IUXWKW\WLWTWKWV\ZW^MZ\QLWLM^QMVMUI\MZQILMXZ]MJI-TR]MbM[\nWJTQOILW
IKWVWKMZMTLMZMKPWXW[Q\Q^WVIKQWVITaI^QZ\]LXWZ\IV\WLMTiura novit curia este ltimo no
\QMVMY]M[MZXZWJILW>MIUW[Y]unUJQ\W[ITKIVbIMTWJRM\WLMTIXZ]MJI"
+HFKRVDUPDGRV\FRQWURYHUWLGRVDUW&3&0
5I\MZQI LM XZ]MJI M[MVKQITUMV\M [WV TW[ PMKPW[ INQZUILW[ XWZ TI[ XIZ\M[ MV [][
KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M[ ITMOIKQWVM[ LMUIVLI a KWV\M[\IKQ~V X]M[\W Y]M u[\W[ M^QLMV\MUMV\M a
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KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW[X]M[VWM`Q[\MKWVNWZUQLILMV\ZMTI[XIZ\M[[WJZMMTTW[TWY]MWJTQOIIIJZQZ
]VI IK\Q^QLIL XZWKM[IT LQZQOQLI I XZWXWZKQWVIZ IT R]bOILWZ ]VI ^MZ[Q~V LMLQOVI LM TW
acontencido.
+QMZ\IUMV\M [Q M[\nV KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW[ M[ XWZY]M KILI XIZ\M [W[\QMVM ]V ZMTI\W IT UMVW[
MV XIZ\M LQ^MZOMV\M W KWV\ZIX]M[\W IT LM TI W\ZI TW Y]M \IV\W [QOVQKI KWUW Y]M IUJW[
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R]MbTI^MZ[Q~VUn[KZMyJTM
'HUHFKRH[WUDQMHURDUWV\&3&0
)]VY]MVWTWXZMKQ[MMT+~LQOWX]M[ITVaITKIJWVWM[VMKM[IZQWLILWY]MTIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~V
LMTW[\ZQJ]VITM[[ITÎLWZM}W[[MTQUQ\IXWZZIb~VLMT\MZZQ\WZQWaLMTWZLMVIUQMV\W[][\IV\Q^W
aXZWKM[ITITIIXTQKIKQ~VLMTI[VWZUI[VIKQWVITM[KWVTWY]MTINIK]T\ILLMTiura novit curia a
341

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M\KI]VY]MVWM[\uVIK\]ITUMV\MMV^QOWZ[Q[WV[][\IV\QÎ[QUXWZ\IZnY]MTWM[\]^QMZIVI
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LMTW[LMUn[XIy[M[LMTU]VLW
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MTY]M[MXZM\MVLMIXTQKIZ
)PWZI JQMV \IV\W MT IZ\ KWUW MT XWZ KQMZ\W MVNI\QbIV MV Y]M IT UIZOMV LM TI
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LMJMZn I\MVMZ[M I TI[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[ Y]M LMZQ^M LM [] NIT\I LM LMUW[\ZIKQ~V MT \ZQJ]VIT
LM TI KI][I XWLZn ÎTMZ[M LM K]ITY]QMZ UMLQW XIZI [] I^MZQO]IKQ~V 1UXTQKI M[\W Y]M
MT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT X]MLM XZIK\QKIZ XZ]MJI LM WKQW QVKT][W [Q TI XIZ\M VW [WTQKQ\~ VILI W
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LM LMZMKPW M`\ZIVRMZW LMJMZn XZWJIZ [] KWV\MVQLW a ^QOMVKQI QUXWVQuVLWTM I[y ]VI
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LM Y]M MT \ZQJ]VIT X]MLM WXMZIZ I [] TQJZM ITJMLZyW 6W M[ I[y 8WZ \IV\W KWZZM[XWVLM I
TI XIZ\M K]UXTQZ KWV [] KIZOI LM XMLQZ TI XZ]MJI LM TI VWZUI M`\ZIVRMZI a KWVKZM\IZ TW[
UMLQW[LMKWV^QKKQ~VI\ITVTW[K]ITM[[Q[WVTyKQ\W[XMZ\QVMV\M[a\QTM[[MZnVILUQ\QLW[
XWZ MT \ZQJ]VIT +]M[\Q~V LQ[\QV\I I ]VI QVLMJQLI QVOMZMVKQI WKQIT Y]M LM[MY]QTQJZIZyI TI
XW[QKQ~V LM IUJI[ XIZ\M[ MV MT XZWKM[W M[ Y]M MT R]Mb ^MZQKILW Y]M TI XIZ\M QV\MZM[ILI
MV XZWJIZ TI VWZUI M`\ZIVRMZI PI [QLW MNMK\QÎUMV\M LQTQOMV\M [M MVK]MV\ZI [QV MUJIZOW
KWV Y]M MT ZM[]T\ILW LM TI XZ]MJI XZIK\QKILI I [] QV[\IVKQI VW M[ []KQMV\M XWZY]M XWZ
MRMUXTWMTLQK\IUMVQ][XMZQKQITWTW[LWK]UMV\W[XZM[MV\ILW[VW[WVKWUXTM\W[WXZM[MV\IV
ITO]VIKWV\ZILQKKQ~VWTIO]VI[]W[K]ZQLILM[-VM[IUMLQLI[yXIZMKMNIK\QJTMIT[WKIQZM
LM TW[ XZMKMX\W[ LMT +~LQOW aI KQ\ILW[ Y]M MT \ZQJ]VIT WZLMVM LM WKQW ]VI XZ]MJI
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ZM[]T\~ LMT \WLW QV\MTQOQJTM 4W Y]M [M IV\WRI KWUXI\QJTM ILMUn[ KWV MT ZuOQUMV OMVMZIT
LM QV\MZ^MVKQ~V WKQIT MV UI\MZQI XZWJI\WZQI ZMKWOQLW MV MT IZ\ a IT Y]M T]MOW VW[
ZMNMZQZMUW[ 6]VKI X]M[ X]MLM [MZ^QZ TI XZ]MJI LM WKQW XIZI []XTQZ TI LM XIZ\M VQ
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342

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4I KW[\]UJZM M[ N]MV\M LMT LMZMKPW KWUW M[\IJTMKM MT IZ\ ++ VQKIUMV\MMV TW[ KI[W[
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LWVLMINIT\ILMVWZUIM[KZQ\IX]MLMLM^MVQZKZMILWZLMWJTQOIKQWVM[]VZMQ\MZILW\QXWLM
actos merced a la comunnis opinioIKMZKILM[]^QVK]TI\WZQMLILM[WVW[QOVQKIY]MIMNMK\W[
XZWKM[ITM[ JI[\M KWV QV^WKIZTI MV ]V XZWKM[W XIZI Y]M MT R]Mb LMJI LIZTI XWZ KQMZ\I 4I
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TITMaZMKWVWbKI[]IXTQKIJQTQLILIZ\+8+5
2.10.3 Hechos dispensados de prueba:

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Y]MVWXZMKQ[IVXIZI[]RIKQ~VLM]VIIK\Q^QLILLMXZ]MJI[QMUXZMLMZM[]T\ILWQVKQMZ\W
,QKPIRIKQ~V[MXZWL]KMLMUIVMZII]\WUn\QKI]VI^Mb[MITMOILMV\ZWLMTXTMQ\WaMTR]Mb
ZMKWVWKMY]M[M\ZI\ILM]VILMTI[M`KMXKQWVM[XZM^Q[\I[MVMT+~LQOW>MIUW[K]nTM[[WV"
+HFKRVDGPLWLGRVRSDFWDGRVDUW&3&0
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KWVLQKQWVIV KWV [] ^WT]V\IL TW Y]QMZIV W VW TI LMTQUQ\IKQ~V LM TI[ IZUIKQWVM[ NnK\QKI[
Y]M ZMY]QMZMV LM XZ]MJI X]M[ LM[LM MT UWUMV\W MV Y]M [M ITMO]MV XWZ TI XIZ\M IK\WZI W
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MV TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V a TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V I u[\I ;MOV MT XZWKM[W LM Y]M [M \ZI\M M[I
TIJWZ LM LM[XMRM \MVLZn T]OIZ MV TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI LMT XZWKM[W KWUV W
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I KWV\QV]IKQ~V [WJZM TW[ UMLQW[ LM XZ]MJI Y]M LMKQLIV XMLQZ TI[ XIZ\M[ X]M[ TW
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343

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de medios de prueba.
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sensuKWV\ZIPMKPW[M^QLMV\M[IZ\+8+5Y]MI[]^MbaXWZ[]VI\]ZITMbI
se hallan dispensados de prueba. En esa pugna entre dos causas discrepantes entre s
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la voluntad de las partes.
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MV I][MVKQI LM VWZUI TMOIT I MTTW ZM[XWVLM MT INWZQ[UW notoria non egent probatione I TI XIZ
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M`XMZQMVKQIKWUV<IUJQuVMTIZ\ +/8"6WZMY]QMZMV[MZXZWJILW[4W[PMKPW[VW\WZQW[[IT^W[Q
KWV[\Q\]aMVMTN]VLIUMV\WLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VaVW[WVILUQ\QLW[XWZTI[XIZ\M[AMV\uZUQVW[\IVZW\]VLW[Y]MTW
PIKMVXWZKQMZ\WXWKW^QIJTMMTIZ\ 4-+"6W[MZnVMKM[IZQWXZWJIZTW[PMKPW[Y]MOWKMVLMVW\WZQMLIL
absoluta y general.
344

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podemos destacar los siguientes:
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[M \QMVM KWUW ^MZLIL XWZ ]V OZ]XW K]ITQKILW LM XMZ[WVI[ Y]M ZMXZM[MV\I ]V
XWZKMV\IRM [QOVQKI\Q^W LM ]VI XWJTIKQ~V LM\MZUQVILI -T PMKPW VW\WZQW PI
M[\ILW []RM\W XWZ I[y LMKQZTW I ]V KWV\ZWT W LMX]ZIKQ~V [WKQIT \ZI[ MT K]IT PI
XI[ILWINWZUIZXIZ\MLMTIKMZ^WK]T\]ZITLMTOZ]XWLWVLM[M\QMVMTIXMZKMXKQ~V
OMVMZITQbILILMY]MMTPMKPWM`Q[\MWM`Q[\Q~+WT~VLM[K]JZQ~)UuZQKI#MTPWUJZM
TTMO~ITIT]VIMV!!#MTTIOW+W\IMXMY]MM[\nMV;IV\I)VI#WY]QuVM[MTIK\]IT
8ZM[QLMV\M LM -T ;ITÎLWZ M\K +]IVLW MT PMKPW VW\WZQW [M ITMOI MV ]V XZWKM[W
VW PIa Y]M XZWJIZ [] ^MZIKQLIL XWZY]M u[\I PI Y]MLILW []J[]UQLI MV TI KZy\QKI
[WKQITVQ\IUXWKWPIaY]MXZWJIZ[]VW\WZQMLILXWZY]MMTR]MbLMJMKWVWKMZTWMV
K]IV\WUQMUJZWLMM[IKWTMK\Q^QLIL+WV\WLWZM[]T\IXMZNMK\IUMV\MNIK\QJTMY]M
MTTQ\QOIV\MY]MQV\ZWL]KMMTPMKPWVW\WZQWX]MLIIa]LIZIZMNZM[KIZITR]MbaITI[
LMUn[XIZ\M[[WJZM[]KIZnK\MZIXWZ\IVLWMRMUXTIZM[LMUMLQW[LMKWU]VQKIKQ~V
LWVLM [M LIJI KWJMZ\]ZI LMT IKWV\MKQUQMV\W ]VI N]MV\M U]a NZMK]MV\M XIZI
acreditar la notoriedad.
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QVU]\IJTMIT\QMUXW8]MLMVM`Q[\QZPMKPW[VW\WZQW[Y]M[MKWV[MZÎVITWTIZOWLM
TW[ [QOTW[ M[XMKQITUMV\M TW[ PMKPW[ Y]M KWVNWZUIV TI 0Q[\WZQI KWV UIa[K]TI[
LMTIKWU]VQLILQV\MZVIKQWVITaLMKILIVIKQ~V#I[yKWUWTW[PMKPW[OMWOZnKW[
W\ZW[ Y]M IKIJIV LM []KMLMZ a M[\nV XZM[MV\M[ MV TI KWVKQMVKQI LM \WLW[# a XWZ
T\QUW W\ZW[ Y]M ÎV LM[ÎVMKQuVLW[M KWV MT \ZIV[K]ZZQZ LM TW[ I}W[ a MT XI[W LM
TI[ OMVMZIKQWVM[ [MOV Î XMZLQuVLW[M MT QV\MZu[ MV uT 4W QUXWZ\IV\M M[ Y]M TI
VW\WZQMLILLMTPMKPWM[\uXZM[MV\MITINMKPIMVY]M[MQV^WKILMV\ZWLMTXZWKM[W
K
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[WV KWVWKQLW[ Un[ ITTn LM [][ NZWV\MZI[ I]VY]M TI QV\MZVM\ ]VQ^MZ[ITQbI KILI ^Mb
Un[ \WLW[ TW[ IKWV\MKQUQMV\W[ +WUW ZMOTI OMVMZIT X]MLM []XWVMZ[M Y]M JI[\I
XIZIRIZTIVW\WZQMLILLMTPMKPWMTY]Mu[\MTI\MVOIMVMT\MZZQ\WZQWLWVLMMRMZKM
R]ZQ[LQKKQ~VMT2]bOILWY]MKWVWKMMVXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQILMTKI[W-TXZWJTMUI[QV
MUJIZOW [M [][KQ\I K]IVLW TI [MV\MVKQI Y]M u[\M LQK\I ZM[]T\I IXMTILI W QVKT][W
[M QV\MZXWVM LM[X]u[ ZMK]Z[W LM KI[IKQ~V ;Q [M QUX]OVI MT PMKPW VW\WZQW KWUW
N]VLIUMV\W LM TI LMKQ[Q~V a ZMZQuVLWVW[ I -T ;ITÎLWZ X]MLM Y]M XIZI TW[
5IOQ[\ZILW[ LM ]VI +nUIZI LM ;MO]VLI 1V[\IVKQI W LM TI +WZ\M ;]XZMUI LM
2][\QKQI\ZI\nVLW[MLMPMKPW[LMVW\WZQMLILTWKITTWLM[KWVWbKIVXZMKQ[IUMV\MXWZ
M[W a VW [~TW MTTW[ [QVW TW Y]M QUXWZ\I TI XWJTIKQ~V LM M[M LMXIZ\IUMV\W W LMT
XIy[MV\MZWZM[XMK\QÎUMV\M-V\ITM[[Q\]IKQWVM[MTZMY]Q[Q\WLMY]MTIVW\WZQMLIL
sea general no se habra cumplido.
-V KWV[MK]MVKQI TI VW\WZQMLIL [MZn [QMUXZM OMVMZIT MV MT [MV\QLW LMT IZ\
+8+5[QMTPMKPWOWbILMVW\WZQMLILMV\WLWMTXIy[AVQKIUMV\MTW[MZnMV]V
nUJQ\W \MZZQ\WZQIT QVNMZQWZ [Q TI [MV\MVKQI VW ZM[]T\I ZMK]ZZQLI a MT PMKPW LM^QMVM
345

VW\WZQW MV MT M[XIKQW LWVLM MRMZKM R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V MT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT IV\M MT Y]M
K]TUQVMMTXZWKM[W"XZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI[QVILQMZMK]ZZM#WIXMTIKQ~V[QVWXI[ILM
MTTI,MTTMOIZIKI[IKQ~VMTPMKPW\MVLZyIY]MOWbIZLMVW\WZQMLILVIKQWVITX]M[
VW [M \ZI\I LM Y]M TI \MVOI MV TI KIXQ\IT LM TI :MXJTQKI LWVLM \QMVM [] [MLM TI
+WZ\M ;]XZMUI# [M \ZI\I LM Y]M u[\I MRMZKMZ R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V MV TI\W\ITQLIL LMT XIy[ a
M[IM[TIUMLQLILMTIVW\WZQMLILY]MLMJMIXTQKIZ
L /MVMZITUMV\M MT PMKPW VW\WZQW VW [MZn ]VW LM TW[ PMKPW[ KWV[\Q\]\Q^W[ LM TI
XZM\MV[Q~V LMT LMUIVLIV\M VQ LM TI LMNMV[I LMT LMUIVLILW [QVW Un[ JQMV ]V
PMKPW [MK]VLIZQW W QV[\Z]UMV\IT Y]M [MZ^QZn XIZI KWV\ZI[\IZ TI ^MZIKQLIL LM TW[
PMKPW[ XZQVKQXITM[ KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW[ W Y]M [MZ^QZn KWUW ZMNMZMVKQI LM \QMUXW W
LM T]OIZ XIZI KWV\ZI[\IZ a KWZZWJWZIZ K]nVLW []KMLQMZWV M[\W[ T\QUW[ W LM Y]u
manera.
M -V K]IV\W I TI KIV\QLIL LM XMZ[WVI[ Y]M PIV LM KWVWKMZ MT PMKPW LMV\ZW LM M[I
KWTMK\Q^QLILK]aWnUJQ\W\MZZQ\WZQITaIPMUW[[M}ITILWVWXIZMKMT~OQKWM`QOQZY]M
MT KWVWKQUQMV\W ITKIVKM I TI \W\ITQLIL LM [][ PIJQ\IV\M[ MV\ZM TW[ K]ITM[ [QMUXZM
PIJZnV XMZ[WVI[ Y]M XWZ [] MLIL M QVKIXIKQLIL VW XWLZnV KWVWKMZ VQ XMZKQJQZ MT
PMKPW ILMK]ILIUMV\M 4I VW\WZQMLIL OMVMZIT VW M[ \W\IT VQ IJ[WT]\I [QVW
mayoritaria.
N
4IRIKQ~VLMTPMKPWKWUWVW\WZQWW[]M`KT][Q~VLMM[\IKI\MOWZyILMJMZM[WT^MZTI
[QMUXZMMTR]MbI]VY]MVW[MTWXQLITIXIZ\MQV\MZM[ILIX]M[M[\nWJTQOILWIMTTW
XZMKQ[IUMV\MXIZILMTQUQ\IZTW[\uZUQVW[LMTIUI\MZQIKWV\ZW^MZ\QLI[WJZMTIY]M
\MVLZnY]MOQZIZTIIK\Q^QLILXZWJI\WZQI
AI PMUW[ LQKPW Y]M M[I VW\WZQMLIL LMJM [MZTM KWVWKQLI KWUW UQMUJZW LM TI
KWTMK\Q^QLILMVTIY]M[MQV[MZ\IXMZW[QVWN]MZII[yMTR]Mb\IUXWKWLMJMLM[KIZ\IZ
LQZMK\IUMV\MTIVW\WZQMLIL[QVWY]MM[\nWJTQOILWIKMZKQWZIZ[M[QMTPMKPWM[VW\WZQW
MV [] KWTMK\Q^QLIL M[\W M[ MV MT nUJQ\W \MZZQ\WZQIT LWVLM MRMZKM R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V XWZ
MRMUXTWIK]LQMVLWITI[JI[M[LMLI\W[LMTW[UMLQW[LMKWU]VQKIKQ~VPMUMZW\MKI[
M\K4]MOWMV\IV\WMVK]IV\WMTR]MbIKMX\MY]MMTPMKPWM[VW\WZQWM[\MY]MLIZn
N]MZILMTLMJI\MI[IT^WMTLMZMKPWLMTIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIIQUX]OVIZTWMVR]QKQW
O ;QMTR]MbZMKPIbIM[IVW\WZQMLILMQVKT]aMITPMKPWKWUWUI\MZQILMXZ]MJI[MZn
LMKIZOWLMTQV\MZM[ILWLMUW[\ZIZMVR]QKQWTIVW\WZQMLILUMLQIV\MTI[XZ]MJI[Y]M
[MTMKKQWVM a LM TI[ Y]M LMJM XWLMZ M`\ZIMZ[M TI KWVKT][Q~V LM M[M KWVWKQUQMV\W
generalizado por la mayor parte de los habitantes de esa colectividad. Admitir
]VI \M[\QKIT LM ]V OZ]XW V]\ZQLW LM KQ]LILIVW[ KWV\ILW[ XWZ KQMV\W[ W UQTM[
[~TW XIZI IKZMLQ\IZ TI VW\WZQMLIL LMT PMKPW ZM[]T\IZyI LM[LM T]MOW ]V KIW[ I[y
Y]M PIJZyI Y]M WX\IZ XWZ Uu\WLW[ Un[ ZIKQWVITM[ ;Q VW [M ^Q[T]UJZIZI []KQMV\M
TI ZM[M}I LM UMLQW[ LM XZMV[I XWLZyI ÎTMZ ]VI XMZQKQIT PMKPI XWZ [WKQ~TWOW[ W
M`XMZ\W[ MV KWU]VQKIKQ~V [WKQIT IKZMLQ\IVLW UMLQIV\M [WVLMW[ MT KWVWKQUQMV\W
generalizado de ese hecho en la colectividad.
346

P ,MJQLWIY]MKWUWPMUW[M`XTQKILW]VPMKPWVW\WZQWX]MLMVW[MZ^MZLILaXWZY]M
X]MLMY]MVQ[QY]QMZI[MIVW\WZQWI]VY]MI[yTWITMO]MTIXIZ\MY]MTWQV\ZWL]KM[QMT
R]MbTMW\WZOIM[IKITQKIKQ~VPILMXMZUQ\QZ[MMV\WLWKI[WMTLMZMKPWIXZWJIZTW
KWV\ZIZQWITIXIZ\MITIY]MINMK\IZyI[]IXZMKQIKQ~VMVTI[MV\MVKQI
4I KWV\ZIXZ]MJI LMT PMKPW VW\WZQW XWLZn I[y XQ^W\IZ [WJZM LW[ MRM[ IT\MZVI\Q^W[
QO]ITUMV\MMKIKM[XIZILM[\Z]QZTW"Y]MMTPMKPWVWM[VW\WZQWMVM[W[MJI[IJI
[]LQ[XMV[ILMXZ]MJIWY]MMTPMKPWI]VY]MVW\WZQWM[NIT[WMVM[IPQX~\M[Q[a
XWZU]aVW\WZQWY]MIXIZMKQMZMM[M^QLMV\MY]MVWXWLZyIRIZ[MKWUWKQMZ\W;MOV
Y]u[Q\]IKQWVM[ITKIVbIZnUn[LQK]T\ILXZWJIZ]VM`\ZMUWY]MW\ZW
+HFKRVHYLGHQWHVDUW&3&0
0IJTIZLMPMKPW[M^QLMV\M[M[PIKMZTI\ZI[TIKQ~VLMW\ZIQV[\Q\]KQ~VXZWKM[ITLMZMVWUJZM
TI[TTIUILI[5n`QUI[LMTIM`XMZQMVKQIMV\MVLQLI[XWZTILWK\ZQVIKWUWR]QKQW[OMVMZITM[
Y]M[MM`\ZIMVIXIZ\QZLMTIWJ[MZÎKQ~VLM]VI[MZQMQLuV\QKILM[]KM[W[aY]M[QZ^MVXIZI
KWUXZMVLMZu[\W[MQV\MZXZM\IZ[][KI][I[aKIZIK\MZy[\QKI[
<ITM[Un`QUI[X]MLMV[MZLMLW[\QXW[TI[XMZ\MVMKQMV\M[ITXI\ZQUWVQWK]T\]ZITKWUVLM
]VIKWTMK\Q^QLILU]VLQITWVIKQWVITMVK]aWKI[WVWXZMKQ[IVLMXZ]MJIX]M[\IUJQuVTI[
KWVWKMaIXTQKIMTR]Mb#aIY]MTTI[W\ZI[Y]MNWZUIVXIZ\MLMTXI\ZQUWVQWK]T\]ZITZML]KQLW
LM]VOZ]XWLMXMZ[WVI[I^QZ\]LLMTIM[XMKQITQbIKQ~VLM[]XZWNM[Q~V]WKQW
-V M[\M [MO]VLW []X]M[\W MVKWV\ZIUW[ TI[ Un`QUI[ LM TI M`XMZQMVKQI \uKVQKI[ Y]M
[WV TI[ Y]M IXTQKIV TW[ XMZQ\W[ LM LQ[\QV\I[ \Q\]TIKQWVM[ K]IVLW \QMVMV Y]M MTIJWZIZ ]V
LQK\IUMV[WJZMMTWZQOMVLM]VPMKPWW[]ÎTWZIKQ~VMKWV~UQKIWLMW\ZW\QXWTI[K]ITM[
XZMKQ[IUMV\M XWZY]M VW [WV LMT IKMZ^W K]T\]ZIT KWUV VQ TI[ KWVWKM MT R]Mb PIV LM [MZ
aportadas al proceso por medio de la prueba pericial.
+WUW X]MLM IL^MZ\QZ[M M[W[ PMKPW[ M^QLMV\M[ W Un`QUI[ VW [M NWKITQbIV MV ]V []KM[W
KWVKZM\W IKIMKQLW ]V LyI a MV ]V T]OIZ LM\MZUQVILW [QVW Y]M [WV MT XZWL]K\W KWUW
LMKQUW[ LM ^MZQKIKQWVM[ ZMQ\MZILI[ TI PWZI MV Y]M []MTM IUIVMKMZ \WLW[ TW[ LyI[ MV ]VI
uXWKILM\MZUQVILILMTI}W#TI^MTWKQLILITIY]MX]MLMKWZZMZ]VIXMZ[WVIVWZUITW[MOV
[] MLIL# TI LQ[\IVKQI I TI Y]M ]VW[ PMKPW[ X]MLMV KIX\IZ[M XWZTI ^Q[\I MT WyLW W MT WTNI\W
LMUIVMZIUMVW[XZMKQ[IWQUXZWJIJTMM\K
,M[LMM[IXMZ[XMK\QÎM[LQNyKQTXWZVWLMKQZQUXW[QJTMY]M]VPMKPWWUn`QUILMM[\M\QXW
X]MLI[MZMV[yUQ[UWthema decidendi de un litigio.
4I ]\QTQLIL LM QLMV\QKIZ M[\M KWVKMX\W XZWKM[IT IXIZ\M LM M`KT]QZTW KWUW WJRM\W LM TI
XZ]MJIZILQKI[WJZM\WLWMVIL^MZ\QZY]MM[\M\QXWLMR]QKQW[[WVTW[Y]M[QZ^MVIUMV]LW
XIZIO]QIZITR]MbMVMTXZWKM[WÎTWZI\Q^WLMTIXZ]MJIXZIK\QKILIaIW\WZOIZUn[WUMVW[
KZMLQJQTQLILITZM[]T\ILWY]MIZZWRIVTW[LQ[\QV\W[UMLQW[[QMVLWY]M\ITM[Un`QUI[MVTIbIV
con el principio de normalidad de las cosas.
347

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<IV [~TW PIKMZ QVLQKIKQ~V IY]y LM TI W\ZI KIZI LM TI UQ[UI UWVMLI Y]M [M LMZQÎ LMT
\ZI\IUQMV\WXZWKM[ITLMTIKW[\]UJZMKWUWPMKPWWJRM\WLMXZ]MJIK]IVLWVWPIaIK]MZLW
MV\ZM TI[ XIZ\M[ IPWZI XIZI LMKQZ TI TMa Y]M R][\IUMV\M K]IVLW M[I KWVNWZUQLIL [y [M
XZWL]KM MV \WZVW I TI M`Q[\MVKQI a KWV\MVQLW LM TI KW[\]UJZM R]ZyLQKI [QV ^QWTIZ MT WZLMV
XJTQKW u[\I X]MLM [MZ^QZ XIZI LQZQUQZ MT KWVQK\W LM QV\MZM[M[ a I \IT MNMK\W VW ZMY]QMZM
ser probada.
2.10.4 Licitud de la prueba:

6LJQLFDGRV
-T+~LQOWKWV\MUXTIMV[]IZ\TW[XIZnUM\ZW[XWZTW[Y]MPILMZMOQZ[MMTXZQVKQXQWLM
TMOITQLILMVUI\MZQILMXZ]MJI-[W[XIZnUM\ZW[[WVLW["TITQKQ\]LWTMOITQLILLMTI[N]MV\M[
LMXZ]MJI#aTITQKQ\]LWTMOITQLILMVTIXZnK\QKILMTW[UMLQW[LMXZ]MJI"
I -VMTXZQUMZ[QOVQKILWMT+~LQOWM`QOMY]MTIQVNWZUIKQ~VY]MLM^QMVM\QTITW[
MNMK\W[ LM ]V XZWKM[W KWVKZM\W QVNWZUIKQ~V KWV\MVQLI MV XMZ[WVI[ W KW[I[ a Y]M
M[TWY]MTTIUITIN]MV\MLMXZ]MJIVW[MIIXZMPMVLQLII\ZIû[LMUu\WLW[Y]M
puedan resultar vulneradores de los derechos constitucionales de los ciudadanos
VW[~TWLMY]QMVM[[MIVXIZ\M[MVM[IKWV\QMVLI\IUJQuVLMTW[\MZKMZW[\ZIaMVLW
KWUWZM[]T\ILWTILM\MKKQ~VLM\ITIVWUITyITIXuZLQLILM\WLWÎTWZXZWJI\WZQWLM
esa fuente o hechos recogidos.
;M QVKQLM IY]y [WJZM \WLW MV MT KWVKMX\W LM N]MV\M XIZI LMVW\IZ Y]M TI
^]TVMZIKQ~V KWV[\Q\]KQWVIT VW LMXMVLM \IV\W LM Y]M MT UMLQW LM XZ]MJI [M
XZIK\QY]M[QO]QMVLWM[KZ]X]TW[IUMV\MTW[\ZnUQ\M[LMT+~LQOW[QVWY]MMTXZWJTMUI
IZZIVKIMVK~UWX]LW[IJMZ[MMV[]WZQOMVY]MTIQVNWZUIKQ~VM`Q[\yI6WM[Y]M
TIN]MV\M[MIQTyKQ\ITWM[MTUWLWMVY]M[MKWV[QO]M[]KWVWKQUQMV\W
-V XZWKM[W[ KQ^QTM[ TW[ LMZMKPW[ N]VLIUMV\ITM[ Un[ XZWXMV[W[ I [MZ ^]TVMZILW[
KWVM[\MVOMVMZITUMV\M[WVTW[LMZMKPW[ITPWVWZQV\QUQLILXMZ[WVITaNIUQTQIZ
aITIXZWXQIQUIOMVIZ\+6#MTLMZMKPWITIXZQÎKQLILLMTI[KWU]VQKIKQWVM[
XMZ[WVITM[ IZ\ +6 a MV UMVWZ UMLQLI XMZW [QMUXZM XW[QJTM MT LMZMKPW I TI
TQJMZ\IL QVLQ^QL]IT IZ\ +6 a MT LMZMKPW I TI QV\MOZQLIL Ny[QKI W UWZIT IZ\
+6 MTTW [QV XMZR]QKQW LM Y]M [IT^W M[\M T\QUW LMZMKPW TW[ LMUn[ X]MLMV M[\IZ
[WUM\QLW[ I TQUQ\IKQWVM[ TMOITM[ a PIJZn Y]M I\MVLMZ XWZ \IV\W I [Q MV MT KI[W
KWVKZM\W[MPIJyII]\WZQbILWTIZM[\ZQKKQ~VLMTLMZMKPWN]VLIUMV\ITLMY]M[M\ZI\M
+WUW MT +~LQOW MV M[\M IZ\ PIJTI LM TQKQ\]L LM TI[ N]MV\M[ LM XZ]MJI Un[
Y]M LM TW[ UMLQW[ MV M[\M XZQUMZ KWV\M`\W Y]M [M M`XWVM TI VWZUI XMZUQ\M
Y]M MT KWV\ZWT LM TI TQKQ\]L LM M[I[ N]MV\M[ IJIZY]M VW [WTIUMV\M TI[ M`XZM[QWVM[
LM^]TVMZIKQ~VLQZMK\ILMTLMZMKPWN]VLIUMV\ITM[[QVW\IUJQuVTI[^]TVMZIKQWVM[
Y]M TTIUIZyIUW[ QVLQZMK\I[ M[\W M[ IY]MTTI IK\Q^QLIL Y]M MV ]V UWUMV\W LILW
348

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XZ]MJI TI K]IT [M QV\MV\I \ZIMZ LM[X]u[ IT XZWKM[W [QO]QMVLW \WLI[ TI[ XZM^Q[QWVM[
TMOITM[ XMZW OZIKQI[ I ]VI QVNWZUIKQ~V Y]M VW [M \MVLZyI LM VW PIJMZ [QLW XWZ
IY]MTTIKWVL]K\IQVNZIK\WZI
-[TWY]MMVMTLMZMKPWVWZ\MIUMZQKIVWPILILWT]OIZITITTIUILILWK\ZQVILMTW[
NZ]\W[LMTnZJWT^MVMVW[WJQMVY]MKWVIXTQKIKQ~VITXZWKM[WXMVITaY]MMVW\ZW[
XIy[M[ [M PI QV\MV\ILW I\IRIZ KWV ITKIVKM OMVuZQKW X]M[ I TI XW[\ZM M[\W X]MLM
WK]ZZQZMV\WLW\QXWLMXZWKM[W[XZM^QMVLWTIXZW[KZQXKQ~VLMTIXZ]MJIWJ\MVQLI
directa o indirectamente en vulneracin de los derechos fundamentales.
J =V[MO]VLWKWV\M`\WLMIXTQKIKQ~VLMTITQKQ\]LXZWJI\WZQIKWUWaIIV]VKQnJIUW[
M[ MT Y]M \IUJQuV \QMVM MV K]MV\I MT +~LQOW IPWZI MV IT][Q~V I TI ILUQ[Q~V a
XZnK\QKI ZMO]TIZ LM TW[ UMLQW[ LM KWV^QKKQ~V -V M[\M X]V\W MT XnZZINW [MO]VLW
LMT IZ\ XZM^QMVM Y]M TI I[]VKQ~V LM TI XZ]MJI [QV [MO]QZ TI[ ZMOTI[ WZLMVILI[
MVTI[TMaM[XZWKM[ITM[LM\MZUQVIZnTIV]TQLILLMTUMLQWKWZZM[XWVLQMV\M)}ILM
[QVMUJIZOWY]MVWIKIZZMIZyITIQV]\QTQLILLMTIN]MV\MQVNWZUIKQ~VLMXZ]MJI
TIK]ITXWLZn\ZIMZ[MIV\MMTR]MbI\ZIû[LMW\ZWUMLQWLMXZ]MJIY]MVWQVK]ZZI
MVQVNZIKKQ~VITO]VILMTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[aNWZUI[TMOITM[XIZI[]ILUQ[Q~VaXZnK\QKI
6W Y]QMZM M[\W LMKQZ [QV MUJIZOW Y]M LM[KIZ\ILW MT UMLQW LM XZ]MJI XWZ QTyKQ\W
\MVOI Y]M IJZQZ[M ]V XTIbW V]M^W XIZI Y]M TI XIZ\M X]MLM XZWXWVMZ W\ZW[ UMLQW[
LM XZ]MJI [QVW Y]M [Q M^MV\]ITUMV\M [M P]JQMZIV XZWX]M[\W W\ZW[ MV MT \ZnUQ\M
XZM^Q[\Wau[\W[\ZIMVTIUQ[UIQVNWZUIKQ~VTIUQ[UIN]MV\M[MILUQ\QZnV
-V \WLW KI[W TI XIZ\M I TI Y]M XMZR]LQY]M MT UMLQW QTyKQ\W XWLZn QUX]OVIZ []
XZWKMLMVKQI a ZMK]ZZQZ MV [] KI[W KWV\ZI TI [MV\MVKQI LMVQ\QÎ Y]M TM PIaI LILW
ZMTMÎVKQIXW[Q\QÎ4WY]MMTIZ\XnZZINW[MO]VLW+8+5Y]QMZM[M}ITIZ[MM[
Y]MTWY]M[MQVÎTQLIVWM[TIN]MV\M[QVWMTUMLQWI[yY]M[QTIXMZ[WVIPITWOZILW
\ZIMZIY]uTTIKWVW\ZW[UMLQW[TIN]MV\MQV[Q[\QUW[[MZ^QZn
2.10.4.2 Admisin de prueba material o tangible:

,MV\ZW LM TW Y]M XWLZyIUW[ TTIUIZ ]V VQ^MT Un[ \MV]M XMZW ZMIT LM KWV\ZWT LM TI TQKQ\]L
XZWJI\WZQI IXIZMKMV KQMZ\I[ XZM^MVKQWVM[ LM TI TMa NZMV\M I UMLQW[ LM XZ]MJI Y]M XWZ
[] KIZnK\MZ VW^MLW[W a \IUJQuV XWZ TI[ ZMTI\QÎ[ NIKQTQLILM[ Y]M M`Q[\MV XIZI IT\MZIZ []
KWV\MVQLWXMZW\IUJQuVXWZY]MX]MLMV[MZXZWXMV[I[IQVÎLQZTW[LMZMKPW[N]VLIUMV\ITM[
IRMVW[#[WVILUQ\QLI[MVR]QKQW[QMUXZMaK]IVLWXI[MVXWZKQMZ\WKWV\ZWTR]LQKQITZMNWZbILW
MTK]IT[MIZJQ\ZIMVMTIZ\+8+5)XTyKI[M\IT[WT]KQ~V[MOVMTUMVKQWVILWXZMKMX\W
I \WLW[ TW[ WJRM\W[ []J[\IVKQI[ NW\WOZINyI[ ^QLMW[ UMLQW[ LM ITUIKMVIUQMV\W LM LI\W[
LMQUnOMVM[LM^WbWLMQVNWZUIKQ~VI[yKWUWK]ITY]QMZW\ZIXZ]MJIUI\MZQITW\IVOQJTM
Y]M X]MLIV IXWZ\IZ MTMUMV\W[ LM XZ]MJI# a \IUJQuV QV[\Z]UMV\W[ ] W\ZW[ LWK]UMV\W[
)[y MT IZ\ 4782 LM -[XI}I" -V \WLW \QXW LM XZWKMLQUQMV\W [M ZM[XM\IZnV TI[ ZMOTI[ LM TI J]MVI NM
6W []Z\QZnV MNMK\W TI[ XZ]MJI[ WJ\MVQLI[ LQZMK\I W QVLQZMK\IUMV\M ^QWTMV\IVLW TW[ LMZMKPW[ W TQJMZ\ILM[
fundamentales.
349

[IT^WK]IVLWu[\W[LMJIVIKWUXI}IZITILMUIVLIWTIKWV\M[\IKQ~VLMTIUQ[UI-V\WLW[
M[\W[ KI[W[ XIZI XWLMZ[M ILUQ\QZ TI XZ]MJI [M ZMY]QMZM MT K]UXTQUQMV\W LM TW[ [QO]QMV\M[
ZMY]Q[Q\W["
I 9]QMVXZWXWVMTIXZ]MJIPILMIKWUXI}IZ[][WTQKQ\]LIXWZ\IVLWMTJQMVU]MJTM
UW\QÎVLW[]XMZ\QVMVKQIa]\QTQLILIZ\XnZZINW[MO]VLW+8+5aWNZMKQMVLW
MV MT XZWXQW IK\W LWVLM [M XZWXWVM I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI LMT XZWKM[W KWUV
W I]LQMVKQI LMT IJZM^QILW LWVLM M^QLMV\MUMV\M \IUJQuV KIJM [] XZM[MV\IKQ~V
MT \WUIZ LMKTIZIKQ~V I ]V \M[\QOW Y]M PI LM M[\IZ IPy XZM[MV\M Y]QMV IÎTIZn TI
IJQTQLILLMTIXZ]MJI\IVOQJTMLMY]M[M\ZI\M
J -T R]Mb \WUIZn MV M[M IK\W LMKTIZIKQ~V IT \M[\QOW XZWX]M[\W Y]QMV XWLZn [MZ
KWV\ZIQV\MZZWOILW XWZ TI LMNMV[I LM TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI IZ\ T\QUW XnZZINW
TI K]IT I [] ^Mb PIJZn \MVQLW TI WXWZ\]VQLIL LM MÌUQVIZ LQZMK\IUMV\M XMZW MV
;ITI VW XZQÎLIUMV\M TI XZ]MJI IZ\ \MZKMZ XnZZINW 6W M[XMKQKI TI TMa
[Q MT [][WLQKPW \M[\QOW PI LM XW[MMZ KWVWKQUQMV\W[ \MKVWT~OQKW[ M[ LMKQZ [Q []
LMKTIZIKQ~V Î I ^MZ[IZ M[XMKyKIUMV\M [WJZM TW[ IVnTQ[Q[ W \M[\ Y]M PIaI XWLQLW
MNMK\]IZ XIZI I[MO]ZIZ[M Y]M TI OZIJIKQ~V NW\WOZINyI WJRM\W M\K Y]M [M IXWZ\I
VW PI [QLW UIVQX]TILW W IT\MZILW -[\IZyIUW[ MV M[I PQX~\M[Q[ IV\M TI O]ZI LMT
\M[\QOWXMZQ\W Y]M KWV\MUXTI MT XZWXQW +~LQOW IZ\ a Y]M XWZ MTTW UQ[UW TI
VWZUIXWLyIPIJMZM`QOQLWY]M[M\ZI\I[MLM]V\M[\QOWKWVKWVWKQUQMV\W[\uKVQKW[
KW[I Y]M TI TMa QV[Q[\QUW[ VW XQLM [QV MUJIZOW MV M[\M IZ\ -V XZQVKQXQW XWZ
\IV\WMT\M[\QOW[MZn\QTXW[MIWVWM[M[IJMZM[XMKQITQbILWKWV\ITLMY]MWNZMbKI
ZIbWVILI R][\QKIKQ~V LM TI[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ MV Y]M N]MZWV KIX\ILI[ TI[ QUnOMVM[
[WVQLW[ XITIJZI[ ZMOQ[\ZW[ QVNWZUn\QKW[ M\K LM Y]M [M \ZI\M A Y]M LM M[I
R][\QKIKQ~VILMUn[VW[MLM[XZMVLIY]MTIKIX\IKQ~V[MPQbWKWV^]TVMZIKQ~VLM
TW[ LMZMKPW[ N]VLIUMV\ITM[ X]M[ MV\WVKM[ XWZ U]a LMLQOVI Y]MN]MZM QVK]ZZQZn
en la ilicitud proscrita por el art. 316 CPCM.
K
)TI^Q[\ILMTWY]MM`XWVOIVMV\WVKM[TI[XIZ\M[aMT\M[\QOWaTIXZWXQIWJ[MZÎKQ~V
WZMXZWL]KKQ~VLMTNWZUI\WKIX\ILW]WJRM\WZMKWOQLWMTR]Mb\WUIZn]VILMKQ[Q~VMV
\WZVWITQVOZM[WLMTIXZ]MJIWVWITW[I]\W[<MVQMVLWMVK]MV\IY]MVW[PITTIUW[
MV ]V KWV\ZWT LM ILUQ[Q~V a VW LM ÎTWZIKQ~V LMVQ\QÎ [Q MT UMLQW IXWZ\ILW VW
[MILUQ\M[M[MO]QZnTIZMOTIOMVMZITLMTIZ\XIZITI[QVILUQ[QWVM[^MZinfraa
[QXWZMTKWV\ZIZQW[MILUQ\QMZMTWPIZn[IJMZMTR]MbUMLQIV\MTIM`XZM[Q~VLMY]M
Y]MLIUIZKILIM[IXZ]MJITWY]MMY]QÎTMI[]ILUQ[Q~VIZ\XnZZINW\MZKMZW
QVVM[M}ITIVLWY]MTIXIZ\MXZWXWVMV\MXMLQZnITR]MbY]M[MKWV[QLMZMUIZKILI
aILUQ\QLITIXZ]MJIQLMV\QKILI-TTW[QVMUJIZOWVWWJ[\IZn"IY]MTIXIZ\M
KWV\ZIZQIX]MLI[WTQKQ\IZXZ]MJIMVR]QKQWXIZILM[^QZ\]IZ[]KZMLQJQTQLIL#Y]MMT
\ZQJ]VITMVTI[MV\MVKQILMVQ\QÎTMKWVMZIILQKPWUMLQWMTÎTWZY]MUMZMbKI
una vez analizadas todas las pruebas.
L ;QTW[WJRM\W[LMTW[Y]M[MPIJTIMVM[\MIZ\+8+5[MP]JQMZIVIXWZ\ILWKWV
TI LMUIVLI a TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V VW [M XZMû Y]M [M PIOI ]V KWV\ZWT ab initio de los
UQ[UW[;QVMUJIZOWM[M^QLMV\MY]MTW[UQ[UW[XMTQOZW[LMIJQTQLILWNZMKMVM[\W[
350

UMLQW[ KWV QVLMXMVLMVKQI LM K]nVLW [M P]JQMZMV MV\ZMOILW LMRIUW[ IXIZ\M TW[
XZWJTMUI[LMXZMKT][Q~VaTW[LM]VIXW[QJTMZ]X\]ZILMTIKILMVILMK][\WLQIY]M
M[ITOWLQ[\QV\W8WZ\IV\WKZMMUW[Y]M]VIIXTQKIKQ~VQO]ITQ\IZQILMM[\MXZMKMX\W
TTMÎ I Y]M \IUJQuV I TW[ WJRM\W[ OZIJIKQWVM[ NW\WOZINyI[ M\K IXWZ\ILW[ KWV TI
LMUIVLI a KWV\M[\IKQ~V LMJIV [WUM\MZ[M IT KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M KWV\ZWT R]LQKQIT MT
IK\WLMXZWXW[QKQ~VWZLQVIZQILMXZ]MJII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQIWTILMXZ]MJILMT
IJZM^QILWLMJQMVLWMTXZWXWVMV\MXZM[MV\IZTIR][\QKIKQ~VM`QOQJTMaXWVMZ[MMV
UIZKPITW[T\ZW[XZM^Q[\W[MVLQKPWIZ\
2.10.4.3 Cadena de custodia:

+WUWW\ZI[]JM[XMKQMLMTIZMO]TIKQ~VXZM^MV\QÎLM[]TQKQ\]LMVLM\MZUQVILI[KWVLQKQWVM[
el Cdigo incluye una regla de tratamiento procesal de lo denominada cadena de custodia
LM TI XZ]MJI Un[ XZ~`QUI I TI[ XIZ\QK]TIZQLILM[ LM ]V XZWKM[W XMVIT Y]M KQ^QT I]VY]M
igualmente til. Del enunciado del art. 322 CPCM se desprenden dos presupuestos para
XWVMZMVUIZKPITIOIZIV\yIX]M[M[WMVM[MVKQIKWUXWZ\ILMTIKILMVILMK][\WLQI"
I 9]M [M \ZI\MV LM JQMVM[ U]MJTM[ [][KMX\QJTM[ LM [MZ IT\MZILW[ LMOZILILW[ W
IL]T\MZILW[ Ny[QKI W Y]yUQKIUMV\M [M MV\QMVLM Y]M OMVMZITUMV\M XWZ IKKQ~V
KWV[KQMV\M LMT PWUJZM I]VY]M XWLZyI [MZTW \IUJQuV XWZ MNMK\W LM TI VI\]ZITMbI
-[W[ JQMVM[ U]MJTM[ [MOV MT LQK\ILW LM TI TMa X]MLMV [MZ" WJRM\W[ []J[\IVKQI[
documentos u otros elementos tangibles;
J 9]M \ITM[ KW[I[ Ny[QKI[ [M PIV KWV[MZÎLW MV MT UQ[UW M[\ILW Y]M XZM[MV\IJIV
K]IVLW [WJZM MTTI[ [M ZMITQb~ ]VI XZ]MJI XMZQKQIT MT K]IT [QZ^Q~ XIZI WJ\MVMZ
LI\W[\QTM[ITIKWV\QMVLILM\ITUIVMZIY]MY]QMVPIM[\ILWMVXW[M[Q~VLMM[W[
WJRM\W[LWK]UMV\W[M\KPIK]QLILWLMMTTW[KWVTI[]KQMV\MLQTQOMVKQIKWUWXIZI
M^Q\IZ [] LM[\Z]KKQ~V W IT\MZIKQ~V X]M[ LM XZWL]KQZ[M u[\I[ QUXMLQZyI KWV\ZI[\IZ
TW[ ZM[]T\ILW[ LM IY]MTTI XMZQKQIT IV\MZQWZ KWV W\ZI KWV\MUXWZnVMI W IZZWRIZyI
KWVKT][QWVM[ MZZ~VMI[ a LQ[\QV\I[ LM TI[ Y]M KWZZM[XWVLMZyI -T JQMV U]MJTM X]M[
QV\MZM[I VW [WTIUMV\M XWZ [y UQ[UW [QVW XWZ TI[ IXZMKQIKQWVM[ \uKVQKI Y]M [M
X]MLMV PIKMZ [WJZM uT P]MTTI[ LIK\QTIZM[ XZ]MJI[ Y]yUQKI[ LI\I LM IV\QOMLIL
M\K a TI XMZ[WVI Y]M IXWZ\I TI XZ]MJI Y]M M[ TI QV\MZM[ILI MV Y]M []Z\I MNMK\W[
MV TI [MV\MVKQI \ZI\I I[y LM LMUW[\ZIZ Y]M TI KILMVI LM K][\WLQI VW [M PI ZW\W
VQ QV\MZZ]UXQLW LyOI[M KWUW [M XZMMZI VQ LM[LM MT X]V\W LM ^Q[\I []JRM\Q^W MT
JQMVVWM[\]^WMVUIVW[LMW\ZIXMZ[WVIVQ\IUXWKWWJRM\Q^WWK]ITQ\I\Q^WVW[M
PILMOZILILWVQIL]T\MZILW
K
;WJZM M[\I LWJTM JI[M MT +~LQOW XZMû Y]M Y]QMV LM[MM ÎTMZ[M LM M[\M \QXW LM
XZ]MJI[ M`XTQKQ\M MV MT \ZnUQ\M XZWKM[IT LWVLM [M XZWXWVM [] ILUQ[Q~V MV TI TQ\Q[
[MI MV TI LMUIVLI W TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V [MI MV TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI M\K K~UW
a XWZ Y]u [M PI K]UXTQLW ZQO]ZW[IUMV\M KWV TI KILMVI LM K][\WLQI TW Y]M PIKM
IJTMITIXZ]MJI<ITR][\QKIKQ~VVWZM[]T\IZn[QVMUJIZOWVMKM[IZQIK]IVLW[M
\ZI\IZM LM WJRM\W[ Y]M \MVOIV KIZIK\MZy[\QKI[ LQ[\QV\QÎ[ Y]M TW[ PIOIV NnKQTUMV\M
QLMV\QKIJTM[ VQ K]IVLW TW[ WJRM\W[ P]JQMZIV [QLW LMJQLIUMV\M UIZKILW[ IZ\
351

XnZZINW\MZKMZW+8+5-[\MT\QUW[]X]M[\W[MZMMZMXZMKQ[IUMV\MIY]MTI
XZ]MJI P]JQMZM [QLW aI ILUQ\QLI XZM^QIUMV\M [QO]QMVLW TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ LMT IZ\
Y]MIV\M[ZMXI[IUW[LM\ITUIVMZIY]MTIXZ]MJIY]ML~UIZKILI6WWJ[\IV\M
[Q TW Y]M [M M[\n LQ[K]\QMVLW M[ TI ÎTQLMb LM TI KILMVI LM K][\WLQI LM M[I XZ]MJI
Y]M I XM[IZ LM ZM[]T\IZ ILUQ\QLI MV MT XZWKM[W Y]ML~ XWZ WZLMV LMT R]Mb JIRW
vigilancia de un tercero depositario o de la parte interesada durante un tiempo
LM\MZUQVILWMTPMKPWLMY]MQVQKQITUMV\MPIaI[QLWILUQ\QLIUIZKILIXWZY]M
MV\WVKM[[MIXZMKQ~XZQUINIKQMLMLQOVIVWLM[KIZ\IMVIJ[WT]\WY]MPIaIXWLQLW
[MZ UIVQX]TILI LM[X]u[ ,M ITTy Y]M M[\I XZM[]V\I M`KMXKQ~V LMT IZ\ VW ZQRI
LM UIVMZI IJ[WT]\I a Y]M I XM[IZ LM M[\IZ UIZKILI TI XZ]MJI MTTW VW WJ[\M IT
control de la respectiva cadena de custodia cuando as se inste.
L ,M\WLW[UWLW[I]VY]MTIXZ]MJI[MILUQ\IMQVOZM[MMVI]\W[TIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQI
XWLZnXZWJIZMVR]QKQWY]MP]JWQV\MZZ]XKQ~VLMTIKILMVILMK][\WLQIXZWJIVLW
I[]^MbTIIT\MZIKQ~VWKWV\IUQVIKQ~VLMTJQMVU]MJTMLMJQMVLWMTR]MbZM[WT^MZMV
[MV\MVKQITWY]MKWZZM[XWVLIITIT]bLMTWITMOILWXWZKILIXIZ\MaTIXZ]MJIY]M[M
XZM[MV\MI[]^MbLMMTTWVWJI[\IVLWXIZIQVÎTQLIZTIKWVY]MKWV[QLMZMTIUMZI
XW[QJQTQLIL LM TI QV\MZZ]XKQ~V" u[\I PI LM PIJMZ Y]MLILW IKZMLQ\ILI LM UIVMZI
KQMZ\IIZ\QVVM
2.10.5 Iniciativa de la prueba:

+WV[\Q\]aM]VILMZQÎKQ~VLMTXZQVKQXQWLQ[XW[Q\Q^WY]MZQOMMVM[\MWZLMVLMR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VMT
TTIUILWXZQVKQXQWLMIXWZ\IKQ~VLMXIZ\MLMTY]MaIPMUW[^MVQLWPIKQMVLWÎZQI[IT][QWVM[
MVM[\I[XnOQVI[MTK]ITMV\ZI}IVW[~TWY]MTW[PMKPW[[WJZMTW[K]ITM[PILM^MZ[IZTIXZ]MJI
han de ser los invocados por las partes y no introducidos M`WNKQWXWZMTR]Mb[QVW\IUJQuV
Y]M KWUW ZMOTI OMVMZIT TI XZ]MJI PI LM [MZ TI XZWX]M[\I M`KT][QÎUMV\M XWZ LQKPI[ XIZ\M[
TQ\QOIV\M[TQUQ\nVLW[MTITIJWZLMTR]MbIOM[\QWVIZ[]ILUQ[Q~VaXZnK\QKIKWVNWZUMITUIZKW
TMOITXMZW[QVQVOMZQZ[MUMLQIV\M]VIIK\]IKQ~VLMWKQWLQZQOQLII[]XTQZTIVMOTQOMVKQILM
IY]MTTI[XIZ\M[TWY]MM[\IZyIXZWPQJQLW
<WLILMKQ[Q~VLMTTMOQ[TILWZMVM[\MKIUXWZM[XWVLMI]VIXWVLMZIKQ~VLMXWTy\QKIR]LQKQIT
MV MT Y]M PIV LM KWV[QLMZIZ[M LW[ QV\MZM[M[ LQ[\QV\W[ a KWUVUMV\M MVNZMV\ILW[" MT LM TI
J[Y]MLI LM TI ^MZLIL UI\MZQIT XWZ MVKQUI LM TI ^WT]V\IL M QVQKQI\QÎ LM TI[ XIZ\M[ W MT
TI [ITÎO]IZLI LM TI QO]ITLIL MV\ZM M[\I[ T\QUI[ QVPQJQMVLW IT R]Mb LM \WLI QV\MZ^MVKQ~V
WKQIT KIXIb LM ZWUXMZ MT MY]QTQJZQW LM TI KWV\QMVLI -V M[I X]OVI MT +~LQOW PI WX\ILW
XWZ LMKIV\IZ TI JITIVbI I NI^WZ LM M[\M [MO]VLW JQMV R]ZyLQKW ZMITbIVLW MT XZQVKQXQW LM
IXWZ\IKQ~V MV\ZM IY]MTTW[ XZQVKQXQW[ ZMK\WZM[ LMT XZWKM[W IZ\ a MV [] XnZZINW \MZKMZW MT
I\QVMV\MITIXZ]MJIY]MT]MOWLM[IZZWTTIMVTW[IZ\[a+8+54WPIKMLMUIVMZI
KTIZI I]VY]M VW IJ[WT]\I \WLI ^Mb Y]M LM MV\ZILI QUXWVM Y]M TI QVQKQI\QÎ XZWJI\WZQI PI
LMKWZZM[XWVLMZMV\WLWKI[WITI[XIZ\M[aVWITR]MbY]QMVM[IXWZ\IZnVTI[XZ]MJI[LMTI[
Y]MY]QMZIVÎTMZ[MKWV[][M[KZQ\W[LMITMOIKQWVM[QVQKQITM[aXZWXWVLZnVIT~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT
TI[ Y]M LMJIV KWV[\Q\]QZ[M LMV\ZW LM TI TQ\Q[ W VW X]LQMZWV IXWZ\IZ[M MUXTMIVLW XIZI MTTW
MT\ZnUQ\MXZWKM[ITUIZKILWXWZTITMa"I]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQILMTXZWKM[WKWUVIZ\
+8+5WI]LQMVKQILMTIJZM^QILWIZ\
352

;QV MUJIZOW NIK]T\I TI TMa IT R]Mb XIZI IKWZLIZ LM WKQW IY]MTTI XZ]MJI Y]M IXIZMKQMZM
KWV^MVQMV\M KWV MT V LM M[KTIZMKMZ ITOV X]V\W W[K]ZW W KWV\ZILQK\WZQW Y]M P]JQMZM
Y]MLILWLMTIXZ]MJILMXIZ\MIXWZ\ILIaXZIK\QKILI\ITKWUWI]\WZQbIMTIZ\+8+5
8WZ\IV\WTIQVQKQI\QÎWKQITVWM[\nXZWPQJQLILMT\WLW[QJQMV[MKWVLQKQWVIKWUW^MUW[
I XZ]MJI LM KWV\ZWT W ^MZQKI\WZQI XWZ TI Y]M [M KWUXTMUMV\IV W I]`QTQIV TW[ ZM[]T\ILW[
LM W\ZI[ XZ]MJI[ aI XZIK\QKILI[ K]IVLW M[\I[ T\QUI[ IZZWRIV L]LI[ QV\MZXZM\I\QÎ[ [WJZM
su verdadero resultado.
-T UWUMV\W XIZI WZLMVIZ [] MÎK]IKQ~V PI LM [MZTW IT VIT LMT XZWKMLQUQMV\W a IV\M[
LM LQK\IZ [MV\MVKQI K]IVLW aI WJZM MV I]\W[ IY]MT UMLQW LM XZ]MJI Y]M XZMKQ[IUMV\M
I [] MÌUMV IZZWRI TI[ L]LI[ Y]M ÎV I QV\MV\IZ LM[XMRIZ[M I \ZIû[ LM M[\I W\ZI XZ]MJI
[MK]VLIZQI LM QVQKQI\QÎ WKQIT a VW P]JQMZM XWLQLW TWOZIZ[M M[I IKTIZIKQ~V XWZ W\ZI[ ^yI[
XWZ MRMUXTW L]ZIV\M MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW LM ]VI XIZ\M \M[\QOW W XMZQ\W ,M PMKPW VW [WV
TI[ XIZ\M[ Y]QMVM[ X]MLIV UIZKIZ TI IOMVLI LMT R]Mb WJTQOnVLWTM I Y]M WZLMVM TI XZ]MJI
KWUXTMUMV\IZQILMT#M[MTR]MbY]QMVLMKZM\IZn[]XZnK\QKI[~TW[QVWITKIVbI]VR]QKQW
de conviccin sobre la prueba previa.
2.10.6 Carga de la prueba:

4I KIZOI LM TI XZ]MJI KWUXWZ\I ]VI XI]\I ZMOTI W KZQ\MZQW Y]M LM\MZUQVI Y]u PMKPW[
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Importa considerar el onus probandi en dos momentos del proceso: uno al comienzo de la
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353

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KWV\ZW^MZ[QI[QVWY]M\QMVMMTLMJMZLMZM[WT^MZTIXZWPQJQKQ~VLMTVWVTQY]M\LMJMZnIXTQKIZ
TI[ZMOTI[[WJZMKIZOILMTIXZ]MJIIVLM[IJMZY]uTQ\QOIV\MPILMKWZZMZKWVTIKWV[MK]MVKQI
VMOI\QÎLMZQÎLILMTINIT\ILMXZ]MJILMTPMKPW-VM[\M[MO]VLWUWUMV\WMTLM[\QVI\IZQW
del onus probandiaIVW[WVTI[XIZ\M[[QVWMTR]bOILWZ
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I [] IZ\QK]TIKQ~V XWZ TI R]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI =VI LM TI[ \IZMI[ Y]M KIJM KWVIZ XWZ MTTW I TI[
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del onus y as en efecto ocurre.
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ZMMZMUn[JQMVITIQVQKQI\QÎ[]J[QLQIZQILMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITMVTIXZnK\QKILMXZ]MJITWY]M
slo indirectamente conecta con el problema del onus probandi
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PMKPW[UWLQKI\Q^W[QUXMLQ\Q^W[WM`\QV\Q^W[LMIY]MTTIXZM\MV[Q~V

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TIKIZOILMXZWJIZTW[PMKPW[Y]MXMZUIVMbKIVQVKQMZ\W[aN]VLIUMV\MVTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[
2. Corresponde al actor y al demandado reconviniente la carga de probar la certeza de los hechos de

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correspondiente a las pretensiones de la demanda y de la reconvencin.

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anterior.

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Y]MTIX]JTQKQLILM`XZM[MZM[XMK\QÎUMV\M

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354

propio del campo de las obligaciones civiles236 [QVW XWZY]M M[I[ UQ[UI[ ZMOTI[ LM M`Q[\QZ
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XIZ\MY]M\QMVMNIKQTQLILXIZIPIKMZ[MKWVMTUMLQWLMXZ]MJII]VY]MVW[MITIY]M\QMVM
QV\MZu[MV\ZIMZTIITLMJI\MY]QMVTIIXWZ\MITXZWKM[WWXMKPMKWVTI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[LM[]
falta de acreditacin237.
2.10.7 Medios de prueba:

2.10.7.1 Determinacin:
-VM[\I^Q[Q~VXIVWZnUQKILMT[Q[\MUILMXZ]MJIKQ^QTIZ\QK]TILWXWZMTV]M^W+~LQOWVW[
QV\MZM[IIPWZI\IV[~TWLM[\IKIZIZM[MZÎLMTW[LM\ITTM[Y]MLIZMUW[MVMT\MUI[QO]QMV\M
TI[ KTI^M[ Y]M PIV O]QILW IT TMOQ[TILWZ MV TI ZMO]TIKQ~V LM TW[ UMLQW[ LM XZ]MJI ,M ]V
TILWPIWX\ILWKWVJ]MVKZQ\MZQWXWZUIV\MVMZTW[Y]MXWLZyIUW[KWV[QLMZIZKWUWUMLQW[
\ZILQKQWVITM[JQMVY]MKWVVWXWKW[IR][\M[MV[][ZMY]Q[Q\W[aVM[
-[\W M[" TW[ LWK]UMV\W[ IZ\[ a TW[ UMLQW[ LM KIZnK\MZ XMZ[WVIT Y]M KWUXZMVLM
I [] ^Mb TI LMKTIZIKQ~V LM XIZ\M IZ\[ TI XZ]MJI LM \M[\QOW[ IZ\[ a TI
LM XMZQ\W[ IZ\[ ! 2]V\W I MTTW[ IXIZMKM \IUJQuV MT ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W R]LQKQIT IZ\[
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PMKPWY]M[QVMUJIZOWM[LQ[\QV\WLMIY]uTY]MLM^QMVMKWV\ZW^MZ\QLWMVMTXTMQ\WK]IVLW
este ltimo resulta muy difcil de probar y de acuerdo al principio de normalidad entre
IUJW[M`Q[\M]VIZMTIKQ~VLMKI][ITQLIL
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236 ,MIK]MZLWKWVM[\MXZMKMX\WMV[]MVKIJMbIUQMV\W1VK]UJMXZWJIZTI[WJTQOIKQWVM[W[]M`\QVKQ~VITY]M
ITMOIIY]uTTI[Wu[\I
237 Ver el art. 217.6 LEC ya reproducido en nota previa.
355

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la prueba de otros.
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de las presunciones iuris et de iure8ZWPQJQKQ~VLMXZ]MJI[QVMUJIZOWY]MXWLZyIXTIV\MIZ
]VIKWTQ[Q~VMV\ZMJQMVM[R]ZyLQKW[]VWMUQVMV\MUMV\MKWV[\Q\]KQWVITMTLMZMKPWITILMNMV[I
aMTLMJQLWXZWKM[WMTW\ZWLM[MO]ZQLILR]ZyLQKIMTXMZUQ\QZK]M[\QWVIZLM\MZUQVILW[M[\ILW[
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2.10.7.2 Carcter abierto del listado:

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UMLQW[LMXZ]MJII[MY]QJTM[LQZMK\IUMV\Ma[QVIVITWOyI
2.10.8 Control en la admisin de la prueba:

2.10.8.1 Pertinencia:
+WUWaIKWUMV\nJIUW[IV\M[MTLMZMKPWITIXZ]MJIVWM[]VLMZMKPWIJ[WT]\W[QVWY]M
M[\n [WUM\QLW I TQUQ\IKQWVM[ ]VI[ LMZQÎLI[ LMT K]UXTQUQMV\W LM TI TMOITQLIL a W\ZI[
I\QVMV\M[ I TI XZWXQI VITQLIL Y]M [M I[QOVI I TI IK\Q^QLIL XZWJI\WZQI ;Q M[\I VITQLIL
Y]M VW M[ W\ZI Y]M KWV^MVKMZ IT R]Mb LM TI ZMITQLIL LM ]V PMKPW W IXWZ\IZ IY]MT UMLQW
LMXZ]MJILW\ILWLM]VÎTWZ\I[ILW[]XMZQWZXWZTMaVW[MITKIVbIVTIXZ]MJIKIZMKMLM
[MV\QLW -V M[I UQ[UI UMLQLI MT +~LQOW IZJQ\ZI KWUW M[ T~OQKW TW[ KnVWVM[ XIZI UMLQZ
TI [QOVQKIKQ~V LM TI XZ]MJI MV ]V XZWKM[W KWVKZM\W a TW PIKM LM[LM LW[ XMZ[XMK\QÎ[" TI
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356

-V ZMTIKQ~V KWV TI XZQUMZI TI XMZ\QVMVKQI Y]M MT IZ\ +8+5 [IVKQWVI MV VMOI\Q^W
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-[\WM[PIVLM\ZI\IZ[MLMTW[UQ[UW[PMKPW[aVWLMW\ZW[IRMVW[ITIKWV\QMVLIX]M[XWZ
U]a KQMZ\W[ a KWV^QVKMV\M[ Y]M N]MZMV [Q VW [M ZMMZMV I IY]MTTW[ VMKM[Q\ILW[ LM XZ]MJI
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TI XZ]MJI LQZQOQLI I IKZMLQ\IZ MT PMKPW JI[M LM ]VI XZM[]VKQ~V R]LQKQIT [Q N]MZI I [] ^Mb
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JI[MLMTIVWZUIWK]IVLWTIXZ]MJI[MXZWXWVMXIZIXWVMZMVK]M[\Q~VTIKZMLQJQTQLILLM
otro medio de prueba de la parte contraria.
2.10.8.2 Utilidad:
-V[MO]VLW\uZUQVWR]V\WITIXMZ\QVMVKQI[MM`QOM\IUJQuVTI]\QTQLILLMTIXZ]MJI-VTW[
\uZUQVW[KWVY]M[MLMVMM[\MZMY]Q[Q\WMVMTIZ\!ÔZIY]MTTIXZ]MJIY]M[MOVTI[
ZMOTI[ a KZQ\MZQW[ ZIbWVIJTM[ VW [MI QL~VMI W ZM[]T\M []XMZ]I XIZI KWUXZWJIZ TW[ PMKPW[
KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW[TI]\QTQLILX]MLMY]MLIZM`KT]QLILMLW[UIVMZI[LQ[\QV\I[
a)
Inutilidad cualitativa: cuando el medio de prueba no resulte adecuado por

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\ZI\ILMKZQ\QKIZTIXMZ\QVMVKQIMVIJ[\ZIK\WLM]VUMLQWXZWJI\WZQW[QVW[]MUXTMW
en el caso concreto dado las peculiaridades del hecho a captar o la magnitud de
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b)
Inutilidad cuantitativa: cuando el hecho ya se puede considerar acreditado por

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2.10.8.3 Tratamiento:
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357

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MV MT [MV\QLW LM Y]M MT UMLQW XZWX]M[\W LM IK]MZLW I TI QVNWZUIKQ~V Y]M XZM^Q[QJTMUMV\M
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para la parte proponente.
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2.10.9 Prctica de la prueba:

2.10.9.1 Regla general:
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a ! TI[ XZ]MJI[ PIV LM XZIK\QKIZ[M IV\M MT R]Mb MV ]V IK\W XZWKM[IT M[XMKQITUMV\M
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MV MT IJZM^QILW IZ\ TI[ K]ITM[ PIV LM KMTMJZIZ[M MV TI [ITI LM TI Y]M LQ[XWVOI MT
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materia238.
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residencia o del centro hospitalario donde se halle.
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desaparecer por causas humanas o naturales. A este fenmeno responden las dos
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2.10.9.2 Aseguramiento de la prueba:

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momento procesal ordinario para su recoleccin y aportacin ante el tribunal.
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359

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de llevarse a efecto.
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natural va a actuar.
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la fuente.
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360

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tal cosa.
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2.10.9.3 Anticipo de prueba:

2.10.9.3.1 Concepto y diferencias con el aseguramiento de la prueba y con
las diligencias preliminares:
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361

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a) Anticipo y Aseguramiento de prueba:
5QMV\ZI[MVMT)[MO]ZIUQMV\WKWUWIV\M[MÌUQVnJIUW[TWY]M[MXZW\MOMLQZMK\IUMV\M
M[ TI N]MV\M LM XZ]MJI Y]M X]MLM LM[\Z]QZ[M W LM[IXIZMKMZ [QVQUXWZ\IZ \IV\W MT UMLQW LM
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ha captado los hechos.
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de la naturaleza de efecto destructivo.
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su momento: y se tema por la destruccin u ocultacin de los mismos.
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362

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del Anticipo de prueba.
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la situacin personal y patrimonial de ambas partes.
b) Anticipo de prueba y diligencias preliminares:
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inadmisibilidad de la demanda.
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obstruccionista.
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363

2.10.9.3.2 Tratamiento y efectos:
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PIaITTMOILWaIITINI[MLMI]LQMVKQILMXZ]MJIIZ\X]M[MV\WVKM[[WJZIZn
ya adoptar toda actuacin distinta a la genuinamente constitutiva de los medios de
conviccin.
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matizaciones importantes:
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hechos.
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365

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los sistemas de valoracin de la prueba conocidos son dos:
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a su contenido.
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Administracin, n 2,5WV\M^QLMW!X!
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puede resultar muy sugerente. Como propuesta real para un sistema de Administracin
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libre valoracin se hace compatible no obstante con dos concesiones puntuales a la prueba
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disparatados o contrarios al principio de normalidad de las cosas. Cada medio de
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de huellas representativas de tales hechos.
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la infraccin de un precepto legal sustantivo cuya aplicacin slo sera procedente si se alterasen los datos
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de Derecho, Jurisprudencia y Administracin, n 2,5WV\M^QLMW!#+)*)k);/):+)2]IV
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VW\WZQW Justicia, III, *IZKMTWVI !! XX !# La Valoracin de las pruebas y su control
en el proceso civil: Estudio dogmtico y jurisprudencial, <ZQ^Q]U 5ILZQL !!# <ZI\IUQMV\W
LM TI KIZOI LM TI XZ]MJI MV MT XZWKM[W KQ^QT Actualidad Civil, n 2 5ILZQL !! XX !
# +)88-44-<<1 5I]ZW" Procesos, ideologas, sociedad, -2-) *]MVW[ )QZM[ !#
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importa considerar es el documento como medio de prueba ordinario en los distintos
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de documento en la legislacin sustantiva.
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2.11.1.1.1.2 Documento privado:

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2.11.1.1.1.3 Otros documentos:

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2.11.1.2 Rgimen de aportacin:

2.11.1.2.1 Regla general:
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M[XMKyKI
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TI XIZ\M QV[Q[\QUW[" N]MZI LM TI NI[M LM ITMOIKQWVM[ IT PITTIZ[M MV ITO]VW LM TW[
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VITI\WLW[TW[MNMK\W[XIZIM[IIXWZ\IKQ~V[MZnTIVITQbIKQ~VLMTII]LQMVKQILM
XZ]MJI IZ\ ! QV VM +8+5 \~UM[M \IT M`XZM[Q~V \IV\W XIZI MT XZWKM[W KWUV
como para el abreviado.
375

2.11.1.2.2 La exhibicin:
2.11.1.2.2.1 Finalidad:
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WJ\MVMZ ]VI QVNWZUIKQ~V Y]MM[\n QVKT]QLI MV MT \M`\W LMT LWK]UMV\W a Y]M \ZI[ TMMZTW aI
VW VMKM[Q\I ]\QTQbIZ Un[ KWUW WK]ZZyI KWV TI M`PQJQKQ~V LM LWK]UMV\W[ MV MT \ZnUQ\M LM
LQTQOMVKQI[XZMTQUQVIZM[[QVWY]MIY]yTWY]M[MXZM\MVLMM[Y]MMTLWK]UMV\WQVOZM[MITW[
I]\W[aX]MLI[MZÎTWZILWXWZMTR]MbKWUWUMLQWLMXZ]MJIMVTI[MV\MVKQI
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MT LWK]UMV\W# Y]M MT LWK]UMV\W [MI XMZ\QVMV\M a \QT I MNMK\W[ LM LMUW[\ZIZ TW[ PMKPW[
KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW[#aY]M[MIXW[QJTMQLMV\QKIZITIXMZ[WVIXJTQKIWXZQÎLINy[QKIWR]ZyLQKI
Y]M\QMVMMTLWK]UMV\W
,MRIVLW I ]V TILW TI KIZOI XZWKM[IT LMT XZWXWVMV\M MV K]IV\W I I^Q[IZ [Q TW [IJM MV TI
XZWXQI NI[M LM ITMOIKQWVM[ LMUIVLI W KWV\M[\IKQ~V L~VLM [M PITTI MT LWK]UMV\W VW[
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LMM`PQJQKQ~V
2.11.1.2.2.2 Objeto y alcance:

4I M`PQJQKQ~V [M I]\WZQbI \IV\W LM LWK]UMV\W[ XJTQKW[ KWUW XZQÎLW[ a ZM[XMK\W LM
K]ITY]QMZ XMZ[WVI Y]M X]MLI \MVMZTW KWV QVLMXMVLMVKQI LM [] KWVLQKQ~V TW Y]M XWZ W\ZW
lado resulta lgico teniendo como teln de fondo la garanta del derecho de defensa.
+]M[\Q~VLQ[\QV\IM[Y]MTIIK\Q^QLILLMM`PQJQKQ~VVWX]MLM\ZIMZKWV[QOW]VI^]TVMZIKQ~V
LM TW[ LMZMKPW[ IRMVW[ VQ X]MLMV ZM^MTIZ[M W X]JTQKIZ[M LI\W[ IRMVW[ IT XZWKM[W M[\ZQK\W W
Y]MKWVKQMZVIVI\MZKMZW[,MM[I[XZM^MVKQWVM[LMJMMVKIZOIZ[MMTR]MbITLMTQUQ\IZMTIK\W
LMM`PQJQKQ~V
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\MZKMZWMVLMVQ\QÎIY]MTY]QMVLMPMKPWXW[MIMTLWK]UMV\W;~TWXIZIMTKI[WLMT\MZKMZW
el art. 336 CPCM QVVMXZMûY]MX]MLILMRIZ[MKWXQII]\uV\QKILMTLWK]UMV\WXMZUQ\QuVLWTM
KWV[MZÎZMTWZQOQVIT]VI^MbM`PQJQLWaNW\WKWXQILW;QVMUJIZOWTIUQ[UI[WT]KQ~VXIZMKM
T~OQKW Y]M PI LM KIJMZ K]IVLW MT LWK]UMV\W TW \MVOI TI KWV\ZIXIZ\M" ]VI ^Mb IL^MZILI TI
KWXQIVQVO]VIVMKM[QLILPIaLMZM\MVMZMTWZQOQVITY]MX]MLM[MZTMVMKM[IZQWIu[\IIW\ZW[
MNMK\W[M`\ZIR]LQKQITM[
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KWV MT WZQOQVIT LM K]QLIZ LM uT a MV KWVKZM\W LM ^WT^MZ I M`PQJQZTW [Q I[y [M TM[ ZMY]QMZM
LM V]M^W XWZ MRMUXTW XWZY]M [M PIaI QUX]OVILW TI I]\MV\QKQLIL LMT UQ[UW a LMJI
ZMITQbIZ[M ]V MÌUMV XMZQKQIT XIZI LM[KIZ\IZ W KWVZUIZ [] NIT[MLIL MV \IT PQX~\M[Q[ TI
KWUXZWJIKQ~V\MVLZyIY]MPIKMZ[M[WJZMMTXZWXQWLWK]UMV\WVW[WJZMTIKWXQI
376

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LM M`PQJQKQ~V LWK]UMV\IT KWV\MUXTILI[ MV TI TMOQ[TIKQ~V [][\IV\QÎ MV K]IV\W VW [M
WXWVOIVIIY]uT!.
2.11.1.2.2.3 Efectos:
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UIVMZI QVUMLQI\I Un[ Y]M MV TI KWV[QOVIKQ~V MV I]\W[ LMT WZQOQVIT W LM [] \M[\QUWVQW
KWXQII]\uV\QKIY]MLIVLWQV\MOZILW[MVMTUI\MZQITLMKWV^QKKQ~VY]MITIXW[\ZMÎTWZIZn
el tribunal.
;Q XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW VW [M XZWL]KM TI M`PQJQKQ~V PIJZn Y]M LM\MZUQVIZ [Q MTTW [M LMJM I
]VIQUXW[QJQTQLILUI\MZQITMTLWK]UMV\W[MM`\ZI^Q~WLM[\Z]a~XWZKI][IVWQUX]\IJTMIT
XW[MMLWZWXWZ]VIVMOI\QÎLMu[\M-VXZQVKQXQWTITMaMVKI[WLMVWKWTIJWZIKQ~VQUXWVM
[~TW]VI[IVKQ~VXMK]VQIZQIIZ\XnZZINWXZQUMZWQVVM CPCM: multa entre cinco y diez
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XZ]MJI LMKQ[QÎ MV XW\MVKQI XIZI MT LM[MVTIKM LM TI KWV\QMVLI LM UIVMZI Y]M TI VMOI\QÎ
I M`PQJQZTW [Q MT ZM[XWV[IJTM LM MTTW M[ TI KWV\ZIXIZ\M LMT XTMQ\W \IV\W LM UIVMZI LQZMK\I
XWZY]M MT LWK]UMV\W M[\IJI MV [] XWLMZ W QVLQZMK\I QVL]KQMVLW IT \MZKMZW Y]M TW \QMVM
I Y]M VW TW PIOI \IT XZWKMLMZ MV\ZI}I VW [WTIUMV\M ]VI NIT\I LM KWTIJWZIKQ~V KWV TW[
\ZQJ]VITM[ LM R][\QKQI [QVW \IUJQuV ]VI M`XZM[Q~V LM UITI NM XZWKM[IT LQZQOQLI I Y]M []
oponente pierda la pretensin.
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MKWV~UQKI Y]M [M IKIJI LM QVLQKIZ U]T\I X]MLM \MVMZTW \IUJQuV MV MT XTIVW XZWJI\WZQW
MV NWZUI LM M`QJQTQbIKQ~V LM TI[ ZMOTI[ LM KIZOI LM TI XZ]MJI PIKQMVLW ZMKIMZ u[\I [WJZM
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KWVTIKIZOIXWZZIbWVM[M^QLMV\M[LMNIKQTQLILLMTIXZ]MJI
2.11.1.2.3 La reproduccin:
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WVWMTLWK]UMV\WQVKMZ\QL]UJZMY]M\nKQ\IUMV\MMTTMOQ[TILWZLM[KIZ\IMVTIZMXZWL]KKQ~V
XWZ K]IV\W IY]y MT [WTQKQ\IV\M TW Y]M QUXM\ZI LM UIVMZI LQZMK\I M` IZ\ +8+5 M[ TI
WJ\MVKQ~V LM TI KWXQI LnVLW[M XWZ [MV\ILW Y]M MTTW [QMUXZM M[ XW[QJTM MV ZMITQLIL TI
ZMXZWL]KKQ~V \QMVLM IT UQ[UW V Y]M TI M`PQJQKQ~V Y]M M[ TI LQ[XWVQJQTQLIL MV R]QKQW LMT
LWK]UMV\WMVK]M[\Q~V-VMTKI[WLMTIM`PQJQKQ~VUMLQIV\MWZQOQVITWKWXQII]\uV\QKIMV
la reproduccin necesariamente de esta segunda manera.
)\ITM[MNMK\W[KWV[QLMZIUW[Y]MLMJMIXTQKIZ[MXWZIVITWOyIMVK]IV\WITW[LM[\QVI\IZQW[
LMTZMY]MZQUQMV\WR]LQKQITLMM`PQJQKQ~VXIZIZMXZWL]KKQ~VaMVK]IV\WITI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[
! >MZXWZMRIZ\!++WUXIZIM`PQJQKQ~VLMTQJZW[LMTW[QV\MZUMLQIZQW[
377

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Y]MPMUW[KWUMV\ILW[WJZM\ITM[KWV[MK]MVKQI[U]T\IaIXTQKIKQ~VM`QJTMLMTonus probandi
2.11.1.3 El documento pblico:

2.11.1.3.1 Impugnacin:
2.11.1.3.1.1 Concepto y alcance:
-V\ZIVLWMVTW[I[XMK\W[XZWXQW[Y]MZMO]TIMT+~LQOWXIZIKILI]VILMTI[LW[\QXWTWOyI[
XZQVKQXITM[ LM XZ]MJI LWK]UMV\IT [QMUXZM MV\MVLQLI u[\I stricto sensu Un[ TI M`\MV[Q~V
WXMZILI XWZ MT IZ\ +8+5 IXIZMKM KWUW K]M[\Q~V QUXWZ\IV\M TI LM [] XW[QJTM
QUX]OVIKQ~V -V \uZUQVW[ OMVMZITM[ QUX]OVIZ ]V LWK]UMV\W VW M[ [QUXTMUMV\M M[\IZ
LQ[KWVNWZUMKWVY]MPIaI[QLWIXWZ\ILWVQMTLQNMZQZMVTIQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VLM[]KWV\MVQLWW
de su mayor o menor trascendencia de fondo para la resolucin de la controversia.
<WLWM[W\QMVMY]M^MZKWVTIIXZMKQIKQ~VLMTÎTWZQV\ZyV[MKWLMTLWK]UMV\Wa[]ZMTMÎVKQI
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QV\MZM[I Y]M [M ÎTWZM MT LWK]UMV\W XMZW [QV Y]M MTTW X]MLI KWVLQKQWVIZ VQ QUXMLQZ []
valoracin misma.
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I 1V[\IVLWTIIXMZ\]ZILMLQTQOMVKQI[XMVITM[XWZTIKWUQ[Q~VLM]VLMTQ\WLMNIT[MLIL
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LQKPW[ \ZQJ]VITM[ Y]M KWV KWVLMVI W [QV MTTI XWLZyIV KWVK]ZZQZ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[
M`QUMV\M[ LM K]TXIJQTQLIL LMT []RM\W M[W I M[\W[ MNMK\W[ LM^QMVM QZZMTMÎV\M
LMKTIZMTINIT[MLILXMVITLMTUQ[UWY]MM[TWY]MQUXWZ\ILMKQ[Q~VY]M^QVK]TIZn
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LMJMZnZM[WT^MZ[MKWVNWZUMITZuOQUMVXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\ +8+5ZMUQ\QUW[IT
TMK\WZIT\MUIKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MLMM[\MTQJZW
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Y]MM[LMTWY]MVW[ÎUW[IWK]XIZIPWZI
378

Segn se desprende de la ley y en concreto del modo como se acredita la falta de
TI I]\MV\QKQLIL TW Y]M [M KWUJI\M MV M[\I ^yI LM TI QUX]OVIKQ~V M[ TI NIT[MLIL
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documento pblico.
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IZUIKQWVM[ [WJZM LI\W[ []KM[W[ W IK\W[ R]ZyLQKW[ Y]M V]VKI [M XZWL]RMZWV MV
TI ZMITQLIL I [IJQMVLI[ LM Y]M VW [WV KQMZ\W[ XWZ Y]QMV TW[ [][KZQJM VW XWLZn
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VMKM[IZQIUMV\M I \ZIû[ LM TI LMV]VKQI LM NIT[MLIL XMVIT a [QMUXZM Y]M ZMKIQOI
[MV\MVKQILMLQKPWWZLMVR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITY]MI[yTWLMKTIZM
2.11.1.3.1.2 Tratamiento:
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INMK\ILIMVK]ITY]QMZUWUMV\WLMTXZWKM[WIV\MZQWZITI^Q[\IWZITLMXZ]MJI[MIXZWKM[W
KWUV W IJZM^QILW XIZI Y]M MV MTTI [M LM[IZZWTTM TI IK\Q^QLIL LM ^MZQKIKQ~V VMKM[IZQI
Y]MIPWZIUMVKQWVIZMUW[+WV\WLWaLMUIVMZIXZM^Q[WZIIL^QMZ\MIY]MTXZMKMX\WY]M[Q
TIVW\QKQIY]MXMZUQ\MKWVWKMZMTPMKPWLMTINIT[MLIL[MZMKQJMT]MOWLMTI^Q[\IXZWJI\WZQI
XMZWIV\M[LMLQK\IZ[MTI[MV\MVKQIXWLZnXMLQZ[M[]LMUW[\ZIKQ~V[QMUXZMY]M[MR][\QY]M
MTK~UWaXWZY]uLM[]LM[KWVWKQUQMV\WXZM^QW
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I -V XZQUMZ T]OIZ a [QMUXZM Y]M ZM[]T\M XW[QJTM [M KWUXIZIZn W KW\MRIZn MT
LWK]UMV\WXJTQKWK]M[\QWVILWKWV[]WZQOQVITLMXW[Q\ILWMV]VIZKPQ^WWUI\Zyb
LMZMOQ[\ZWXJTQKWLWVLMITMNMK\WWJZM;M}ITIMTIZ\!XnZZINWXZQUMZW+8+5
Y]M[MZnMT\ZQJ]VITMTY]M[MXMZ[WVIZnI\ZIû[LMTIZM[XMK\QÎKWUQ[Q~VR]LQKQIT
I[y KWUW TI[ XIZ\M[ XWZ [y W I \ZIû[ LM [][ ZMXZM[MV\IV\M[ a [][ IJWOILW[ MV MT
lugar donde se halle el documento.
J ;Q MT XZWJTMUI LQ[\QV\IUMV\M ZILQKI MV Y]M MT WZQOQVIT PI [QLW IT\MZILW W u[\M
aI VW [M KWV[MZÎ XWZY]M N]M LM[\Z]QLW M`\ZI^QILW M\K PIJZn Y]M IK]LQZ[M
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IT TTIUILW KW\MRW LM TM\ZI[ IZ\[ ! XnZZINW [MO]VLW a +8+5 Y]M ZQOM
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379

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MT KWV[QO]QMV\M MVKIZOW I ]V XMZQ\W >WT^MZMUW[ [WJZM MT KW\MRW LM TM\ZI[ IT PIJTIZ LM TI
impugnacin de los documentos privados.
2.11.1.3.2 Valor probatorio:

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cuatro posibilidades distintas:
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+8+5 LQ[XWVM Y]M TW[ QV[\Z]UMV\W[ XJTQKW[ KWV[\Q\]QZnV XZ]MJI NMPIKQMV\M LM TW[
PMKPW[IK\W[WM[\ILWLMKW[I[Y]MLWK]UMV\MV#LMTINMKPIaXMZ[WVI[Y]MQV\MZ^QMVMVMVMT
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IY]MTTW[ PMKPW[ Y]M ZWLMIV I TI KWVNMKKQ~V LMT LWK]UMV\W Y]M M[\nV [QMVLW XZM[MVKQILW[
XWZ MT N]VKQWVIZQW W NMLI\IZQW LMTIV\M LM uT a VW XWZ ZMNMZMVKQI 4I NM XJTQKI Y]M MUIVI
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2.11.1.4 El documento privado:

2.11.1.4.1 Impugnacin:
2.11.1.4.1.1 Concepto y alcance:
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los arts. 336 y 337.
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medios de prueba practicados en los autos.
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documentos privados

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admitidas.
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u[\IUMLQIV\MW\ZI[XZ]MJI[-TNMLI\IZQWIKZMLQ\IY]MPI\MVQLWITI^Q[\IMTWZQOQVITaY]MTINW\WKWXQI sobre la
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documento reconocido \QMVMMTUQ[UWÎTWZY]MTIM[KZQ\]ZIXJTQKIMV\ZMTW[Y]MTWP]JQM[MV[][KZQ\Wa[][
KI][IPIJQMV\M[XWZTWY]MPIKMXZ]MJIZM[XMK\WLMTI[LMKTIZIKQWVM[PMKPI[MVMTTW[XWZY]QMVM[TW[][KZQJQMZWV
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documento acreditaba la percepcin por la actora de la cantidad de un milln de pesetas como consecuencia de
TIM`\QVKQ~VLMTXZQUMZKWV\ZI\WaMVKWV[MK]MVKQITIUQ[UIVWW[\MV\IJILMZMKPWITO]VW[WJZMMTQVU]MJTM
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aIZ\[XnZZINW[MO]VLWa++WUXIZITI[X~TQbI[LM[MO]ZW
384
2.11.2 Declaracin de parte

;=5):17" 1 +WVKMX\W 11 ;]RM\W XI[Q^W LM TI XZ]MJI 111 8ZnK\QKI LM TI
XZ]MJI1>>ITWZIKQ~V
2.11.2.1 Concepto:
+WUW [] VWUJZM QVLQKI [M \ZI\I LM ]V UMLQW LM XZ]MJI LM KIZnK\MZ XMZ[WVIT XWZ MT Y]M
[M XZM\MVLM LM Y]QMV W[\MV\I MT KIZnK\MZ LM XIZ\M MV ]V XZWKM[W W X]MLM [][\Q\]QZTM I M[\W[
MNMK\W[WJ\MVMZQVNWZUIKQ~VXMZ\QVMV\Ma\QTZMTIKQWVILIKWVTW[PMKPW[KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW[4I
declaracin de parte se presenta como el medio de prueba heredero de las antigua prueba
LM KWVNM[Q~V W LM XW[QKQWVM[ MV R]QKQW LM K]aI LMVWUQVIKQ~V [QV MUJIZOW [M IXIZ\I XIZI
M^Q\IZTI[KWVVW\IKQWVM[VMOI\QÎ[Y]MIY]uTTIXZW^WKIJILMJQLW[WJZM\WLWITUWLWK~UW
XWLyI QV\MV\IZ IZZIVKIZ[M TI ILUQ[Q~V LM TW[ PMKPW[ IT []RM\W QVKT][W UMLQIV\M KWIKKQWVM[
W \WZ\]ZI[ JQMV M[ KQMZ\W Y]M KWV UMVW[ NZMK]MVKQI MV XZWKM[W[ KQ^QTM[ 6ILI LM MTTW \QMVM
en todo caso cabida en un proceso moderno y pleno de garantas como el regulado en
MT IK\]IT +8+5 -V XZQVKQXQW a KWV KIZnK\MZ OMVMZIT MV TI LMKTIZIKQ~V LM XIZ\M [M XQLM
MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW LMT KWV\ZIZQW [MI IK\WZ W LMUIVLILW KWV MT V LM Y]M ZMKWVWbKI
LM\MZUQVILW[PMKPW[Y]MTM[WVLM[NI^WZIJTM[aY]MXZMKQ[IUMV\MXWZILUQ\QZ[]M`Q[\MVKQI
[M\WUIKWUWM`XZM[Q~VLM^MZIKQLIL
6WWJ[\IV\MMTIZ\+8+5\IUJQuVXMZUQ\M[WTQKQ\IZIKILITQ\QOIV\M[MZWyLWI\ZIû[
XIZI MV\MVLMZVW[ LM ]V I]\WQV\MZZWOI\WZQW LM [] IJWOILW [QV XMZR]QKQW LMT LMZMKPW LM
ZuXTQKI Y]M \MVLZyI TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI -V M[\M KI[W TI LMKTIZIKQ~V LM XIZ\M N]VKQWVI
KWUW ]VI M`XZM[Q~V LM I]\WLMNMV[I a LM MRMZKQKQW LMT LMZMKPW LM I]LQMVKQI Y]M ^QMVM I
KWUXTMUMV\IZ TI Y]M aI [M TM XMZUQ\M UMLQIV\M TI NI[M LM ITMOIKQWVM[ -V ZMITQLIL KILI
]VI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ PIJTI MV ]V XZWKM[W I \ZIû[ LM [] LMUIVLI W KWV\M[\IKQ~V W LM TI
ZMKWV^MVKQ~V a TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V I u[\I ILMUn[ LM W\ZW[ UWUMV\W[ XW[\MZQWZM[ LWVLM X]MLM
IKTIZIZ KWZZMOQZ M\K ITO]VI ITMOIKQ~V XZM^QI ) XM[IZ LM MTTW MT +~LQOW PI Y]MZQLW [MZ
M`QJTMaXMZUQ\QZY]M\IUJQuVL]ZIV\MTII]LQMVKQIXZWJI\WZQITIXIZ\MX]MLIIXWZ\IZLI\W[
aM[KTIZMKMZIZUIKQWVM[IV\MZQWZM[
2.11.2.2 Sujeto pasivo de la prueba:

-VM[\MX]V\WTITMaPIWX\ILWXWZ]VKZQ\MZQWUn[WUMVW[IUXTQWTWY]MTTMÎILQ[\QVO]QZ
varias categoras de declarantes:
2.11.2.2.1 La parte:
9]QuV IK\I XMZ[WVILW KWUW XIZ\M IZ\ " [MI Y]M [M [WTQKQ\M XWZ [] XZWXQW IJWOILW W
XWZMTLMTIKWV\ZIZQI\IV[~TWLMJMMTR]Mb^MZQKIZY]MM[IXMZ[WVIKQ~VaI[MPIILUQ\QLW
a Y]M TI XMZ[WVI M[\n QV\MZ^QVQMVLW MV TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[ KWV M[M KIZnK\MZ 6W JI[\I KWV Y]M
]VW[MXZWKTIUMXIZ\MXW\MVKQITW^QZ\]ITPILM[MZTWaIXIZIXWLMZ[MXMLQZLMM[\MUWLW
385

2.11.2.2.2 La futura parte:
;M}ITI MT IZ\ Y]M \IUJQuV XWLZn XMLQZ[M MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW LM Y]QMV XW\MVKQITUMV\M
pudiera ser su contraparte en un proceso.
-[\I XW[QJQTQLIL VQKIUMV\M \QMVM [MV\QLW MV MT KWV\M`\W LM ]VI [WTQKQ\]L LM XZ]MJI
IV\QKQXILI IV\MZQWZ I MV\IJTIZ[M LMUIVLI ^MZ IZ\ +8+5 X]M[ [~TW LM \IT UIVMZI
X]MLMMV\MVLMZ[MTIIT][Q~VITIKWV\ZIXIZ\MXW\MVKQIT#MVK]aWKI[WLMJMZnVK]UXTQZ[M
TW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[aM`QOMVKQI[LMLQKPWIV\QKQXWLMXZ]MJI
-TTWY]MPIKMM[IKTIZIZI]VY]M\IUXWKWMZIQVKT][WVMKM[IZQWaI[MLML]KMMÌZ\
+8+5Y]MKIJM\IUJQuVTILMKTIZIKQ~VLMXIZ\MKWUW\ITIV\QKQXW
2.11.2.2.3 El representante de la parte:

)]VY]M MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW ^MZ[I KI[Q [QMUXZM [WJZM PMKPW[ XMZ[WVITM[ KWVWKQLW[ a ^Q^QLW[
LMTLMKTIZIV\MaIXM[IZLMY]MT~OQKIUMV\MY]QMVIK\IMVZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VLMW\ZWVWX]MLM
KWVN]VLQZ[M KWV M[\M T\QUW MT +~LQOW [QV MUJIZOW IJZM TI XW[QJQTQLIL MV [] IZ\ LM
XMLQZVWKWUWXZ]MJI\M[\QKIT[QVWKWUWLMKTIZIKQ~VLMXIZ\MMTQV\MZZWOI\WZQWLMIY]MT
\MZKMZWY]M[QMVLWZMXZM[MV\IV\MTMOITLMTIK\WZWLMTLMUIVLILWX]MLM\MVMZKWVWKQUQMV\W
LQZMK\W LM TW[ PMKPW[ K]IVLW ILMUn[ Y]QMV M[ TI XIZ\M VW X]MLI PIKMZTW XWZ ZIbWVM[ Y]M
no le son imputables.
-[ MT KI[W KWVNWZUM IT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW LM TW[ ZMXZM[MV\IV\M[ TMOITM[ LM QVKIXIKM[ a
LMTW[ZMXZM[MV\IV\M[^WT]V\IZQW[\IV\WLMXMZ[WVI[Ny[QKI[KWUWR]ZyLQKI[VWKWVN]VLQZKWV
MT ZMXZM[MV\IV\M TMOIT LM u[\I[ [QMUXZM Y]M ZM[XMK\W LM MTTW[ MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW ^MZ[M [WJZM
PMKPW[LWVLMIK\]IZWVKWVIY]MTKIZnK\MZaMZITyKQ\I[]IK\]IKQ~VUQMV\ZI[M[\n^QOMV\M
MTUIVLI\W
8WZ M`\MV[Q~V [M XMZUQ\M I TW[ UMVKQWVILW[ ZMXZM[MV\IV\M[ LMKTIZIZ XWZ PMKPW[ IV\MZQWZM[
IT UIVLI\W [Q VW X]LQMZI \WUIZ[M LMKTIZIKQ~V I TI XIZ\M XWZ PITTIZ[M N]MZI LMT XIy[ XMZW
M[\]^QMZII]\WZQbILWXWZM[\IT\QUIXIZILMKTIZIZMV[][][\Q\]KQ~VIZ\+8+5
2.11.2.2.4 Personas jurdicas:

-VTWY]MZM[XMK\IITI[XMZ[WVI[R]ZyLQKI[aI[IJMUW[Y]MPILMIK\]IZXWZMTTI[[QMUXZM]VI
XMZ[WVINy[QKIY]MM[[]ZMXZM[MV\IV\MTMOITIY]QMV[MLQZQOQZnMTQV\MZZWOI\WZQW[~TWZM[XMK\W
LMPMKPW[Y]MTMKWV[\IZMVLQZMK\IUMV\MXWZPIJMZ[M[]KMLQLWMVMTnUJQ\WLM[]IK\]IKQ~V
a L]ZIV\M [] UIVLI\W LMV\ZW LMT XMZQWLW LM [] ZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V a LMV\ZW LM [] M[XMKyKI
KWUXM\MVKQIN]VKQWVIT"IZ\QVVM
-[M^QLMV\MY]MMVTILMUIVLILMJMVO]ZIZ\WLW[TW[Y]MXZWU]M^MVTIIKKQ~Va\WLW[KWV\ZITW[Y]MLQKPI
IKKQ~V[MMRMZKQ\IVWX]MLMY]MLIZVILQMN]MZIVQO]IZLIZ[MMTVWUJZMLMVQVOVLMUIVLILWXW\MVKQITXIZI
LM[X]u[8WZ\IV\W[QaIPIaXZWKM[WLMUIVLIILUQ\QLII\ZnUQ\MTQ\Q[XMVLMVKQITIKWV\ZIXIZ\M\QMVMY]M[MZ
ZMITVWXW\MVKQIT
386

2.11.2.3 Prctica de la prueba:
2.11.2.3.1 Formulacin de las preguntas y su control:
4W[ QV\MZZWOI\WZQW[ [M ZMITQbIZnV [QMUXZM WZITUMV\M IZ\ MV TI [MLM LMT ~ZOIVW
R]LQKQIT LMV\ZW LM TI I]LQMVKQI XZWJI\WZQI [M}ITILI [IT^W Y]M XZWKMLQMZM IKWZLIZ MT
QV\MZZWOI\WZQW LWUQKQTQIZQW XWZ MVNMZUMLIL W K]ITY]QMZ QUXW[QJQTQLIL R][\QKILI LMT []RM\W
LM \ZI[TILIZ[M IT \ZQJ]VIT IZ\ MV K]aW KI[W LMJMZn VW\QKIZ[M XZM^QIUMV\M I \WLI[
TI[ XIZ\M[ a [][ IJWOILW[ XIZI Y]M X]MLIV I[Q[\QZ IT IK\W MV MT T]OIZ LWVLM [M MVK]MV\ZM
TI XMZ[WVI ;IT^W I}ILM MT IZ\ Y]M TI KWUXIZMKMVKQI LM ITO]VI LM LQKPI[ XIZ\M[
X]LQMZIVLMZQÎZXMZR]QKQW[OZI^M[KWVTWY]MMTQV\MZZWOI\WZQW[MNWZU]TIZnXWZM[KZQ\W
-[W[ XMZR]QKQW[ OZI^M[ XIZMKMV IT]LQZ JQMV I ]V XMTQOZW XIZI TI [IT]L X[yY]QKI LMT
LMKTIZIV\M IV\M TI XZM[MVKQI LM [] KWV\ZIZQW JQMV TI XZM^Q[QJTM IT\MZIKQ~V LMT WZLMV
derivado de la actitud de una u otra parte. Como la supresin del interrogatorio oral
KWUXWZ\I[QMUXZMVWWJ[\IV\M]VITQUQ\IKQ~VLMTILMNMV[II]VY]M[~TW[MIXWZTINIT\ILM
KWV\ZIQV\MZZWOI\WZQWMTR]MbLMJMZnIXTQKIZM[\ITQUQ\IKQ~VLMUIVMZIZM[\ZQK\QÎ
)TQUXWVMZTITMaTIWZITQLILKWUW^MPyK]TWXIZITINWZU]TIKQ~VLMTQV\MZZWOI\WZQWM[\I
\uKVQKI OMVMZI M[XWV\IVMQLIL a NIKQTQ\I MT UMRWZ KWVWKQUQMV\W LM TW[ PMKPW[ TI J[Y]MLI
LMV\ZW LM TW Y]M M[ XW[QJTM LM TI ^MZLIL UI\MZQIT UMLQIV\M XZMO]V\I[ Y]M XMZUQ\MV IT
[]RM\W VW [WTIUMV\M KWV\M[\IZ MV [MV\QLW IZUI\Q^W W VMOI\Q^W[QVW LIZ ]VI M`XTQKIKQ~V I
TWY]M[W[\QMVM
+WUW MT KWV\MVQLW LMT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW VW [M KWVWKM KWV IV\MTIKQ~V ZMXM\QUW[" [IT^W
IY]MTTIM`KMXKQ~VM[KZQ\ILMTILMKTIZIKQ~VN]MZILMT\ZQJ]VITu[\MPILMQZ[MMÎK]IVLWMV
M[M UQ[UW UWUMV\W LMV\ZW LM TI I]LQMVKQI I KIZOW LMT IJWOILW LM TI XIZ\M XZWXWVMV\M
4WY]MWJTQOII[]^MbITR]MbLMTKI[WIMRMZKQ\IZIPyUQ[UWaKWVNWZUM[MÎaINWZU]TIVLW
KILI XZMO]V\I [][ XWLMZM[ LM KWV\ZWT [WJZM [] XMZ\QVMVKQI ]\QTQLIL a TQKQ\]L :MKPIbIZn
MV KWV[MK]MVKQI \WLI[ IY]MTTI[ XZMO]V\I[ Y]M QVK]UXTIV KWV M[W[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ W Y]M VW [M
ZMMZIV I PMKPW[ XMZ[WVITM[ LMT LMKTIZIV\M ;IT^W TI M`KMXKQ~V Y]M PMUW[ ^Q[\W LM Y]QMV
IK\IXWZUIVLI\WIZ\!+8+5
<IUJQuV ZMKPIbIZn TI[ Y]M X]MLIV [][KQ\IZ XZWJTMUI[ LM MV\MVLQUQMV\W XIZI Y]QMV
Î LQZQOQLI[ XWZ NIT\IZ I TI LMJQLI KTIZQLIL a XZMKQ[Q~V IZ\ W XWZY]M KWV\MVOIV
ÎTWZIKQWVM[ []OM[\QWVM[ KITQKIKQWVM[ W K]ITY]QMZ W\ZI KTI[M LM QVLQKIKQ~V W KWUMV\IZQW
Y]M X]MLI LQZQOQZ TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V -[\W M[ XZMO]V\I[ KWUXTMRI[ MV TI[ Y]M [M QVKT]aMV MV
ZMITQLIL LW[ W Un[ XZMO]V\I[ [QU]T\nVMIUMV\M KWV NZMK]MVKQI KWV\ZILQK\WZQI[ MV\ZM [y a
NZMV\M I TI Y]M [M XZM\MVLM ]VI ZM[X]M[\I OTWJIT I \WLI[ -V M[\W[ KI[W[ TW XZQUMZW Y]M
\QMVMY]MPIKMZMTR]MbM[WJTQOIZITNWZU]TIV\MILM[KWUXWVMZTIXZMO]V\IKWUX]M[\IMV
\IV\I[K]IV\I[ZMITUMV\M[MKWV\MVyIVMVMTTI[QVXMZR]QKQWXWZ[]X]M[\WLMM`KT]QZTI[Y]M
VW ZM[]T\M XMZ\QVMV\M[ VQ \QTM[ <IUXWKW [WV ILUQ[QJTM[ TI[ XZMO]V\I[ Y]M [M []JWZLQVIV
I ]VI ÎTWZIKQ~V W []OM[\Q~V KWV MT V LM MVOI}IZ IT LMKTIZIV\M a Y]M ZM[XWVLI [y W VW
XMV[IVLWUn[MVTIÎTWZIKQ~VI}ILQLIQVLMJQLIUMV\MY]MMVTIIZUIKQ~VLM[QMTPMKPW
ocurri o no.
387

.ZMV\MITILMVMOIKQ~VR]LQKQITLMTIXZMO]V\IIZ\!TIXIZ\MXMZR]LQKILIÔZTI
XZWXWVMV\MKIJZnM`XZM[IZXZW\M[\IQV^WKMIMNMK\W[LMTIM^MV\]ITQUX]OVIKQ~VN]\]ZI
LM TI [MV\MVKQI Y]M ÎaI I ZMKIMZ XZW\M[\I Y]M [M \MVLZn XWZ IVW\ILI [QV Y]M Lu T]OIZ MV
M[MUWUMV\WIUn[QUX]OVIKQ~V
4WUQ[UW[MPIZn[QMT\ZQJ]VITLM[I\QMVLMTIXM\QKQ~VLMTIKWV\ZIXIZ\MLMY]QMVNWZU]TITI
XZMO]V\IXIZIY]MM[\IT\QUI[MLMVQMO]MXWZQTyKQ\IQUXMZ\QVMV\MQV\QTM\K
2.11.2.3.2 Las respuestas:

4I[ZM[X]M[\I[LMTLMKTIZIV\MKWUWTWMZIVTI[LMTQV\MZZWOI\WZQWY]M[MTMLQZQOMLMJMZn[MZ
KTIZI[aXZMKQ[I[IZ\[QVÎTMZ[MLMJWZZILWZM[VQVW\I[I]VY]M[yXWLZnKWV[]T\IZ
IX]V\M[WLWK]UMV\W[[QTIVI\]ZITMbILMTIXZMO]V\ITWM`QOQMZIaMT2]MbTWI]\WZQbIIZ\
8QuV[M[MMVLI\W[KWV\IJTM[W[MZQILW[MVIX]V\M[O]IZLILW[MVTQJZM\I[U]KPW\QMUXW
I\Zn[aLWVLMTWIVWZUITaTWVWKZMyJTM[MZyIY]MTIXMZ[WVITI[ZMKWZLIZILMUMUWZQI-V
M[\W[ KI[W[ TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI XWLZn TMMZ MT UI\MZQIT LM I]`QTQW IV\M[ LM KWV\M[\IZ UQ[UW
IZ\
4I UQ[UI XZMKQ[Q~V [M M`QOQZn MV TI[ ZM[X]M[\I[ IT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW N]MZI LM TI [MLM R]LQKQIT
XIZITW[KI[W[LMTIZ\+8+5
;Q N]MZMV ÎZQW[ TW[ LMKTIZIV\M[ a M`Q[\M ZQM[OW LM Y]M X]MLIV KWU]VQKIZ[M MV\ZM [y a
KWV\IUQVIZ[]KWVWKQUQMV\WM[XWV\nVMWLMTW[PMKPW[MT\ZQJ]VITXWLZnILWX\IZUMLQLI[
XIZIM^Q\IZTWXZM^QIaXW[\MZQWZITILMKTIZIKQ~VXMZW[MMV\QMVLM[QMUXZMKWVZMNMZMVKQI
ITLyIaT]OIZLMTII]LQMVKQI"IZ\XnZZINW\MZKMZW
6W[MZyI[MV[I\WXMV[IZY]MM[\MT\QUWXZMKMX\WNIK]T\IXIZIILWX\IZUMLQLI[ZM[\ZQK\QÎ[
LM TI TQJMZ\IL XMZ[WVIT LM TW[ []RM\W[ [QV TyUQ\M \MUXWZIT KWVKZM\W [~TW XIZI M^Q\IZ M[I
comunicacin.
2.11.2.3.3 Contrainterrogatorio:
4IXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIIY]QuVPI[WTQKQ\ILWTIXZ]MJI\MVLZnLMZMKPWI]VKWV\ZIQV\MZZWOI\WZQW
MT K]IT KWVNWZUM IT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW [M TTMÎZn I KIJW I\MVLQMVLW I TI[ XZM^Q[QWVM[
LM M[\I O]ZI XZWXQI LM TI XZ]MJI LM \M[\QOW[ IZ\ TW Y]M QUXTQKI MV [yV\M[Q[ []
NWZU]TIKQ~V\IUJQuVWZITaTIXW[QJQTQLILLM]VIZuXTQKIXWZTIXIZ\MXZWXWVMV\MaT]MOW
]V [MO]VLW KWV\ZIQV\MZZWOI\WZQW XWZ TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI Y]M PI KWV\ZIQV\MZZWOILW IV\M[
Volveremos sobre esto en el tema siguiente.
.QVITUMV\M QVLQKIZ Y]M MT 2]Mb X]MLM LQZQOQZ LM WKQW XZMO]V\I[ I TI XIZ\M MV MT
MV\MVLQLWLMY]M\MVLZnVVITQLILM`KT][QÎUMV\MIKTIZI\WZQII[yTWLQKMMTIZ\XnZZINW
[MO]VLWIV\MTIL]LI[][KQ\ILIXWZITO]VILMTI[KWV\M[\IKQWVM[ZMITQbILI[VWKWVVITQLIL
QVY]Q[Q\QÎ XZMO]V\IVLW KW[I[ V]MÎ[ X]M[ MV M[I UMLQLI M[\IZyI []XTQMVLW MT XIXMT LMT
abogado interrogante y ayudando a esa parte.
388

2.11.2.4 Valoracin.
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a M[\I M`XZM[Q~V LM TI TMa VW PI LM \WUIZ[M KWUW [QV~VQUW LM UMZI NIK]T\IL [QVW LM ]V
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XMZ[WVITM[ITLMKTIZIV\M5I[Y]u[QOVQKIY]MPILM\MVMZTW[XWZKQMZ\W['8]M[a contrario
sensuLMTWY]M[M}ITIMTQVKQ[W[QO]QMV\MLMTUQ[UWIZ\MVTWLMUn[[QOVQKIY]MVW
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valor tasado:
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.QRuUWVW[ Y]M IY]y [M M[\n ZMO]TIVLW MT ÎTWZ LM TI XZ]MJI LM LMKTIZIKQ~V LM
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NI^WZIJTM[X]MLIVXWZ]VPQXW\u\QKWKIZnK\MZ\I[ILWLMKQLQZTIKWV\ZW^MZ[QI;QI[y
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cada parte declarase a su propia conveniencia y los interrogatorios se convertiran
MV ]VI M[KITILI XIZI ^MZ Y]QuV PIJTI Un[ a UMRWZ LM [y UQ[UW )J[]ZLW
389

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XZ]MJI[LMQO]ITWLQ[\QV\IyVLWTMVQVO]VILMMTTI[]UQVQ[\ZMPMKPW[KWV\ZIZQW[I
los declarados por la parte.
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I]\WUn\QKIUMV\M MT ÎTWZ \I[ILW LM IY]uTTI KMLM a Y]MLI [QV MNMK\W IZ\ "
[QMUXZMY]MVW[MWXWVOIIJZQMVLWXI[WQVM`WZIJTMUMV\MI]VIÎTWZIKQ~V
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aLMT+~LQOW
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aportados por otros medios probatorios.
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personales:
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Y]MI]VY]MKWVWKQLW[LQZMK\IUMV\MXWZMT[]RM\WXWZIT]LQZIIK\W[XZWXQW[WXZM[MVKQILW[
XWZ[][[MV\QLW[[WVPMKPW[K]aI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[R]ZyLQKITMNI^WZMKMZyIV#KWUWIY]MTTW[W\ZW[
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390

2.11.2.4.3 Silencio y respuestas evasivas:
8WZT\QUWMTIZ\+8+5[M}ITIY]MTIVMOI\QÎLMT[]RM\WIKWV\M[\IZ[QVKI][IR][\QKILI
I]VIXZMO]V\IY]M[MTMPIaINWZU]TILWaY]MMVM[IUMLQLIPI[QLWI]\WZQbILIXWZMTR]Mb
XWZ VW IXIZMKMZ QUXMZ\QVMV\M QV\QT ^]TVMZILWZI LM LMZMKPW[ N]VLIUMV\ITM[ M\K W []
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IZ\ QV VM +8+5 +WZZM[XWVLM IT R]Mb ][IZ KWV UWLMZIKQ~V LM M[\I NIK]T\IL Y]M
LM[XTMOIZnK]IVLWLMJILQK\IZTI[MV\MVKQILMTKI[WKWVKIZnK\MZ[]XTM\WZQWXIZIK]IVLWVW
disponga de pruebas directasaMV\WLWKI[WM^Q\IVLWKWVN]VLQZXWZMRMUXTWTIIZUIKQ~V
LM TI XMZ[WVI LM Y]M [M LM[KWVWKM MT PMKPW KWV TI LM VW Y]MZMZ KWV\M[\IZ IT \ZI\IZ[M LM
LW[\QXW[LMZM[X]M[\I[LQ[\QV\I[KWUWaIM`XTQKIUW[MVMT\MUILMTLMUIVLILWITY]MVW[
ZMUQ\QUW[
De esta K\I KWVNM[[QW [~TW X]MLM TQJZIZ[M Y]QMV [M PITTM IUXIZILW XWZ MT LMJMZ LM O]IZLIZ
[QTMVKQW XWZ ZIb~V LM [] KIZOW W XZWNM[Q~V W K]IVLW TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V X]LQMZI QV^WT]KZIZ
TI XIZ\QKQXIKQ~V LMT []RM\W MV ]V PMKPW X]VQJTM OWbIVLW XWZ \IV\W LMT LMZMKPW I VW
I]\WQVKZQUQVIZ[MIZ\QVVM+8+5
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ITX]V\WMVKWUMV\WTI;ITIKWV[QLMZI"4IKWVNM[Q~VK\IKWV[\Q\]aM]VIXZM[]VKQ~Vjuris tantumMKIbK]IVLW
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interpretacin de la K\IKWVNM[[QWVWX]MLM[MZW\ZIY]MTIM`QJTMIKWV[MRILIXWZTI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[LMKILIKI[W
[QVXZM[KQVLQZLMTW[UMLQW[LQZMK\W[aNMPIKQMV\M[LMXZ]MJIM[LMKQZY]MM[[][KMX\QJTMLMLM[^QZ\]IZ[MUMLQIV\M
XZ]MJIMVKWV\ZIZQWX]M[[QVW[MXZWKMLMLMM[IUIVMZI[MPIZyIXZMÎTMKMZTIKKQ~V[WJZMTIZMITQLILaTI
LMKQ[Q~VXWLZyIITMRIZ[MLMTI^MZLILUI\MZQIT
391
2.11.3 Interrogatorio de testigos

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8ZWXW[QKQ~VaILUQ[Q~V>+WV\ZWTLMTIXZ]MJI\M[\QKIT>18ZnK\QKI>11
Valoracin.
2.11.3.1 Concepto. Testigo estricto y testigo-perito:

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392

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TI[M[XMKQITQLILM[LMM[\IKTI[MLM\M[\QUWVQW[\uKVQKW[.
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KWV^QMZ\MMVXZ]MJI\I[ILIVQLMUIaWZÎTWZY]M]V\M[\QOWWZLQVIZQW#TWY]MTW[LQNMZMVKQI
es la cantidad de informacin y la etiologa de su conocimiento.
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se trate.
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2.11.3.2 Prohibiciones y exenciones al deber de declarar:

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LM\MZUQVILW[I[]V\W[ WY]MIZ\QK]TIJIV]V[Q[\MUIIUXTQWLMQVKIXIKQLILM[Y]MQVKT]yI
KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ XMZ[WVITM[ Un[ XZWXQI[ LM ]VI [W[XMKPI LM XIZKQITQLIL! K]IVLW LMJyI
[MZ MT R]Mb Y]QMV ÎTWZI[M [] KWVK]ZZMVKQI MV KILI KI[W )PWZI TI TMa ZML]KM MT TQ[\ILW LM
UW\Q^W[LMXZWPQJQKQ~VITW[M[\ZQK\IUMV\MWJRM\Q^W[MQVMT]LQJTM[[QVLMRIZLMI\MVLMZIW\ZI
XZWJTMUn\QKITILMTIKWTQ[Q~VLMQV\MZM[M[MVMTLMKTIZIV\M>MIUW["
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[MQUX]OV~LM[X]u[XWZNIT[MLILLMTIZUI<ZI[KWV[\I\IZTINIT\ILMVWZUITMOITZMO]TILWZILMM[\IO]ZI
+WVTIKMZ\MbIY]MMVV]M[\ZITMOQ[TIKQ~VVWM`Q[\MVWZUIITO]VIY]MVW[QVLQY]MK]nT[MZnMTÎTWZLMTI[
LMKTIZIKQWVM[LMM[\M\QXWLM\M[\QOW[]VI^Mb^MZ\QLI[aI^QZ\]LLM[]ZMKWVWKQUQMV\WMV[MLMLMLWK\ZQVI
KQMV\yKII[QMV\IMT)T\W<ZQJ]VITMVZMTIKQ~VKWVTW[PMKPW[LMTKI[W"IKZQ\MZQWLMTW[UuLQKW[Y]MTW\ZI\IZWV
L]ZIV\M[]MVNMZUMLILUIV\]^W[]M[\ILWLM[IT]LLM[LMY]M[]NZQ~TW[QVNIZ\W[KMZMJZITM[PI[\IMTUWUMV\W
LM [] U]MZ\M KIZMKQMVLW LMT ][W LM [][ NIK]T\ILM[ Ny[QKI[ a UMV\ITM[ [QV XWLMZ M`XZM[IZ[M ^MZJITUMV\M VQ
MV\MVLMZ TW Y]M [M TM LMKyI# ILMUn[ [QV XWLMZ ][IZ MT PMUQ[NMZQW LMZMKPW LM [] K]MZXW KWV[MK]MV\MUMV\M
QUXMLQLWLMM[KZQJQZaY]MM[\MM[\ILWLM[IT]LMZIQZZM^MZ[QJTMaLMVQ\Q^W#LMJMUW[TTMOIZITIKWVKT][Q~VY]M
MVVQVOVUWUMV\WMT\M[\ILWZX]LWLIZTMK]UXTQUQMV\WITWM[\QX]TILWMVTW[)Z\[a
\WLW[LMT+~LQOW+Q^QTXWZMTPMKPWLMVWXWLMZPIKMZ[IJMLWZM[LM[][LQ[XW[QKQWVM[VQIT6W\IZQWVQITW[
\M[\QOW[QV[\Z]UMV\ITM[aIY]MTIMVNMZUMLILY]MXILMKyI[MOVTW[LQK\nUMVM[UuLQKW[IV\M[ZMTIKQWVILW[MZI
LM\ITUIOVQ\]LY]MTWQUXW[QJQTQ\IZWVMVNWZUIXMZUIVMV\MaLMVQ\QÎXIZIXWLMZM`XZM[IZ[MaKWUXZMVLMZ
TWY]M[MTMLMKyIVQXWZM[KZQ\WVQLMXITIJZI#MVKWV[MK]MVKQIMT[M}WZ-)5M[\IJIQUXW[QJQTQ\ILWNy[QKIa
mentalmente para testar.
)TMNMK\WIZ\!+8+
! ,MM[\IM[XMKQMMTIZ\!+8+M[XMKQITUMV\MMV[][IXIZ\ILW[I+8+
393

2.11.3.2.1 Prohibiciones:
2.11.3.2.1.1 Por su incapacidad:
6W X]MLM [MZ \M[\QOW a [Q [M TM ZMKQJM \M[\QUWVQW u[\M VW XWLZn []Z\QZ MNMK\W XZWJI\WZQW
ITO]VWY]QMVM[[MPITTMVXMZUIVMV\MUMV\MXZQÎLW[LMZIb~VWLMT[MV\QLWQVLQ[XMV[IJTM
XIZI \MVMZ KWVWKQUQMV\W LM TW[ PMKPW[ Y]M [WV WJRM\W LM TI XZ]MJI -V \WLW[ TW[ KI[W[
LMJMZnM`QOQZ[M]VIIKZMLQ\IKQ~VUuLQKIWMV[]KI[WKMZ\QKIKQ~VILUQVQ[\ZI\QÎWR]LQKQIT
LMKTIZIVLWTIQVKIXIKQLILY]MI[yTW[W[\MVOIIVLMM^Q\IZMVOI}W[IT\ZQJ]VITMTNIT[W
MVIRMVILWMTNIT[W[WZLWM\K
0IaY]M\MVMZXZM[MV\MVWWJ[\IV\MLW[KW[I["LM]VTILWY]MKWUWJQMV[M}ITIMT+~LQOW
[Q[M\ZI\ILMTII][MVKQILM]V[MV\QLWPIJZnY]MLM\MZUQVIZ[Qu[\MZM[]T\IJIXZMKQ[IUMV\M
\QTWVMKM[IZQWXIZIKIX\IZTW[PMKPW[XWZY]MXWLZyIVW[MZI[yXWZMR[Q[~TW[MZMY]MZyI
^Q[]ITQbIZ TW[ PMKPW[ M[ QZZMTMÎV\M Y]M MT \M[\QOW N]M[M U]LW W [WZLW ,M W\ZW TILW TI
QVKIXIKQLIL [MV[WZQIT XWLZyI ZM[]T\IZ VW \W\IT [QVW XIZKQIT a MV\WVKM[ MT XZWJTMUI VW
[MZyI aI LM XZWPQJQKQ~V XIZI [MZ \M[\QOW [QVW LM [Q TTMO~ I XMZKQJQZ TW[ PMKPW[ W VW X]LW
PIKMZTW LMJQLW IT OZILW LM [] UQV][ÎTyI" IY]y MT KWV\ZWT LMJMZyI WXMZIZ[M Un[ JQMV MV TI
NI[M VIT LM ÎTWZIKQ~V R]LQKQIT XWVLMZIVLW TW[ LI\W[ ZMKIJILW[ I NI^WZ a MV KWV\ZI LM TI
KZMLQJQTQLIL LMT \M[\QOW XWZ ]V LuKQ\ Y]M VW I][MVKQI ZMIT W VW LM XMZKMXKQ~V [MV[WZQIT
en la aprehensin de los hechos.
2.11.3.2.1.2 Por la edad:

-T +~LQOW MV MT IZ\ XnZZINW [MO]VLW PI UIV\MVQLW MT ]UJZIT LM TI KIXIKQLIL LM
LMKTIZIZ MV TW[ LWKM I}W[ XMZW [QV QUXMLQZ Y]M X]MLI PIKMZTW Y]QMV \WLI^yI VW PIaI
ITKIVbILWM[\IMLILITKWV\ZIZQWLMTWY]MXZM^MyIMTLMZWOILW+8+aMVTyVMIKWVTW
M[\IJTMKQLWMVW\ZW[WZLMVIUQMV\W[XZWKM[ITM[Un[UWLMZVW[
,MUWLWY]MMVM[\MT\QUWKI[Wa[IT^W[Q\]IKQWVM[M`\ZMUI[LWVLMMTUMVWZXWZ[MZ\IV
XMY]M}WVQ[QY]QMZIX]MLMKWU]VQKIZ[MVQPIaIMUXMbILWIXZIK\QKIZMTTMVO]IRMTIXZ]MJI
IXZQWZQLMJMILUQ\QZ[M[QMVLWMT2]MbMVTII]LQMVKQIXZWJI\WZQIY]QMV]VI^MbKWUMVbILW
MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW LMKQLI [Q MT UMVWZ WNZMKM ^Q[W[ LM IX\Q\]L UMV\IT a [MV[WZQIT XIZI PIJMZ
XWLQLWXMZKQJQZTW[PMKPW[[WJZMTW[Y]M[MTMQV\MZZWOII[yKWUWXIZI\ZIV[UQ\QZ]VI^MZ[Q~V
KWUXZMV[QJTMLMMTTW[a[QKWTQOMLMUIVMZIKTIZIY]MVWLMJM[][XMVLMZMTQV\MZZWOI\WZQW
aM`KT]QZ[]\M[\QUWVQW
2.11.3.2.1.3 Por no ofrecer una percepcin directa del hecho:

-T +~LQOW M`KT]aM MT TTIUILW \M[\QOW LM ZMNMZMVKQI W QVLQZMK\W MV MT IZ\ a TW PIKM LM
UWLW IJ[WT]\W [MI K]IT N]MZM TI KTI[M LM XTMQ\W MV\IJTILW TWY]M M[ ]V UWLW LM KMZZIZ MT
KyZK]TW LMVQ\WZQW LM M[\M UMLQW LM XZ]MJI KWV MT IZ\ aI UMVKQWVILW" MT \M[\QUWVQW
AIXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\!LMTLMZWOILW+8+
261 >MZIZ\[Ra!QVVM48.
394

^nTQLW M[ [~TW MT LM TI XMZ[WVI Y]M PI XZM[MVKQILW LQZMK\IUMV\M TW[ PMKPW[ VW XWZ
PIJuZ[MTWLQKPWW\ZWWPIJMZTWTMyLWMVITO]VIN]MV\MLMVW\QKQI[M\K
2.11.3.2.2 Exenciones al deber de declarar:

-V WKI[QWVM[ TI KQZK]V[\IVKQI MV Y]M [M KIX\IV TW[ PMKPW[ XWZ ]V \MZKMZW Y]M T]MOW [M
KWV^QMZ\M MV XW\MVKQIT \M[\QOW [M MVUIZKI MV ]VI ZMTIKQ~V XZWNM[QWVIT XZW\MOQLI KWV ]V
LMJMZ LM KWVLMVKQITQLIL ZMO]TILW I [] ^Mb XWZ MT WZLMVIUQMV\W R]ZyLQKW ;] Z]X\]ZI IT
PQTWLMXZM[\IZ]VLMJMZLMKWTIJWZIKQ~VKWVTI2][\QKQIKWUWM[MTQV\MZZWOI\WZQWMVR]QKQW
KZMI[QVMUJIZOWW\ZW\QXWLMMNMK\W[VMOI\Q^W[Y]MWJTQOIVI]VIXWVLMZIKQ~VXZM^QIXWZ
MT TMOQ[TILWZ I V LM LMTQUQ\IZ MV Y]u []X]M[\W[ LMJM KMLMZ ]V JQMV R]ZyLQKW MT [][WLQKPW
LMJMZ LM KWVLMVKQITQLIL ] W\ZW TI J[Y]MLI LM TI ^MZLIL a MT VW WKI[QWVIZ QVLMNMV[Q~V
IY]QMVZMY]QMZMLMM[W[LI\W[\MVQMVLWMVK]MV\ITIyVLWTMLMTW[KWVQK\W[R]ZyLQKW[Y]M
se debaten.
-V M[\I [Q\]IKQ~V X]M[ MT +~LQOW PI WX\ILW XWZ QUXWVMZ ]VI ZMOTI OMVMZIT LM LQ[XMV[I
LM TI WJTQOIKQ~V OMVMZIT LM LMKTIZIZ M[ LMKQZ TI XMZ[WVI X]MLM LMKTIZIZ [Q Y]QMZM XMZW
\IUJQuV [Q XZMMZM X]MLM VMOIZ[M I MTTW [QV Y]M TM LMXIZM VQVO]VI KWV[MK]MVKQI VMOI\QÎ
MV \uZUQVW[ MKWV~UQKW[ W XMVITM[ )PWZI JQMV [Q LMKTIZI MTTW VW TM M`QUQZn LM W\ZW
\QXW LM KWV[MK]MVKQI[ LMZQÎLI[ LM TI Z]X\]ZI LMT LMJMZ LM KWVLMVKQITQLIL XWZ Y]QMV
ZM[]T\M XMZR]LQKILW 4W Y]M PIKM IY]y MT +~LQOW M[ [QUXTMUMV\M XMZUQ\QZ MT \M[\QUWVQW
[Q [M XZWL]KM a VW MUXTMIZ TI KWMZKQ~V XJTQKI XIZI Y]M TW PIOI [Q LMKQLM VW PIKMZTW
IUXIZnVLW[MMVIY]MTW\ZWLMJMZ8MZWTWY]MVWPIKMMT+~LQOWM[JTQVLIZTILMKTIZIKQ~V
LM W\ZW \QXW LM MNMK\W[ XIZI TW K]IT TI XMZ[WVI LMJMZn \MVMZ \WLW MTTW MV KWV[QLMZIKQ~V [Q
decide declarar.
.ZMV\M I M[I ZMOTI OMVMZIT MT +~LQOW QV\ZWL]KM [QV MUJIZOW LQ^MZ[I[ M`KMXKQWVM[ MV
nUJQ\W[ LWVLM TI XWVLMZIKQ~V LM JQMVM[ MV R]MOW [M LMKIV\I I NI^WZ LM TI VMKM[QLIL LM
KWV\IZKWVM[ILMKTIZIKQ~V+]IVLW[MIXTQY]MVTI[M`KMXKQWVM[aIVWM`Q[\MLQ[XMV[IaTI
XMZ[WVILMJMVMKM[IZQIUMV\MLMKTIZIZW[WUM\MZ[MITI[[IVKQWVM[XZM^Q[\I[XWZVWPIKMZTW"
2.11.3.2.2.1 Regla general:

4I LQ[XMV[I LMT LMJMZ LM LMKTIZIZ IK\I [QMUXZM IY]y MV IUJI[ LQZMKKQWVM[ M[\W M[ VW
[WTIUMV\MQVK]UJMITXZWNM[QWVITY]MXWZZIb~VLM[]KIZOW]WKQWPI\MVQLWKWVWKQUQMV\W
LM TW[ PMKPW[ [QVW Y]M ITKIVbI IT KTQMV\M W XIKQMV\M Y]M PI KWV\ZI\ILW [][ [MZ^QKQW[ W TW[
PIZMKQJQLWLMT-[\ILW"[MO]ZQLIL[WKQITM\KaY]MMVMTQ\MZLMM[IZMTIKQ~VXMZ[WVITPIaI
XWLQLWOZIKQI[IMTTWWJ\MVMZQVNWZUIKQ~V[WJZMIY]uT
-VM[IXMZ[XMK\QÎMT+~LQOW[MZMMZMITI[ZMTIKQWVM[XZWNM[QWVITM[MQLMWT~OQKI[[QO]QMV\M["
I 4ILMTI[XIZ\M[KWV[]IJWOILWWIJWOILW[IZ\
J 4ILMTXZWNM[QWVITLMTIUMLQKQVIKWV[]XIKQMV\MIZ\LMTIY]M[MLM[XZMVLM
ILMUn[ MT LMZMKPW LM XMLQZ TI M`KT][Q~V Y]M VW LQ[XMV[I LM TI LMKTIZIKQ~V
395

LM K]ITY]QMZ \MZKMZW Y]M KWVWKQMZM ]VI KWU]VQKIKQ~V KWVLMVKQIT MV\ZM IUJW[
XMZ[WVITLMMVNMZUMZyIIVITQ[\I[M\K
K
4I LMT [IKMZLW\M W UQVQ[\ZW LM K]T\W I]\WZQbILW[ XWZ TI TMOQ[TIKQ~V [ITÎLWZM}I a
XWZ TI I]\WZQLIL KWUXM\MV\M XIZI QUXIZ\QZ [] IK\Q^QLIL M[XQZQ\]IT MV MT \MZZQ\WZQW
VIKQWVITZM[XMK\WLMTW[PMKPW[KWVWKQLW[JIRWKWVNM[Q~VWKWVWKQLW[MV\WLWKI[W
OZIKQI[I[]LMLQKIKQ~VIZ\XnZZINWXZQUMZW
L -T XZWXQM\IZQW LM ]V [MKZM\W KWUMZKQIT W LM VMOWKQW262 a MT XZWXQM\IZQW LM ]VI
XI\MV\MW[]TQKMVKQI\IZQWXIZIZM^MTIZITO]VWLMMTTW[IZ\XnZZINW\MZKMZW
)LY]QMZM M[\I XMZ[WVI \IUJQuV MT LMZMKPW I XMLQZ TI M`KT][Q~V LM TI LMKTIZIKQ~V
LM ]V MUXTMILW Y]M \]^QMZM KWVWKQUQMV\W LM MTTW I Y]QMV [MOV TI TMa [][\IV\QÎ
TMM[\nXZWPQJQLI\IUJQuV[]ZM^MTIKQ~V[IT^WKI][IR][\QKILI263.
-[\I T\QUI \IUJQuV LM\MZUQVI TI XZWPQJQKQ~V LM ZM^MTIZ M[M [MKZM\W I \WLW IY]MT
\MZKMZW Y]M PIaI MV\ZILW MV KWV\IK\W KWV LQKPI \MKVWTWOyI QVKT][W XWZ PIJMZ
contratado a algn empleado de la compaa propietaria de los derechos.
M +]ITY]QMZW\ZIXMZ[WVIY]MMVZIb~VLM[]XZWNM[Q~V]WKQW\MVOIVWJTQOIKQ~VLM
O]IZLIZ[MKZM\WIZ\XnZZINWK]IZ\W
8IZI Y]M WXMZM TI M`MVKQ~V [M XZMKQ[IZn LM ]VI VWZUI\QÎ TMOIT W ZMOTIUMV\IZQI
Y]MM[\IJTMbKIMTKIZnK\MZZM[MZÎLWW[MKZM\WLMTIQVNWZUIKQ~VMVK]M[\Q~V
2.11.3.2.2.2 Excepcin impropia:

8M[M I [] IXIZQMVKQI VW KIJM QVKT]QZ KWUW M`MVKQ~V LMT LMJMZ LM LMKTIZIZ TI[ ZMTIKQWVM[
MV\ZM I]LQ\WZ W KWV\IJTM a [] KTQMV\M X]M[ I \MVWZ LM TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\ XnZZINW
[MO]VLW LMT +~LQOW QVLMXMVLQMV\MUMV\M LM TI ZMTIKQ~V QV\]Q\] XMZ[WVIM MV\ZM IUJW[ TI
QVNWZUIKQ~V Y]M [M LMZQ^M LM MTTW XWLZn [MZ LQ^]TOILI XWZ UIVLI\W LM TMa W XWZ WZLMV
R]LQKQIT
8WZTW\IV\WVW[M\ZI\ILMY]MMTR]MbLMJIKITQJZIZ[QTIQUXWZ\IVKQILMTI[]V\WR][\QKIW
VW \MVMZ IKKM[W I M[I QVNWZUIKQ~V KWV\IJTM a I TI [Q\]IKQ~V VIVKQMZI LM TI MUXZM[I [QVW
Y]M JI[\I Y]M TI UQ[UI IXIZMbKI KWUW XMZ\QVMV\M a \QT I TW[ MNMK\W[ LM ]V XZWKM[W XIZI
Y]M[MM`XQLIWZLMVR]LQKQITY]MTTMÎZnI[]LQ^]TOIKQ~V
-[\W M[ \IV\W TI IXWZ\IKQ~V LM TW[ TQJZW[ KWV\IJTM[ XZ]MJI LWK]UMV\IT KWUW MV TW Y]M
IY]yQUXWZ\I\WUIZTMQV\MZZWOI\WZQWITXZWNM[QWVIT[WJZMM[W[PMKPW[
262 9]u[MMV\QMVLMaY]uVWXWZ[MKZM\WQVL][\ZQITWKWUMZKQIT[MLM\MZUQVIMVMTIZ\481
263 >MZIZ\ 481
)Z\[!a PIKQuVLW[MXWZMTTWZM[XWV[IJTM[LMTW[LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[WKI[QWVILW[KWV[]QVNZIKKQ~V
396

2.11.3.2.2.3 Excepciones:
;QO]QMVLWMTWZLMVLMTW[[]RM\W[M`QUQLW[LMTLMJMZLMLMKTIZIZMT+~LQOW[][XMVLMLQKPI
M`MVKQ~VMVTW[\uZUQVW[[QO]QMV\M[ZMXZWL]KQUW[TITM\ZILMTITMa"
a) En los abogados, cuando (art. 370):
4W[[MZ^QKQW[P]JQMZIV[QLW[WTQKQ\ILW[WZMITQbILW[XIZIXTIVMIZWKWUM\MZ]VLMTQ\W
W]VIK\WY]M^QWTMV\MTITMa#
4IKWU]VQKIKQ~VZM[]T\MXMZ\QVMV\MMV]VIKWV\ZW^MZ[QIMVY]M[MXZM\MVLILMUW[\ZIZY]M
MTIJWOILW^QWT~[]LMJMZLMKWVLMVKQITQLILXIZIKWV[]KTQMV\M#W
-TKTQMV\MP]JQMZIZMTMÎLWI[]IJWOILWLMTLMJMZLMKWVLMVKQITQLIL
b) En el profesional de la medicina, cuando (art. 371):
4W[[MZ^QKQW[LM]VUuLQKWN]MZWV[WTQKQ\ILW[]WJ\MVQLW[XIZIXTIVMIZWKWUM\MZ]VLMTQ\W
W]VIK\WY]M^QWTMV\MTITMa#
4IQVNWZUIKQ~VN]MZMM[MVKQITXIZILMKQLQZ]VIKWV\ZW^MZ[QI[WJZMMTM[\ILWWKIXIKQLIL
mental de un paciente;
.]MZI VMKM[IZQW ZM^MTIZ TI KWU]VQKIKQ~V KWUW XZ]MJI [WJZM TI KWVL]K\I LM ]V
demandado o demandante en el litigio;
4IQVNWZUIKQ~VN]MZIM[MVKQITMVKI[W[LMZM[XWV[IJQTQLILKQ^QTXWZUITIXZI`Q[UuLQKI#
4IKWU]VQKIKQ~VN]MZIXMZ\QVMV\MXIZIZM[WT^MZ]VIKWV\ZW^MZ[QIMVTIY]M[MZMKTIUMV
WJTQOIKQWVM[ MUIVILI[ LM ]V [MZ^QKQW LM I\MVKQ~V UuLQKI M`Q[\I W VW KWV\ZI\W a K]IVLW
[MZMMZII]V[MO]ZWKWVKWJMZ\]ZILMK]ITY]QMZ[MZ^QKQWUuLQKWWUuLQKWY]QZZOQKW#
4I KWU]VQKIKQ~V N]MZI XMZ\QVMV\M MV ]VI KWV\ZW^MZ[QI MV TI K]IT MT UuLQKW P]JQMZI
^QWTILW[]LMJMZLMKWVLMVKQITQLILXIZIKWV[]XIKQMV\M#a
-TKTQMV\MP]JQMZIZMTMÎLWI[]UuLQKWLMTLMJMZLMKWVLMVKQITQLIL
c) En materia de secretos comerciales o industriales (art. 372 prrafo tercero):
;MILUQ\QZn\M[\QUWVQW[WJZMLQKPW[MKZM\WK]IVLWN]MZMVMKM[IZQWXIZIXZWJIZ]VNZI]LMLMTMa
]VLMTQ\W]VI^QWTIKQ~VITITMOQ[TIKQ~V[WJZMXZWXQMLILQV\MTMK\]ITWQVL][\ZQITWXIZIZM[WT^MZ
K]ITY]QMZ W\ZI KWV\ZW^MZ[QI I R]QKQW XZ]LMVKQIT LMT R]Mb W \ZQJ]VIT MV N]VKQ~V LM LM[K]JZQZ TI
^MZLIL[WJZMTW[PMKPW[MVLQ[X]\I-V\WLW[M[\W[KI[W[X]M[TIXMZ[WVILMJMZnLMKTIZIZKWV
TI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[TMOITM[QVPMZMV\M[I]VIVMOI\QÎQVR][\QKILIKWUWIPWZIUQ[UW[MM`XTQKI
397

2.11.3.3 Obligaciones y derechos del testigo:
2.11.3.3.1 Obligaciones:
,M[LMMTUWUMV\WMVY]MMT\MZKMZWM[TTIUILWKWUW\M[\QOWI]VXZWKM[W[MOMVMZIV
XIZI uT ]VI [MZQM LM WJTQOIKQWVM[ ^QVK]TILI[ I TI N]VKQ~V Y]M K]UXTM KWUW UMLQW LM
XZ]MJI" MV XZQUMZ \uZUQVW \QMVM TI LM KWUXIZMKMZ MV MT T]OIZ a NMKPI Y]M [M TM QVLQKI
XIZI \WUnZ[MTM LMKTIZIKQ~V [QV XWLMZ[M VMOIZ I MTTW [QVW XWZ KI][I R][\QKILI TMOITUMV\M
QVKIXIKQLILWM`MVKQ~VLMTLMJMZLMLMKTIZIZIZ\+8+56W\WKIIT\M[\QOWLMKQLQZ
XWZ[yUQ[UW[Q[]IXWZ\IKQ~VITXZWKM[WX]MLM[MZZMTMÎV\MX]M[[]XMZ\QVMVKQIa]\QTQLIL
aI PI [QLW IVITQbILI XWZ MT R]Mb a XWZ \IV\W VW \QMVM UIZOMV XIZI VMOIZ[M I KWUXIZMKMZ
\IUXWKW XWZ TW[ XMZR]QKQW[ W UWTM[\QI[ Y]M M[W TM X]MLI XZW^WKIZ IT ZM[]T\IZ KWUXMV[ILW
por ello como ahora diremos.
4II][MVKQILMT\M[\QOW[IT^WXWZQUXW[QJQTQLILUI\MZQITLMJQLIR][\QKIKQ~VTMIKIZZMIZn
]VIU]T\ILMMV\ZM]VWa\ZM[[ITIZQW[UyVQUW[]ZJIVW[Un[IT\W[^QOMV\M;QXMZ[Q[\MMVMTTW
[M TM QUX]\IZn XWZ LMTQ\W LM LM[WJMLQMVKQI I UIVLI\W R]LQKQIT IZ\ +8 MT K]IT \QMVM
IXIZMRILI]VIKWVLMVILM\ZMQV\II[M[MV\ILyI[U]T\I
=VI^MbXMZ[WVILWXIZI[MZQV\MZZWOILW[]ZOMVW\ZI[LW[WJTQOIKQWVM[XZQVKQXITM[TI
XZQUMZI LM MTTI[ KWUW KWZZMTI\W LM TI IV\MZQWZUMV\M UMVKQWVILI" I MT \M[\QOW VW X]MLM
VMOIZ[M I KWV\M[\IZ TI[ XZMO]V\I[ Y]M [M TM PIOIV JIRW ZQM[OW LM QVK]ZZQZ MV MT LMTQ\W
UMVKQWVILWLMTIZ\+8#J\QMVMI[QUQ[UWTIWJTQOIKQ~VLMLMKTIZIZTI^MZLILLMTWY]M
KWVWKQMZM[QVKWUM\MZXWZ\IV\WUMVLIKQLIL[WXMVILMKWUM\MZLMTQ\WLMNIT[W\M[\QUWVQW
IZ\+8KI[\QOILWKWVXMVILMXZQ[Q~VLMLW[IKQVKWI}W[
,M \WLI[ M[\I[ WJTQOIKQWVM[ a LM TI[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[ XMVITM[ LM [] QVK]UXTQUQMV\W [M TM
IL^MZ\QZnaIMVTIXZWXQIM[Y]MTILMKQ\IKQ~VIZ\QVVM+8+5
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+8+56WXIZMKMU]aKWV^MVQMV\M[QVMUJIZOWM[\II]\WZQbIKQ~VTMOITY]MLMRI[QVMNMK\W
MTKIZnK\MZXZWPQJQ\Q^WLMM[\M\QXWLMXZMO]V\I[\IV\WMVMTQV\MZZWOI\WZQWQVQKQITKWUWMV
TI XZ]MJI LM LMKTIZIKQ~V LM XIZ\M [M MV\QMVLM Y]M KWUW T\QUW ZMK]Z[W XIZI TTMOIZ I TI
^MZLILLMTI[KW[I[+WV^MVLZnMV\WLWKI[WY]MMTR]Mb^QOQTMMV\WLWUWUMV\W]VZQM[OW
M[MVKQITMVM[\M\QXWLMXZMO]V\I[aM[Y]MMT\M[\QOWKWUXZMVLIMÌK\IUMV\MMT[QOVQKILW
LM IY]MTTW [WJZM TW Y]M PI LM ZM[XWVLMZ 8MZUQ\QZ Y]M u[\M QVK]ZZI MV KWVN][QWVM[ OZIKQI[
IT MVOI}W LM TI []OM[\Q~V [M IV\WRIZyI I \WLI[ T]KM[ ]V MNMK\W QUXZWKMLMV\M a VW Y]MZQLW
por la ley.
-T KWV\ZIQV\MZZWOI\WZQW XWZ TW LMUn[ [MO]QZn TI UQ[UI \~VQKI LM ZMITQbIKQ~V Y]M MT
QV\MZZWOI\WZQW QVQKQIT a ]VI ^Mb KWUXTM\ILW u[\M a LM [WTQKQ\IZTW TI XIZ\M XZWXWVMV\M LMT
\M[\QOW[MO]QZn]VIZuXTQKIW[MO]VLI\IVLILMXZMO]V\I[XZWXQI[Y]MI[]^MbXWLZnLIZ
XI[W [Q I[y [M XQLM XWZ TI W\ZI XIZ\M I ]V [MO]VLW KWV\ZIQV\MZZWOI\WZQW IZ\ +8+5
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KZMLQJQTQLILLMTWaILMKTIZILWVWXIZIZMQ\MZIZLMV]M^WTI[UQ[UI[W[QUQTIZM[XZMO]V\I[
anteriores.
2.11.3.7 Valoracin:
) NIT\I LM ]V XZMKMX\W KWVKZM\W MV MT IZ\QK]TILW LM M[\I XZ]MJI Y]M I[y TW P]JQMZI
M[\IJTMKQLW M[XMKyKIUMV\M XIZI MTTI PI LM IXTQKIZ[M TI WZLMV OMVMZIT LMT IZ\ LMT
+~LQOW MV K]IV\W I TI ÎTWZIKQ~V LMT \M[\QUWVQW KWVNWZUM I TI[ ZMOTI[ LM TI [IVI KZy\QKI
TQJZM XMZW ZIbWVILI IXZMKQIKQ~V +WUW XIZnUM\ZW[ I KWV[QLMZIZ MV M[I TIJWZ PIZn JQMV
MTR]MbW\ZQJ]VITMVO]QIZ[MXWZTI[XI]\I[Y]MTMWNZMKMMTaIUMVKQWVILWIZ\LWVLM
KWUW ^MyIUW[ [M MV]VKQIV TW[ LQ[\QV\W[ NZMV\M[ Y]M X]MLMV KWVLQKQWVIZ W ZMNWZbIZ TI
KZMLQJQTQLILLMT\M[\QOWMVKILIKI[W-[QUXWZ\IV\M\MVMZMVK]MV\IY]MMT+~LQOWPIP]QLW
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K]M[\Q~V [Q JQMV LM[LM T]MOW \QMVM Y]M QV\MV\IZ [MZ LM[MV\ZI}ILI XWZ MT \ZQJ]VIT IT LQK\IZ
[MV\MVKQI]VI^Mb[MPIaIVITMOILWUW\Q^W[XIZIL]LIZLMMTTIXWZTIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIITI
Y]M XMZR]LQKI [] LQKPW KWVNWZUI ]V M[\ILW LM [W[XMKPI Y]M I NIT\I LM XZ]MJI KQMZ\I VW
X]MLM\WUIZ[MKWUW[QUXTMJ]TWXIZITILM[KITQKIKQ~VLMT\M[\QOWI[yY]MMVKI[WLML]LI
el testigo debe ser reputado imparcial.
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LM ZIb~V a M`XMZQMVKQI Y]M [~TW I u[\M KWZZM[XWVLM LM[XTMOIVLW [][ Un`QUI[ LM
TI M`XMZQMVKQI a IVITQbIVLW TI KWVKWZLIVKQI LM TI[ LMKTIZIKQWVM[ [Q [WV ÎZQI[ TI[
KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ MV Y]M KILI \M[\QOW LQKM PIJMZ IXZMPMVLQLW TW[ PMKPW[ a TI KWPMZMVKQI LM
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403

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XMZ[WVITQLIL NZyI X]MLMV UW[\ZIZ[M QUXI[QJTM[ IV\M MT K]Z[W LMT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW TW Y]M VW
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+IMZMV[]JRM\Q^QLILM[LMM[M\QXWX]MLM[MZU]aXMTQOZW[WaI\MV\I\WZQWKWV\ZITI[MO]ZQLIL
R]ZyLQKI;QMT\M[\QOW[MXWVMVMZ^QW[WUQMV\ZI[LMKTIZIM[WLMJM[MZ^QZTMIT\ZQJ]VITMVM[M
momento para formularle si acaso otras preguntas de aclaracin y registrar sus respuestas;
VW XIZI M[XMZIZ IT LyI LM TI [MV\MVKQI a LM[MKPIZ [] \M[\QUWVQW [W KIXI LM QV\MZXZM\IZ Y]M
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404
2.11.4 Prueba Pericial

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LQK\IUMV1>1V\MZZWOI\WZQWR]LQKQITLMTXMZQ\W>>ITWZIKQ~V

4I XZ]MJI LM XMZQ\W \QMVM XWZ VITQLIL TI WJ\MVKQ~V LM ]V R]QKQW LM M`XMZQMVKQI
especializado con el cual se pretende el conocimiento o interpretacin de los datos de la
ZMITQLILVMKM[IZQW[XIZIZM[WT^MZTIXZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLI+WUWaI[MPI^MVQLWM`XTQKIVLW
MV M[\I[ XnOQVI[ LM[LM MT \MUI LM TI )K\Q^QLIL 8ZWJI\WZQI TI XZ]MJI XMZQKQIT VW IXWZ\I
PMKPW[ KWUW \ITM[ [QVW Un`QUI[ M`XMZQMVKQITM[ XZWXQI[ LMT JIOIRM KQMV\yKW IZ\y[\QKW W
XZnK\QKW IZ\ +8+5 LM ]V OZ]XW Un[ W UMVW[ IUXTQW LM XMZ[WVI[ [MOV MT KIUXW
LMY]M[M\ZI\M;Q[MXZM\MVLQMZI]\QTQbIZXIZIIKZMLQ\IZPMKPW[[MZyIXZ]MJIQUXMZ\QVMV\M
por su naturaleza.
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Y]M \ITM[ ÎTWZIKQWVM[ ZM[]T\IV \IUJQuV VMKM[IZQI[ I MNMK\W[ LM LM\MZUQVIZ TI M[\QUIKQ~V W
LM[M[\QUIKQ~VLMTILMUIVLIWZMKWV^MVKQ~V-TXMZQ\WILQNMZMVKQILMT\M[\QOWM[N]VOQJTM
XWZ VI\]ZITMbI M[\W M[ X]MLM [][\Q\]QZ[M ]VI XMZ[WVI XWZ W\ZI KWV \IT LM Y]M XMZ\MVMbKI
IT UQ[UW nUJQ\W \uKVQKW W M[XMKQITQbILW# MT \M[\QOW XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW [MI ]VW W ÎZQW[ [WV
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-V\ZM UMLQI[ IXIZMKM TI O]ZI LMT \M[\QOWXMZQ\W K]aI XMK]TQIZQLIL aI IVITQbIUW[ MV MT
tema anterior.
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\IV\W M`\ZIR]LQKQIT KWUW R]LQKQIT ZILQKIVLW TI QVVWÎKQ~V MV TI MY]QXIZIKQ~V LMT ZuOQUMV
R]ZyLQKWaMTÎTWZXZWJI\WZQWLMIUJI[MV]VXTIVWLMQO]ITLIL+WUW[MZMKWZLIZnMTIZ\
QUXWVMITI[XIZ\M[TIKIZOILMIXWZ\IZKWV[][ZM[XMK\Q^W[\ZnUQ\M[LMITMOIKQ~VQVQKQIT
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+WUWPIM[\QUILWTI+WZ\M;]XZMUIXWZMRMUXTWMV;MV\MVKQILMLMUIaWLMLQK\ILIITI[PP
ZMNMVZMTIKQ~VKWVTIXZ]MJILMTIXW[M[Q~VKQ^QT"4IXW[M[Q~VLM[LMT]MOWY]MM[]VPMKPWMV\ZM
W\ZI[NWZUI[LMJMXZWJIZ[MXWZUMLQWLM\M[\QOW[XWZTWY]MTIIZUIKQ~VLMTIZMK]ZZMV\MM[KQMZ\ITI+nUIZI
ILY]MU PI QVK]ZZQLW MV MT ^QKQW LMV]VKQILW X]M[\W Y]M TI XMZQKQIT VW M[ XZ]MJI QL~VMI XIZI M[\IJTMKMZ TW[
IK\W[Y]MLMU]M[\ZIVTIXW[M[Q~VLMTIXIZ\MLMUIVLILI[WJZMMTXZMLQWMVLQ[X]\IXMZWMTTWVWM[]VPMKPW
LM\MZUQVIV\MXIZIKI[IZTI[MV\MVKQIaIY]MTIXZ]MJILMTIXW[M[Q~V[MM[\IJTMKQ~XWZW\ZW[UMLQW[.QVITUMV\M
[QVMUJIZOWTIZM[WT]KQ~VLMTI+nUIZILM;MO]VLIQV[\IVKQIVW[MKI[I\MVQMVLWMVK]MV\IY]MM`Q[\yIVMV
I]\W[W\ZW[UMLQW[LMXZ]MJIY]M[yZM[]T\IJIVQL~VMW[ITUQ[UWVLWK]UMV\ITaZMKWVWKQUQMV\WR]LQKQITXWZ
TWY]MMT\ZI\IUQMV\WQVLMJQLWLMTIXMZQKQITVWLM\MZUQVIJIMTN]VLIUMV\WLMTNITTW

<IUJQuV\QMVMI[MV\ILWTIUQ[UI+WZ\M;]XZMUIY]MTIXZ]MJIXMZQKQITI]LQ\WZyIVWKIJMXMLQZTIXZMKQ[IUMV\M
MTMRMK]\IV\MXIZIZM[XITLIZMTKIZnK\MZTMOITLMT\y\]TWY]MXZM[MV\IXIZIMTLM[XIKPWLM]VXZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^W
X]M[u[\MLMJM[MZQZZMJI\QJTMQVLQ[K]\QLWaXMZNMK\W\WLWLM[LMMTX]V\WLM^Q[\ITMOITIXIZ\QZLMTUWUMV\WMV
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405

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WK]XIZ[MXWZ[]K]MV\ILMJ][KIZITM[XMKQITQ[\IMVTIUI\MZQILMY]M[M\ZI\MKWV\ZI\IZ[][
[MZ^QKQW[LMTQUQ\IZMTWJRM\WLM[]IK\Q^QLILa]VI^MbY]MMTLQK\IUMVM[\uTQ[\WIXWZ\IZTW
MVM[INI[MLMITMOIKQWVM[IXIZ\MKTIZWLM[I\Q[NIKMZTW[OI[\W[LMTQVNWZUMLMTUWLWKWUW
P]JQMZMV XIK\ILW XMZQ\W a KTQMV\M -TTW [QV XMZR]QKQW LM Y]M aI UM\QLW[ MV TI[ ^QKQ[Q\]LM[
LMTXZWKM[W[M[WTQKQ\MMTQV\MZZWOI\WZQWLMTXMZQ\WaIXWZTIXIZ\MY]MIXWZ\IMTQVNWZUMaI
XWZTIKWV\ZIZQITWY]MTTMÎZyII]VI[MO]VLINI[MWIK\Q^QLILLMM[\IXZ]MJIKWUWT]MOW
mencionaremos.
4I W\ZI WXKQ~V M[ Y]M VW [M PIaI PMKPW TI IXWZ\IKQ~V LMT LQK\IUMV MV MT \ZnUQ\M LM
ITMOIKQWVM[ a M`Q[\QMZI KI][I R][\QKILI XIZI ^MVKMZ TI ZMOTI LM XZMKT][Q~V LMT IZ\
X]LQMVLW XMLQZ TI LM[QOVIKQ~V R]LQKQIT LMT M`XMZ\W -V \IT KI[W Y]M ^MZMUW[ LM[X]u[ IT
PIJTIZ LM TI XZnK\QKI LM TI XZ]MJI TI IK\Q^QLIL XZWJI\WZQI M[\IZn \W\ITUMV\M JIRW KWV\ZWT
R]LQKQIT LM XZQVKQXQW I V I]VY]M KWUW LMKQUW[ MT ÎTWZ XZWJI\WZQW XW\MVKQIT LM ]VW ]
otro tipo de dictamen parte de ser el mismo desde la perspectiva legal.
2.11.4.2 El perito:
2.11.4.2.1 Condiciones y nmero:
;M}ITI MT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW Y]M XWLZnV [MZ LM[QOVILW[ XMZQ\W[ Y]QMV XW[MIV
\y\]TW WKQIT MV TI UI\MZQI KQMVKQI W IZ\M LM Y]M [M \ZI\M -V KI[W LM VW M`Q[\QZ ZMO]TILI
M[I \Q\]TIKQ~V UMLQI W []XMZQWZ [M VWUJZIZn MT XMZQ\W MV\ZM XMZ[WVI[ MV\MVLQLI[ MV TI
UI\MZQI TW Y]M X]MLM []XWVMZ W JQMV Y]M [M KWV[]T\M KWV M`XMZ\W[ Y]M [y PIV WJ\MVQLW
M[I \Q\]TIKQ~V MV MT M`\ZIVRMZW XZM^QI R][\QKIKQ~V LWK]UMV\IT LM MTTW# JQMV LM Y]M [M
\ZI\MV TW[ KWVWKQUQMV\W[ ZMY]MZQLW[ Un[ JQMV LM yVLWTM XZnK\QKI Y]M \M~ZQKI a XWZ \IV\W
TW Y]M QUXWZ\M M[ KWVWKMZ MT KZQ\MZQW LM Y]QMVM[ []MTMV \ZIJIRIZ MV M[M KIUXW IK\Q^QLILM[
KWUMZKQITM[#LMXZM[\IKQ~VLM[MZ^QKQW[
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I]VWXWZKILI]VILMTI[XIZ\M[IZ\[a [MIXIZITIZMITQbIKQ~VM`\ZIR]LQKQITW
R]LQKQITLMLQK\IUMVITMNMK\WXZWX]M[\W
+WV\WLWXZMûTITMaY]MTI[XIZ\M[X]MLIVXWVMZ[MLMIK]MZLWMVTIMTMKKQ~VLM]V
XMZQ\W VQKW MV MT MV\MVLQLW LM Y]M TW [MZn XIZI ZMITQbIZ MT LQK\IUMV LMV\ZW LMT XZWKM[W
VW IV\M[" I[y MT IZ\ M[\IJTMKM Y]M TI[ XIZ\M[ LM KWUV IK]MZLW a PI[\I TI I]LQMVKQI
XZMXIZI\WZQI LMT XZWKM[W KWUV W PI[\I TI I]LQMVKQI LM XZ]MJI MV MT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW
XWZ IXTQKIKQ~V LMT IZ\ T\QUW XnZZINW XWLZnV XZM[MV\IZ ]V M[KZQ\W XZWXWVQMVLW TI
QLMV\QLILLMTXMZQ\WaMTWJRM\WLM[]MÌUMV
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IV\M[LMMV\IJTIZ[MLMUIVLIXMZW[QI[yN]MZMPIJZyIY]MM[XMZIZKWUWUyVQUWIT\ZnUQ\M
LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI XIZI ^MZQKIZ Y]M MT IK]MZLW M`Q[\M XWZY]M MT LMUIVLILW
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406

8WZ TW LMUn[ IT PIJTIZ[M IY]y LM XIZ\M[ VW VMKM[IZQIUMV\M \QMVMV Y]M [MZTW \WLI[ [QVW
TI[Y]MI[yTWY]QMZIVLM\ITUIVMZIY]MWXMZIZnMV\ZMMTTI[TIUMVKQWVILIZMOTIVWXIZI
TI[LMUn[ILQNMZMVKQILMTWY]M[MM[\IJTMKMMVTITMaXIZITIPQX~\M[Q[Y]MIPWZI[QO]M
-VMNMK\WaKWUWM`KMXKQ~VITVUMZWXZM^Q[QJTMI]\WZQbIMT+~LQOWMVMTIZ\ QVVM
XIZIY]MTI[XIZ\M[\IUJQuVX]MLIVLM[QOVIZUn[LM]VXMZQ\WXMZWMVM[MKI[WMT[MO]VLW
a ]T\MZQWZM[ M`XMZ\W[ LMJMZnV [MZTW KWV MT KWV[MV[W LM \WLI[ TI[ XIZ\M[ QV\MZ^QVQMV\M[ VW
[WTIUMV\MLMITO]VI[,MTWKWV\ZIZQWZM\WZVIZyITIZMOTILM]VXMZQ\WXWZKILIXIZ\M
2.11.4.2.2 Obligaciones y derechos:

2.11.4.2.2.1 Obligaciones:
I +]IVLWMTLQK\IUMVM[M`\ZIR]LQKQITaXWZ\IV\WTW[[MZ^QKQW[LMTXMZQ\W[MMVKIZOIV
LMUIVMZILQZMK\IXWZY]QMVÎILML]KQZLMUIVLIWXWZY]QMV\QMVMY]MKWV\M[\IZ
I]VIaIILUQ\QLII\ZnUQ\MMVM[\M[MO]VLWKI[W\WLWKWZZM\IUJQuVITUIZOMV
LM[]KWV\ZWTR]LQKQITM[\IUW[IV\M]VIZMTIKQ~VKTQMV\MTIZWZLQVIZQIMVMTY]MMT
R]MOW LM TI WNMZ\I a TI LMUIVLI LM\MZUQVI TI IKMX\IKQ~V LMT M`XMZ\W I TI XMZQKQI
Y]M [M TM WNZMKM +WV M[\W TW Y]M Y]MZMUW[ LMKQZ M[ Y]M TMOITUMV\M VW M`Q[\M MV
M[\MQV[\IV\MWJTQOIKQ~VZMITLM[LMT]MOWVWTMOITLMTXMZQ\WLM\MVMZY]MIKMX\IZ
TIMVKWUQMVLI;QVWPIaIK]MZLWMTQV\MZM[ILWLMJMJ][KIZIW\ZIXMZ[WVIY]M[y
M[\uLQ[X]M[\I
J 8WZ MT KWV\ZIZQW K]IVLW TI LM[QOVIKQ~V LMT XMZQ\W M[ R]LQKQIT XWZY]M TI[ XIZ\M[
TW [WTQKQ\IV I[y IT VW PIJMZ IXWZ\ILW MT QVNWZUM KWV [] ITMOIKQ~V QVQKQIT M[ MT
R]Mb Y]QMV LMJM WK]XIZ[M LM J][KIZ IT M`XMZ\W a ]VI ^Mb LM[QOVILW MVKIZOIZTM
MT LQK\IUMV -T IZ\ LMT +~LQOW LQ[XWVM Y]M IV\M TI KWU]VQKIKQ~V LM M[M
VWUJZIUQMV\W MT XMZQ\W LMJM IKMX\IZ MT MVKIZOW a XZM[\IZ R]ZIUMV\W W XZWUM[I
LMK]UXTQZJQMVaMTUMV\MMTMVKIZOWMVMTXTIbWLMTW[\ZM[LyI[[QO]QMV\M[I[MZTM
VW\QKILW
6W XIZMKM MV M[\I NI[M R]LQKQIT Y]M MT XMZQ\W LQ[XWVOI LM UIZOMV XIZI VMOIZ[M
IT VWUJZIUQMV\W a LM[LM T]MOW VW XWZY]M TM X]MLI XIZMKMZ XWKW QV\MZM[IV\M
MT MVKIZOW W Y]M TM Î I ZMXWZ\IZ XWKI ZM\ZQJ]KQ~V MKWV~UQKI 6W [WV KI][I[
R][\QKILI[ XIZI VMOIZ[M I I[]UQZ MT KIZOW VQKIUMV\M TW M[ KWVNWZUM I M[\M
UQ[UW IZ\ MT M`K][IZ[M XWZ KWVK]ZZQZ MV TI XMZ[WVI LMT M`XMZ\W ITO]VI
KI][I LM IJ[\MVKQ~V ÔZ LM ZMK][IKQ~V" TI[ ^MZMUW[ IPWZI MV K]aW KI[W LMJMZn
procederse a la designacin de otro.
K
6WWJ[\IV\MXIZMKMM^QLMV\MY]M[QMTXMZQ\WUn[ITTnLM[][XZMNMZMVKQI[XMZ[WVITM[
ITMOI ITO]VI KQZK]V[\IVKQI Y]M VW [QMVLW LM IJ[\MVKQ~V ZM^MTI ]VI QUXW[QJQTQLIL
UI\MZQITa[WJZM\WLW\uKVQKIXIZIK]UXTQZILMK]ILIUMV\MKWVMTMVKIZOWMTR]Mb
LMJMZnIKMX\IZTW\IUJQuVa[][\Q\]QZTM*QMVXWZY]MKWV\ZIZQIUMV\MITWY]MPIJyI
M[\QUILW I XZQWZQ MT \ZQJ]VIT MT WJRM\W LM TI XMZQKQI VW KWZZM[XWVLI I [] KIUXW
\uKVQKWKQMV\yKWIZ\y[\QKWWXZnK\QKW#JQMVXWZY]MMV[]KI[WMTXMZQ\WKIZMbKILMT
407

instrumental o aparatos necesarios para realizar las comprobaciones inherentes a la
pericia.
L AI ]VI ^Mb MTMOQLW XZW[MO]QUW[ KWV TI[ WJTQOIKQWVM[ MT XMZQ\W \QMVM TI
WJTQOIKQ~V LM XZM[MV\IZ MT LQK\IUMV MV MT XTIbW W\WZOILW XWZ MT \ZQJ]VIT MT K]IT
[M MV\QMVLM LMJMZn [MZ XZM^QW I TI KMTMJZIKQ~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI LM XZ]MJI X]M[
las partes precisamente necesitan leer el dictamen para saber si se precisa pedir
MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW LMT I]\WZ LMT QVNWZUM KWV VM[ IKTIZI\WZQW[ W LM KWV\ZWT LM [][
apreciaciones.
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I[Q[\QZ I TI [MLM LM TI ^Q[\I WZIT KWV^WKILI a KWV\M[\IZ TI[ XZMO]V\I[ Y]M [M TM
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XIZI W\ZW LyI ,M VW \MVMZTI [M TM QUXWVLZn ]VI U]T\I LM KQVKW I LQMb [ITIZQW[
UyVQUW[ ]ZJIVW[ Un[ IT\W[ Y]M M[\uV ^QOMV\M[ IXMZKQJQuVLWTM MV TI [MO]VLI
WKI[Q~V [IT^W Y]M TI XIZ\M XZWXWVMV\M ZMV]VKQIZI IT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW LM Y]M VW
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\IUJQuV XWLZn QUX]\nZ[MTM [Q KWUXIZMKM XMZW [M VQMOI I KWV\M[\IZ I ITO]VI W
ÎZQI[XZMO]V\I[WTWPIKMKWVMÎ[QÎ[IZ\ +8+5
2.11.4.2.2.2 Derechos:
I *n[QKIUMV\M MT XMZQ\W \QMVM LMZMKPW I Y]M [M TM ZM\ZQJ]aI XWZ TI ZMITQbIKQ~V LM []
\ZIJIRW ,M V]M^W XZWKMLM LQ[\QVO]QZ MV M[\M X]V\W MV\ZM TI XMZQKQI M`\ZIR]LQKQIT
aTIR]LQKQIT"MVTIXZQUMZIÎZQIV\MaMVTIbIVLWKWVTWY]MIV\M[KWUMV\IUW[TI
M[\ZQK\IZMTIKQ~VKTQMV\MTIZLM\MZUQVIZnMTXIK\WMV\ZMIUJW[[WJZMK]nV\WaLMY]u
UWLWXWZILMTIV\ILWKWVXZW^Q[Q~VQVQKQITLM]VXWZKMV\IRMaMTZM[\WITVITQbIZ
MT XZWKM[W M\K XMZKQJQZn MT XMZQ\W [][ MUWT]UMV\W[ +WV \WLW [Q MT XMZQ\W VW
hubiera cobrado nada y el dictamen se presenta con la demanda o la contestacin
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ZMKWV^MVQLWXIZMKMTWT~OQKWY]MMTXMZQ\WY]MVWPIZMKQJQLW[I\Q[NIKKQ~VITO]VI
TM [MI IXTQKILW MT ZuOQUMV LM TI XMZQKQI LM LM[QOVIKQ~V R]LQKQIT \IUJQuV I M[\W[
efectos de cobro.
J 8IZI M[\I T\QUI XMZQKQI LM LM[QOVIKQ~V R]LQKQIT TI TMa IZJQ\ZI Y]M [Q MT XMZQ\W TW
[WTQKQ\M MV MT XTIbW LM TW[ \ZM[ LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ I [] LM[QOVIKQ~V XMZW VILI QUXQLM
Y]M TW PIOI \IUJQuV a posteriori TI XIZ\M XZWXWVMV\M LMXW[Q\IZn TI []UI Y]M RM
MT \ZQJ]VIT KWVNWZUM I TW[ IZIVKMTM[ R]LQKQITM[ TW K]IT [M TM VW\QKIZn KWV\IVLW
entonces con cinco das para formalizar el depsito so pena sino de acordarse el
LM[Q[\QUQMV\W LM TI XZ]MJI IZ\ ! +8+5 -V MT KI[W LM Y]M TI XMZQKQI [MI LM
KWUVIK]MZLWLMLW[WUn[XIZ\M[TW[OI[\W[Y]MWKI[QWVMTIMUQ[Q~VLMTLQK\IUMV
XMZQKQIT[MZnV[I\Q[NMKPW[MVXIZ\M[QO]ITM[XWZMTLMUIVLIV\MaMTLMUIVLILW
K
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408

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MVKW[\I[MVM[MXZWKM[WMTK]IT[MO]QZn[][XZWXQI[ZMOTI[-[LMKQZTI[VWZUI[Y]M
PMUW[KQ\ILWTWY]MPIKMVM[OIZIV\QbIZY]MMT\MZKMZWKWJZIZnXWZ[]\ZIJIRWXMZW
VWXZMLM\MZUQVIY]uXIZ\M[MZnTILMVQ\QÎUMV\MLMJMZnKIZOIZKWVM[IZM\ZQJ]KQ~V
8WZ\IV\W[QPIaKWVLMVIMVKW[\I[ITIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIIY]QMVXZWX][WTIXMZQKQI
KWVNWZUM IT XZQVKQXQW LMT ^MVKQUQMV\W LMJMZn IY]uTTI ZMMUJWT[IZ I u[\I [][
PWVWZIZQW[aIXIOILW[aLMJQLIUMV\MR][\QKILW[KWVNIK\]ZI
;Q LQ[\QV\IUMV\M ZM[]T\I TI M[\QUIKQ~V XIZKQIT LM TI LMUIVLI a VW PI T]OIZ I
KWVLMVIZ MV KW[\I[ TI XIZ\M XZWXWVMV\M KIZOIZn LMVQ\QÎUMV\M KWV M[W[ OI[\W[
;IT^WY]M[M\ZI\IZMLMXMZQ\W[XZM[MV\ILW[KWVR]V\IUMV\MMVK]aWKI[W[M[MO]QZn
ZMXIZ\QMVLW TI UQV]\I I XIZ\M[ QO]ITM[ X]M[\W Y]M IUJI[ M[\]^QMZWV LM IK]MZLW
con aprovecharse de sus servicios.
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2.11.4.2.3.1 Qu se puede alegar:
4I QUXIZKQITQLIL LMT XMZQ\W [M KWVO]ZI KWUW ]V ZMY]Q[Q\W M[MVKQIT LM [] KIZOW VW
[QUXTMUMV\MKWUW]VUW\Q^WLM[W[XMKPIIÎTWZIZKWV^MVQMV\MUMV\MMVTI[MV\MVKQIKWUW
WK]ZZMMVTIXZ]MJILM\M[\QOW[,M\ITUWLWY]M[Q[MIKZMLQ\ITIKWVK]ZZMVKQILMITO]VI
KQZK]V[\IVKQI Y]M TTM^M I LM[^QZ\]IZ IY]MT I\ZQJ]\W MT XMZQ\W LMJM [MZ M`KT]QLW [QV Un[ a
XZWKMLMZ[MI[][][\Q\]KQ~VXWZW\ZWLMQO]IT\Q\]TIKQ~VWKWVWKQUQMV\W[XZnK\QKW[
) \IT MNMK\W MT R]Mb LMJMZ QVNWZUIZ IT XMZQ\W IT KWU]VQKIZTM TI LM[QOVIKQ~V LM [] KIZOW
Y]M LMJMZn XWVMZ LM UIVQM[\W [Q M`Q[\M ITO]VI ZMTIKQ~V LM XIZMV\M[KW W LM IUQ[\IL W
LM MVMUQ[\IL KWV ITO]VI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ W [Q \QMVM QV\MZu[ MV MT ZM[]T\ILW LMT XZWKM[W IZ\
+8+5IVLMY]MVW[MTM\WUMR]ZIUMV\Wa[MXZWKMLILQZMK\IUMV\MIVWUJZIZI
otroen los tres das siguientes a la recepcin de la abstencin.
-V K]ITY]QMZ KI[W [Q MT XMZQ\W KITTI KWV[KQMV\MUMV\M W XWZY]M VW KZMM [QVKMZIUMV\M
Y]M KWVK]ZZI VQVO]VI KI][I LM XIZKQITQLIL K]ITY]QMZI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ I TI Y]M [] QVNWZUM
X]MLI XMZR]LQKIZTM XWLZn ITMOIZ TI KI][I LM XIZKQITQLIL Y]M aI VW [MZn LM IJ[\MVKQ~V
[QVW LM ZMK][IKQ~V MV TW[ \ZM[ LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ I Y]M TI[ XIZ\M[ \MVOIV KWVWKQUQMV\W XWZ
[MZTM VW\QKILI TI LM[QOVIKQ~V LMT M`XMZ\W IZ\ PIJTI LM TW[ \ZM[ LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ I TI
LM[QOVIKQ~VXMZW[QVWPI[QLWVW\QKILWLMMTTIUITX]MLMMRMZKQ\IZ[MKWV\ZWTITO]VW
)]VY]MVWTWKWVKZM\ITITMaXIZMKMT~OQKWY]MVWJI[\MKWVTIUMZILMV]VKQILMTUW\Q^W[QVW
Y]Mu[\MPIJZnLMXZWJIZ[M
*QMVUMLQIV\MXZ]MJILWK]UMV\ITJQMVUMLQIV\M\M[\QOW[Y]M[MWNZMKMZnIT\ZQJ]VITXIZI
[MZWyLW[MVM[W[\ZM[LyI[WQVKT][WIXWZ\IVLWQVNWZUM[XMZQKQITM[IV\MZQWZM[MVKIZOILW[XWZ
MTUQ[UWTQ\QOIV\MY]MX]LQMZIVZM^MTIZ]VIZMTIKQ~VKWV\QV]ILILMKWVIVbILMu[\MKWVMT
perito.
409

2.11.4.2.3.2 Qu no se puede alegar:
6WJI[\IZnXIZIKWV[\Z]QZTIKI][ILMXIZKQITQLILKWVMTUMZWPMKPWLMY]M[M\ZI\MLM]V
LQK\IUMV M`\ZIR]LQKQIT LWVLM XWZ \IV\W a NWZbW[IUMV\M TI XIZ\M PI \MVQLW Y]M MV\ZIZ MV
KWV\IK\WXMZ[WVITaLQZMK\WKWVMTM`XMZ\WXIZIXWLMZPIKMZTMMTMVKIZOW9]MTITMaPIJTM
LMXMZQ\WLMXIZ\MMVM[\W[KI[W[IZ\+8+5TWM[[~TWIMNMK\W[LMRIZK]nVLW[M
IXWZ\IMTLQK\IUMVaIQV[\IVKQILMY]QuVXMZWVILIUn[
,MV]M^WPMUW[LMZMKITKIZY]MVWX]MLMVPIKMZ[MLQ[KZQUQVIKQWVM[MVMTXTIVWTMOITMV\ZM
MTQVNWZUM[WTQKQ\ILWIV\M[LMPIJMZXZWKM[WWLMV\ZWLMuT
4IXIZKQITQLILY]MXZW[KZQJMTITMaM[IY]MTTIY]MTTMÎITXMZQ\WVW[QUXTMUMV\MI\MVMZ]VI
relacin estrictamente profesional con el litigante derivada de su contratacin puntual para
TI MTIJWZIKQ~V LM M[M QVNWZUM [QVW ]VI ZMTIKQ~V XMZ[WVIT [][KMX\QJTM LM TTMÎZ IT M`XMZ\W
I UIVQX]TIZ TI[ KWVKT][QWVM[ LM [] \ZIJIRW LQ[NZIbnVLWTI[ LM R]QKQW \uKVQKW KWV MT V LM
NI^WZMKMZ W XMZR]LQKIZ I ]VI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ XWZ UW\QÎKQWVM[ Y]M WJ^QIUMV\M ÎV Un[ ITTn
Y]MTILMI[MO]ZIZMTKWJZWLM[][PWVWZIZQW[ITOWITWY]M[QMUXZMKWUWPMUW[^Q[\W\QMVM
LMZMKPWITUMVW[LMV\ZWLMTUIZOMVLMTW[IZIVKMTM[R]LQKQITM[IXTQKIJTM[XMZWY]MV]VKI
X]MLMR][\QKIZ]VKWUXWZ\IUQMV\WQTyKQ\WaLMWV\WT~OQKIUMV\MZMXZWJIJTM
2.11.4.3 Pericial judicial:

2.11.4.3.1 Proposicin del perito:
+]IVLWMTQVNWZUM[MIXWZ\IKWVTW[M[KZQ\W[LMITMOIKQWVM[VWPIaVQVO]VIXZWXW[QKQ~V
Y]MPIKMZLMTXMZQ\W[QVWY]Mu[\IaI[MKWUXZMVLMMVTIXZWXQIMV\ZMOILMTLQK\IUMV[QV
XMZR]QKQWLMTW[KWV\ZWTM[Y]MXWLZnVQV[\IZ[MLM[X]u[MVTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQIW[QM[
XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW MV TI I]LQMVKQI LM XZ]MJI IZ\ XnZZINW \MZKMZW XIZI Y]M [M KQ\M I
declarar al perito.
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LMUIVLILW MV [] M[KZQ\W LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V IT WXWVMZ M`KMXKQWVM[ UI\MZQITM[ MT IZ\ !
+8+5 W\WZOI LMZMKPW I TI XIZ\M IK\WZI XIZI Y]M X]MLI KWV[QOVIZ VW [~TW LWK]UMV\IT
[QVW QVNWZUM[ XMZQKQITM[ LQZQOQLW[ I LM[^QZ\]IZ M[I[ IZUIKQWVM[ -T UQ[UW LMZMKPW TM
corresponde al actor cuando el demandado reconviene y se abre el plazo para contestar
y presentar documentos e informes periciales de oposicin a la reconvencin. En ambas
[Q\]IKQWVM[ MT QVNWZUM XMZQKQIT [QO]M [QMVLW LM MVKIZOW ]VQTI\MZIT LM TI XIZ\M KWUW MT
M`\ZIR]LQKQITLMTIK\WZM[LMKQZ[QVKWV\ZWTLMTR]Mb
;MLMRIPMKPIXWZ[]X]M[\WTI[IT^MLILLM]VIXW[QJTMXZ]MJIIV\QKQXILIKWVNWZUII
TI[ZMOTI[aZMY]Q[Q\W[LMTW[IZ\[a[[+8+5
.]MZI LM TW[ KI[W[ IV\MZQWZM[ aI PMUW[ QVLQKILW Y]M TI TMa XMZUQ\M \IUJQuV TI
LM[QOVIKQ~VXWZ^yIR]LQKQIT"
410

I -T IZ\ XnZZINW XZQUMZW LMT +~LQOW M[\IJTMKM ]V XZQUMZ []X]M[\W XIZI MTTW a
es cuando por razones de urgencia la parte respectiva no ha podido gestionar en
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LM ITMOIKQ~V QVQKQIT XWZ XMLQZ IT R]Mb Y]M TW LM[QOVM M[XMKQKIVLW MT WJRM\W LM TI
pericia.
-T\ZQJ]VITÎTWZIZn[QTIXZ]MJIZM[]T\IXMZ\QVMV\Ma\QTa[QM[I[y[MXZWKMLMZnI
su nombramiento en el plazo de tres das desde la conclusin del sealado para
KWV\M[\IZTILMUIVLIQVLMXMVLQMV\MUMV\MLMK]nTLMTI[XIZ\M[P]JQMZI[WTQKQ\ILW
TIXMZQKQIR]LQKQIT:MOTIY]MPILMUWL]TIZ[MMVMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWMVZMTIKQ~V
KWVTII]LQMVKQILMXZ]MJILMIK]MZLWKWVMTXZWXQWIZ\ XnZZINW\MZKMZW
-V\MVLMUW[ Y]M LMV\ZW LM M[\I[ ZIbWVM[ LM ]ZOMVKQI X]MLMV \IUJQuV QVKT]QZ[M
TI[Q\]IKQ~VLMY]QMVXWZKIZMKMZLMZMK]Z[W[MKWV~UQKW[[]KQMV\M[XIZIINZWV\IZ
]VIKWV\ZI\IKQ~VTQJMZITLMTXMZQ\WKWVNWZUMITI[M`QOMVKQI[LMIY]MTTW[IY]QMVM[
[MLQZQOQ~LMJIWX\IZXWZ]VILM[QOVIKQ~VR]LQKQITY]M\ZIMZnKWV[QOWTIZMO]TIKQ~V
LMM[W[PWVWZIZQW[XWZIZIVKMTTWY]MX]MLMZM[]T\IZTMUn[MY]Q\I\Q^W
J )[QUQ[UW \IUJQuV XZWKMLMZn TI LM[QOVIKQ~V R]LQKQIT MV KI[W LM IK]MZLW MV\ZM
TI[ XIZ\M[ MV TW[ \uZUQVW[ LMT IZ\ +8+5 Y]M aI IVITQbIUW[ MV MT MXyOZINM
[MO]VLW ZMTI\Q^W IT VUMZW LM XMZQ\W[ 4I XZ]MJI [M XZWXWVLZn IY]y PI[\I TI
I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI XZWKM[W KWUV W MV TI ^Q[\I WZIT LMT IJZM^QILW XWZ
IXTQKIKQ~VLMTIZ\ T\QUWXnZZINW
K
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R]LQKQIT LMT LQK\IUMV K]IVLW [M \ZI\M LM XMLQZ XZ]MJI XMZQKQIT LM KWV\ZI[\M
precisamente para desvirtuar el valor de algn informe aportado en las fases
previas del proceso por la parte contraria. Dicho de otro modo: el derecho a
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IT XMZQ\W Y]M PI ZMLIK\ILW MT LQK\IUMV LQ[K]\QLW [QVW \IUJQuV [Q [M XZMMZM
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pertinente y til.
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MT LQK\IUMV MV TI NI[M LM ITMOIKQWVM[ [QV Y]M XIZMbKI []KQMV\M XIZI [IT\IZ[M MT
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411

2.11.4.3.2 Aceptacin del cargo:
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XIZI TW K]IT [M WQZn I TI XIZ\M XZWXWVMV\M IKMZKI LM TI M[XMKQITQbIKQ~V Y]M I [] KZQ\MZQW [M
ZMY]QMZM MV MT M`XMZ\W ILMUn[ LM IKW\IZ TW[ \uZUQVW[ LM TI XMZQKQI IV\M TW Y]M TI[ LMUn[
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XMZQ\W a WJRM\W KWVKZM\W LMT QVNWZUM 8IZI [] LM[QOVIKQ~V KWV^QMVM Y]M MT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT
posea listados orientativos de los distintos colegios profesionales cuyos titulados pueden
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KQMZ\WMV\ZI}IZyI]VIKQMZ\IKWZZM[XWV[IJQTQLILLMTXZWXQW\ZQJ]VITY]MXWZLM[K]QLWVWTM
QVY]QZQ~MVM[MUWUMV\WXIZIY]MILMUn[LMIKMX\IZMTKIZOWNWZU]TIZIMTKWUXZWUQ[W
;M\ZI\IMV\WLWKI[WLM]VINWZUITQLIL[]J[IVIJTMY]M]VI^MbX]M[\ILMUIVQM[\WXWZ
ITO]VI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ W LM WKQW MV TI LM LM[QOVIKQ~V R]LQKQIT XWZ [MZ KWUW LMKyIUW[ LM
[] KWZZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL XMZUQ\QZn Y]M MT \ZQJ]VIT W\WZO]M XTIbW XMZMV\WZQW I V LM Y]M MT
XMZQ\WKWUXIZMbKIaaI[MI]VW]W\ZW\QXWLMXMZQKQIM`\ZIR]LQKQITWR]LQKQITMNMK\MLQKPW
\ZnUQ\M
;QMTXMZQ\W[QVMUJIZOWZMY]MZQLWXWZMTTW[MVQMOIIPIKMZTWMTLQK\IUMVKIZMKMZnLMÎTWZ
X]M[\W Y]M M[ M^QLMV\M TI QV\MVKQWVITQLIL TMOIT LM KWVO]ZIZ M[\M KWUXZWUQ[W LMT XMZQ\W
como un elemento de validez esencial del dictamen.
=VI VMOI\QÎ QVR][\QKILI M[ LMKQZ ]VI VMOI\QÎ TQ[I a TTIVI I NWZU]TIZTW VW TI UMZI
QUXW[QJQTQLIL UI\MZQIT LM IK]LQZ MT LyI Y]M [M TM [M}ITM PI LM QV\MZXZM\IZ[M KWUW ]VI
^WT]V\IL \nKQ\I XMZW QVMY]y^WKI LMT XMZQ\W LM LM[MV\MVLMZ[M LMT LMJMZ LM ^MZIKQLIL IT Y]M
M[\n [WUM\QLW [] \ZIJIRW A MV M[I UMLQLI aI VW [MZn XZMKQ[W IKZMLQ\IZ KWV XZ]MJI[ LM
ZM^WKIKQ~V Y]M MT XMZQ\W KIZMKM LM TI IX\Q\]L \uKVQKI M`QOQLI W Y]M M[ XIZKQIT jT UQ[UW
PIJZnLM[^QZ\]ILWTIMKIKQI\W\ITLM[]QVNWZUMKWVM[IVMOI\QÎXZWXQI
412

2.11.4.3.3 Emisin del dictamen:
=VI ^Mb I[]UQLW MT MVKIZOW MT R]Mb W \ZQJ]VIT LMTQUQ\IZn \IV\W MT KWV\MVQLW LMT
LQK\IUMV KWUW MT XTIbW LMV\ZW LMT K]IT MT XMZQ\W LMJMZn XZM[MV\IZ [] LQK\IUMV IZ\
QV VM ,M IK]MZLW KWV MT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW MT XMZQ\W LMJMZn KM}QZ[M IT UQ[UW [W XMVI
LM QV]\QTQLIL LM TI XZ]MJI MV TW Y]M ZM[]T\M IRMVW IT MVKIZOW MNMK\]ILW266 4W ZMUQ\QZn XWZ
M[KZQ\W\IV\WITR]MbKWUWITI[XIZ\M[MV\WLWKI[WIV\M[LMTW[LQMbLyI[XZM^QW[ITINMKPI
LM KMTMJZIKQ~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI LM XZ]MJI \ZI\nVLW[M LM XZWKM[W KWUV -V MT IJZM^QILW
LILWY]MTIXZWXQIXZWXW[QKQ~VaMVKIZOWLMTXMZQ\W[MPIPMKPWMVTIXZWXQII]LQMVKQILM
XZ]MJIVWXIZMKMXW[QJTMY]MMTLQK\IUMVX]MLIM[\IZTQ[\WM[MUQ[UWLyI[QVWY]M\MVLZyI
Y]MMV\ZMOIZ[MITI[XIZ\M[MVNMKPIXW[\MZQWZY]MUIZY]MMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITaMTTWITUIZOMV
LMY]M[MTTMO]MI[WTQKQ\IZLM[X]u[MTQV\MZZWOI\WZQWLMTM`XMZ\W
-TLQK\IUMVXMZQKQITLMJMZnMTIJWZIZ[MMVTW[\uZUQVW[Y]MZM[]T\MVUn[KWUXZMV[QJTM[
XIZI [][ LM[\QVI\IZQW[ Y]M [WV MT \ZQJ]VIT a TI[ XIZ\M[ 0I LM KWV\MVMZ[M MV uT" I TI
LM[KZQXKQ~V XZMTQUQVIZ LMT WJRM\W LMT MVKIZOW a TI \Q\]TIKQ~V W M`XMZQMVKQI LMT XMZQ\W MV
M[M KIUXW J TI UM\WLWTWOyI KQMV\yKI W \uKVQKI MUXTMILI LMJQMVLW XIZI MTTW IR][\IZ[M
I TI[ ZMOTI[ Y]M [WJZM TI KQMVKQI IZ\M W \uKVQKI KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M M`Q[\QMZMV ZMOTI[ Y]M MV
XZQVKQXQW LM[KWVWKMZn KWV NZMK]MVKQI MT \ZQJ]VIT XMZW TI[ XIZ\M[ X]MLMV KWV[]T\IZ XWZ []
K]MV\I I W\ZW[ XMZQ\W[ XIZI ^MZQKIZ [] KWZZMKKQ~V# K TI[ KWVKZM\I[ WXMZIKQWVM[ W IVnTQ[Q[
MNMK\]ILW[ LM TI yVLWTM Y]M N]MZMV Y]yUQKW[ KWV\IJTM[ UuLQKW[ M\K# L TI[ KWVKT][QWVM[
ITI[Y]MTTMOIMTQVNWZUMLM\MZUQVIVLW[QM`Q[\M]VIKI][IVQKIWMVKIUJQWÎZQI[Y]M
M`XTQY]MVTW[PMKPW[aMVM[\MT\QUWKI[WY]uXWZKMV\IRMLMXZWJIJQTQLILPILMI[QOVIZ[M
IKILI]VI#NTIZUILMTXMZQ\W
-[\M KWV\MVQLW LMJMZn [MO]QZ[M \IUJQuV XIZI TI MTIJWZIKQ~V LM TW[ QVNWZUM[ XWZ TW[ XMZQ\W[
LM XIZ\M IXWZ\ILW[ MV TI NI[M QVQKQIT LM ITMOIKQWVM[ W KWV XW[\MZQWZQLIL XMZW [QV LM[QOVIKQ~V
R]LQKQIT
2.11.4.4 Interrogatorio judicial del perito:

-T +~LQOW VW M`QOM MV VQVOV UWUMV\W Y]M MT XMZQ\W Y]M [][KZQJM ]V QVNWZUM XMZQKQIT
M`\ZIR]LQKQIT LMJI KWUXIZMKMZ MV R]QKQW XIZI ZI\QKIZTW XWZ TW Y]M [M LI XWZ [MV\ILW Y]M
KWV[\IVLW [] QLMV\QLIL I]\WZyI a ZUI ZM[]T\I M[\W []KQMV\M XIZI W\WZOIZTM ÎTQLMb TMOIT
W\ZI KW[I [MZn [] ÎTWZIKQ~V KWVKZM\I MV [MV\MVKQI <IUXWKW [M XZMKQ[I TI ZI\QKIKQ~V LM
TW[ XMZQ\W[ LM LM[QOVIKQ~V R]LQKQIT Y]QMVM[ IKMX\ILW MT KIZOW TTMÎZnV I KIJW TI IK\Q^QLIL
VMKM[IZQIZMLIK\IZnVMTQVNWZUMaKWUWPMUW[aILQKPWTWMV\ZMOIZnVIT~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT
y a las partes.
266 )TZM[XMK\W\IV\WTIR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQIKWUWTILWK\ZQVIPIV[W[\MVQLWY]MXIZIY]MTIXMZQ\IKQ~V\MVOIÎTQLMb
M[ QVLQ[XMV[IJTM Y]M MT LQK\IUMV [M TQUQ\M I TW[ X]V\W[ Y]M PIV [QLW XTIV\MILW[ I TW[ XMZQ\W[ LM \IT []MZ\M
Y]M MT LQK\IUMV [WJZM X]V\W[ LQ[\QV\W[ KIZMKM LM MKIKQI XZWJI\WZQI ,M TW M`X]M[\W [M KWVKT]aM Y]M TI
XZ]MJIXMZQKQITIXWZ\ILIITXZWKM[WKIZMKMLMMKIKQIXZWJI\WZQIXWZK]IV\W[MJI[~MVMTIVnTQ[Q[LMPMKPW[VW
[WUM\QLW[I[]KWVWKQUQMV\W";MV\MVKQILMTI;ITILMTW+Q^QTLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM LMNMJZMZWLM
LQK\ILIITI[PPZMN+I+
413

8WZ \IV\W MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW R]LQKQIT LMT XMZQ\W VQKIUMV\M [M XZWL]KM K]IVLW I ZM[]T\I[
LM TI TMK\]ZI LMT QVNWZUM aI WJZIV\M MV I]\W[ [MI M`\ZIR]LQKQIT W R]LQKQIT ITO]VI LM TI[
XIZ\M[IK\]IV\M[[MITIXZWXWVMV\MLMTIXZ]MJI[MIK]ITY]QMZW\ZIKWV[QLMZMXMZ\QVMV\Ma
\QT Y]M [M KQ\M IT M`XMZ\W XIZI Y]M ZQVLI K]MV\I LM LM\MZUQVILW[ M`\ZMUW[ KWV\MVQLW[ MV
uT" KWV VM[ IKTIZI\WZQW[ IV\M TI XW[QJTM LMV[QLIL \uKVQKI LMT TMVO]IRM MUXTMILW# XIZI Y]M
IUXTyM TI[ M`XTQKIKQWVM[ MV \WZVW I ]VW LM TW[ X]V\W[ Y]M LM[IZZWTTI MV uT# W QVKT][W XIZI
Y]M LM[MV\ZI}M TI ZMIT W IXIZMV\M QVKWPMZMVKQI W KWV\ZILQKKQ~V MV\ZM LQ[\QV\W[ IXIZ\ILW[
del informe.
) M[\W [M ZMMZM MT IZ\ +8+5 [M}ITIVLW Y]M [Q [M [WTQKQ\I TI XZnK\QKI LM LQKPW
QV\MZZWOI\WZQW [M XZW^MMZn I MTTW KQ\nVLWTM XIZI Y]M IK]LI IT IK\W LM TI I]LQMVKQI
XZWJI\WZQITWK]ITXZM[]XWVMXIZIMTTWY]MMTLQK\IUMVTTMO]MKWVTI[]KQMV\MIV\MTIKQ~V
a manos de las partes. De no ser as podra ser necesario posponer la audiencia para una
NMKPI ]T\MZQWZ -NMK\]ILI TI KQ\IKQ~V a KWUXIZMKQLW MT M`XMZ\W [Q VW TW PIKM TM XIZIZnV
TI[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[ Y]M aI [M QVLQKIZWV MV MT MXyOZINM LM TI[ WJTQOIKQWVM[ [M QVQKQIZn MT
QV\MZZWOI\WZQWMUXMbIVLWXWZTIXIZ\MXZWXWVMV\M[IT^WY]Mu[\IVILI\MVOIY]MXZMO]V\IZ
TW K]IT M[ NIK\QJTM [Q MT LQK\IUMV TM XIZMKM LMT \WLW [I\Q[NIK\WZQW XZW[MO]QZn LM[X]u[ KWV
TI[ LMUn[ XIZ\M[ LMUIVLIV\M[ [Q TI[ P]JQMZM a TI[ LMUIVLILI[ XIZI \WLI[ TI[ K]ITM[ TI
TMa]\QTQbIMT\uZUQVWKWV\ZIQV\MZZWOIZI]VY]MKWVNZMK]MVKQIVWKWV[Q[\IXZWXQIUMV\MMV
M[W [QVW MV IKTIZIZ W\ZW[ I[XMK\W[ LQ[\QV\W[ LMT ZMY]MZQLW XWZ TI XIZ\M XZWXWVMV\M =VI[ a
W\ZI[XIZ\M[XWLZnVXMLQZY]MMTXMZQ\WM`XWVOIMTLQK\IUMVTWIKTIZMTWQT][\ZMZM[XWVLI
I XZMO]V\I[ KWVKZM\I[ [WJZM MT Uu\WLW [MO]QLW XZMUQ[I[ KWVKT][QWVM[ a \WLW[ IY]MTTW[
M`\ZMUW[Y]MX]MLIVKWV\ZQJ]QZIIKTIZIZaKWUXZMVLMZUMRWZ[]WXQVQ~VIZ\ XnZZINW
\MZKMZW
<IUJQuVMTR]MbW\ZQJ]VITXWLZnNWZU]TIZTI[XZMO]V\I[Y]MKWV[QLMZMUMVM[\MZ[QJQMVKWV
VM[LMIKTIZIKQ~VM[\WM[[QV[]XTQZTIIK\Q^QLILLMXIZ\MUQ[UWIZ\ QVVM+8+5
2.11.4.5 Valoracin:
Dos cuestiones convienen que resaltemos en este apartado:
4IXZQUMZIM[Y]MM`XZM[IUMV\MLM\MZUQVIMTIZ\ !Y]MMTQVNWZUMXMZQKQIT[MZnÎTWZILW
KWVNWZUMITI[ZMOTI[LMTI[IVIKZy\QKIM[LMKQZKWUW^MVQUW[QLMV\QKIVLWÎTWZIKQ~VTQJZM
XMZW ZIKQWVIT a UW\QÎLI LM TI XZ]MJI -[ QUXWZ\IV\M \MVMZ M[\W XZM[MV\M X]M[ MV VQVOV
KI[W TI XZ]MJI XMZQKQIT LM^QMVM ^QVK]TIV\M W \I[ILI XWZ MT R]bOILWZ -[ NnKQT KWUXZMVLMZ
M[\WK]IVLWMV]VXZWKM[W[MXZM[MV\MVa\ITKW[I[MZnU]aXZWJIJTMMV\MUI[Y]MM`QRIV
KWVWKQUQMV\W[M[XMKQITQbILW[LW[WUn[LQK\nUMVM[KILI]VWLM]VIXIZ\MLQ[KZMXIV\M[a
PI[\IKWV\ZILQK\WZQW[MV\ZM[y"MVM[I\M[Q\]ZIZM[]T\IWJ^QWY]M\WLW[MTTW[ÎTMVQO]ITaTW
Y]MLMJMKWVL]KQZIWX\IZXWZ]VW]W\ZWWXWZ[MTMKKQWVIZXIZ\M[LMIUJW[ITI^MbTWY]M
M[W\ZIXW[QJQTQLILNZMK]MV\MPILM[MZTI[WTQLMbQV\ZyV[MKILMTLQK\IUMVTI[MZQMLILLM[]
M`XW[QKQ~VTIUM\WLWTWOyIMUXTMILIaTITWOQKQLILLM[][ZM[]T\ILW[
8MZW I]VY]M VW N]M[M I[y a WJZI[M ]V VQKW LQK\IUMV \IUXWKW [MZn XZ]MJI \I[ILI
VMKM[Q\nVLW[M [QMUXZM Y]M [] KWV\MVQLW KWV^MVbI IT R]Mb -[ KQMZ\W Y]M M[\IUW[ PIJTIVLW
414

LMUn`QUI[LMTIM`XMZQMVKQIY]Mu[\MVWXW[MMaXWZ\IV\WVW[M\ZI\ILMXMLQZTMITLQK\IZ
[MV\MVKQI Y]M \MVOI ITOW LM TW Y]M PI[\I M[M UWUMV\W KIZMKyI MT [IJMZ M[XMKQITQbILW 4W
Y]MQUXWZ\IM[Y]MMTR]Mb\QMVMTIKIXIKQLILKZy\QKIXIZIIXZMKQIZK]nVLW]VLQK\IUMVXWZ
[] KWV\MVQLW ZM[]T\I KWV^QVKMV\M a K]nVLW VW -V M[W ZILQKI [] ÎTWZIKQ~V M`\ZIaMVLW TI
informacin til para declarar los hechos probados.
*IRW MT LMZWOILW IZ\ +8+ Y]M M[\IJTMKyI ]VI ZMOTI LM XZ]MJI \I[ILI LM TI XMZQKQIT
UuLQKI TI R]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI aI PIJyI UI\QbILW Y]M \IT ÎTWZ Y]MLIJI KWVILW MV LMVQ\QÎ
I TI IXZMKQIKQ~V LMT R]Mb MV K]IV\W I TI KZMLQJQTQLIL LM TI[ KWVKT][QWVM[ ITKIVbILI[ XWZ MT
M`XMZ\W267.
+WUW^MVQUW[[M}ITIVLWITWTIZOWLMT\MUIMTR]MbW\ZQJ]VITVWX]MLMLM[XZMKQIZTI
XMZQKQIM`\ZIR]LQKQITXWZMTUMZWPMKPWLM[MZTW\IV\W[QM[MTVQKWQVNWZUMIXWZ\ILWKWUW
[QP]JQMZIVW\ZW[LMLM[QOVIKQ~VR]LQKQIT<WLW[TW[QVNWZUM[ÎTMVTMOITUMV\MTWUQ[UW8WZ
MTTWMTY]MXZMÎTMbKI]VW]W\ZWLMXMVLMZnLMRIVLWITUIZOMVXW[QJTM[ZMK][IKQWVM[WTI
QVÎTQLIKQ~VLMTLQK\IUMVXWZQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLMZMY]Q[Q\W[NWZUITM[LMTIKZMLQJQTQLILLM
[]KWV\MVQLW\ITKWUWPMUW[LQKPWaI
267
En este sentido el Art. 363 Pr. +I[QOVIÎTWZLMXTMVIXZ]MJIITLQK\IUMVXMZQKQITMVTIXIZ\MNIK]T\I\QÎ

WXZWNM[QWVIT#XMZWM[MT2]bOILWZITY]MKWZZM[XWVLMKITQKIZTITMOITQLILaLM\MZUQVIZMTÎTWZXZWJI\WZQWY]M
KWZZM[XWVLMITKI[WKWVKZM\WLMJQMVLWIL^MZ\QZ[MY]MTW[XMZQ\W[KWVKWZLIZWVMVY]MMTUI\MZQITLMJQ\ILWTIZUI
LMT\M[\IUMV\WaMTUI\MZQITQVL]JQ\ILWTIZUILMTW[LWK]UMV\W[I]\uV\QKW[[WVUI\MZQITM[UWZNWT~OQKIUMV\M
LQNMZMV\M[M[LMKQZ\QMVMVNWZUI[LQ[\QV\I[TWY]MMY]QÎTMIY]MTIZUILMT\M[\IUMV\WVWM[TIUQ[UIZUI
X]M[\IMVMTUI\MZQITQVL]JQ\ILW[QMVLWILMUn[Y]MTIWXQVQ~VLMTW[XMZQ\W[VWX]MLMXI[IZXWZ[WJZMIY]MTTI[
KW[I[LMTI[Y]M[M\QMVMKWVWKQUQMV\WXWZ[QUXTMIXZMKQIKQ~VLQZMK\ILMT2]bOILWZ";MV\MVKQILMTI;ITILMTW
+Q^QTLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILMLMR]TQWLMLQK\ILIITI[PPZMN;5
415
2.11.5 Reconocimiento Judicial

;=5):17"1+WVKMX\WaXZM[]X]M[\W118ZWXW[QKQ~VILUQ[Q~VaXZnK\QKI
111:MKWVWKQUQMV\W[KWUX]M[\W[1>>ITWZIKQ~VLMTIK\ILMZMKWVWKQUQMV\W
2.11.5.1 Concepto y presupuesto:

5MLQWLMXZ]MJIXWZMTY]M[M[WTQKQ\IITR]MbW\ZQJ]VITY]MZMITQKM]VMÌUMVLQZMK\Wa
I\ZIû[LM[][[MV\QLW[LM]VIXMZ[WVILM]VWJRM\WWLM]VT]OIZIZ\!+8+5KWVMT
VLMIXZMPMVLMZTW[PMKPW[KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW[aLMRIZZMOQ[\ZWM[KZQ\WLMMTTWI\ZIû[LMIK\I
-T ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W R]LQKQIT XWZ \IV\W [M QLMV\QKI KWUW ]VI XZ]MJI XMZ[WVIT M[XMKQIT
X]M[\W Y]M TW Y]M [M J][KI M[ WJ\MVMZ QVNWZUIKQ~V Y]M KWV[\I I ]V []RM\W XMZW Y]M M[ ]V
[]RM\W K]ITQKILW XWZY]M [M \ZI\I XZMKQ[IUMV\M LM Y]QMV PI LM ZM[WT^MZ TI KWV\ZW^MZ[QI -[
\IUJQuV IT UMVW[ MV [] ZM[]T\ILW ]VI XZ]MJI ZMIT X]M[ TW Y]M QUXWZ\I M[ TI ^MZ[Q~V LM
TW[ PMKPW[ Y]M [M ZMMRMV MV MT IK\I LM ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W Y]M M[ MT [WXWZ\M I XIZ\QZ LMT K]IT
XWLZnÎTWZIZ[MTIQVNWZUIKQ~VMVTI[MV\MVKQI+WUW[]VWUJZMQVLQKIMTZMKWVWKQUQMV\W
VW[MZMMZMVQKIUMV\MIT[MV\QLWUn[KTn[QKWLMTI^Q[\I[QVWIK]ITM[Y]QMZILMTW[KQVKW
Y]MVWZUITUMV\MXW[MMMTR]MbLILWY]MMVWKI[QWVM[QUXWZ\I[Un[W\ZW[LQ[\QV\W[KWUW
MTWTNI\WWMTWyLWWÎZQW[ITI^Mb
4IQUXWZ\IVKQILMTIXZ]MJILMZMKWVWKQUQMV\WVWZILQKI\IV\WMVTIM[XMKQITQbIKQ~VLMT
KWVWKQUQMV\W LMT R]Mb [QVW MV MT OZILW LM QVUMLQIKQ~V LM TW[ PMKPW[ Y]M Î I ITKIVbIZ[M
[Q[MTWOZIY]MTIXZ]MJI[MILUQ\IaTTM^MIKIJWI[yKWUWTIQUXWZ\IVKQILMY]MY]QMVPI
KIX\ILWTW[PMKPW[M[XZMKQ[IUMV\MY]QMVÎIZM[WT^MZTIKI][I
)PWZIJQMV\IV\WXWZTIXMZ\]ZJIKQ~VY]MXZW^WKIMVMTY]MPIKMZWZLQVIZQWLMT\ZQJ]VITMT
IKWZLIZ M[\M \QXW LM XZ]MJI K]IVLW [M \ZI\I LM JQMVM[ QVU]MJTM[ W T]OIZM[ TW Y]M WJTQOI
I XZWOZIUIZ ]VI [ITQLI N]MZI LM TI [MLM R]LQKQIT KWUW XWZ TI XW[QJQTQLIL KI[Q [QMUXZM LM
MVKWV\ZIZ W\ZW[ UMLQW[ LM XZ]MJI Y]M K]UXTIV TI UQ[UI N]VKQ~V Y]M TI Y]M [M M[XMZI
LMT ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W LMRIVLW IXIZ\M TI XMZQKQIT Y]M J][KI IV\M \WLW ]V KWVWKQUQMV\W
M[XMKQITQbILW M[\IZyI TI XZWXQI \M[\QKIT M[\I T\QUI M[ ]VI XZ]MJI LM ][W Un[ JQMV
[]J[QLQIZQW -[W M[ MV LMNMK\W LM W\ZI[ XZ]MJI[ XMZ\QVMV\M[ LQ[XWVQJTM[ a KWUW T\QUW
ZMK]Z[WXIZIVWLMRIZITIXIZ\MMVQVLMNMV[Q~V
-T IZ\ ! QV VM KWV\MUXTI I[QUQ[UW TI O]ZI LMT ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W XZIK\QKILW M` WNKQW
K]IVLW TW KWV[QLMZM VMKM[IZQW CMT R]MbE XIZI LQK\IZ [MV\MVKQI ) V LM VW LM[KIJITOIZ
268 +WVXITIJZI[LMTI;ITILMTW+Q^QTLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUI"4IXZ]MJIXWZQV[XMKKQ~VM[MTVQKWUMLQWY]M[Q\I
IT2]MbMVKWV\IK\WLQZMK\WKWVTW[PMKPW[IZUILW[XWZTI[XIZ\M[4WN]VLIUMV\ITMVM[\MUMLQWLMXZ]MJIM[
MTKWV^MVKQUQMV\WY]MILY]QMZMMTR]bOILWZLMTIZMTIKQ~VMV\ZMTI[IZUIKQWVM[LMTI[XIZ\M[aTIZMITQLILLM
LWVLM ZM[]T\I Y]M MT 2]Mb X]MLM QVKT][Q^M LM[KWVWKMZ TW LQK\IUQVILW XWZ TW[ XMZQ\W[ XWZY]M TW LMKQ[Q^W M[ TI
KWV^QKKQ~VY]MuTWJ\QMVM[WJZM]VILM\MZUQVILIIZUIKQ~V";MV\MVKQILMLMVW^QMUJZMLMLQK\ILII
TI[PPZMN;;
416

\WLWMT[Q[\MUIXZWJI\WZQWLMT+~LQOWN]VLILWMVMTXZQVKQXQWLMIXWZ\IKQ~VLMXIZ\MaY]M
ZM[MZÎTIQV\MZ^MVKQ~VWKQIT[~TWXIZIVM[UMZIUMV\MIKTIZI\WZQW[PILM[]XWVMZ[MY]M
M[\MZMKWVWKQUQMV\WVQKIUMV\M[MIKWZLIZnKWVQO]ITXZWX~[Q\W
-[LMKQZV]VKIXIZI[]XTQZTIQVIK\Q^QLILW\WZXMbILMTI[XIZ\M[MV[]XZWXW[QKQ~VWZLQVIZQI
LMXZ]MJI[QVWXIZILQ[KMZVQZL]LI[WTIO]VI[LMZQÎLI[LMW\ZI[XZ]MJI[aIXZIK\QKILI[
2.11.5.2 Proposicin, admisin y prctica:

-T ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W I QV[\IVKQI LM XIZ\M [MI K]IT N]MZM [] WJRM\W LMJM XZWXWVMZ[M MV
MT IK\W LM TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI [Q M[ XZWKM[W KWUV IZ\ ! +8+5 a [Q M[ MV ]V
IJZM^QILW IXTQKIVLW I NIT\I LM VWZUI M[XMKyKI TI XZM^Q[Q~V OMVMZIT LMT IZ\ XnZZINW
[MO]VLW[MXMLQZnMVTW[\ZM[LyI[IV\MZQWZM[ITIK\WLMTII]LQMVKQI
-T \ZQJ]VIT XZW^MMZn [WJZM MTTI LM IK]MZLW I TW[ XIZnUM\ZW[ LM XMZ\QVMVKQI ]\QTQLIL
a TQKQ\]L VWZUITM[ ÎTWZIVLW KWUW PMUW[ LQKPW \IUJQuV TI VMKM[QLIL LM LQKPI XZ]MJI
W TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM ITKIVbIZ MT UQ[UW ZM[]T\ILW KWV W\ZW[ UMLQW[ XZWJI\WZQW[ \IUJQuV
propuestos.
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I ;Q u[\M ^MZ[I [WJZM ]VI XMZ[WVI W [WJZM ]V JQMV U]MJTM Y]M X]MLM \ZI[TILIZ[M I
TI [MLM LMT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT" MV M[M KI[W ]VI ] W\ZW [MZnV TTMÎLW[ I XZM[MVKQI LMT
R]Mb W UIOQ[\ZILW[ XIZI Y]M MV MT XZWXQW IK\W MV Y]M [M XZWXWVM ILUQ\QuVLW[M
TI XZ]MJI [M XI[M IPy UQ[UW a LM QVUMLQI\W I ZMITQbIZ MT ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W a LMRIZ
KWV[\IVKQI LM MTTW MV MT IK\I KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M LMJQuVLW[M LM[KZQJQZ MV NWZUI
WZLMVIZIMQV\MTQOQJTMMTM[\ILWMVTIXMZ[WVIWMVY]MMTWJRM\W[MMVK]MV\ZMV
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J -V MT KI[W KWVKZM\W LMT ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W LM XMZ[WVI[ LMJMV \MVMZ[M MV K]MV\I LW[
aspectos:
J
4I TMa VW M[\n NIK]T\IVLW LM[LM T]MOW I I]\WZQbIZ MT MÌUMV LM bWVI[
WK]T\I[ LMT K]MZXW P]UIVW M[ LMKQZ LM IY]MTTI[ Y]M VW [MIV ^Q[QJTM[
M`\MZVIUMV\MaK]aILM[^MTIUQMV\WX]MLIINMK\IZITLMZMKPWKWV[\Q\]KQWVIT
I TI QV\QUQLIL LM TI XMZ[WVI [IT^W Y]M TI XZWXQI XMZ[WVI KWV[QV\QMZI
M`XZM[IUMV\M MV MTTW -[\I[ VWZUI[ LMT +8+5 XWZ \IV\W VW X]MLMV
producir la conculcacin de derechos fundamentales.
J
4ITMaPIJTILMTZMKWVWKQUQMV\WLMXMZ[WVI[MVOMVMZITT]MOWVW[MZMMZM
VMKM[IZQIUMV\M I Y]QMV W[\MV\M MT KIZnK\MZ LM XIZ\M MV MT XZWKM[W ;QV
MUJIZOW I[y PI LM MV\MVLMZ[M X]M[ KIZMKM LM [MV\QLW Y]M [M LMJI\I [WJZM
417

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K
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Un[TI\WLMT\uZUQVWM[M^QLMV\MY]Mu[\MVWX]MLMTTMÎZ[MIKIJWMVTI[MLMLMT
\ZQJ]VIT[QVWLWVLM[MPITTMV,MITTyY]MMTIZ\!QVVM prevea en tal hiptesis
Y]M]VI^MbILUQ\QLITIXZ]MJI[M[M}ITIZnLyIaPWZIXIZI[]XZnK\QKITIK]IT[M
ZMITQbIZnIV\M[LMTII]LQMVKQIXZWJI\WZQIKWVKQ\IXZM^QILMTI[XIZ\M[XIZIY]M
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MT +~LQOW KWUW VW XWLZyI [MZ LM W\ZW UWLW MT I]`QTQW I ]V \ZQJ]VIT LM TI
KQZK]V[KZQXKQ~VLWVLM[MMVK]MV\ZMMTJQMVQVU]MJTMMTT]OIZaMV[]KI[WMTJQMV
U]MJTM XQuV[M[M ]V TQ\QOQW [WJZM MT LMZMKPW LM XZWXQMLIL W TI QVLMUVQbIKQ~V LM
]VI WJZI LM IZ\M ] LM W\ZI M[XMKQM Y]M M[\u [WUM\QLW I UMLQLI[ LM [MO]ZQLIL
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ITI[Y]M[MLMJMZnVW\QKIZXZQUMZWMTM`PWZ\WaT]MOWXWZMT\ZQJ]VITMVKIZOILW
TW Y]M TTIUI M[\M IZ\ MV ZMTIKQ~V KWV MT IZ\ +8+5 TI KWUQ[Q~V
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LMTW[KWVK]ZZMV\M[[QX]LQMZMVa[]XQMZMV
2.11.5.3 Reconocimientos compuestos:

+WV MT V [WJZM \WLW LM XMZUQ\QZ IT \ZQJ]VIT NWZUIZ[M ]VI QLMI Un[ KWUXTM\I IKMZKI LM
TI KZMLQJQTQLIL LM XZ]MJI[ XMZ[WVITM[ MT IZ\ ! +8+5 XMZUQ\M Y]M [M X]MLI QV\MV\IZ
]VI ZMKWV[\Z]KKQ~V LM TW[ PMKPW[ UMLQIV\M ]VI XZ]MJI KWUXTMRI QV\MOZILI XWZ ]V
ZMKWVWKQUQMV\WR]LQKQITUn[ITOVUMLQWXZWJI\WZQWXMZ[WVITKWUW\M[\QOW[WXMZQ\W[
;M \ZI\IZyI LM ]VI XZnK\QKI [QU]T\nVMI LM M[I[ LW[ W \ZM[ XZ]MJI[ X]M[ IT \QMUXW Y]M [M
TMÎV\IMTIK\ILMZMKWVWKQUQMV\WMVMTTI[MQVKT]QZyIVTI[XZMO]V\I[NWZU]TILI[IT\MZKMZW
\M[\QOW W XMZQ\W a [][ KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M[ ZM[X]M[\I[ -V \WLW KI[W MT IK\W LM XZ]MJI LMJM
418

ZM[XM\IZ TI[ ZMOTI[ XZM^Q[\I[ MV MT +~LQOW XIZI TI XZnK\QKI LM KILI ]VW LM TW[ UMLQW[ Y]M
QV\MOZIZnVMTIK\WKWUXTMRW
6W Y]MLI KTIZW [Q M[\M \QXW LM XZ]MJI KWUX]M[\I XZWKMLM \IUJQuV LM WKQW W VQKIUMV\M
IQV[\IVKQILMXIZ\M4IVWZUI[M}ITIY]MMTR]MbXWLZnWZLMVIZY]M[MZMITQKMXMZWVW
LQKMIQVQKQI\QÎLMY]QuV6W^MUW[QVKWV^MVQMV\M[QVMUJIZOWY]MX]MLI[MZTWMVTW[LW[
[MV\QLW[\IV\W[QTW[WTQKQ\I]VILMTI[XIZ\M[KWUW\IUJQuV[QTWM[\QUIKWV^MVQMV\MMTR]Mb
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KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ LM KWV^MVQMVKQI XIZI UMRWZ QT][\ZIKQ~V LMT R]Mb VW KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ \IRIV\M[
Y]M W [M K]UXTMV W VW KIJM TI XZ]MJI 6W M[ MT R]Mb Y]QMV LMJM XWVLMZIZ [Q MV MNMK\W
a IT UMVW[ XW\MVKQITUMV\M [M X]MLMV WJ\MVMZ ^MV\IRI[ LM [] XZnK\QKI MV M[W[ \uZUQVW[
[Q XZM^Q[QJTMUMV\M [M MVZQY]MKMZn TI QVNWZUIKQ~V I ZMKIJIZ ITTy a [Q M`Q[\M XMTQOZW LM
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ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W XIZI Y]M I[Q[\IV M QV\MZ^MVOIV [IJQMVLW Y]M MT IK\W \MVLZn ]V KWV\MVQLW
KWUXTMRWXMZWITI^MbZM[XM\IVLWTIQVLQ^QL]ITQLILLMKILIUMLQWLMXZ]MJIXIZITWY]M
QZnVLMJQLIUMV\MXMZ\ZMKPILW[KWVMTQV\MZZWOI\WZQWY]MI[]LMZMKPWKWV^MVOI
2.11.5.4 Valoracin del acta de reconocimiento:

) NIT\I LM ]VI LQ[XW[QKQ~V KWVKZM\I Y]M M[\IJTMbKI [] ÎTWZ XZWJI\WZQW ZM[]T\I ]VI ^Mb
Un[IXTQKIJTMMTIZ\+8+5QUXWVQMVLWKWUW[Q[\MUIMTLMTI[ZMOTI[LMTI[IVIKZy\QKI
1UXWZ\I KWV[QLMZIZ IY]y M[XMKQITUMV\M MT KIZnK\MZ QUXMZ[WVITQbILW I[uX\QKW ] WJRM\Q^W
Y]MILY]QMZMMTIK\ILMZMKWVWKQUQMV\W]VI^MbZMLIK\ILIaZUILIXWZTW[QV\MZ^QVQMV\M[
! )\MVWZLMTK]IT";QMTWJRM\WLMTIQV[XMKKQ~VM`QOQMZMXWZ[]VI\]ZITMbIKWVWKQUQMV\W[M[XMKQITM[MVITO]VI
KQMVKQIWIZ\MMT2]MbVWUJZIZnXMZQ\W[Y]MTMIKWUXI}MV
)[yXWZMRMUXTW;MV\MVKQILMTI;ITILMTW+Q^QTLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM2][\QKQILMLMMVMZWLMLQK\ILI
ITI[ PPZMN 6Î;;
271 >MZTI;MV\MVKQILMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILMLMLQKQMUJZMLMLQK\ILIITI[!PPZMN+I+"-V
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XZIK\QKILI a MV JI[M I TI K]IT [M NITT~ MV MT XZWKM[W M[ la inspeccin personal del juez. Partiendo de
MTTWVWM[^nTQLITIQVNZIKKQ~V[M}ITILIXWZMTZMK]ZZMV\MZMNMZMV\MITIXZ]MJIXMZQKQITX]M[u[\IVW[MPI
XZWL]KQLWMVMTXZWKM[W-TQUXM\ZIV\MPIUITQV\MZXZM\ILWTIKQZK]V[\IVKQILMY]MMT2]Mb[MPQbWIKWUXI}IZ
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dicha prueba.
419

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X]MLM VQ LMJM LM KWV[QLMZnZ[MTM LMKQ[WZQW VQ ^QVK]TIV\M [WJZM \WLW I TI ^Q[\I LM LW[ LI\W[
siguientes:
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Y]M LMJIV \WUIZ[M MV KWV[QLMZIKQ~V XIZI ZMKWV[\Z]QZ TI PQ[\WZQI KWUXTM\I LMT
KWVQK\WR]ZyLQKWLMJI\QLW#
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VW [MZn I[y LM[LM T]MOW MV TW[ KI[W[ UMVKQWVILW[ MV Y]M [M XQLI TI KWTIJWZIKQ~V
LMTMOIKQ~V LM ]V \ZQJ]VIT [Q\W MV KQZK]V[KZQXKQ~V R]LQKQIT LQ[\QV\I I IY]MTTI MV TI
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M[IXMZ[XMK\QÎ[M\ZI\IZyILM]VIK\IY]MTMZM[]T\IIRMVIY]MMTTIVWPINWZUILW
420
2.11.6 Medios de reproduccin del sonido, voz o de

la imagen y almacenamiento de informacin.
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W\ZWUMLQW\MVLZnVMTUQ[UWÎTWZXZWJI\WZQWY]MTW[WZQOQVITM[[QMUXZMY]M\ITM[KWXQI[WZMXZWL]KKQWVM[[MIV
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el Cdigo Penal.

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421

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2.11.6.2 Proposicin y admisin:

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original archivado.
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2.11.6.4 Valoracin:
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la sana crtica.
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periciales igualmente practicadas.
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;-::) -L]IZLW" El dictamen de peritos y el reconocimiento judicial en el proceso civil 4I 4Ma
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! #7:<1B6)>)+-::),);IV\QIOW"La prueba de documentos en el proceso civil. Estudio
jurisprudencial4I4Ma)K\]ITQLIL5ILZQL!!#576<6:-,76,7)TJMZ\W"Los nuevos
medios de prueba y la posibilidad de su uso en el proceso=VQ^MZ[QLILLM;ITIUIVKI!a5MLQW[
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424
2.12 AUDIENCIA PROBATORIA

Santiago Garderes
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2.12.1 Funcin de la audiencia probatoria

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de la prueba irreproducible.
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LMJMZnXZIK\QKIZ[MyV\MOZIUMV\MMVTIUQ[UII]LQMVKQI[IT^WY]MVWN]M[MXW[QJTM\MZUQVIZ
MTMÌUMVLMTW[\M[\QOW[MV]V[WTWLyIMVK]aWKI[WXWLZn[][XMVLMZ[MXIZIKWUXTM\IZ[M
TI LQTQOMVKQI IT LyI [QO]QMV\M IZ\ +WUW ^MZMUW[ TI I]LQMVKQI \IUJQuV XWLZn
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-V XZQVKQXQW \WLI TI XZ]MJI [M LQTQOMVKQI MV TI I]LQMVKQI XMZW X]MLM WK]ZZQZ Y]M LMJI
LQTQOMVKQIZ[M ITO]VI XZ]MJI N]MZI LM I]LQMVKQI KWUW XWZ MRMUXTW MT ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W
R]LQKQITLM]VQVU]MJTMIZ\!WTILMKTIZIKQ~VLMTIXIZ\MWLM]V\M[\QOWY]MVWM[\nMV
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concentrada en la produccin de la prueba.
2.12.2 Comparecencia de las partes

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motivan no hayan podido plantearse en forma previa a su realizacin.
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426

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W LMT LMUIVLILW ILUQ[Q~V Y]M [MZn ÎTWZILI MV TI [MV\MVKQI LMVQ\QÎ R]V\W KWV TI[
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2.12.3 Prctica de las pruebas

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audiencia probatoria las pruebas propuestas y admitidas en la audiencia preparatoria.
427

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interrogatorio y contrainterrogatorio.
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428

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posterior a la declaracin de cada uno.
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no contienen una norma similar.
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LM TI QVKWUXIZMKMVKQI LM TI XIZ\M I TI I]LQMVKQI K]IVLW N]M [WTQKQ\ILW [] QV\MZZWOI\WZQW
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TW XZMO]V\ILW X]M[ TI VMOI\QÎ I ZM[XWVLMZ W TI[ ZM[X]M[\I[ MÎ[QÎ[ \IUJQuV XWLZnV
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M[\ZQK\IUMV\M VMKM[IZQW X]M[\W Y]M MV XZQVKQXQW TI[ XIZ\M[ \QMVMV LMZMKPW I XZM[MVKQIZ TI
audiencia.
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pericial. La incomparecencia del perito citado puede determinar la imposicin de multa
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429

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,]ZIV\M TI XZnK\QKI LM TI[ XZ]MJI[ MV TI I]LQMVKQI XWLZnV NWZU]TIZ[M WJRMKQWVM[ I[XMK\W
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2.12.4 Objeciones
2.12.4.1 Sistema general de las objeciones
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LMT KIXy\]TW ZMNMZQLW I TI I]LQMVKQI XZWJI\WZQI ;M \ZI\I MV [yV\M[Q[ LM ]V UMKIVQ[UW
LM KWV\ZWT Y]M X]MLM M[\IZ ZMNMZQLW I LQ^MZ[W[ IK\W[" IXWZ\IKQ~V LM XZ]MJI[ XZMO]V\I[
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LM TI[ XIZ\M[ ;] ZMTMÎVKQI XZnK\QKI M[ XZQWZQ\IZQI MV MT [Q[\MUI XZWJI\WZQW LMT +8+5
fundamentalmente en relacin al interrogatorio de testigos.
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MV\MVLMZnY]M[MPIZMV]VKQILWIMRMZKMZM[MLMZMKPW
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2.12.4.2 Objeciones a la introduccin de prueba

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WNZMKMZ[M MV TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI a MV TI LMUIVLI W KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI
\ZI\nVLW[M LM XZ]MJI LWK]UMV\IT W LM LQK\nUMVM[ XMZQKQITM[ Y]M LMJMZnV ILR]V\IZ[M#
ZM[WT^QMVLW MV LMVQ\QÎ MT R]Mb IKMZKI LM TI ILUQ[Q~V W ZMKPIbW LM TI XZ]MJI ;QV
MUJIZOWX]MLMWK]ZZQZY]M]VIXIZ\MQV\MV\MQV\ZWL]KQZXZ]MJIMVTII]LQMVKQIXZWJI\WZQI
XWZ MRMUXTW ]V LWK]UMV\W W ]V XMZQ\IRM Y]M LMJQMZWV IOZMOIZ[M KWV TI LMUIVLI W TI
KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI W XZM[MV\IZ ]V \M[\QOW K]aI LMKTIZIKQ~V LMJQ~ XZWXWVMZ[M
MV TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI# MV M[M KI[W TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI XWLZn NWZU]TIZ WJRMKQ~V
N]VLIUMV\nVLWTI MV TI[ LQ[XW[QKQWVM[ TMOITM[ Y]M M[\IJTMKMV MT UWUMV\W W M\IXI XIZI TI
XZWXW[QKQ~VLMTI[XZ]MJI[Y]MKWV[\Q\]aMV]VTyUQ\MXZMKT][Q^W
430

2.12.4.3 Objeciones durante el interrogatorio de partes, testigos o peritos
4IXIZ\M\IUJQuVX]MLMQV\MZXWVMZWJRMKQWVM[ITI[XZMO]V\I[NWZU]TILI[XWZTIKWV\ZIZQI
L]ZIV\M MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW LM XIZ\M[ \M[\QOW[ W XMZQ\W[ -V M[M [MV\QLW [MZnV WJRM\IJTM[ TI[
XZMO]V\I[ QUXMZ\QVMV\M[ []OM[\QÎ[ ZMXM\Q\QÎ[ KIXKQW[I[ KWUX]M[\I[ M[XMK]TI\QÎ[ W
IUJQO]I[WK]IVLWTIXZMO]V\II[]UIPMKPW[[WJZMTW[K]ITM[VW[MPIXZM[MV\ILWXZ]MJI
8WLZnV QV\MZXWVMZ[M W\ZI[ WJRMKQWVM[ KWV QVLQKIKQ~V LM TW[ N]VLIUMV\W[ Y]M M[\IZnV
siempre referidos a las garantas involucradas en el correcto desarrollo del interrogatorio;
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VWN]MZWVXMZKQJQLW[LQZMK\IUMV\MXWZMT\M[\QOWMV\ZMW\ZI[
4I XZMO]V\I QUXMZ\QVMV\M M[ IY]MTTI IRMVI IT WJRM\W LM TI XZ]MJI XWZ M[\IZ ZMNMZQLI I
PMKPW[ Y]M VW N]MZWV ITMOILW[ MV TI LMUIVLI VQ MV TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V a Y]M XWZ TW \IV\W
VW QV\MOZIV MT WJRM\W LMT XZWKM[W W I PMKPW[ Y]M VW N]MZWV KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW[ a XWZ MTTW VW
ZMY]QMZMV XZ]MJI -V M[M [MV\QLW MT [QTMVKQW W TI[ ZM[X]M[\I[ MÎ[QÎ[ LMT LMUIVLILW IT
KWV\M[\IZ TI LMUIVLI XWLZnV [MZ KWV[QLMZILW[ KWUW ILUQ[Q~V \nKQ\I LM TW[ PMKPW[ Y]M TM
[MIV KWVWKQLW[ a XMZR]LQKQITM[ ZM[XMK\W LM TW[ K]ITM[ VW [MZn VMKM[IZQW XZIK\QKIZ XZ]MJI[
IZ\[ !a
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XZMO]V\I -[M \QXW LM XZMO]V\I[ VW M[ ILUQ[QJTM MV MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW LQZMK\W Y]M [M LQZQOM
IT \M[\QOW WNZMKQLW XWZ TI XIZ\M Y]M TW QV\MZZWOI LM UWLW Y]M [][ ZM[X]M[\I[ VW LMJMV [MZ
QVL]KQLI[a[MKIZIK\MZQbIVOMVMZITUMV\MXWZ]VZMTI\WM[XWV\nVMWLMTW[PMKPW[XMZKQJQLW[
IUWLWLMVIZZIKQ~VPQ[\~ZQKILMTWWK]ZZQLW8WZMTKWV\ZIZQWTI[XZMO]V\I[[]OM[\QÎ[M[\nV
XMZUQ\QLI[ L]ZIV\M MT KWV\ZIQV\MZZWOI\WZQW LM \M[\QOW[ I[y KWUW MV MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW LM TI
XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI Y]M [M ZQOM XWZ TI[ ZMOTI[ LMT KWV\ZIQV\MZZWOI\WZQW# XZMKQ[IUMV\M XWZY]M
ZM[XMK\W LMT \M[\QOW WNZMKQLW XWZ TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI X]MLM ZM[]T\IZ VMKM[IZQW ]V Uu\WLW LM
QV\MZZWOI\WZQW[]OM[\Q^WXIZIKWVNZWV\IZIT\M[\QOWaK]M[\QWVIZ[]KZMLQJQTQLIL
4I XZMO]V\I ZMXM\Q\QÎ VW LMJM ILUQ\QZ[M [Q aI N]M ZM[XWVLQLI KWV KTIZQLIL XWZ MT \M[\QOW
XMZW [Q TI ZM[X]M[\I WZQOQVIT VW N]M KTIZI W MT \M[\QOW VW ZM[XWVLQ~ TW XZMO]V\ILW [y [M
ILUQ\QZn ZMQ\MZIZ TI XZMO]V\I W ZMNWZU]TIZTI LM UWLW Y]M X]MLI [MZ KWUXZMVLQLI a
ZM[XWVLQLI 5MLQIV\M M[\I WJRMKQ~V [M XZWK]ZI M^Q\IZ TI ZMQ\MZIKQ~V LM TI XZMO]V\I KWUW
NWZUILMWJ\MVMZTIZM[X]M[\ILM[MILILM[^QZ\]IZWUWLQKIZTIZM[X]M[\IWZQOQVITK]IVLW
el testigo ya ha respondido.
4I[ XZMO]V\I[ KIXKQW[I[ [WV IY]MTTI[ Y]M XZWK]ZIV KWVN]VLQZ IT \M[\QOW W I TI XIZ\M
KWV\ZIZQI UMLQIV\M MVOI}W W IZ\QKQW KWV TI VITQLIL LM WJ\MVMZ ZM[X]M[\I[ NI^WZIJTM[ IT
QV\MZu[LMTIXIZ\MY]MKWVL]KMMTQV\MZZWOI\WZQW
4IXZMO]V\IKWUX]M[\IM[IY]MTTIY]MMVKQMZZIUn[LM]VIXZMO]V\IOMVMZIVLWKWVN][Q~V
MVMTQV\MZZWOILW#VW[QMUXZMKWZZM[XWVLMWJRM\IZTIXZMO]V\IXWZM[\MUW\Q^W[QVWK]IVLW
el cmulo de circunstancias comprendidas en la pregunta sea susceptible de afectar
431

TI KTIZQLIL LM TI XZMO]V\I W LM OMVMZIZ KWVN][Q~V MV MT QV\MZZWOILW 8WZ M[I ZIb~V TW
IKWV[MRIJTM M[ ZMY]MZQZ TI ZMNWZU]TIKQ~V LM TI XZMO]V\I XIZI IJIZKIZ ]V [WTW X]V\W XWZ
pregunta.
4I XZMO]V\I M[XMK]TI\QÎ M[ IY]MTTI Y]M []XWVM PMKPW[ VW WK]ZZQLW[ MV TI ZMITQLIL
ZMY]QZQMVLWIT\M[\QOWY]M[]XWVOIWQUIOQVMY]uPIJZyIWK]ZZQLWMV]VM[KMVIZQWPQXW\u\QKW
LM\MZUQVILW <ITM[ XZMO]V\I[ ZM[]T\IV WJRM\IJTM[ MV TI UMLQLI Y]M TW[ \M[\QOW[ LMJMV [MZ
QV\MZZWOILW[ IKMZKI LM TW[ PMKPW[ W KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ Y]M MNMK\QÎUMV\M PIV XMZKQJQLW a VW
QV[\IZTW[IQUIOQVIZW[]XWVMZY]uPIJZyIWK]ZZQLWMVW\ZI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[X]M[VILIIXWZ\I
eso desde la perspectiva probatoria.
4I XZMO]V\I IUJQO]I M[ WJRM\IJTM XWZ NIT\I LM KTIZQLIL XWZY]M ILUQ\M LQ[\QV\I[
interpretaciones y respuestas.
<IUJQuV XWLZn NWZU]TIZ[M WJRMKQ~V ZM[XMK\W LM ]VI XZMO]V\I LM KIZnK\MZ ZMNMZMVKQIT
K]IVLW [M QV\MZZWOI IT \M[\QOW IKMZKI LM PMKPW[ W KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ Y]M VW TM KWV[\IV
XMZ[WVITUMV\M [QVW I \ZIû[ LMT ZMTI\W LM ]V \MZKMZW# MV TI UMLQLI Y]M X]MLM NWZU]TIZ[M
WJRMKQ~V I TI[ ZM[X]M[\I[ ZMNMZMVKQITM[ \IUJQuV XWLZn WJRM\IZ[M TI XZMO]V\I LQZQOQLI I
WJ\MVMZXZ]MJILMZMNMZMVKQI4I[WJRMKQWVM[ITI[XZMO]V\I[LMJMV[MZWXWZ\]VI[aN]VLILI[
IZO]UMV\ILI[ NWZU]TIZ[M MV NWZUI QVUMLQI\I a MV XZQVKQXQW XZM^QW I TI ZM[X]M[\I LMT
interrogado.
,MJMZnV [MZ ZM[]MT\I[ MV NWZUI QVUMLQI\I XWZ MT R]Mb KWUW aI PMUW[ QVLQKILW# I]VY]M
VILIWJ[\IIY]MXZM^QWIZM[WT^MZ[MKWVKMLITIXITIJZIITIW\ZIXIZ\MTIY]MNWZU]T~TI
XZMO]V\IXIZILIZ[]XIZMKMZITZM[XMK\WWIKTIZIZMTITKIVKMaN]VLIUMV\WLMTIXZMO]V\I
XZQVKQXQW LM LMNMV[I a KWV\ZILQKKQ~V ;Q MT \ZQJ]VIT ZMKPIbI TI WJRMKQ~V TI XIZ\M Y]M TI
QV\MZX][W XWLZn PIKMZ KWV[\IZ TI KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M XZW\M[\I# I[y TW XZMû MT IZ\yK]TW ! MV
ZMTIKQ~VITILMKTIZIKQ~VLMXIZ\M[WT]KQ~VY]M\IUJQuVKWV[QLMZIUW[IXTQKIJTMITZMKPIbW
LM TI[ WJRMKQWVM[ QV\MZX]M[\I[ ZM[XMK\W LM TI[ XZMO]V\I[ NWZU]TILI[ I \M[\QOW[ a XMZQ\W[
+]IVLW MT R]Mb ZMKPIbI ]VI XZMO]V\I aI [MI MV MRMZKQKQW LM [][ XW\M[\ILM[ LM LQZMKKQ~V
W IT ZM[WT^MZ ]VI WJRMKQ~V QV\MZX]M[\I XWZ TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI [M XWLZn PIKMZ KWV[\IZ TI
KWZZM[XWVLQMV\MXZW\M[\IMVIXTQKIKQ~VLMTWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTKQ\ILWIZ\yK]TW!ZMNMZQLWIT
interrogatorio de parte.
8WLZnVWJRM\IZ[MVW[~TWTI[XZMO]V\I[NWZU]TILI[XWZTIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQI[QVW\IUJQuVTI[
Y]MNWZU]TMMTR]MbKWVVM[IKTIZI\WZQW[TWY]MM[\nXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TWZM[XMK\WLM
TW[ \M[\QOW[ XMZW X]MLM IXTQKIZ[M \IUJQuV I TI[ XZMO]V\I[ IKTIZI\WZQI[ Y]M NWZU]TM MT R]Mb
ITI[XIZ\M[4IXMK]TQIZQLILY]MXTIV\MIM[\IPQX~\M[Q[ZILQKIMVY]MMTLM[\QVI\IZQWLMTI
WJRMKQ~V[MZnY]QMVLMJIZM[WT^MZ[WJZMTIXMZ\QVMVKQILMM[IWJRMKQ~V#I]VY]MMVK]ITY]QMZ
KI[WXWLZnLMRIZ[MKWV[\IVKQILMTIXZW\M[\I[QMTR]MbZMKPIbITIWJRMKQ~V
2.12.4.4 Objeciones a las respuestas de las partes, los testigos y los peritos
<IUJQuV XWLZnV QV\MZXWVMZ[M WJRMKQWVM[ I TI[ ZM[X]M[\I[ LM TI[ XIZ\M[ \M[\QOW[ W XMZQ\W[
K]IVLWKWV[Q[\IVMV]VIXZ]MJILMZMNMZMVKQIK]IVLW[MMUQ\I]VIWXQVQ~V[QVPIJMZ[QLW
432

K]ITQKILWKWUWXMZQ\WWM`XMZ\WMTY]MTI^QMZ\MWK]IVLWMT\M[\QOWKWV\M[\MUn[ITTnLM
TWY]M[MTMPIXZMO]V\ILWIZ\!
:M[XMK\WLMTIXZ]MJILMZMNMZMVKQIM[IY]MTTIMVTIY]MTI^MZ[Q~VLMTW[PMKPW[Y]MIXWZ\I
MT \M[\QOW W TI XIZ\M VW TM KWV[\I XMZ[WVITUMV\M [QVW I \ZIû[ LMT ZMTI\W LM ]V \MZKMZW# LM
UWLWY]MMT\M[\QOWVWLMKTIZITWY]MXMZKQJQ~LQZMK\IUMV\M[QVWTWY]M]V\MZKMZWTMZMTI\~
PIJMZ XMZKQJQLW )]VY]M KWUW IKTIZI 9]Q}WVM[ >IZOI[ VW \WLW TW Y]M MT \M[\QOW M`XZM[M
Y]MITO]QMVTMPIaILQKPWM[XZ]MJILMKIZnK\MZZMNMZMVKQIT#VWTW[MZyI]VIWZLMVQUXIZ\QLIW
[]OMZMVKQI\ZIV[UQ\QLIXWZ]V\MZKMZWIT\M[\QOWW]VIXZMO]V\I)UWLWLMMRMUXTWMTI]\WZ
QVLQKIY]M[QMT\M[\QOWLMKTIZI" Juan me dijo que me fuera para mi casa, esa manifestacin no
MVKQMZZI]VIXZ]MJILMZMNMZMVKQIXWZY]MTWLMKTIZILWXWZMT\M[\QOWVWKWV[Q[\MMVMTZMTI\W
LMPMKPW[XMZKQJQLW[XWZW\ZIXMZ[WVIaTIZM[X]M[\IVW\QMVMXWZVITQLILXZWJIZ]VPMKPW
IRMVWITIXMZKMXKQ~VLQZMK\ILMT\M[\QOWY]MM[XZMKQ[IUMV\MTWY]MKIZIK\MZQbIITIXZ]MJI
LMZMNMZMVKQI4WXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW!ZM[XMK\WLMTIWJRMKQ~VITIXZ]MJILMZMNMZMVKQI
LMJM KWUXTMUMV\IZ[M KWV TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW KWVNWZUM IT K]IT VW PIZn NM TI
LMKTIZIKQ~VLM]V\M[\QOWY]MVW\MVOIKWVWKQUQMV\WXMZ[WVIT[WJZMTW[PMKPW[WJRM\WLMTI
XZ]MJIWY]MTW[P]JQMZIKWVWKQLWXWZTILMKTIZIKQ~VLM]V\MZKMZW#LMUWLWY]MIV[Q
VWN]MZIWJRM\ILITIZM[X]M[\ILMZMNMZMVKQIVWXWLZn[MZ\WUILIMVK]MV\IITUWUMV\WLM
pronunciar la sentencia.
<IUJQuV XWLZn NWZU]TIZ[M WJRMKQ~V I TI ZM[X]M[\I K]IVLW MT \M[\QOW W TI XIZ\M MUQ\I
WXQVQ~V [QV PIJMZ [QLW K]ITQKILW KWUW XMZQ\W W M`XMZ\W 8WZ LMVQKQ~V MT \M[\QOW LMJM
LMKTIZIZ[WJZMPMKPW[Y]MP]JQMZMXMZKQJQLWa[]N]VKQ~VVWM[LQK\IUQVIZWMUQ\QZWXQVQ~V
\uKVQKI [WJZM PMKPW[ W KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ LM QV\MZu[ XIZI TI KI][I TW Y]M [~TW KWUXM\M IT
XMZQ\WaM^MV\]ITUMV\MX]MLMILUQ\QZ[MMVZMTIKQ~VIT\M[\QOW\uKVQKWWKWVKWVWKQUQMV\W
M[XMKQITQbILW KWUW TW LMVWUQVI MT IZ\yK]TW 8MZW IV \ZI\nVLW[M LM ]V \M[\QOW KWV
KWVWKQUQMV\W M[XMKQITQbILW [][ WXQVQWVM[ [~TW XWLZnV \WUIZ[M MV K]MV\I K]IVLW M[\uV
^QVK]TILI[IPMKPW[Y]MP]JQMZMXMZKQJQLWX]M[LMTWKWV\ZIZQW[MLM[^QZ\]IZyI[]KWVLQKQ~V
LM\M[\QOWXIZII[]UQZTIXZWXQILMTXMZQ\W-V\WLWKI[WLMJM\MVMZ[MXZM[MV\MTWLQ[X]M[\W
MV MT IZ\yK]TW ZM[XMK\W LMT \M[\QOW KWV KWVWKQUQMV\W M[XMKQITQbILW K]aW \M[\QUWVQW
\uKVQKW[~TW[M\WUIZnMVK]IV\IK]IVLWIKZMLQ\IZMNMPIKQMV\MUMV\M[MZKWVWKMLWZLMTnZMI
LMY]M[M\ZI\M
4I WJRMKQ~V [MZn ZM[]MT\I MV NWZUI QVUMLQI\I LM IK]MZLW I TI ZMOTI OMVMZIT MV]VKQILI
IV\MZQWZUMV\M#LMMV\MVLMZ[MN]VLILITIZM[X]M[\IWJRM\ILILMJMZn[MZ[]XZQUQLILMTIK\I
LMRnVLW[MTIKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MKWV[\IVKQI
2.12.4.5 Objeciones sobre la conducta de la parte contraria

8IZI VITQbIZ KWV M[\M X]V\W MT IZ\yK]TW XZMû TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM QV\MZXWVMZ ZMXIZW[ ]
WJRMKQWVM[ [WJZM TI KWVL]K\I LM TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI XWZ TW[ UW\Q^W[ Y]M QVLQKI TI VWZUI W
por otras razones igualmente fundadas.
,MUWLWY]MXWLZnWJRM\IZ[MTIKWVL]K\ILMTIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQI[Qu[\IVWKQ\IKWZZMK\IUMV\M
TW Y]M P]JQMZI LMKTIZILW ]V \M[\QOW L]ZIV\M MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW# [Q [M KWUXWZ\I LM UIVMZI
433

QZZM[XM\]W[IKWVMT\M[\QOWWXMZQ\WWVWXMZUQ\MY]Mu[\W[KWV\M[\MVITIXZMO]V\IK]IVLW
[] ZM[X]M[\I M[\n IKWZLM KWV IY]MTTI# K]IVLW ]VI XIZ\M KWUMV\M TI[ ZM[X]M[\I[ LMT \M[\QOW
a TI KWV\ZIZQI WJRM\M [QV N]VLIUMV\W )LUQ\QLI TI WJRMKQ~V MT R]Mb LMJMZn ]\QTQbIZ TW[
XWLMZM[ LM LQZMKKQ~V Y]M TI TMa TM I\ZQJ]aM KWV KIZnK\MZ OMVMZIT MV MT IZ\yK]TW a KWV
ZMNMZMVKQIM[XMKQITITILQZMKKQ~VLMTII]LQMVKQIMVMTIZ\yK]TWK]aIXIZ\MVITLQ[XWVM"
-TR]MbWXZM[QLMV\MUIV\MVLZnMTJ]MVWZLMVMVTI[I]LQMVKQI[a^MTIZnXWZY]M[MO]IZLM
MT ZM[XM\W a TI KWV[QLMZIKQ~V LMJQLW[ I \WLW[ TW[ Y]M [M PITTMV MV TI [ITI LM I]LQMVKQI[
IUXIZnVLWTW[ MV [][ LMZMKPW[ XIZI TW K]IT PIZn ][W LM TI[ XW\M[\ILM[ LM KWZZMKKQ~V a
LQ[KQXTQVIY]MTMW\WZOIVTI[TMaM[
4I[ WJRMKQWVM[ I TI KWVL]K\I LM TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI X]MLMV N]VLIZ[M MV I[XMK\W[ ZMTI\Q^W[
IT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW K]IVLW L]ZIV\M MT KWV\ZIQV\MZZWOI\WZQW TI XIZ\M VW KQ\M KWZZMK\IUMV\M TW
LMKTIZILW XWZ MT \M[\QOW L]ZIV\M MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW OMVMZIVLW LM M[I NWZUI KWVN][Q~V ;Q
TI XZMO]V\I KWV\QMVM ]VI ZMNMZMVKQI MZZ~VMI QVKWUXTM\I W XIZKQIT LM TW LMKTIZILW XWZ MT
\M[\QOW[MZnXI[QJTMLMWJRMKQ~VXIZIXZM[MZÎZTIKTIZQLILLMTQV\MZZWOI\WZQWaTI[OIZIV\yI[
necesarias.
)UWLWLMMRMUXTW[QL]ZIV\MMTQV\MZZWOI\WZQWMV]VXZWKM[WXWZQVNZIKKQ~VITW[LMZMKPW[
LMXZWXQMLILQV\MTMK\]ITMT\M[\QOWLMKTIZI"0MNIJZQKILWM[\MXZWL]K\WL]ZIV\MLQMbI}W[
[MZyIWJRM\IJTMTIXZMO]V\IY]MNWZU]TILIL]ZIV\MMTKWV\ZIQV\MZZWOI\WZQWKWUMVbIZIKWVTI
[QO]QMV\MKQ\I"=[\MLPILMKTIZILWY]MPINIJZQKILWL]ZIV\MLQMbI}W[MTUQ[UWXZWL]K\W
ZMOQ[\ZILWXWZMTLMUIVLIV\M#X]M[TWKQ\ILWXWZTIXIZ\ML]ZIV\MMTKWV\ZIQV\MZZWOI\WZQW
KWV\QMVMZMNMZMVKQI[Y]MVWKWZZM[XWVLMVM[\ZQK\IUMV\MITWLMKTIZILWXWZMT\M[\QOWL]ZIV\M
el interrogatorio.
<IUJQuVX]MLMWJRM\IZ[MTIKWVL]K\ILMTIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIK]IVLW[MKWUXWZ\MLMUIVMZI
QZZM[XM\]W[I KWV MT \M[\QOW W XMZQ\W MV K]aW KI[W MT R]Mb I]V [QV UMLQIZ WJRMKQ~V LM TI
XIZ\M LMJMZn ]\QTQbIZ TI[ XW\M[\ILM[ LM KWZZMKKQ~V XZM^Q[\I[ KWV KIZnK\MZ OMVMZIT MV MT
IZ\yK]TWXIZIQUXMLQZTW[M`KM[W[aUIV\MVMZMTWZLMVL]ZIV\MTII]LQMVKQI4IZUMbI
L]ZIV\M MT KWV\ZIQV\MZZWOI\WZQW VW R][\QKI MV VQVOV KI[W ]V \ZI\W QZZM[XM\]W[W PIKQI MT
\M[\QOWWXMZQ\WQV\MZZWOILW[Y]MIV\M\WLW\QMVMVLMZMKPWI[MZIUXIZILW[MV[]PWVWZa
LQOVQLIL 8WZ W\ZI XIZ\M MT \ZI\W QZZM[XM\]W[W PIKQI MT \M[\QOW W XMZQ\W X]MLM XMZ[MO]QZ ]V
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434

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2.12.5 Suspensin e interrupcin de la audiencia probatoria

La audiencia probatoria puede suspenderse e interrumpirse por las causas previstas con
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a multa y eventual responsabilidad penal en caso de no presentarse a la segunda citacin
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autoridad si no comparece.
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se considere imprescindible su declaracin o informe.
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435

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respecto.
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admitir su diligenciamiento.
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a la prueba.
2.12.6 Prueba fuera de audiencia

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436

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intervenir en la produccin de estas pruebas. Si la prueba no se pudiera realizar en el acto
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y hora de la diligencia probatoria impidiendo de esa forma la comparecencia y control de
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probatoria. Las diligencias para mejor proveer.
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oportunamente aportada y controvertida por las partes. La regulacin de las diligencias
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2.12.8 Documentacin de la audiencia probatoria

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en primera como en segunda instancia.
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actas escritas.
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el sistema de las presunciones.
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monedas de plata.
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principios lgicos a la valoracin de la prueba.
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sensibles e intelectuales.
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sus demasas.
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sentido en relacin a los hechos alegados en la causa. Se conecta con el deber de motivacin
LMT NITTW Y]M VW [M TQUQ\I I TW[ I[XMK\W[ W N]VLIUMV\W[ R]ZyLQKW[ LMT KI[W [QVW Y]M
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Y]M TI[ XIZ\M[ XWLZnV KWV\ZWTIZ TI UW\QÎKQ~V XZWJI\WZQI LM TI [MV\MVKQI a M^MV\]ITUMV\M
impugnarla por inadecuacin del fallo a las circunstancias de hecho comprobadas de la
causa.
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a TI TQJZM ÎTWZIKQ~V X]MLM IXZMKQIZ[M [~TW MV ZMTIKQ~V KWV MT KWV\ZWT LM TI IK\Q^QLIL LMT
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9]MLI LM UIVQM[\W MV TI [WT]KQ~V KQ\ILI TI M[MVKQIT KWVM`Q~V MV\ZM TI [IVI KZy\QKI a TI
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TI[ KWVKT][QWVM[ IKMZKI LM TW[ PMKPW[ a K]IVLW [M P]JQMZI IXWZ\ILW Un[ LM ]VI XZ]MJI
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razonamiento.
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posibilitar el control de la motivacin de la sentencia.
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han mencionado diversos fundamentos para consagrar este sistema:
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verdaderamente importa.
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446

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dictamen y la declaracin vertida en la audiencia probatoria.
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a tal reconocimiento no se oponga el resultado de las otras pruebas; la valoracin de ese
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resultado de otras pruebas.
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apreciacin conforme a las reglas de la sana crtica resulta del principio recogido en la
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la salvedad ya indicada.
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QUX]OVIKQ~V TW[ QV[\Z]UMV\W[ [M ÎTWZIZnV KWVNWZUM I TI[ ZMOTI[ LM TI [IVI KZy\QKI IZ\

:QOMMVKWV[MK]MVKQIZM[XMK\WLMTW[LWK]UMV\W[MT[Q[\MUILMXZ]MJI\I[ILIMVTIUMLQLI
Y]M TI TMa I[QOVI MT ÎTWZ XZWJI\WZQW Y]M TM[ KWZZM[XWVLM MV TW[ \uZUQVW[ aI KQ\ILW[ a MT
R]Mb VW XWLZn IXIZ\IZ[M LM TI MKIKQI XZWJI\WZQI M[\IJTMKQLI XWZ TI TMa [QMUXZM Y]M [M
\ZI\M LM LWK]UMV\W[ I]\uV\QKW[ W \MVQLW[ XWZ I]\uV\QKW[# [Q XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW VW [M P]JQMZI
LMUW[\ZILW TI I]\MV\QKQLIL LM TW[ QV[\Z]UMV\W[ XZQÎLW[ [] KWV\MVQLW [M ÎTWZIZn LM
acuerdo a las reglas de la sana crtica.
447

;QV XMZR]QKQW LM TI[ ZMNMZMVKQI[ VWZUI\QÎ[ KWV\MVQLI[ MV MT +8+5 LMJMZn \MVMZ[M
XZM[MV\M \IUJQuV TW LQ[X]M[\W [WJZM TI XZ]MJI LM TI[ WJTQOIKQWVM[ MV MT +~LQOW +Q^QT MV
M[XMKQITTWZMTI\Q^WITÎTWZXZWJI\WZQWLMTW[QV[\Z]UMV\W[XJTQKW[aXZQÎLW[
2.13.3 Presunciones e indicios

>QVK]TILW KWV MT \MUI LM TI ÎTWZIKQ~V LM TI XZ]MJI a TI RIKQ~V LM TW[ PMKPW[ MV TI
[MV\MVKQI[MQVKT]aMVMVMTKIXy\]TWKWUMV\ILWZMNMZMVKQI[ITI[XZM[]VKQWVM[\IV\WTMOITM[
KWUWR]LQKQITM[MVTW[IZ\yK]TW[a
+WUW M`XTQKI +7=<=:- ]VI XZM[]VKQ~V TMOIT M[ ]VI XZWXW[QKQ~V VWZUI\QÎ IKMZKI LM
TI^MZLILLM]VPMKPW;QILUQ\MXZ]MJIMVKWV\ZIZQW[MLQKMY]MM[ZMTI\QÎ#[QVWILUQ\M
XZ]MJIMVKWV\ZIZQW[MLMVWUQVIIJ[WT]\I)KTIZIUn[ILMTIV\MY]M]VIXZM[]VKQ~V[]XWVM
MTKWVK]Z[WLM\ZM[KQZK]V[\IVKQI["]VPMKPWKWVWKQLW]VPMKPWLM[KWVWKQLWa]VIZMTIKQ~V
LMKI][ITQLIL4WY]MY]MLIN]MZILMTKIUXWLMTWJRM\WLMTIXZ]MJI[WVTW[LW[T\QUW[
de esos elementos: el hecho desconocido y la relacin de causalidad.
8MZWVILI[][\ZIMLMTIIK\Q^QLILXZWJI\WZQITILMUW[\ZIKQ~VLMTPMKPWMVY]MTIXZM[]VKQ~V
LMJM IXWaIZ[M 8IZI Y]M ]VI XZM[]VKQ~V TMOIT X]MLI WXMZIZ M[ VMKM[IZQW TI XTMVI XZ]MJI
del hecho base de la presuncin.
-T IZ\yK]TW ZMO]TI TW I\QVMV\M I TI XZM[]VKQ~V TMOIT [M}ITIVLW Y]M TI XMZ[WVI I TI Y]M
NI^WZMbKIY]MLIZnLQ[XMV[ILILMTIXZ]MJILMTPMKPWXZM[]V\WITM[\IZXZWJILW[TW[PMKPW[
MV Y]M [M JI[M TI XZM[]VKQ~V ;Q TI XZM[]VKQ~V ILUQ\M XZ]MJI MV KWV\ZIZQW XZM[]VKQ~V
ZMTI\QÎTIIK\Q^QLILXZWJI\WZQIXWLZnM[\IZLQZQOQLIIXZWJIZ\IV\WTIQVM`Q[\MVKQILMTPMKPW
MV Y]M [M JI[I TI XZM[]VKQ~V KWUW I LMUW[\ZIZ Y]M TW[ QVLQKQW[ XZWJILW[ QVL]KMV I ]V
PMKPWLQ[\QV\W<ZI\nVLW[MLMXZM[]VKQWVM[ZMTI\QÎ[MVTI[MV\MVKQI[MLMJMZnR][\QKIZa
ZIbWVIZTW[IZO]UMV\W[Y]MPIVTTMÎLWIT\ZQJ]VITITIKWVKZM\ILMKQ[Q~V[WJZM[QMTPMKPW
presunto es la consecuencia de los indicios.
-VK]IV\WITI[XZM[]VKQWVM[R]LQKQITM[XMZUQ\MVQVNMZQZLMTW[PMKPW[KWVWKQLW[TW[PMKPW[
LM[KWVWKQLW[ UMLQIV\M LML]KKQWVM[ T~OQKI[ 4I XZM[]VKQ~V KWUW M`XTQKI +7=<=:-
[MIXWaIMVMT[]KMLMZT~OQKWLMKQMZ\W[PMKPW[KWVZMTIKQ~VIW\ZW[-TIZ\yK]TWQVLQKI
Y]MMTR]MbX]MLMXZM[]UQZTIM`Q[\MVKQILM]VPMKPWIXIZ\QZLMTW[PMKPW[XZWJILW[
a IKTIZI Y]M M[\I XZM[]VKQ~V KWV[\Q\]QZn IZO]UMV\W LM XZ]MJI [~TW [Q [M N]VLI MV PMKPW[
XZWJILW[WK]IVLW\ITM[QVLQKQW[XWZ[]XZMKQ[Q~VOZI^MLILVUMZWaKWVKWZLIVKQIN]MZIV
KIXIKM[LMXZWL]KQZKWV^QKKQ~VR]LQKQITLMKWVNWZUQLILKWVTI[ZMOTI[LMTI[IVIKZy\QKI-V
\uZUQVW[[QUQTIZM[MTIZ\yK]TW LMT+~LQOW+Q^QTLQ[XWVMY]MTI[XZM[]VKQWVM[R]LQKQITM[
TI[Y]MLML]KMMTR]MbLMJMZnV[MZOZI^M[XZMKQ[I[aKWVKWZLIV\M[
+7=<=:-[M}ITIY]MTI[XZM[]VKQWVM[R]LQKQITM[[WV[IVIKZy\QKIaVWTQJZMKWV^QKKQ~VaI
Y]M MTTI[ LMJMV VMKM[IZQIUMV\M IXWaIZ[M MV PMKPW[ XZWJILW[ a VW MV W\ZI[ XZM[]VKQWVM[#
LMJMVILMUn[MVKILMVIZ[MT~OQKIUMV\MLM\ITUIVMZIY]MKWVL]bKIV[QV^QWTMVKQIPI[\I
el resultado admitido.
448

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K]IVLW]VPMKPWY]M[MLMKTIZIXZWJILWMVTI[MV\MVKQI[M[][\MV\MMVXZM[]VKQ~VR]LQKQIT
[MZn WJTQOI\WZQW Y]M MT R]Mb M[\IJTMbKI MT MVTIKM ZIKQWVIT a IZO]UMV\ILW Y]M TM P]JQMZI
TTMÎLW I M[\IJTMKMZTW I XIZ\QZ LM TW[ QVLQKQW[ XZWJILW[ A KWUW TW QVLQKI M[\I VWZUI MV
[]QVKQ[WVITTI[XZM[]VKQWVM[R]LQKQITM[[QMUXZMILUQ\QZnVXZ]MJIMVKWV\ZIZQWLQZQOQLII
LMUW[\ZIZY]MTW[QVLQKQW[XZWJILW[KWVL]KMVILQ[\QV\IWIVQVO]VIXZM[]VKQ~VI[yKWUW
XIZI LMUW[\ZIZ TI QVM`Q[\MVKQI LM TW[ QVLQKQW[ MV TW[ Y]M X]LQMZI [][\MV\IZ[M TI XZM[]VKQ~V
R]LQKQIT
8IZIVITQbIZKWVM[\MX]V\WKWV[QLMZIUW[LMQV\MZu[TI[yV\M[Q[KWVKMX\]ITY]MIXWZ\I4QVW
PALACIO278 IKMZKI LM TI[ XZM[]VKQWVM[ Y]QMV ZMKWOQMVLW QLMI[ \ZILQKQWVITM[ TI[ LMVM
KWUWTI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[Y]MTITMaWMTR]MbLML]KMVLM]VPMKPWKWVWKQLWXIZIIZUIZ]V
PMKPWLM[KWVWKQLW4IXZM[]VKQ~VKWUXWZ\IX]M[]VZIbWVIUQMV\WY]MXIZ\QMVLWLM]V
PMKPWLM\MZUQVILWQVLQKQWaLMKWVNWZUQLILKWVTIM`XMZQMVKQIZMNMZMV\MITWZLMVVWZUIT
LMTI[KW[I[XMZUQ\MIZUIZTIM`Q[\MVKQILMTPMKPWY]M[MLM[MIXZWJIZ4I[XZM[]VKQWVM[
[WVLMLW[KTI[M["TMOITM[a[QUXTM[WR]LQKQITM[
4I[ XZM[]VKQWVM[ TMOITM[ X]MLMV [MZ I [] ^Mb R]ZQ[ \IV\]U W R]ZQ[ M\ LM R]ZM [MOV Y]M
ILUQ\IV W VW XZ]MJI MV KWV\ZIZQW =VI[ a W\ZI[ \QMVMV MV KWUV TI KQZK]V[\IVKQI LM Y]M
LQ[XMV[IVITIXIZ\MJMVMKQILIXWZTIXZM[]VKQ~VLMTIKIZOILMXZWJIZMTPMKPWLML]KQLW
XWZTITMaXMZWUQMV\ZI[Y]MTI[XZQUMZI[\QMVMVMTMNMK\WLMQV^MZ\QZTIKIZOILMTIXZ]MJI
\ZIV[ZQuVLWTIITIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQITI[[MO]VLI[VWILUQ\MVXZ]MJIITO]VI
4I[ XZM[]VKQWVM[ [QUXTM[ TTIUILI[ \IUJQuV R]LQKQITM[ W LMT PWUJZM [M MVK]MV\ZIV
TQJZILI[ MV KIUJQW IT KZQ\MZQW LMT R]Mb K]aI[ KWVKT][QWVM[ VW [M PITTIV []RM\I[ I ZMOTI[
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6WWJ[\IV\MTITMaXZWKM[ITMV]VKQILQ^MZ[W[ZMY]Q[Q\W[Y]MKWVLQKQWVIVTIN]MZbIXZWJI\WZQI
LM TI[ XZM[]VKQWVM[ KWUW OIZIV\yI \MVLQMV\M I M^Q\IZ TI IJ[WT]\I LQ[KZMKQWVITQLIL R]LQKQIT
-[ XWZ TW \IV\W VMKM[IZQW XIZI ILUQ\QZ MT ÎTWZ XZWJI\WZQW LM TI[ XZM[]VKQWVM[" 9]M
MT PMKPW W QVLQKQW LMT K]IT XIZ\M MT ZIbWVIUQMV\W LMT R]Mb [M MVK]MV\ZM LMJQLIUMV\M
KWUXZWJILW9]MTI[XZM[]VKQWVM[[MIV"IÎZQI[#JOZI^M[M[LMKQZIX\I[XIZIXZWL]KQZ
TI KWV^QKKQ~V LMT R]Mb [WJZM TI ^MZLIL LM ]V PMKPW# K XZMKQ[I[ M[ LMKQZ Y]M MT PMKPW
XZWL]K\WZLMTIXZM[]VKQ~V[MI[][KMX\QJTMLMQV\MZXZM\IZ[MMV]VVQKW[MV\QLWX]M[IY]uTTI
VW X]MLM ILUQ\QZ[M K]IVLW MT ZM[XMK\Q^W ZIbWVIUQMV\W KWVL]KM I LW[ W Un[ ZM[]T\ILW[
LQ[\QV\W[#LKWVKWZLIV\M[W[MIY]MNWZUMVMV\ZM[y]V\WLWKWPMZMV\MaVI\]ZIT
2.13.4 Sentencia
;MKWUXTM\IMVM[\I[MKKQ~VTIZMO]TIKQ~VTMOITLMTI[MV\MVKQIM[\IJTMKQuVLW[MMTXTIbWLM
Y]MLQ[XWVMMTR]MbXIZILQK\IZTITI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[MVKI[WLMQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTXTIbWa
I[XMK\W[LMKWV\MVQLWITW[Y]MPIZMUW[UMVKQ~V[MO]QLIUMV\M4I[XZM^Q[QWVM[LMTIZ\yK]TW
LMJMV QV\MOZIZ[M KWV TW LQ[X]M[\W MV TW[ IZ\yK]TW[ a [QO]QMV\M[ I K]aW KWUMV\IZQW
remitimos.
278 8ITIKQW4QVW-WJKQ\X[!a[[
449

4I [MV\MVKQI LMJM LQK\IZTI MT R]Mb Y]M P]JQMZM XZM[MVKQILW MV [] QV\MOZQLIL TI I]LQMVKQI
XZWJI\WZQI ^QVK]TILI KWV MT I[]V\W IZ\ ZMOTI LMZQÎLI LMT XZQVKQXQW LM WZITQLIL
-[\IZn LMJQLIUMV\M UW\QÎLI a KWV\MVLZn MV IXIZ\ILW[ [MXIZILW[ TW[ ZIbWVIUQMV\W[
NnK\QKW[ a R]ZyLQKW[ Y]M KWVL]KMV I TI RIKQ~V LM TW[ PMKPW[ a MV [] KI[W I TI IXZMKQIKQ~V
aÎTWZIKQ~VLMTI[XZ]MJI[I[yKWUWITIIXTQKIKQ~VMQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VLMTLMZMKPWIZ\
4W[ZMY]Q[Q\W[NWZUITM[aLMKWV\MVQLW[MZnVTW[XZM^Q[\W[MVMTIZ\yK]TWaMV\WLWKI[W
LMJMZnZM[XM\IZTIZMOTILMKWVOZ]MVKQIMVTW[\uZUQVW[LMTIZ\yK]TW
1V[Q[\QMVLWMVTIZMOTILMKWVOZ]MVKQIZQOMMTLMJMZLMXTMVQ\]LLMTNITTWKWVIZZMOTWITK]IT
TI [MV\MVKQI LMJM ZM[WT^MZ \WLI[ TI[ K]M[\QWVM[ XTIV\MILI[ MV MT XZWKM[W IZ\ M[ LMKQZ
XZWV]VKQIZ[M [WJZM \WLI[ TI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ a X]V\W[ TQ\QOQW[W[ XTIV\MILW[ a LMJI\QLW[ IZ\
-VKI[WLMWUQ\QZ[MMTXZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[WJZM]VIWUn[XZM\MV[QWVM[LMJMZnMUQ\QZMT
XZWV]VKQIUQMV\WWUQ\QLWLMV\ZWLMTXTIbWLM\ZM[LyI[[QO]QMV\M[ITLQK\ILWLMTIZM[WT]KQ~V
[Q TI NIT\I [M IXZMKQI LM WKQW XWZ MT R]Mb W LMV\ZW LMT XTIbW LM \ZM[ LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ I TI
[WTQKQ\]LY]MNWZU]TMVTI[XIZ\M[]VI^MbVW\QKILITI[MV\MVKQIIZ\
4I [MV\MVKQI LMJM LQK\IZ[M LMV\ZW LM TW[ Y]QVKM LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ I TI VITQbIKQ~V LM TI
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LyI[LM[LMY]M[MLQK\~IZ\
6WWJ[\IV\MMTIZ\yK]TWWJTQOIITR]MbIIV]VKQIZ^MZJITUMV\MMTNITTWIT\uZUQVWLMTI
I]LQMVKQI MV K]aW KI[W LQK\IZn T]MOW TI [MV\MVKQI MV MT XTIbW TMOIT 4I VWZUI VW ZM[]T\I
[]KQMV\MUMV\M KTIZI MV X]V\W I M[\IJTMKMZ [Q MT IV]VKQW ^MZJIT LMT NITTW MV TI I]LQMVKQI
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ZMLIK\ILITIXIZ\MVITLMTXZQUMZQVKQ[W
;QV MUJIZOW VW[ QVKTQVIUW[ XWZ IZUIZ Y]M MV TW[ XZWKM[W[ KWU]VM[ MT IV]VKQW ^MZJIT
LMTNITTWMVI]LQMVKQIKWV[\Q\]aM]VIWJTQOIKQWVLMTR]MbY]QMVI\MVLQMVLWITIKWUXTMRQLIL
LMT I[]V\W XWLZn LQK\IZ TI [MV\MVKQI yV\MOZIUMV\M MV MT XTIbW TMOIT XMZW LMJMZn IV]VKQIZ
MT NITTW IT VIT LM TI I]LQMVKQI XZWJI\WZQI -V M[M [MV\QLW TI ZMO]TIKQ~V M[XMKyKI LMT
XZWKM[WKWUV\IUJQMVXZMûMTIV]VKQW^MZJITLMTNITTWITKIJWLMTII]LQMVKQIXZWJI\WZQI
IZ\ IT QO]IT Y]M TW XZM^Q[\W XIZI MT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW MV MT Y]M TI [MV\MVKQI XWLZn
LQK\IZ[M yV\MOZIUMV\M MV TI I]LQMVKQI W IV]VKQIZ[M MT NITTW a LQK\IZ[M LMV\ZW LM TW[ Y]QVKM
LyI[[QO]QMV\M[IZ\8WZW\ZIXIZ\MTIKWUXTMRQLILXZWXQILMITO]VW[XZWKM[W[KWU]VM[
MVN]VKQ~VLM[]WJRM\WaLMTIXZ]MJIX]MLMLM\MZUQVIZTIVMKM[QLILLM]VIXWVLMZIKQ~V
a IVnTQ[Q[ XZWJI\WZQW a R]ZyLQKW Y]M VW [QMUXZM XWLZn MNMK\]IZ[M MV TI XZWXQI I]LQMVKQI
XZWJI\WZQI# a MV LMVQ\QÎ IT XTIbW XZM^Q[\W XIZI MT LQK\ILW LM TI [MV\MVKQI I[MO]ZI
ZIbWVIJTMUMV\MTIXZW`QUQLIL\MUXWZITY]MLMJMM`Q[\QZMV\ZMTIXZnK\QKILMTIXZ]MJIaTI
fundamentacion de la sentencia.
5n[ZMTMÎV\MIVM[TIQUXTMUMV\IKQ~VLM]V[Q[\MUILMZM[XWV[IJQTQLILXWZI\ZI[W[MVMT
LQK\ILWLMTI[MV\MVKQIWMV[]XW[\MZQWZVW\QKIKQ~VY]M[MQV\MOZIKWVTWLQ[X]M[\WMVTI
VWZUIKQ\ILIaTWXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TWaMVTI4Ma7ZOnVQKI2]LQKQIT+WVIZZMOTWITW
XZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TWMTQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTW[XTIbW[IV\MZQWZUMV\MM[\IJTMKQLW[PIZn
QVK]ZZQZITR]MbW\ZQJ]VITMV]VIU]T\IK]aWUWV\W[MZnLM]V[ITIZQWUyVQUW]ZJIVWUn[
450

IT\W^QOMV\MXWZKILILyILMZM\ZI[W-V=Z]O]Ia[MKWV[IOZI]VIZMOTI[QUQTIZXZM^QuVLW[M
U]T\I[ MV KI[W LM I\ZI[W[ ZMQ\MZILW[ LMT R]Mb MV MT LQK\ILW LM TI[ [MV\MVKQI[ I[y KWUW TI
M^MV\]ITINMK\IKQ~VLMTIKIZZMZIR]LQKQITLMTR]Mb
;MM[\IJTMKMMVMTIZ\yK]TWY]M[QTIXZM\MV[Q~VM[LMKWVLMVIITXIOWLMXZM[\IKQWVM[W
LM QV\MZM[M[ Y]M [M LM^MVOIV XMZQ~LQKIUMV\M TI [MV\MVKQI XWLZn QVKT]QZ XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W
Y]MWJTQO]MITXIOWLMTW[Y]M[MLM^MVO]MVKWVXW[\MZQWZQLILITUWUMV\WMVY]M[MLQK\M
[QMUXZMY]MTW[WTQKQ\MMTLMUIVLIV\MMVTIXM\QKQ~V
;M \ZI\I LM TI[ LMVWUQVILI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ LM KWVLMVI LM N]\]ZW X]M[\W Y]M TI XZM[\IKQ~V
Y]M KWV[\Q\]aM [] WJRM\W VW ZM[]T\I M`QOQJTM IT UWUMV\W LM XZM[MV\IZ TI LMUIVLI XMZW TW
[MZnMVMTLM^MVQZLMTXZWKM[WWMVTW[]KM[Q^W]VI^MbLQK\ILITI[MV\MVKQI;MZnVMKM[IZQW
I M[W[ MNMK\W[ Y]M TI XIZ\M I[y TW PIaI [WTQKQ\ILW MV TI LMUIVLI X]M[ LM TW KWV\ZIZQW [M
M[\IZyIQVNZQVOQMVLWTIZMOTILMKWVOZ]MVKQI#IKW\IUW[VWWJ[\IV\MY]MM[I[WTQKQ\]LXWLZyI
QO]ITUMV\M NWZU]TIZ[M MV TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI KWUW V]MÎ XZM\MV[Q~V IKKM[WZQI [Q
MNMK\QÎUMV\MZMVMTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[XZM^Q[\W[TMOITUMV\MIZ\
.QVITUMV\M[MZMO]TITWI\QVMV\MITIKWVLMVIQTyY]QLIK]IVLWMVTILMUIVLI[M[WTQKQ\~TI
KWVLMVI IT XIOW LM ]VI KIV\QLIL [QV M[XMKQKIZ MV K]aW KI[W TI KIV\QLIL [M LM\MZUQVIZn
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-V M[M [MV\QLW a KWV IZZMOTW I TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW [M LMKQLQZnV XWZ MT XZWKM[W
IJZM^QILW K]ITY]QMZI [MI [] K]IV\yI TI[ LMUIVLI[ LM TQY]QLIKQ~V LM LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[#
XWZ TW \IV\W [Q TI LMUIVLI \QMVM XWZ WJRM\W TI XZM\MV[Q~V LM KWVLMVI IT XIOW LM LI}W[ a
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[MZnLM\MZUQVILIUMLQIV\MMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW
;QTIKWVLMVIN]MZIITXIOWLMW\ZI[XZM[\IKQWVM[aVW[MP]JQMZIM[XMKQKILWMVTILMUIVLI
TIKIV\QLILLMJMZnLM\MZUQVIZ[MUMLQIV\MMTXZWKM[WLMKTIZI\Q^WY]MKWZZM[XWVLI[MOVMT
WJRM\WLMTIXZM[\IKQ~VaM^MV\]ITUMV\MXWLZnKWZZM[XWVLMZ]VV]M^WXZWKM[WKWUVIM[W[
MNMK\W[6W[MZnLMIXTQKIKQ~VMT\ZnUQ\MXZM^Q[\WMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[!a[QO]QMV\M[ZMTI\Q^WI
TITQY]QLIKQ~VLMKIV\QLILM[MVMTXZWKM[WLMMRMK]KQ~V
451
2.14 EL PROCESO ABREVIADO

Santiago Garderes
SUMARIO: I. mbito de aplicacin. II. La demanda. III. La audiencia.
2.14.1 mbito de aplicacin

-TXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWQV\MOZIR]V\WKWVMTXZWKM[WKWUVTW[XZWKM[W[LMKTIZI\Q^W[XZM^Q[\W[
en el CPCM.
;] nUJQ\W LM IXTQKIKQ~V ZM[]T\I LM TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW a XWLZn LMZQÎZ LM
TI K]IV\yI LM TI LMUIVLI W LM [] WJRM\W [MOV ^MZMUW[ <ZIUQ\IV XWZ M[\M XZWKM[W TI[
LMUIVLI[ K]aI K]IV\yI VW []XMZM TW[ ^MQV\QKQVKW UQT KWTWVM[ W [] MY]QÎTMV\M MV L~TIZM[
<IUJQuV[MLMKQLQZnVXWZM[\M\ZnUQ\MK]ITY]QMZI[MI[]K]IV\yITI[[QO]QMV\M[XZM\MV[QWVM["
4I[LMUIVLI[LMTQY]QLIKQ~VLMLI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[
4I[LMUIVLI[LMWXW[QKQ~VITIZMXW[QKQ~VR]LQKQITLM\y\]TW[ÎTWZM[
4I[LMUIVLI[ZMTI\QÎ[ITILQ[WT]KQ~VaTQY]QLIKQ~VR]LQKQITLM]VI[WKQMLIL
Las demandas de nulidad de sociedades.
;M \ZI\I LM ]V XZWKM[W []UIZQW Y]M XZWK]ZI TI IJZM^QIKQ~V LMT \ZnUQ\M UMLQIV\M ]VI
LMUIVLI[QUXTQKILIZMOTI[TQUQ\I\QÎ[LMTIIK]U]TIKQ~VaTIKWVKMV\ZIKQ~VLMIK\Q^QLIL
LMITMOIKQ~VKWV\M[\IKQ~VITILMUIVLIXZ]MJIa[MV\MVKQIMVI]LQMVKQI
4IZMO]TIKQ~VLMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWVWKWV\QMVMVWZUI[LMQV\MOZIKQ~VKWVTI[IT^MLILLM
TIZMTI\QÎITIXZWL]KKQ~VLMTIXZ]MJII[XMK\WMVMTY]M[MZMUQ\MITI[ZMOTI[LMTXZWKM[W
KWUV6WWJ[\IV\M[MZnVMKM[IZQWQV\MOZIZTI[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[LMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWKWVTI
VWZUI\QÎ Y]M ZQOM MT XZWKM[W KWUV Y]M QV\MOZI MT OuVMZW LM TW[ XZWKM[W[ LMKTIZI\Q^W[
X]M[\W Y]M MV U]KPW[ I[XMK\W[ MT UIZKW VWZUI\Q^W LMT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW VW ZM[]T\IZn
[]KQMV\M#MVM[M[MV\QLWTIQV\MOZIKQ~VLMVWZUI[XZWKM[ITM[Y]MZQOMV[]X]M[\W[IVnTWOW[
MVI[XMK\W[VWXZM^Q[\W[M`XZM[IUMV\MMVTIZMO]TIKQ~VLMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW[MN]VLIMV
TWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW!LMT+8+5
2.14.2 La demanda
-V M[\W[ XZWKM[W[ [M XZM[MV\IZn ]VI LMUIVLI [QUXTQKILI XWZ M[KZQ\W Y]M LMJMZn
KWV\MVMZ TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ XZM^Q[\W[ MV MT IZ\yK]TW " LM[QOVIKQ~V LMT R]bOILW# QLMV\QKIKQ~V
LMTLMUIVLIV\MLMTLMUIVLILWaLMIY]MTTW[W\ZW[QV\MZM[ILW[Y]MLMJIV[MZTTIUILW[IT
XZWKM[W I[y KWUW [][ LWUQKQTQW[# ]VI MV]UMZIKQ~V []KQMV\M LM TW[ PMKPW[ Y]M R][\QY]MV
TIZIb~VLM[MZLMTIXM\QKQ~V#TIXM\QKQ~V#NMKPIaZUI
4I [QUXTQKIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI ZM[]T\I LM KWUXIZIZ TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ MV]VKQILW[ KWV TW[
previstos en el artculo 276 para la demanda del proceso comn. La principal diferencia
452

ZILQKI MV TI VMKM[QLIL LM ]V ZMTI\W XZMKQ[W a KWUXTM\W LM TW[ PMKPW[ Y]M LMJM MNMK\]IZ[M
MV TI LMUIVLI LMT XZWKM[W KWUV [QMVLW []KQMV\M KWV ]VI MV]UMZIKQ~V []KQV\I LM TW[
PMKPW[ MV TI LMUIVLI LMT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW# I]VY]M ZM[]T\IZn IKWV[MRIJTM Y]M MT ZMTI\W
[MITWUn[KTIZWXZMKQ[WaKWUXTM\WXW[QJTM\IUJQuVMVTILMUIVLILMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW
<IUXWKW [M ZMY]QMZM MV TI LMUIVLI [QUXTQKILI LMT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW TI QVLQKIKQ~V LM
TW[IZO]UMV\W[LMLMZMKPWaTI[VWZUI[R]ZyLQKI[Y]M[][\MV\IVTIXZM\MV[Q~VTWY]M[yM[\n
XZM^Q[\WXIZITILMUIVLILMTXZWKM[WKWUV#KWVTIUQ[UIIKTIZIKQ~VaIMNMK\]ILIMVMT
[MV\QLWLMY]MMV\WLWKI[WXWLZnMTLMUIVLIV\MQVKT]QZ\ITM[ZMNMZMVKQI[MVTILMUIVLI
[QUXTQKILILMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW
4I VWZUI ZMNMZQLI VW M`QOM M`XZM[IUMV\M TI XZM[MV\IKQ~V LM TW[ LWK]UMV\W[ Y]M
N]VLIUMV\MV TI XZM\MV[Q~V KWUW [y TW XZMû MT IZ\yK]TW XIZI TI LMUIVLI LMT XZWKM[W
KWUV8WLZyIKWVKT]QZ[MMV\WVKM[MV]VIXZQUMZITMK\]ZILMTIVWZUIY]MTW[LWK]UMV\W[
XWLZnVXZM[MV\IZ[MMVTII]LQMVKQILMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW\MVQMVLWXZM[MV\MY]MMTIZ\yK]TW
NIK]T\I I TI[ XIZ\M[ I XZWXWVMZ MV I]LQMVKQI TI[ XZ]MJI[ LM Y]M QV\MV\MV ÎTMZ[M [QV
TQUQ\IV\M[ KWUW TI[ XZM^Q[\I[ MV TW[ IZ\yK]TW[ a ! XIZI MT XZWKM[W KWUV# LM UWLW
Y]MTIXZMKT][Q~VLMIXWZ\IKQ~VLWK]UMV\ITXZM^Q[\IMVTW[KQ\ILW[IZ\yK]TW[ a ![MZyI
LM IXTQKIKQ~V M`KT][QÎ IT XZWKM[W KWUV MV ^QZ\]L LM TI ]JQKIKQ~V LM M[W[ IZ\yK]TW[ a VW
al proceso abreviado.
;QV MUJIZOW VW LMJM WJ^QIZ[M TI ZMNMZMVKQI VIT LMT IZ\yK]TW MV K]IV\W LQ[XWVM
Y]M LM TI LMUIVLI a LWK]UMV\W[ Y]M TI IKWUXI}MV [M XZM[MV\IZnV \IV\I[ KWXQI[ KWUW
LMUIVLILW[ a LMUn[ QV\MZM[ILW[ MV MT XZWKM[W PIaI # TW Y]M X]MLM TTMÎZ I KWVKT]QZ
Y]M TW[ LWK]UMV\W[ LMJMV XZM[MV\IZ[M KWV TI LMUIVLI I]VY]M TI VWZUI VW TW M`QOM KWV
claridad.
-V LMVQ\QÎ ZM[]T\IZn KWV^MVQMV\M XZM[MV\IZ KWV TI LMUIVLI TW[ LWK]UMV\W[ MV Y]M [M
N]VLITIXZM\MV[Q~VM^Q\IVLWLMM[INWZUIK]ITY]QMZM^MV\]ITL]LIQV\MZXZM\I\QÎMV\WZVW
ITUWUMV\WXZM^Q[\WXIZITIIXWZ\IKQ~VLWK]UMV\IT8WZW\ZIXIZ\MTIXZM[MV\IKQ~VQVQKQITLM
TW[LWK]UMV\W[MVTW[Y]M[MN]VLITIXZM\MV[Q~VX]MLMZM[]T\IZVMKM[IZQIXIZILM\MZUQVIZ
MTÎTWZLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VLMTY]MLMXMVLMZnMT\ZnUQ\MI[MO]QZ[M
+WV ZMTIKQ~V I TI[ ZM[\IV\M[ XZ]MJI[ XWLZnV [MZ XZWX]M[\I[ MVTI I]LQMVKQI KWV IZZMOTW I
TWXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW 4I[XZ]MJI[Y]MXIZIXZIK\QKIZ[MMVTII]LQMVKQIZMY]QMZIV
LQTQOMVKQI[ LM KQ\IKQ~V W ZMY]MZQUQMV\W XWZ MRMUXTW TI KQ\IKQ~V LM ]V \M[\QOW I MNMK\W[ LM
[]QV\MZZWOI\WZQWWTILM[QOVIKQ~VLM]VXMZQ\WR]LQKQITXWLZnV[MZ[WTQKQ\ILI[ITUMVW[KWV
\ZM[LyI[LMIV\MTIKQ~VITINMKPILMTII]LQMVKQIIZ\ #[QMTLMUIVLIV\MXZWX][QMZIMT
ZMKWVWKQUQMV\WR]LQKQITIZMITQbIZ[MN]MZILMTI[MLMLMT\ZQJ]VITTWIL^MZ\QZnMVTILMUIVLI
IMNMK\W[LMY]MX]MLIZMITQbIZ[MIV\M[LMTII]LQMVKQIWyLWMTLMUIVLILW
4I IK]U]TIKQ~V WJRM\QÎ LM XZM\MV[QWVM[ [M MVK]MV\ZI IKW\ILI LM IK]MZLW I TW XZM^Q[\W
MV MT IZ\yK]TW ILUQ\QuVLW[M M`KT][QÎUMV\M MV TW[ [QO]QMV\M[ []X]M[\W[" K]IVLW TI[
XZM\MVKQWVM[ IK]U]TILI[ M[\uV JI[ILI[ MV TW[ UQ[UW[ PMKPW[ [QMUXZM Y]M LMJI [MO]QZ[M
MV \WLW KI[W MT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW# K]IVLW [M MRMZKQ\M ]VI XZM\MV[Q~V LM ZM[IZKQUQMV\W LM
LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[^QVK]TILIIW\ZIXZM\MV[Q~VY]M[MIXZMR]LQKQITLMIY]uTTI
453

;M M[\IJTMKM LM M[I NWZUI ]V ZuOQUMV TQUQ\I\Q^W LM TI IK]U]TIKQ~V WJRM\QÎ ZM[XMK\W LMT
XZM^Q[\W KWV KIZnK\MZ OMVMZIT MV MT IZ\yK]TW ! KWV IZZMOTW IT K]IT MT LMUIVLIV\M XWLZn
MRMZKMZ I TI ^Mb MV TI LMUIVLI K]IV\I[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ \MVOI KWV\ZI ]V UQ[UW LMUIVLILW
KWV MT VQKW TyUQ\M LM Y]M VW [MIV QVKWUXI\QJTM[ MV\ZM [y VWZUI Y]M [M KWUXTMUMV\I
KWV TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW ZMY]Q[Q\W[ LM TI IK]U]TIKQ~V XZMR]LQKQITQLIL ;QV
XMZR]QKQW LM MTTW XWLZn [WTQKQ\IZ[M XW[\MZQWZUMV\M TI IK]U]TIKQ~V LM XZWKM[W[ IJZM^QILW[
MV\ZM TW[ Y]M M`Q[\I KWVM`Q~V NnK\QKI W R]ZyLQKI MV TW[ \uZUQVW[ XZM^Q[\W[ MV TW[ IZ\yK]TW[
a[QO]QMV\M[-VK]IV\WITIIK]U]TIKQ~V[]JRM\QÎLMXZM\MV[QWVM[[MZQOMXWZTIZMOTI
OMVMZIT LMT IZ\yK]TW Y]M ZMY]QMZM TI M`Q[\MVKQI LM ]V VM`W W KWVM`Q~V XWZ ZIb~V LMT
ttulo o de la causa de pedir.
8ZM[MV\ILI TI LMUIVLI MT R]Mb MNMK\]IZn ]V KWV\ZWT LM ILUQ[QJQTQLIL LMV\ZW LMT XTIbW LM
KQVKWLyI[LQK\IVLWI]\WLMILUQ[Q~Va[M}ITIVLWNMKPILMI]LQMVKQI[QTILMUIVLIK]UXTM
KWV \WLW[ TW[ XZM[]X]M[\W[ a ZMY]Q[Q\W[ -V KI[W KWV\ZIZQW [Q TI LMUIVLI \]^QMZI LMNMK\W[
[]J[IVIJTM[ MT R]Mb KWVKMLMZn I TI XIZ\M ]V XTIbW LM KQVKW LyI[ XIZI []J[IVIZTW[# [Q TW[
LMNMK\W[ N]MZIV QV[]J[IVIJTM[ LMKTIZIZn TI LMUIVLI QUXZWXWVQJTM UMLQIV\M ZM[WT]KQ~V
Y]MILUQ\MIXMTIKQ~VX]M[\WY]MXWVMVITXZWKM[W
)LUQ\QLITILMUIVLIMTR]MbKQ\IZnII]LQMVKQIY]MLMJMZnKMTMJZIZ[MMV\ZMTW[LQMbaTW[
^MQV\M LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ I TI KQ\IKQ~V Y]M [MZn VW\QKILI IT LMUIVLIV\M IT LMUIVLILW a
LMUn[QV\MZM[ILW[IT]LQLW[MVTILMUIVLIIKWUXI}nVLW[MKWXQILMTILMUIVLIaLMUn[
LWK]UMV\W[ XZM[MV\ILW[ KWV MTTI ;QJQMV TII]LQMVKQI\MVLZn T]OIZMV VQKIKWV^WKI\WZQI
XWLZnVTI[XIZ\M[[WTQKQ\IZTI[][XMV[Q~VLMTII]LQMVKQIITMOIVLWR][\IKI][IKWUWZM[]T\I
LMTIZ\yK]TWaLMTWLQ[X]M[\WMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[ aKWVKIZnK\MZOMVMZIT
2.14.3 La audiencia
4I I]LQMVKQI KWVKMV\ZI IK\Q^QLIL LM ITMOIKQ~V ZI\QKIKQ~V IUXTQIKQ~V W ZML]KKQ~V LM
TI LMUIVLI KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI M^MV\]IT ZMKWV^MVKQ~V a XZ]MJI XZWXW[QKQ~V a
XZWL]KKQ~V LM TI XZ]MJI I[y KWUW MT QV\MV\W LM KWVKQTQIKQ~V Y]M LMJM MNMK\]IZ MT R]Mb a
M^MV\]ITUMV\MTI[MV\MVKQI
4II]LQMVKQI[MZnXZM[QLQLIXWZMTR]MbJIRWXMVILMV]TQLILQV[]J[IVIJTMLMIK]MZLWITW
XZM^Q[\WKWVKIZnK\MZOMVMZITMVMTIZ\yK]TW-TXZQVKQXQWLMQVUMLQIKQ~VXZM[MV\I]VI
ZMTMÎVKQIXZQWZQ\IZQIMVTIZMNWZUIXZWKM[ITaLM\MZUQVIY]MTI[XZ]MJI[[MIVXZIK\QKILI[
MV XZM[MVKQI LMT R]Mb Y]QMV PIJZn LM LQK\IZ [MV\MVKQI IT KIJW LM TI I]LQMVKQI W IV]VKQIZ
MT NITTW a LQK\IZ T]MOW TI [MV\MVKQI# TI KWUXIZMKMVKQI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ MV I]LQMVKQI XW[QJQTQ\I
TIXZnK\QKIaKWV\ZWTLMTIXZ]MJIaMVM[\MKI[WKWVTTMÎILMUn[TIZMITQbIKQ~VLMIK\W[
XZWKM[ITM[ LM ITMOIKQ~V KWUW TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI M^MV\]IT ZMKWV^MVKQ~V a TI
NWZU]TIKQ~VLMTW[ITMOI\W[VITM[
Las partes tienen la carga de comparecer a la audiencia. Si el demandante no comparece
VQ P]JQMZM ITMOILW R][\I KI][I Y]M UW\Q^M TI [][XMV[Q~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI [M TM \MVLZn XWZ
LM[Q[\QLW LM [] LMUIVLI [QMUXZM Y]M MT LMUIVLILW VW ITMOIZM QV\MZu[ TMOy\QUW MV TI
KWV\QV]IKQ~VLMTXZWKM[W-TLM[Q[\QUQMV\WQUXTQKIZnTIQUXW[QKQ~VLMTI[KW[\I[aTIKWVLMVI
454

I QVLMUVQbIZ TW[ LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ KI][ILW[ [Q N]MZIV [WTQKQ\ILW[ a IKZMLQ\ILW[ XWZ MT
demandado.
;Q Y]QMV VW KWUXIZMKM M[ MT LMUIVLILW [M KWV\QV]IZn KWV TI I]LQMVKQI [QV VMKM[QLIL LM
declarar su rebelda.
4I[ XIZ\M[ XWLZnV [WTQKQ\IZ TI [][XMV[Q~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI ITMOIVLW R][\I KI][I Y]M
TM[ QUXQLI KWUXIZMKMZ MV TI NMKPI a PWZI [M}ITILI[ MV TI KQ\IKQ~V <IUJQuV XWLZnV
M`KMXKQWVITUMV\MR][\QKIZ[]QVKWUXIZMKMVKQIKWVXW[\MZQWZQLILITII]LQMVKQI\ZI\nVLW[M
LM KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ QUXZM^Q[QJTM[ Y]M VW PIaIV XWLQLW KWU]VQKIZ IT \ZQJ]VIT KWV []KQMV\M
antelacin a la audiencia.
-V M[M [MV\QLW KWV[QLMZIUW[ Y]M XZM^QW I \MVMZ XWZ LM[Q[\QLW IT LMUIVLIV\M MT R]Mb
LMJMZn KWVKMLMZTM ]V XTIbW ZIbWVIJTM XIZI R][\QKIZ TW[ UW\Q^W[ LM [] QVKWUXIZMKMVKQI I
TII]LQMVKQIX]M[LMTWKWV\ZIZQW[MTWKWTWKIZyIMVTIVMKM[QLILLMQUX]OVIZTIZM[WT]KQ~V
Y]MTW\QMVMXWZLM[Q[\QLW-V\WLWKI[WMTR]MbLMJMZnÎTWZIZ[QTIKI][IQV^WKILI[]XWVM
]V QUXMLQUMV\W XIZI TI KWUXIZMKMVKQI I TI I]LQMVKQI \MVQMVLW XZM[MV\M TI[ KI][I[ LM
[][XMV[Q~V LM I]LQMVKQI[ XZM^Q[\I[ KWV KIZnK\MZ OMVMZIT MV MT IZ\yK]TW a ÎTWZIVLW
TI[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ QV^WKILI[ LM IK]MZLW KWV TI[ ZMOTI[ LM TI [IVI KZy\QKI a TI[ Un`QUI[ LM
M`XMZQMVKQI
-VK]IV\WITKWV\MVQLWLMTII]LQMVKQIMVXZQUMZ\uZUQVWMTR]MbQV\MV\IZnTIKWVKQTQIKQ~V
I V LM M^Q\IZ TI XZW[MK]KQ~V LMT XZWKM[W ;Q JQMV TI VWZUI VW ZMQ\MZI TW XZM^Q[\W XIZI TI
I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI LMT XZWKM[W KWUV LM \WLW[ UWLW[ MT R]Mb LMJMZn \MVMZ M[XMKQIT
K]QLILWLMM^Q\IZK]ITY]QMZXZMR]bOIUQMV\W+Q\IVLWTWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW!ITI^Mb
Y]MQV[\IITI[XIZ\M[ITWOZIZ]VIK]MZLWMTR]MbTM[IL^MZ\QZnLMTW[LMZMKPW[aWJTQOIKQWVM[
Y]MX]LQMZIVKWZZM[XWVLMZTM[[QVXZMR]bOIZMTKWV\MVQLWLMTIM^MV\]IT[MV\MVKQI
;QVWP]JQMZII^MVMVKQI[MKWVKMLMZnTIXITIJZIITIXIZ\MLMUIVLIV\MXIZIY]MZI\QY]M
IUXTyMWZML]bKI[]LMUIVLII]VY]MMVVQVOVKI[WXWLZnQV\ZWL]KQZKIUJQW[[][\IVKQITM[
a lo ya alegado.
4I ZI\QKIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI VW XTIV\MI QVKWV^MVQMV\M[ [IT^W TI XZM^Q[Q~V LM M^Q\IZ Y]M
XWZ M[I ^yI [M QV\MV\M UWLQKIZ TI LMUIVLI I[XMK\W Y]M LMJMZn \MVMZ M[XMKQITUMV\M MV
K]MV\IMTR]MbXIZILMVMOIZM^MV\]ITM[IT\MZIKQWVM[LMTXTIV\MWQVQKQITaMTLMUIVLILWXIZI
WXWVMZ[M MV I]LQMVKQI <IUXWKW XTIV\MI LQK]T\ILM[ TI ZML]KKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI MV TI
UMLQLI Y]M VW INMK\I MT LMZMKPW LM LMNMV[I LMT LMUIVLILW XMZUIVMKQMVLW MV MT nUJQ\W
del principio dispositivo.
-VKIUJQWX]MLMZM[]T\IZKWUXTMRWLM\MZUQVIZMTITKIVKMLMTIVWZUIMVK]IV\WI]\WZQbI
TIIUXTQIKQ~VLMTILMUIVLIMVI]LQMVKQIIKTIZIVLWT]MOWY]MVW[MXWLZnPIKMZMVMTTI
variacin sustancial.
-V M[M [MV\QLW KWV[QLMZIUW[ Y]M TI VWZUI ZMMZM I TI[ UWLQKIKQWVM[ XZM^Q[\I[ L]ZIV\M
TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI LMT XZWKM[W KWUV MV MT Y]M [M ILUQ\M IT LMUIVLIV\M IOZMOIZ
455

V]MÎ[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ IKKM[WZQI[ W ITMOIZ PMKPW[ V]M^W[ LMZQÎLW[ LM TW[ XTIV\MILW[ MV TI
LMUIVLI,MUWLWY]MXWZMRMUXTWXWLZnIUXTQIZ[MTILMUIVLIXIZIQVKT]QZTW[QV\MZM[M[
VWZMKTIUILW[QVQKQITUMV\MKWUWXZM\MV[Q~VIKKM[WZQI[QMUXZMY]MVW[]XMZMVTIK]IV\yI
de los procesos abreviados.
+IJM IX]V\IZ ILMUn[ Y]M TI IUXTQIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI I]VY]M VW LM\MZUQVM ]VI
UWLQKIKQ~V [][\IVKQIT X]MLM LM\MZUQVIZ TI QV\MZZ]XKQ~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI XIZI KWVKMLMZTM
IT LMUIVLILW ]V XTIbW ZIbWVIJTM I MNMK\W[ LM MRMZKMZ ]VI ILMK]ILI LMNMV[I MV ZMTIKQ~V
KWV M[I IUXTQIKQ~V [Q TI[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ LMT KI[W TW IUMZQ\IV# I]VY]M M[I XW[QJQTQLIL VW
M[\n XZM^Q[\I M`XZM[IUMV\M XWLZn N]VLIZ[M MV MT XZQVKQXQW LM LMNMV[I KWV[QLMZILI[ TI[
circunstancias del caso.
) KWV\QV]IKQ~V [M WQZn IT LMUIVLILW Y]M KWV\M[\IZn MV I]LQMVKQI ITMOIVLW K]IV\W[
defectos procesales estime conveniente y posteriormente af irmando o negando
KWVKZM\IUMV\M TW[ PMKPW[ a TW[ N]VLIUMV\W[ LM LMZMKPW LM TI LMUIVLI# XWLZn I[QUQ[UW
NWZU]TIZ ZMKWV^MVKQ~V Y]M XIZI ILUQ\QZ[M LMJMZn ZM]VQZ TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ XZM^Q[\W[ MV MT
IZ\yK]TW Y]M TI XZM\MV[Q~V X]MLI \ZIUQ\IZ[M XWZ MT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW a Y]M \MVOI
KWVM`Q~VKWVTIY]M[MIWJRM\WLMTILMUIVLIXZQVKQXIT
+IJM IVITQbIZ TI XW[QJTM QV\MZZ]XKQ~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI I [WTQKQ\]L LMT LMUIVLIV\M [Q N]MZI
UMVM[\MZIMNMK\W[LMMRMZKMZ]VIILMK]ILILMNMV[IZM[XMK\WLMTIZMKWV^MVKQ~V[QMUXZMY]M
ITMO]MVWM[\IZMVKWVLQKQWVM[LMKWV\M[\IZMVTIXZWXQII]LQMVKQIXWZNIT\ILMQVNWZUIKQ~V
W XZ]MJI# I[XMK\W Y]M LMJMZn MÎT]IZ MT R]Mb I\MVLQMVLW I TI[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ LMT KI[W
KWVKZM\WJIRWTIXZMUQ[ILMTXZQVKQXQWLMLMNMV[I
-VM[M[MV\QLWa[QVXMZR]QKQWLMZM[IT\IZTIKWV^MVQMVKQILMTI[ZMOTI[TMOITM[Y]MTQUQ\IVTI[
KI][I[LM[][XMV[Q~VMQV\MZZ]XKQ~VLMTI[I]LQMVKQI[MTR]MbLMJMZn\MVMZ[QMUXZMXZM[MV\M
TI QVKQLMVKQI LM XZQVKQXQW[ N]VLIUMV\ITM[ KWUW MT LM LMNMV[I a KWV\ZILQKKQ~V Y]M X]MLMV
determinar la conveniencia de interrumpir o suspender la audiencia en otros supuestos no
previstos en las normas citadas.
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[] LMKQ[Q~V LM VW QUX]OVIZ TI [MV\MVKQI LMKTIZIZn [] ZUMbI MV MT IK\W ;Q [~TW [M PI
anunciado el fallo o si habiendo dictado sentencia ntegra ambas partes o alguna de ellas
IV]VKQIZIV[]QV\MVKQ~VLMZMK]ZZQZMTR]MbTILQK\IZnT]MOWXWZM[KZQ\WMVMTXTIbWTMOIT
4I[MV\MVKQILMJMZnM[\IZLMJQLIUMV\MUW\QÎLILMIK]MZLWITWXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW#
aLMJMZnZM[XM\IZMTXZQVKQXQWLMKWVOZ]MVKQIMVTW[\uZUQVW[XZM^Q[\W[MVMTIZ\yK]TW
-TQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTXTIbWTMOITXIZILQK\IZ[MV\MVKQIY]QVKMLyI[PIZnQVK]ZZQZITR]MbMV
ZM[XWV[IJQTQLILKWVIZZMOTWITWXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TWU]T\IMY]QÎTMV\MI]V[ITIZQW
UyVQUWVIKQWVIT]ZJIVWUn[IT\W^QOMV\MXWZKILILyILMZM\ZI[W
4I ÎTWZIKQ~V LM TI XZ]MJI [M ZQOM XWZ TI[ UQ[UI[ ZMOTI[ XZM^Q[\I[ XIZI MT XZWKM[W KWUV
Y]M KWV[IOZIV MT [Q[\MUI LM TI [IVI KZy\QKI KWUW ZMOTI LM ÎTWZIKQ~V [QV XMZR]QKQW LM TI
XZ]MJILWK]UMV\ITY]M[MZQOMXWZ]V[Q[\MUILM\I[ITMOIT
460
2.15 LAS MEDIDAS CAUTELARES

Santiago Garderes
;=5):17"11V\ZWL]KKQ~V11.]VKQ~VLMTI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[1114IXW\M[
\ILKI]\MTIZOMVuZQKI1>4W[XZQVKQXQW[LMT[Q[\MUIKI]\MTIZ>4W[XZM[]X]M[\W[
W ZMY]Q[Q\W[ LM TI XZW^QLMVKQI KI]\MTIZ >1 4I[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ XZM^Q[\I[ MV
MT +8+5 >11 8ZWKMLQUQMV\W KI]\MTIZ >111 -RMK]KQ~V LM TI[ XZW^QLMVKQI[
cautelares.
2.15.1 Introduccin
-T<y\]TW+]IZ\WZMNMZQLWITI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[[MWZOIVQbIMVLW[KIXy\]TW[MTXZQUMZW
LMLQKILWITIXZWKMLMVKQIaKTI[M[LMUMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[aMT[MO]VLWITIILWXKQ~VLMTI[
medidas y el procedimiento cautelar.
-T XZQUMZ KIXy\]TW KWV\QMVM VWZUI[ OMVMZITM[ MV UI\MZQI KI]\MTIZ Y]M LMVMV MT [Q[\MUI
KI]\MTIZ a TW[ XZQVKQXQW[ Y]M TW KIZIK\MZQbIV QVLQKIVLW T]MOW MT KI\nTWOW LM TI[ UMLQLI[
cautelares previstas.
-T [MO]VLW KIXy\]TW ZMO]TI MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W XIZI TI ILWXKQ~V LM UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ KWV
ZMNMZMVKQI[ITI[WTQKQ\]LKI]\MTIZTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[Y]MLMJMKWV\MVMZTILMKQ[Q~VWXZW^QLMVKQI
KI]\MTIZa[]MRMK]KQ~V
La regulacin del proceso cautelar se desarrolla a partir del principio de universalidad
LM IXTQKIKQ~V IZ\ Y]M XMZUQ\M ILWX\IZ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ MV K]ITY]QMZ XZWKM[W a
MV K]ITY]QMZ M\IXI LMT UQ[UW K]IVLW ZM[]T\M VMKM[IZQW XIZI I[MO]ZIZ TI MNMK\Q^QLIL LM TI
\]\MTIR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT
2.15.2 Funcin de las medidas cautelares.

4I LQUMV[Q~V \MUXWZIT LMT XZWKM[W ÎZQIJTM [MOV TW[ LQ[\QV\W[ WZLMVIUQMV\W[ a [Q[\MUI[
presenta una nota comn en la percepcin social: el proceso suele concebirse como un
QV[\Z]UMV\W TMV\W a MV WKI[QWVM[ XWKW MKIb 4I LMUWZI LMT XZWKM[W [M UIVQM[\I IV
MV TW[ [Q[\MUI[ XZWKM[ITM[ Un[ IÎVbILW[ MV TI UMLQLI Y]M TI IK\Q^QLIL LM ITMOIKQ~V
QV[\Z]KKQ~V a LMKQ[Q~V a M^MV\]ITUMV\M QUX]OVIKQ~V a ZM^Q[Q~V ZMY]QMZMV VI\]ZITUMV\M
]V\QMUXWZIbWVIJTMY]MXMZUQ\IKWVR]OIZTI[M`QOMVKQI[LMTIKMTMZQLILKWVTI[LMR][\QKQI
y ponderacin.
,MUWLWY]MIVTI[M[\Z]K\]ZI[XZWKM[ITM[Un[nOQTM[PIJZnVLMQV[]UQZ]V\QMUXWY]M
KWV[QLMZILI[ TI[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ LMT KI[W X]MLM ZM[]T\IZ M`KM[Q^W IT XWVMZ MV ZQM[OW TI
MKIKQILMTI\]\MTIR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT
Las soluciones para la demora del proceso pueden consistir en la implementacin de
M[\Z]K\]ZI[WXZWKMLQUQMV\W[IJZM^QILW[[]UIZQW[XIZITI[XZM\MV[QWVM[Y]MXZM[MV\MV]VI
461

M[XMKQIT]ZOMVKQIMVTIZM[WT]KQ~VLM[]WJRM\W#XMZWI]VMVM[W[KI[W[[QMUXZMPIJZn]VI
M[\Z]K\]ZIUyVQUIY]MVMKM[IZQIUMV\MLMJMZM[XM\IZMTKWV\ZILQK\WZQWLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[I
MVR]QKQWXWZTWY]MTI[WT]KQ~VLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\W[]UIZQWX]MLMVWZM[]T\IZ[]KQMV\MXIZI
KWVR]ZIZMTZQM[OWLMQV[I\Q[NIKKQ~VKI][ILWXWZTILMUWZIKWVVI\]ZITITXZWKM[W
4WY]MVW[KWVL]KMITnUJQ\WLMTI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[KWUWQV[\Z]UMV\WLMMKIKQILMTI
\]\MTIR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITITPIJQTQ\IZTIILWXKQ~VQVUMLQI\ILMUMLQLI[\MVLQMV\M[IXZM^MVQZMT
ZQM[OWY]MZMXZM[MV\ITILQUMV[Q~V\MUXWZITLMTXZWKM[WaI[MIUMLQIV\MTIKWV[MZÎKQ~VLM
TI[Q\]IKQ~VNnK\QKIWR]ZyLQKI^QOMV\MMV]VUWUMV\WLM\MZUQVILWUMLQLI[KWV[MZÎ\QÎ[
TI UWLQKIKQ~V LM TI [Q\]IKQ~V XIZI XZM^MVQZ TI KWV\QV]QLIL W IOZIÎUQMV\W LMT LI}W
UMLQLI[ QVVWÎ\QÎ[ W MT ILMTIV\IUQMV\W XZW^Q[WZQW LM TI LMKQ[Q~V LM UuZQ\W UMLQLI[
XZW^Q[QWVITM[
2.15.3 La potestad cautelar genrica

4I UIaWZyI LM TW[ [Q[\MUI[ XZWKM[ITM[ KWV\MUXWZnVMW[ XZMûV MT QV[\Z]UMV\W KI]\MTIZ
I]VY]MKWVLQ^MZ[WOZILWLMIUXTQ\]L-VOMVMZITTITyVMIM^WT]\QÎUIZKIMVM[\MX]V\W
MT XI[IRM LM ]VI ZMO]TIKQ~V IQ[TILI a TQUQ\ILI I KQMZ\I[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ MT MUJIZOW a
[MK]M[\ZWI]VI]\uV\QKW[Q[\MUIVWZUI\Q^WMVUI\MZQIKI]\MTIZIXWaILWMVTIKWV[IOZIKQ~V
M`XZM[ILMTIpotestad cautelar genrica.
,M M[I NWZUI TI \MVLMVKQI XZWKM[IT UIZKI MT ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W TMOIT LM TI XW\M[\IL KI]\MTIZ
OMVuZQKI LM TW[ R]MKM[ Y]M M[\nV NIK]T\ILW[ XIZI ILWX\IZ K]ITY]QMZ UMLQLI QL~VMI XIZI
I[MO]ZIZ TI MKIKQI LM TI \]\MTI R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT MV \WLI KTI[M LM XZWKM[W[ a MV K]ITY]QMZ
UWUMV\W]WXWZ\]VQLIL-VM[ITyVMI[MQV[KZQJMMT+8+5Y]MKWV[IOZIM`XZM[IUMV\M
TI XW\M[\IL KI]\MTIZ OMVuZQKI MV TW[ IZ\[ a IT LQ[XWVMZ Y]M MV K]ITY]QMZ XZWKM[W
KQ^QT W UMZKIV\QT MT LMUIVLIV\M XWLZn [WTQKQ\IZ TI ILWXKQ~V LM TI[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[
Y]M KWV[QLMZM VMKM[IZQI[ a IXZWXQILI[ XIZI I[MO]ZIZ TI MNMK\Q^QLIL a MT K]UXTQUQMV\W LM
TI M^MV\]IT [MV\MVKQI M[\QUI\WZQI IZ\ a Y]M MT MTMVKW LM UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ VW [M
TQUQ\I I TI[ MV]UMZILI[ M`XZM[IUMV\M MV TI TMa [QVW Y]M XWLZn [WTQKQ\IZ[M TI ILWXKQ~V
LM W\ZI[ UMLQLI[ Y]M [M M[\QUMV VMKM[IZQI[ XIZI I[MO]ZIZ TI MNMK\Q^QLIL LM TI XZW\MKKQ~V
R]ZQ[LQKKQWVITIZ\
-T KIZnK\MZ QV[\Z]UMV\IT LM TI[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ ZMMRILW MV TI ZMO]TIKQ~V LMT XZM[MV\M
KIXy\]TW XMZUQ\M LQ[\QVO]QZTI[ LM W\ZW[ QV[\Q\]\W[ [QUQTIZM[ Y]M QV\MOZIV MT UIZKW Un[
IUXTQWLMTI\]\MTI]ZOMV\MaY]MMVWKI[QWVM[VWIKKMLMVQV[\Z]UMV\ITUMV\MI]VXZWKM[W
XZQVKQXIT [QVW Y]M IOW\IV [] VITQLIL MV TI XZWXQI UMLQLI ILWX\ILI XWZ MRMUXTW TI[
UMLQLI[I]\W[I\Q[NIK\QÎ[Y]MVWM[\nVXZM^Q[\I[MVMT+8+5
+WUXTMUMV\IVLW MT UIZKW \ZILQKQWVIT LM TI[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ [M []MTM UMVKQWVIZ I
las medidas provisionales W IV\QKQXILI[ \IUJQuV LMVWUQVILI[ anticipativas
Y]M IV XIZ\QKQXIVLW LM TI QLMI KI]\MTIZ I[]UMV ]V XMZT XZWXQW MV \IV\W VW \QMVMV
XWZ VITQLIL I[MO]ZIZ TI M^MV\]IT MRMK]KQ~V LM TI [MV\MVKQI LM UuZQ\W [QVW ILMTIV\IZ
XZW^Q[WZQIUMV\M TI LMKQ[Q~V LM NWVLW I V LM M^Q\IZ Y]M TI LMUWZI LMT XZWKM[W KI][M IT
peticionante un dao irreparable.
462

<ITM[ UMLQLI[ KWV\MUXTILI[ OMVMZITUMV\M MV MT nUJQ\W LM TI[ XZM[\IKQWVM[ ITQUMV\IZQI[
XZWKM[W[ LM ITQUMV\W[ PIV QLW I[]UQMVLW MV TW[ [Q[\MUI[ XZWKM[ITM[ UWLMZVW[ ]VI VW\I
LM OMVMZITQLIL Y]M XMZUQ\M IT \ZQJ]VIT ILWX\IZ MV K]ITY]QMZ XZWKM[W QVKT]QLW MT KQ^QT W
UMZKIV\QT]VIUMLQLIXZW^Q[QWVITWIV\QKQXILI
-V M[I TyVMI QVOZM[I MV V]M[\ZW KWVKMX\W MT +8+5 Y]M VW KWV\QMVM ]VI XZM^Q[Q~V
M`XZM[IILUQ\QMVLWM[\I[UMLQLI[ILQNMZMVKQILMT+~LQOW5WLMTWXIZI1JMZWIUuZQKIXMZW
Y]MVWWJ[\IV\MXMZUQ\MILWX\IZK]ITY]QMZUMLQLIVMKM[IZQIXIZII[MO]ZIZTIMNMK\Q^QLIL
LMTIXZW\MKKQ~VR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITY]MX]LQMZMW\WZOIZ[MMVTI[MV\MVKQIM[\QUI\WZQIIZ\
2.15.4 Los principios del sistema cautelar.

-T [Q[\MUI KI]\MTIZ LMT +8+5 ZMIZUI TW[ XW[\]TILW[ LM MKIKQI Y]M KIZIK\MZQbIV TI
reforma procesal en general.
8]M[\W Y]M ]V [Q[\MUI XZWKM[IT WZIT Y]M XZWK]ZI IOQTQbIZ a [QUXTQKIZ MT \ZnUQ\M XIZI
LW\IZTW LM UIaWZ MKIKQI LMJM KWV\IZ KWV ]V ILMK]ILW [Q[\MUI KI]\MTIZ Y]M XIZ\QKQXM
LM TI UQ[UI QLMI LM MKIKQI# TW Y]M [M TWOZI MV MT V]M^W +~LQOW UMLQIV\M TI XZM^Q[Q~V
LM]V[Q[\MUIJI[ILWMVTIXZMUQ[IaIQVLQKILILMTIXW\M[\ILKI]\MTIZOMVuZQKI"MTR]Mb
KWUXZWUM\QLWKWVTIQLMILM]VI\]\MTIR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITMNMK\QÎLMJMKWV\IZKWVTW[UMLQW[M
QV[\Z]UMV\W[VMKM[IZQW[XIZIKWZZMOQZaXZM^MVQZTW[ZQM[OW[Y]MKWVTTMÎTIVI\]ZITLMUWZI
del proceso.
2.15.4.1 Universalidad de la aplicacin.

4I XW\M[\IL KI]\MTIZ OMVuZQKI [M KWVKZM\I MV TW[ IZ\yK]TW[ a LMT V]M^W +~LQOW a
LM\MZUQVI" I Y]M TI[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ X]MLMV ILWX\IZ[M MV K]ITY]QMZ XZWKM[W QVKT]QLW
MT IZJQ\ZIT QVKT][W KWUW LQTQOMVKQI XZMTQUQVIZ a J Y]M puede adoptarse cualquier
medida Y]M [MI QL~VMI a VMKM[IZQI XIZI I[MO]ZIZ TI MNMK\Q^QLIL LM TI XZW\MKKQ~V
R]ZQ[LQKKQWVITZMKTIUILIXWZ^yIXZQVKQXIT-[\WT\QUW[QOVQKIY]MTI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[
VW[MTQUQ\IVITI[XZM^Q[\I[M`XZM[IUMV\MMVTITMaTWY]MIXWZ\I]VIILMK]ILIM`QJQTQLIL
IT[Q[\MUIXW[QJQTQ\IVLW[]ILIX\IKQ~VITI[M`QOMVKQI[LMTKI[WKWVKZM\W
-T KQ\ILW IZ\yK]TW ZMMZM I TI universalidad de la aplicacin de las medidas
KI]\MTIZM[ a LQ[XWVM Y]M MV K]ITY]QMZ XZWKM[W KQ^QT W UMZKIV\QT MT LMUIVLIV\M XWLZn
[WTQKQ\IZTIILWXKQ~VLMTI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[Y]MKWV[QLMZMVMKM[IZQI[aIXZWXQILI[
para asegurar la efectividad y el cumplimiento de la eventual sentencia estimatoria.
4I VWZUI [M KWUXTMUMV\I KWV TW LQ[X]M[\W MV TW[ IZ\yK]TW[ 5WUMV\W XIZI [WTQKQ\IZ
TI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[a5MLQLI[+I]\MTIZM[MVXZWKM[W[IZJQ\ZITM[aM`\ZIVRMZW[
;MOV TW XZM^Q[\W MV M[I[ VWZUI[ TI[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ [M XWLZnV [WTQKQ\IZ a
ILWX\IZ MV K]ITY]QMZ M[\ILW LMT XZWKM[W a \IUJQuV KWUW LQTQOMVKQI XZMTQUQVIZ I TI
QV\MZXW[QKQ~VLMTILMUIVLIAY]QMVIKZMLQ\M[MZXIZ\MMV]VXZWKM[WIZJQ\ZITXWLZn
[WTQKQ\IZ IV\M MT R]Mb TI ILWXKQ~V LM TI[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ [WT]KQ~V Y]M [M M`\QMVLM I TW[
XZWKM[W[IZJQ\ZITM[WR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITM[\ZIUQ\ILW[MVMTM`\ZIVRMZWIZ\
463

-V K]IV\W IT KI\nTWOW LM UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ [M M[\IJTMKM MV MT IZ\yK]TW ]VI
MV]UMZIKQ~V LM TI[ UMLQLI[ Y]M X]MLMV [WTQKQ\IZ[M XMZW I KWV\QV]IKQ~V MT IZ\yK]TW
LQ[XWVM TW [QO]QMV\M" ;QV XMZR]QKQW LM TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW IV\MZQWZ XWLZn
[WTQKQ\IZ[M TI ILWXKQ~V LM W\ZI[ UMLQLI[ Y]M [M M[\QUMV VMKM[IZQI[ XIZI I[MO]ZIZ
TIMNMK\Q^QLILLMTIXZW\MKKQ~VR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITY]MX]LQMZMW\WZOIZ[MMVTI[MV\MVKQI
M[\QUI\WZQI I[y KWUW TI LM IY]MTTI[ Y]M M[\uV M`XZM[IUMV\M XZM^Q[\I[ XWZ TI[ TMaM[ XIZI TI
salvaguarda de ciertos derechos.
8WLZn MV KWV[MK]MVKQI ILWX\IZ[M K]ITY]QMZI LM TI[ UMLQLI[ XZM^Q[\I[ MV MT IZ\yK]TW
cuando la parte interesada lo solicite y resulte indispensable para la proteccin de su derecho
XWZ M`Q[\QZ XMTQOZW LM TM[Q~V W NZ][\ZIKQ~V LMT UQ[UW I KI][I LM TI LMUWZI LMT XZWKM[W
a M[M KI\nTWOW QVKT]aM TI[ [QO]QMV\M[ UMLQLI[" MT MUJIZOW XZM^MV\Q^W TI QV\MZ^MVKQ~V W
ILUQVQ[\ZIKQ~V R]LQKQIT MT [MK]M[\ZW LM JQMVM[ U]MJTM[ TI NWZUIKQ~V LM QV^MV\IZQW TI
IVW\IKQ~VXZM^MV\QÎLMTILMUIVLITIWZLMVR]LQKQITXIZIKM[IZXZW^Q[QWVITUMV\MMV]VI
IK\Q^QLIL XIZI IJ[\MVMZ[M \MUXWZITUMV\M LM ITO]VI KWVL]K\I W XIZI VW QV\MZZ]UXQZ W
KM[IZ]VIXZM[\IKQ~VTIQV\MZ^MVKQ~VaLMX~[Q\WLMQVOZM[W[WJ\MVQLW[XWZIK\Q^QLILQTyKQ\I
MT LMX~[Q\W LM WJZI[ ] WJRM\W[ XZWL]KQLW[ KWV QVNZIKKQ~V I TI[ VWZUI[ [WJZM XZWXQMLIL
intelectual e industrial.
8MZW\IUJQuVpodrn adoptarse otras medidas no previstasMVMTKI\nTWOWZMNMZQLW
Y]MZM[]T\MVVMKM[IZQI[XIZII[MO]ZIZTIMNMK\Q^QLILLMTIXZW\MKKQ~VR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITY]MX]LQMZM
W\WZOIZ[M MV TI [MV\MVKQI M[\QUI\WZQI N~ZU]TI LM []KQMV\M IUXTQ\]L XIZI IJIZKIZ VW [~TW
UMLQLI[ \yXQKIUMV\M KI]\MTIZM[ [QVW \IUJQuV TI[ LMVWUQVILI[ UMLQLI[ XZW^Q[QWVITM[ W
anticipatorias.
2.15.4.2 Principio dispositivo y de congruencia.

)ÎVbIVLW MV MT IVnTQ[Q[ LMT [Q[\MUI KI]\MTIZ XZWaMK\ILW W\ZW LM TW[ XZQVKQXQW[ Jn[QKW[ MV
TW[ Y]M [M I[QMV\I M[ MT LQ[XW[Q\Q^W KWV[IOZILW M`XZM[IUMV\M XIZI MT nUJQ\W KI]\MTIZ MV MT
IZ\KWVNWZUMITK]ITTI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[[~TWX]MLMVILWX\IZ[MIQV[\IVKQILMXIZ\M
;MM`KT]aMLMM[INWZUITIXW[QJQTQLILLMY]MMTR]MbLMKZM\MLMWKQW[QVXZM^QI[WTQKQ\]LLM
XIZ\M]VIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZ#[WT]KQ~VZIbWVIJTMMV^QZ\]LLMTQV\MZu[M[MVKQITUMV\MXZQÎLW
Y]M KIZIK\MZQbI MT WJRM\W LM TW[ XZWKM[W[ KQ^QTM[ a UMZKIV\QTM[ 4I ^QOMVKQI LMT XZQVKQXQW
LQ[XW[Q\Q^W MV MT nUJQ\W KI]\MTIZ [M KWUXTM\I KWV TI ZMNMZMVKQI IT ITKIVKM LM TI UMLQLI
LQ[X]M[\IXWZMTR]MbY]MVWXWLZnWZLMVIZW\ZI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[Un[OZI^W[I[Y]MTI[
[WTQKQ\ILI[ KWVOZ]MVKQI I]VY]M XWLZn IKWZLIZ IY]MTTI[ Y]M [QMVLW \IV ILMK]ILI[ KWUW
TI[XMLQLI[ZM[]T\MVUMVW[WVMZW[I[XIZIMTLMUIVLILWIZ\#LMUWLWY]MMVVQVOV
KI[W XWLZyI ILWX\IZ MT R]Mb ]VI UMLQLI KI]\MTIZ Un[ WVMZW[I XIZI MT LMUIVLILW Y]M TI
[WTQKQ\ILIXWZMTIK\WZIVK]IVLWZM[]T\MUn[IR][\ILIITI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[LMTKI[W
2.15.4.3 Principio de responsabilidad.

-T [Q[\MUI KI]\MTIZ XZWaMK\ILW KWV[IOZI ILMUn[ MT principio de responsabilidad,
KWVNWZUM IT K]IT TI[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ [M ILWX\IZnV JIRW TI ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL LM Y]QMV TI[
[WTQKQ\MIZ\
464

-T[Q[\MUILMTIZM[XWV[IJQTQLILKI]\MTIZ[MKWUXTM\IKWVTWLQ[X]M[\WMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[
aLMT+~LQOW-VLQKPW[IZ\yK]TW[[MKWV[IOZITIZM[XWV[IJQTQLILLMTXM\QKQWVIZQWMVKI[W
LMITbIUQMV\WLMTIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZXWZ^yIXZQVKQXIT[MV\MVKQIIJ[WT]\WZQIZUMZMV]VKQI
ITIXZM\MV[Q~VWLM[Q[\QUQMV\WLMTIQV[\IVKQIIZ\aLMKIL]KQLILLMTIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZ
adoptada como diligencia preliminar cuando la demanda no se hubiera presentado dentro del
UM[[QO]QMV\MI[]ILWXKQ~VIZ\;QJQMVVW[MZMO]TIM`XZM[IUMV\MTIZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL
LMTXM\QKQWVIZQWMVKI[WLMITbIUQMV\WLMTIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZMV[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQIKWVUW\Q^W
LMTIIXMTIKQ~VLMTIXZW^QLMVKQIKI]\MTIZKIJMKWVKT]QZY]MMVM[MKI[WMTXM\QKQWVIZQWLM
TI UMLQLI LMJMZn ZM[XWVLMZ XWZ TW[ LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ KI][ILW[ LM IK]MZLW I TW XZM^Q[\W
MV MT IZ\yK]TW KWV KIZnK\MZ OMVMZIT# X]M[ TI[ UMLQLI[ [M ILWX\IV [QMUXZM JIRW TI
ZM[XWV[IJQTQLILLMTY]MTI[[WTQKQ\I
4IZM[XWV[IJQTQLILM[QVLMXMVLQMV\MLMTIIK\Q\]LLQTQOMV\MWVWLMTXM\QKQWVIZQWIT[WTQKQ\IZ
TI UMLQLI TW Y]M XMZUQ\M IZUIZ TI ^QOMVKQI LM ]V ZuOQUMV WJRM\Q^W LM ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL
Y]M KWV\ZQJ]aM IT MY]QTQJZQW MV\ZM TI[ M`QOMVKQI[ LM KMZ\MbI a KMTMZQLIL Y]M [M MVK]MV\ZIV
MVTIJI[MLMTQV[\Z]UMV\WKI]\MTIZLM\MZUQVIVLWY]M[MITIXIZ\MY]M[MJMVMKQIKWVTI
UMLQLIaVWMTY]MTIXILMKMY]QMVMVLMVQ\QÎLMJI[WXWZ\IZMTZQM[OWLMQVR][\QKQIY]M
conlleva el instrumento cautelar.
)[yZM[]T\IMVV]M[\ZIWXQVQ~VLMTWXZM^Q[\WKWVKIZnK\MZOMVMZITMVMTKQ\ILWIZ\yK]TW
aKWVKIZnK\MZXIZ\QK]TIZMVMTIZ\yK]TWXIZITW[[]X]M[\W[LMKIL]KQLILLMTIUMLQLIXWZ
WUQ[Q~VLMTXM\QKQWVIZQWMVXZM[MV\IZTILMUIVLIMVXTIbWMVM[\MKI[WMTXM\QKQWVIZQW[MZn
KWVLMVILWITXIOWLM\WLW[TW[OI[\W[LMTXZWKM[WaLMTW[LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[KI][ILW[a
MVMTIZ\yK]TWXIZIMTKI[WLMITbIUQMV\WLMTIUMLQLIXWZ[MV\MVKQIIJ[WT]\WZQIZUM
-[I M[ XWZ W\ZI XIZ\M TI [WT]KQ~V ILWX\ILI XWZ TI 4-+ IZ\[ a a XZMKWVQbILI
MV\ZMW\ZW[XWZI]\WZM[KTn[QKW[KWUW+ITIUIVLZMQ+IZVMT]\\Qa8WLM\\Q!KWUWTIUn[
ILMK]ILI IT QV[\Q\]\W KI]\MTIZ ZMKWOQLI I[QUQ[UW XWZ +W]\]ZM MV [] 8ZWaMK\W LM +~LQOW
de Procedimiento Civil.
+ITIUIVLZMQM`X][WKWV[]PIJQ\]ITKTIZQLILTW[N]VLIUMV\W[LMTIZM[XWV[IJQTQLILWJRM\QÎ
MV[MLMKI]\MTIZITLMUW[\ZIZY]MTIZM^WKIKQ~VLM]VIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZXWZ^yILMTR]QKQW
XZQVKQXIT KWV\ZIZQW I TI XZM\MV[Q~V OIZIV\QbILI VW X]MLM KWV[QLMZIZ[M KWUW LMKTIZIKQ~V
ZM\ZW[XMK\QÎLMTIQVM`Q[\MVKQILM]VILMTI[KWVLQKQWVM[LMTIIKKQ~VKI]\MTIZaXWZ\IV\W
KWUWZM^MTIKQ~VLMTIQTMOQ\QUQLILLMTIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZKWVKMLQLIaIK\]ILIX]M[\WY]M
TIIKKQ~VKI]\MTIZ\QMVMKWUWKWVLQKQ~VVWTIM`Q[\MVKQILMTLMZMKPW[QVWTIIXIZQMVKQILMT
LMZMKPW# KWVKT]aMVLW Y]M TI ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL LMT [MK]M[\ZIV\M VW X]MLM ZIKQWVITUMV\M
KWVKMJQZ[M Un[ Y]M KWUW ]V KI[W LM ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL WJRM\QÎ KWVMÌ IT ZQM[OW Y]M M[
QVPMZMV\MITIVMKM[IZQIQV[\Z]UMV\ITQbILPQXW\u\QKILM]VIXZW^QLMVKQIKI]\MTIZMV[yUQ[UI
plenamente legtima.
! +ITIUIVLZMQ 8QMZW 1V\ZWL]KKQ~V IT M[\]LQW [Q[\MUn\QKW LM TI[ XZW^QLMVKQI[ KI]\MTIZM[ -L 4QJZMZyI -T .WZW
*]MVW[)QZM[!!#+IZVMT]\\Q.ZIVKM[KW;Q[\MUILM,MZMKPW8ZWKM[IT+Q^QT<11-L=<-0)*[)[!
X[a#8WLM\\Q2:IUQZW<ZI\ILWLMTI[5MLQLI[+I]\MTIZM[-,1):;)*[)[!X[
a
+ITIUIVLZMQ8QMZWWJ+Q\X[
465

;M \ZI\I MV LMVQ\QÎ LM KWV\MUXTIZ TI XMZ[XMK\QÎ LMT KI]\MTILW NZMV\M IT IÎVKM
QVKWV\MVQJTM LMT NMV~UMVW KI]\MTIZ UMLQIV\M TI NWZU]TIKQ~V LM ]V [Q[\MUI LM
ZM[XWV[IJQTQLILY]M[QVZM[\ZQVOQZWTQUQ\IZMTIKKM[WITQV[\Z]UMV\WKI]\MTIZLMZQ^MMTZQM[OW
LM ]VI UMLQLI QVR][\I IT XI\ZQUWVQW LMT KI]\MTIV\M XMZUQ\QMVLW IT KI]\MTILW WJ\MVMZ ]V
ZM[IZKQUQMV\WXWZTW[XMZR]QKQW[Y]MX]MLMKI][IZTM]VIUMLQLIQVR][\I
-T [Q[\MUI LM ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL KI]\MTIZ [M QV\MOZI ILMUn[ KWV TI ZMO]TIKQ~V LM TI
KWV\ZIKI]\MTI I TI Y]M PIZMUW[ ZMNMZMVKQI Un[ ILMTIV\M a K]aI N]VKQ~V M[ XZMKQ[IUMV\M
OIZIV\QbIZMTKWJZWLMTW[LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[KI][ILW[ITINMK\ILWMVKI[WLMTMÎV\IUQMV\W
de la medida cautelar.
6WIKTIZIMT+~LQOWMVM[\MKIXy\]TW[QTIQVLMUVQbIKQ~VLMTW[LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[KI][ILW[
XWZ TI UMLQLI KI]\MTIZ X]MLM ZMKTIUIZ[M MV MT UQ[UW XZWKM[W W KWZZM[XWVLM IT INMK\ILW
QVQKQIZ ]V V]M^W XZWKM[W KWV M[M WJRM\W -T IZ\ [M TQUQ\I I [M}ITIZ Y]M K]IVLW TI
[MV\MVKQI IJ[WT]\WZQI N]MZM ZUM MT \ZQJ]VIT LMRIZn [QV MNMK\W QVUMLQI\IUMV\M a LM WKQW
\WLI[ TI[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ ILWX\ILI[ X]LQMVLW MT LMUIVLILW [WTQKQ\IZ MT XIOW LM TW[
LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[KI][ILW[
-V]VIXW[QJTMQV\MZXZM\IKQ~V[Q[\MUn\QKILMT+8+5XWLZyIIZUIZ[MY]MTITQY]QLIKQ~V
LM TW[ LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ LMJM MNMK\]IZ[M [QO]QMVLW MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W XZM^Q[\W MV MT IZ\
! TQY]QLIKQ~V LM KIV\QLILM[ MV TW[ XZWKM[W[ LM MRMK]KQ~V Y]M [M KWUXWVM LM TW[
[QO]QMV\M[ IK\W[" [WTQKQ\]L KWV\MVQMVLW ]VI ZMTIKQ~V LM\ITTILI Y]M QVKT]aI MT QUXWZ\M a TI[
R][\QKIKQWVM[WQVNWZUM[Y]M[MKWV[QLMZMVXMZ\QVMV\M[I]LQMVKQIITWJTQOILWXWZMTXTIbW
LM [MQ[ LyI[ a LMXMVLQMVLW LM TI ZM[X]M[\I LMT WJTQOILW IXZWJIKQ~V LM TI TQY]QLIKQ~V W
[][\IVKQIKQ~VaLMKQ[Q~VLMTIWXW[QKQ~VXWZMT\ZnUQ\MLMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW
-VTI^MZ[Q~VWZQOQVITLMT)V\MXZWaMK\W[MQVKT]yI]VIZ\yK]TWZMNMZQLWITIZMKTIUIKQ~VLM
LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ KI][ILW[ IT LMUIVLILW XWZ TI UMLQLI KI]\MTIZ TMÎV\ILI IT ZM[WT^MZ
TI WXW[QKQ~V IZ\ MV TI ^MZ[Q~V ZMUQ\QMVLW XIZI [] TQY]QLIKQ~V I TW[ \ZnUQ\M[
XZM^Q[\W[ XIZI \ITM[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ MV MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W LM MRMK]KQ~V NWZbW[I# M[I VWZUI VW
[M UIV\]^W MV TI ^MZ[Q~V VITUMV\M IXZWJILI LMT +~LQOW XZM[]UQJTMUMV\M XWZY]M [M
MTQUQV~ TI [][\IVKQIKQ~V XZM^QI LM TI [WTQKQ\]L KI]\MTIZ Y]M XWLyI LMZQÎZ MV TI WXW[QKQ~V
LMT LMUIVLILW -[M IV\MKMLMV\M VW[ TTMÎ I KWVKT]QZ MV MT [MV\QLW QVLQKILW MV K]IV\W IT
XZWKMLQUQMV\W XIZI TI TQY]QLIKQ~V LM TW[ LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ IZ\ ! 6W WJ[\IV\M W\ZI
XW[QJTM QV\MZXZM\IKQ~V KWV[Q[\M MV \ZIUQ\IZ LQKPI [WTQKQ\]L I \ZIû[ LMT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW
XZWKM[WLMKTIZI\Q^WMV^QZ\]LLMTWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW
2.15.4.4 Principio de proporcionalidad.

-T V]M^W +~LQOW \IUJQuV ZMKWOM MT XZQVKQXQW LM TI XZWXWZKQWVITQLIL MV TW[ IZ\yK]TW[
aN]VLIUMV\ITUMV\MY]MQV\MOZIMVKWV[MK]MVKQIMT[Q[\MUIKI]\MTIZXZWaMK\ILW
MV KWV[WVIVKQI KWV TW[ XTIV\MW[ LM TI LWK\ZQVI KTn[QKI 4I UMLQLI KI]\MTIZ LMJM O]IZLIZ
]VIZIbWVIJTMXZWXWZKQ~VKWVMTLI}WY]MXZWK]ZIXZM^MVQZLMJQMVLWM^Q\IZ[MMV\WLWKI[W
MT MRMZKQKQW IJ][Q^W LM TI XW\M[\IL KI]\MTIZ -V M[M [MV\QLW MT V]M^W +~LQOW LQ[XWVM Y]M
TI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[LMJMZnVZM[]T\IZTWUMVW[OZI^W[I[WXMZR]LQKQITM[XIZIMT
466

LMUIVLILW[QVY]MXWZMTTWWJ\MVOIMTLMUIVLIV\MUn[LMTWY]MWJ\MVLZyIKWUW
KWV[MK]MVKQILMTIMRMK]KQ~VLMTI[MV\MVKQI
2.15.4.5 Principio de igualdad.

7\ZW LM TW[ XZQVKQXQW[ Y]M QV\MOZIV MT [Q[\MUI KI]\MTIZ M[ MT LM igualdad, Y]M I[]UM
]V XMZT XZWXQW MV M[\M nUJQ\W IT XZWK]ZIZ I[MO]ZIZ MT IKKM[W QO]ITQ\IZQW IT QV[\Z]UMV\W
KI]\MTIZ UMLQIV\M QV[\Q\]\W[ \ITM[ KWUW TI M`MVKQ~V LM TI KI]KQ~V XWZ ZIbWVM[ LM
LM[QO]ITLIL MKWV~UQKI W MV KI[W[ MV Y]M TI XZM\MV[Q~V XTIV\MILI QUXTQY]M R]V\W I TI
LMNMV[ILM]VQV\MZu[XIZ\QK]TIZTILMNMV[ILMQV\MZM[M[OMVMZITM[KWTMK\Q^W[WLQN][W[KWUW
TW[LMTW[KWV[]UQLWZM[WTW[LMTIXZW\MKKQ~VLMTUMLQWIUJQMV\MIZ\
4IQO]ITLILMVUI\MZQIKI]\MTIZZMY]QMZMILMUn[KWV\MUXTIZTIXMZ[XMK\QÎLMTKI]\MTILW
I V LM I[MO]ZIZ ]V ILMK]ILW MY]QTQJZQW MV\ZM TW[ QV\MZM[M[ LM KMTMZQLIL XZWXQW[ LM TI
UI\MZQIKI]\MTIZaTW[LMR][\QKQIIV\MTIM^MV\]ITQLILLM]VIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZQVR][\IXWZ
IJ[WT]KQ~VLMTLMUIVLILWWITbIUQMV\WQVKQLMV\ITLMTIUMLQLI#MTMY]QTQJZQWY]M\ZIL]KM
TI QLMI LM QO]ITLIL MV MT nUJQ\W KI]\MTIZ [M I[MO]ZI UMLQIV\M ]V ZuOQUMV ILMK]ILW LM
ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL XWZ TW[ LI}W[ KI][ILW[ XWZ TI UMLQLI KI]\MTIZ M[\Z]K\]ZILW MV NWZUI
KWV^MVQMV\MMVMTV]M^W+~LQOW[MOVaIPMUW[IX]V\ILW
2.15.4.6 Principio de defensa y contradiccin.

>QVK]TILWKWVMTXZQVKQXQWLMQO]ITLILKIJMUMVKQWVIZMVMTUIZKWLMTXZWKM[WKI]\MTIZ
MT XZQVKQXQW LM LMNMV[I a KWV\ZILQKKQ~V ZMNMZQLW IT XZWKMLQUQMV\W -V [] ^MZ[Q~V WZQOQVIT
MT)V\MXZWaMK\WKWV[IOZIJIM`XZM[IUMV\MTII]LQMVKQIXZM^QILMTLMUIVLILWMVMTUIZKW
LMT XZWKM[W KI]\MTIZ [WT]KQ~V Y]M [M UIV\MVyI MV TI ^MZ[Q~V LMT )V\MXZWaMK\W K]aW
IZ\yK]TW LQ[XWVyI Y]M ILUQ\QLI TI [WTQKQ\]L MT \ZQJ]VIT MV MT XTIbW LM KQVKW LyI[
KWV\ILW[ LM[LM TI VW\QKIKQ~V LM IY]uTTI IT LMUIVLILW KWV^WKIZn I TI[ XIZ\M[ I ]VI
I]LQMVKQITIY]M[MKMTMJZIZnLMV\ZWLMTW[LQMbLyI[[QO]QMV\M[KWVKIZnK\MZXZMNMZMV\M
-V LQKPI I]LQMVKQI TI[ XIZ\M[ M`XWVLZyIV [][ IZO]UMV\W[ a XZ]MJI[ a VITUMV\M MT R]Mb
ZM[WT^MZyI [WJZM TI [WTQKQ\]L KI]\MTIZ IZ\[ a -T IZ\yK]TW KWVZUIJI TI ZMOTI
a XZM^MyI TI M`KMXKQ~V" 4I[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ [M ILWX\IZnV KWV I]LQMVKQI XZM^QI LM TI
KWV\ZIXIZ\M [IT^W Y]M MT [WTQKQ\IV\M XQLI Y]M [M ILWX\MV a MRMK]\MV MV LQKPI I]LQMVKQI
IKZMLQ\IVLW Y]M PIa ZIbWVM[ LM ]ZOMVKQI W Y]M TI I]LQMVKQI X]MLM KWUXZWUM\MZ MT u`Q\W
de la medida cautelar.
4I ^MZ[Q~V VIT LMT +8+5 VW ZMQ\MZI TI ZMNMZMVKQI KQ\ILI [QVW Y]M KWV[IOZI TI ZMOTI
LMT \ZnUQ\M ]VQTI\MZIT LMT XZWKM[W KI]\MTIZ MV MT IZ\yK]TW " 4I[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[
[M LMKZM\IZnV [QV I]LQMVKQI LM TI KWV\ZIXIZ\M 6W [M INMK\I KWV MTTW MT LMZMKPW LM
LMNMV[I X]M[\W Y]M MT []RM\W INMK\ILW XWZ TI UMLQLI \MVLZn TI WXWZ\]VQLIL LM QUX]OVIZ
TI XZW^QLMVKQI KI]\MTIZ UMLQIV\M MT ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V IZ\ # VW WJ[\IV\M
TI ^yI QUX]OVI\QÎ LMJM XW[QJQTQ\IZ ]V ILMK]ILW MRMZKQKQW LMT LMZMKPW LM LMNMV[I
N]VLIUMV\ITUMV\M MV TW I\QVMV\M I TI XZ]MJI Y]M XWLZn WNZMKMZ MT LMUIVLILW XIZI
demostrar la improcedencia de la medida adoptada.
467

;QV XMZR]QKQW LM TI QUX]OVIKQ~V UMLQIV\M ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V TI XIZ\M INMK\ILI XWZ TI
UMLQLIKI]\MTIZX]MLM[WTQKQ\IZ[]UWLQKIKQ~VWKM[MK]IVLWT]MOWLMILWX\ILITIUMLQLI
[WJZM^QVQMZMVPMKPW[V]M^W[WLMV]M^WKWVWKQUQMV\WIZ\;QJQMVTIVWZUIVWZMMZM
ITI[WTQKQ\]LLMKM[MJI[ILIMVV]MÎ[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[KIJMQV\MZXZM\IZY]MTIUWLQKIKQ~V
LMTKWV\MVQLWLMTIUMLQLIX]MLMKWUXZMVLMZTIPQX~\M[Q[LMKM[M#X]M[KWUWTW[W[\]^QMZI
aI +ITIUIVLZMQ TI[ XZW^QLMVKQI[ KI]\MTIZM[ [WV XZW^Q[WZQI[ a [M LQK\IV KWV TI KTn][]TI
rebus sic stantibus.
-V =Z]O]Ia KWV ]V UIZKW VWZUI\Q^W [QUQTIZ Y]M VW WJ[\IV\M XZMû M`XZM[IUMV\M TI
XW[QJQTQLILLM[WTQKQ\IZMTKM[MLMTIUMLQLIXWZPMKPW[[]XMZ^QVQMV\M[[M[W[\QMVMY]MTIXIZ\M
INMK\ILIXWZTIUMLQLIXWLZnQUX]OVIZTILMV\ZWLMTXTIbWTMOITaI]VY]MP]JQMZIY]MLILW
ZUMTIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZXWZNIT\ILMQUX]OVIKQ~VXWLZn[WTQKQ\IZ[]KM[MK]IVLWQV^WY]M]VI
ÎZQIKQ~VMVTI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[Y]M\]^WMVK]MV\IMTR]MbITILWX\IZM[IUMLQLI
2.15.4.7 Principio de celeridad.

8IZIVITQbIZKWVTIZM[M}ILMTW[XZQVKQXQW[Y]MLMVMVMT[Q[\MUIKI]\MTIZKIJMUMVKQWVIZ
MT LM KMTMZQLIL MV TI UMLQLI Y]M MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W KI]\MTIZ I[]UM ]VI M[\Z]K\]ZI nOQT a
JZM^MY]MXMZUQ\MLMKQLQZTIXZM\MV[Q~VKI]\MTIZMV]V\uZUQVWJZM^MXZM[]X]M[\WQVMT]LQJTM
LMMKIKQILMTQV[\Z]UMV\WKI]\MTIZ
,MIK]MZLWITWXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW MT\ZQJ]VIT[MXZWV]VKQIZnMVMTXTIbWLMKQVKW
LyI[ LM[LM TI ZMKMXKQ~V LM TI [WTQKQ\]L 6W M[\n XZM^Q[\W MV TI VWZUI KWUW [y TW M[\IJI
MV MT )V\MXZWaMK\W IZ\yK]TW MV TI ^MZ[Q~V ]VI M^MV\]IT I]LQMVKQI LM XZ]MJI
ZMNMZQLIITW[PMKPW[Y]MUW\QÎVTI[WTQKQ\]LKI]\MTIZ#MVITO]VW[KI[W[M[II]LQMVKQI[MZn
VMKM[IZQIXIZIIKZMLQ\IZTW[XZM[]X]M[\W[Y]MM`QOMMTIZ\yK]TWLMTV]M^W+~LQOWX]M[
TIR][\QKIKQ~VLMTXMTQOZWMVTILMUWZIWLMTIJ]MVIIXIZQMVKQILMTLMZMKPWLMT[WTQKQ\IV\M
podra realizarse mediante prueba de testigos.
-VM[MKI[WLMJMZnMTR]Mb[M}ITIZ]VII]LQMVKQIMV]VXTIbWJZM^MLMNWZUILMK]UXTQZ
KWV MT XTIbW XZM^Q[\W XIZI ZM[WT^MZ TI [WTQKQ\]L KI]\MTIZ LMV\ZW LM TW[ KQVKW LyI[ LM
XZM[MV\ILI TI [WTQKQ\]L I V LM ZMKQJQZ TI[ XZ]MJI[ WNZMKQLI[ a ZM[WT^MZ MV I]LQMVKQI [QV
VW\QKQIXZM^QILMTIKWV\ZIXIZ\MXWZY]MI[yTWLQ[XWVMMTIZ\yK]TW#LMTWKWV\ZIZQW[Q[M
XZQÎITXM\QKQWVIV\MLMTLMZMKPWIXZWJIZ[][IZUIKQWVM[IVMVMTZML]KQLWnUJQ\WLMT
XZWKM[WKI]\MTIZ[MINMK\IZyIVTI[OIZIV\yI[LMTLMJQLWXZWKM[W
2.15.5 Los presupuestos o requisitos de la providencia cautelar.

)LMUn[ LMT XZQVKQXQW LQ[XW[Q\Q^W Y]M MZQOM I TI [WTQKQ\]L LM XIZ\M MV XZM[]X]M[\W LM TI
XZW^QLMVKQI KI]\MTIZ MT V]M^W +~LQOW ZMKWOM TW[ KWVKMX\W[ \ZILQKQWVITM[ Y]M M`QOMV TI
invocacin y prueba de la probabilidad o apariencia del derecho y del peligro de
lesin o frustracin de ese derechoIZ\I[yKWUWTIM`QOMVKQILMTIKWV\ZIKI]\MTIW
KI]KQ~VY]MLMJMWNZMKMZaKWV[\Q\]QZMTXM\QKQWVIV\MMVZM[O]IZLWLMTW[M^MV\]ITM[XMZR]QKQW[
281 +ITIUIVLZMQ8WJ+Q\X !
468

Y]MTIUMLQLIX]MLIWKI[QWVIZITKI]\MTILWMVZMITQLILM[\MT\QUWKWV[\Q\]aM]VZMY]Q[Q\WLM
TIMRMK]KQ~VLMTIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZaVWLMTLQK\ILWLMTIUMLQLIaI[y[MMVK]MV\ZIZMMRILI
KWVIKQMZ\WMVMTV]M^W+~LQOW
+WVZMTIKQ~VITW[LW[XZM[]X]M[\W[Jn[QKW[aIMV]VKQILW[IXIZQMVKQILMTLMZMKPWaXMTQOZW
LM[]TM[Q~VWNZ][\ZIKQ~VMT+~LQOWVWXZM[MV\IXIZ\QK]TIZQLILM[LMLM[\IY]MIR][\nVLW[M
ITW[TQVMIUQMV\W[\ZILQKQWVITM[Y]MZMY]QMZMVTIIKZMLQ\IKQ~V[]UIZQILMM[\W[XZM[]X]M[\W[
+WV \WLW TI N~ZU]TI TMOIT LMT V]M^W +~LQOW []XMZI MV KTIZQLIL TI XZM^Q[\I MV MT +~LQOW
5WLMTWY]MVWLM[IZZWTTITW[KWVKMX\W[IT]LQLW[TQUQ\nVLW[MIM`QOQZ[]IKZMLQ\IKQ~VKWUW
XZM[]X]M[\WLMTIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZ#MVKIUJQWMT+8+5LM[IZZWTTITW[KWVKMX\W[KTn[QKW[
de periculum in mora y de fumus bonis iuris.
:M[XMK\WLMTXZQUMZWMTXM\QKQWVIV\MLMJMZnITMOIZaIKZMLQ\IZ[]UIZQIUMV\MY]MTIUMLQLI
ZMY]MZQLI M[ QVLQ[XMV[IJTM XIZI TI XZW\MKKQ~V LM [] LMZMKPW XWZ M`Q[\QZ XMTQOZW LM TM[Q~V
W NZ][\ZIKQ~V LMT UQ[UW I KI][I LM TI LMUWZI LMT XZWKM[W MV MT [MV\QLW LM Y]M [QV TI
QVUMLQI\IILWXKQ~VLMTIUMLQLITI[MV\MVKQIY]MM^MV\]ITUMV\MM[\QUMTIXZM\MV[Q~V[MZyI
LMQUXW[QJTMWU]aLQNyKQTMRMK]KQ~V
:M[XMK\W LMT [MO]VLW XZM[]X]M[\W XIZI IKZMLQ\IZ TI J]MVI IXIZQMVKQI LMT LMZMKPW MT
XM\QKQWVIV\MLMJMZnXZWXWZKQWVIZITR]MbMTMUMV\W[Y]MTMXMZUQ\IV[QVXZMR]bOIZMTNWVLW
KWV[QLMZIZY]MTIM`Q[\MVKQILMTLMZMKPW\ITKWUWTWIZUIMT[WTQKQ\IV\MM[Un[XZWJIJTM
Y]M[]QVM`Q[\MVKQIIZ\LMTV]M^W+8+a5
4IXZM^MVKQ~VVWZUI\QÎLQZQOQLIIM^Q\IZMTXZMR]bOIUQMV\WMVMTXZWKM[WKI]\MTIZZM[]T\I
KWV^MVQMV\M X]M[ TI M`QOMVKQI LM ÎTWZIZ IV\QKQXILIUMV\M MT UuZQ\W LM TI K]M[\Q~V I V
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contemplan la situacin econmica del peticionante como circunstancia habilitante de la
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econmicos para solventar la caucin.
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sea sensiblemente inferior al de la parte contraria.
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con el de la contraparte.
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constituir caucin.
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posibilidad de resarcimiento de los daos causados por la medida.
472
2.15.6 Las medidas cautelares previstas en el C.P.C.M.

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MT LMX~[Q\W \MUXWZIT LM MRMUXTIZM[ LM TI[ WJZI[ ] WJRM\W[ Y]M [M ZMX]\MV XZWL]KQLW[ KWV
QVNZIKKQ~V LM TI[ VWZUI[ [WJZM XZWXQMLIL QV\MTMK\]IT M QVL][\ZQIT I[y KWUW MT
depsito del material empleado para su produccin y la consignacin o depsito de las
KIV\QLILM[Y]M[MZMKTIUMVMVKWVKMX\WLMZMU]VMZIKQ~VLMTIXZWXQMLILQV\MTMK\]IT#
2.15.6.1 El embargo preventivo

El embargo preventivo, ZMO]TILW MV MT IZ\yK]TW KWV[Q[\M LM[LM MT X]V\W LM ^Q[\I
KWVKMX\]IT MV ]VI UMLQLI KI]\MTIZ LMKZM\ILI R]LQKQITUMV\M XIZI I[MO]ZIZ LM IV\MUIVW
MT ZM[]T\ILW LM ]V XZWKM[W a Y]M KWV[Q[\M MV TI QVLQ[XWVQJQTQLIL ZMTI\QÎ LM LM\MZUQVILW[
473

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MV]UMZIKI[W[MVTW[Y]MKIJM[WTQKQ\IZMTMUJIZOWI]VY]MIKTIZIMVMTQVKQ[WVITY]MN]MZI
LMM[W[KI[W[\IUJQuV[MZnXZWKMLMV\MMTMUJIZOWXZM^MV\Q^W[QZM[]T\IZMUMLQLIQL~VMIa
VW[][\Q\]QJTMXWZW\ZILMQO]ITW[]XMZQWZMKIKQIaUMVWZWVMZW[QLILXIZIMTLMUIVLILW
-V\ZM TW[ KI[W[ Y]M NIK]T\IV I [WTQKQ\IZ MT MUJIZOW XZM^MV\Q^W [M QVKT]aMV [Q\]IKQWVM[ Y]M
XMZUQ\MV IZUIZ TI M`Q[\MVKQI LM ]V ZQM[OW KQMZ\W WJRM\Q^W LM TM[Q~V W NZ][\ZIKQ~V LMT
LMZMKPW LM KZuLQ\W LMT XM\QKQWVIV\M MV TW[ QVKQ[W[ a LMT KQ\ILW IZ\yK]TW " Y]M [M
IKZMLQ\MTIQV\MVKQ~VLMTLM]LWZLMMVIRMVIZWK]T\IZW\ZIV[XWZ\IZ[][JQMVM[MVLM\ZQUMV\W
LM TI OIZIV\yI W Y]M [M R][\QY]M TI LQ[UQV]KQ~V IXZMKQIJTM LM TI [WT^MVKQI LMT LM]LWZ
LM[X]u[ LM KWV\ZIyLI TI WJTQOIKQ~V XWZ K]ITY]QMZ KI][I QVKQ[W W Y]M [M LMUIVLM
XWZ LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ LMZQÎLW[ LM M^MV\W[ LI}W[W[ a MT LMUIVLILW VW KWV\IZM KWV
[MO]ZWLMZM[XWV[IJQTQLILQVKQ[W
-T QVKQ[W LMT KQ\ILW IZ\ ZMMZM I TI XZ]MJI LM TI M`Q[\MVKQI LMT KZuLQ\W LMT
XM\QKQWVIV\M K]IVLW M[\u LMUW[\ZILI KWV QV[\Z]UMV\W XJTQKW W XZQÎLW I\ZQJ]QLW IT
LM]LWZ I]VY]M VW [M QVLQKI MV M[M KI[W [Q MT XM\QKQWVIV\M LMJM QO]ITUMV\M IKZMLQ\IZ MT
restante presupuesto de toda medida cautelar: el peligro en la demora.
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OMVMZITLM\WLIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZXWZTWY]MVW[MZyI[]KQMV\MY]MMTXM\QKQWVIV\MIKZMLQ\M
[] KITQLIL LM IKZMMLWZ UMLQIV\M QV[\Z]UMV\W XJTQKW W XZQÎLW [QVW Y]M LMJMZn ILMUn[
R][\QKIZ Y]M TI LMUWZI LMT XZWKM[W KWVTTMÎ MV MT KI[W KWVKZM\W MV JI[M I KQZK]V[\IVKQI[
WJRM\QÎ[ Y]M LMJMZn ITMOIZ a IKZMLQ\IZ []UIZQIUMV\M ]V ZQM[OW KQMZ\W LM TM[Q~V W
NZ][\ZIKQ~V LM M[M LMZMKPW LM KZuLQ\W ;QV XMZR]QKQW LM Y]M M^MV\]ITUMV\M MT QV[\Z]UMV\W
XJTQKWWXZQÎLWX]MLMKWVO]ZIZMVMTKI[WKWVKZM\W]V\y\]TWMRMK]\Q^WIZ\aMVM[M
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-VK]IV\WITXZQUMZQVKQ[WLMTIZ\yK]TW KIJMTIUQ[UIIXZMKQIKQ~V"TIKQZK]V[\IVKQILM
Y]M MT LM]LWZ VW \MVOI LWUQKQTQW MV TI :MXJTQKI VW KWVTTMÎ VMKM[IZQIUMV\M ]V ZQM[OW
LMTM[Q~VWNZ][\ZIKQ~VLMTLMZMKPWLMTIK\WZa\IUXWKWM`KT]aMTIVMKM[QLILLMIKZMLQ\IZMT
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LMZMKPWLMTXM\QKQWVIV\M
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IX]V\ILI Y]M MT LMUIVLILW [M LWUQKQTQM MV MT M`\ZIVRMZW XWLZyI INMK\IZ LMZMKPW[
ZMKWVWKQLW[MVXIK\W[aKWV^MVKQWVM[QV\MZVIKQWVITM[ITLM\MZUQVIZ]V\ZI\WLM[QO]ITN]VLILW
M`KT][QÎUMV\MMVTIKWVLQKQ~VZMNMZQLI
8WZ M[W MV V]M[\ZI WXQVQ~V M[I KQZK]V[\IVKQI XWLZn LM\MZUQVIZ TI XZWKMLMVKQI LM ]V
MUJIZOW XZM^MV\Q^W [QMUXZM Y]M MT XM\QKQWVIV\M QV^WY]M a R][\QY]M TI KWVK]ZZMVKQI MV
MT KI[W LM TW[ XZM[]X]M[\W[ XZM^Q[\W[ MV MT IZ\yK]TW # MV M[M UIZKW TI KQZK]V[\IVKQI LM
Y]M MT LMUIVLILW VW \MVOI LWUQKQTQW MV TI :MXJTQKI XWLZn [MZ ÎTWZILI MV MT KWVR]V\W
LMTUI\MZQITXZWJI\WZQWIXWZ\ILWXWZMTXM\QKQWVIV\MXIZILMVQZ[Q[M^MZQKIVMVMTKI[W
concreto los referidos presupuestos.
474

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Y]MMVM[MKI[WXWLZn[WTQKQ\IZ[MMTMUJIZOW[QZM[]T\IZMUMLQLIQL~VMIaVW[][\Q\]QJTMXWZ
W\ZI LM QO]IT W []XMZQWZ MKIKQI a UMVWZ WVMZW[QLIL XIZI MT LMUIVLILW ,MJM XZMNMZQZ[M
MV\WVKM[ TI ILWXKQ~V LM W\ZI UMLQLI KI]\MTIZ UMVW[ OZI^W[I K]IVLW ZM[]T\M QO]ITUMV\M
idnea para prevenir el riesgo de lesin o frustracin del derecho.
2.15.6.2 La inhibicin general de disponer

-T IZ\yK]TW ! ZMMZM I TI QVPQJQKQ~V OMVMZIT LM LQ[XWVMZ UMLQLI XZM^Q[\I XIZI []X]M[\W[
MVTW[Y]MMTXM\QKQWVIV\MVWKWVWbKIJQMVM[[]KQMV\M[LMTLM]LWZY]M[MQV[KZQJQZnMVTW[
ZMOQ[\ZW[ZM[XMK\Q^W[a\MVLZnMKIKQIIXIZ\QZLMM[IQV[KZQXKQ~V+WUWTWQVLQKITIVWZUI
KQ\ILI TI UMLQLI LM[XTQMOI [][ MNMK\W[ LM[LM TI IVW\IKQ~V LM\MZUQVIVLW TI QVPQJQKQ~V
OMVMZIT LM ^MVLMZ W OZIÎZ TW[ JQMVM[ XMZW VW KWVKMLM XZMNMZMVKQI ZM[XMK\W LM W\ZI[
medidas cautelares anotadas con posterioridad.
2.15.6.3 La intervencin o administracin judicial

La intervencin o administracin judicial M[\n ZMO]TILI MV MT IZ\yK]TW a X]MLM
decretarse cuando se pretenda sentencia de condena a entregar bienes a ttulo de
LWUQVQW ][]NZ]K\W W K]ITY]QMZ W\ZW Y]M QUXTQY]M QV\MZu[ TMOy\QUW MV UIV\MVMZ W
UMRWZIZTIXZWL]K\Q^QLILWK]IVLWMTI[MO]ZIUQMV\WLMu[\I[MILMXZQUWZLQITQV\MZu[
XIZITIMNMK\Q^QLILLMTIKWVLMVIY]MX]LQMZMZMKIMZaVWN]MZIXW[QJTMOIZIV\QbIZ
los derechos del acreedor por medio de otras medidas menos gravosas para el derecho
LMXZWXQMLIL-TIZ\yK]TWZMO]TIMTZuOQUMVOMVMZITLMTIUMLQLIa[M}ITIKWUWKZQ\MZQW
Jn[QKWY]MTI[NIK]T\ILM[LMTILUQVQ[\ZILWZWQV\MZ^MV\WZLMJMZnVTQUQ\IZ[MITI[M[\ZQK\IUMV\M
QVLQ[XMV[IJTM[XIZII[MO]ZIZMTLMZMKPWY]M[MQV^WY]MLMJQMVLWXZWK]ZIZMVTWXW[QJTMTI
KWV\QV]QLILLMTIM`XTW\IKQ~VQV\MZ^MVQLI;QVXMZR]QKQWLMM[\IUMLQLIKI]\MTIZ[MUIV\QMVMV
MV ^QOWZ TI[ LQ[XW[QKQWVM[ KWV\MVQLI[ MV TMaM[ [][\IV\QÎ[ Y]M I]\WZQKMV TI QV\MZ^MVKQ~V W
ILUQVQ[\ZIKQ~VR]LQKQIT
2.15.6.4 El secuestro
-V K]IV\W IT [MK]M[\ZW XZWKMLM MV LW[ PQX~\M[Q[" I K]IVLW MT WJRM\W LMT XZWKM[W KWV[Q[\M
MV TI MV\ZMOI LM JQMVM[ U]MJTM[ Y]M [M PITTMV MV XWLMZ LMT LMUIVLILW LMJQMVLW MT
XM\QKQWVIV\MR][\QKIZLWK]UMV\ITUMV\MMTLMZMKPWK]aIMNMK\Q^QLIL[MY]QMZMOIZIV\QbIZ#J
MVOMVMZITK]IVLWZM[]T\MQVLQ[XMV[IJTMXIZITIO]IZLIWKWV[MZÎKQ~VLMKW[I[MVN]VKQ~V
LMI[MO]ZIZMTZM[]T\ILWLMTI[MV\MVKQIN]VLIUMV\WKI]\MTIZOMVuZQKW
-T [MK]M[\ZW X]MLM LMVQZ[M KWUW ]VI UMLQLI KI]\MTIZ Y]M \QMVM XWZ VITQLIL M[XMKyKI
desapoderar materialmente a una persona de un bien sobre el cual se ha iniciado o se
QVQKQIZn ]V XZWKM[W R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT XIZI M^Q\IZ Y]M TI UQ[UI TW [][\ZIQOI WK]T\M LM[\Z]aI
IT\MZM W LM\MZQWZM XMZUQ\QMVLW LM M[M UWLW TWOZIZ TI ]T\MZQWZ MRMK]KQ~V M^MV\]IT LM TI
[MV\MVKQILMVQ\QÎ
475

,M IK]MZLW I TW XZM^Q[\W MV MT IZ\ [M TQUQ\I I TI LWK]UMV\IT TI XZ]MJI LM TI
^MZW[QUQTQ\]L LMT LMZMKPW LMT IK\WZ K]IVLW TI XZM\MV[Q~V OIZIV\QbILI \MVOI XWZ WJRM\W TI
MV\ZMOI LMT JQMV U]MJTM Y]M [M PITTM MV XWLMZ LMT LMUIVLILW a MV OMVMZIT K]IVLW [M
[WTQKQ\MMT[MK]M[\ZWXIZII[MO]ZIZMTZM[]T\ILWLMTI[MV\MVKQILMVQ\QÎ#TWY]MVWM`KT]aMTI
admisibilidad de otros medios de prueba para acreditar el otro presupuesto de toda medida
KI]\MTIZM[LMKQZMTZQM[OWLMNZ][\ZIKQ~VLMTLMZMKPW
2.15.6.5 La anotacin de la demanda

+WV\QV]IVLWKWVMTIVnTQ[Q[LMTKI\nTWOWLMUMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[M[XMKyKI[MTIZ\yK]TW
XZMûTIIVW\IKQ~VLMla demanda,Y]MXZWKMLMK]IVLW[MLML]RMZM]VIXZM\MV[Q~VY]M
X]LQMZI \MVMZ KWUW KWV[MK]MVKQI TI UWLQKIKQ~V LM ]VI QV[KZQXKQ~V MV MT ZMOQ[\ZW
correspondiente.
4IIVW\IKQ~VLMTILMUIVLIWIVW\IKQ~VXZM^MV\QÎLMTITQ\Q[KWUW[MTILMVWUQVIMVW\ZW[
[Q[\MUI[M[]VIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZY]M\QMVMXWZVITQLILI[MO]ZIZTIX]JTQKQLILLM]VXZWKM[W
MV MT Y]M X]MLIV ^MZQKIZ[M IT\MZIKQWVM[ MV ZMTIKQ~V I JQMVM[ [][KMX\QJTM[ LM QV[KZQXKQ~V
ZMOQ[\ZITLMUWLWY]MTIM^MV\]IT[MV\MVKQIM[\QUI\WZQILMTIXZM\MV[Q~VX]MLI[MZWXWVQJTM
I\MZKMZW[ILY]QZMV\M[LMLQKPW[JQMVM[W\MZKMZW[IK]aWNI^WZ[MKWV[\Q\]aIVLMZMKPW[ZMITM[
o personales inscribibles sobre los mismos.
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X]M[\WY]MTIX]JTQKQLILZMOQ[\ZITZM[]T\IV\MLMTIIVW\IKQ~VLMTILMUIVLI\QMVMXWZWJRM\W
Y]M TI [MV\MVKQI Y]M VITUMV\M [M XZWV]VKQM MV M[M XZWKM[W [MI WXWVQJTM W \MVOI MNMK\W
^QVK]TIV\M ZM[XMK\W LM \MZKMZW[ MV ZMTIKQ~V KWV TI KWVKZM\I UWLQKIKQ~V WXMZILI MV TI
inscripcin registral.
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ITITKIVKM[]JRM\Q^WLMTIKW[IR]bOILIIZ\
7\ZIK]M[\Q~VQV\MZXZM\I\QÎLMQV\MZu[[MXTIV\MIMVZMTIKQ~VITW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[LMM[\IUMLQLI"
X]MLM [W[\MVMZ[M MV ]VI XZQUMZI \M[Q[ Y]M [QMUXZM Y]M TI LMUIVLI X]MLI \MVMZ KWUW
KWV[MK]MVKQITIUWLQKIKQ~VLM]VIQV[KZQXKQ~VMVMTZMOQ[\ZWKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MTIIVW\IKQ~V
[MZn XZWKMLMV\M# MV W\ZI \M[Q[ XWZ TI Y]M VW[ QVKTQVIUW[ [MZn VMKM[IZQW ITMOIZ a IKZMLQ\IZ
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LMT LMZMKPW a MT XMTQOZW LM [] TM[Q~V W NZ][\ZIKQ~V I[y KWUW IXWZ\IZ TI KI]KQ~V W OIZIV\yI
M`QOQLITMOITUMV\M
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IZ\[ a[QO]QMV\M[
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V]TQLIL LM ]VI QV[KZQXKQ~V W TI XZWXQMLIL W TQKMVKQI LM ][W LM]VI UIZKI W TI XZWXQMLIL
LM]VVWUJZMKWUMZKQITZMO]TIVLWTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[IZ\ aMNMK\W[IZ\ LMTIIVW\IKQ~V
476

2.15.6.6 La prohibicin de innovar y de contratar
.QVITUMV\MMTIZ\yK]TWZMO]TITIXZWPQJQKQ~VLMQVVWÎZaLMKWV\ZI\IZ4IXZWPQJQKQ~V
LM QVVWÎZ XZWKMLM [Q MT XM\QKQWVIV\M ITMOI a R][\QKI MT XMTQOZW LM Y]M IT IT\MZIZ[M MV
[]KI[WTI[Q\]IKQ~VLMPMKPWWLMLMZMKPW\ITUWLQKIKQ~VX]LQMZIQV]QZMVTI
[MV\MVKQI W ^WT^MZ QVMKIb W QUXW[QJTM [] MRMK]KQ~V# a [QMUXZM Y]M TI KI]\MTI VW X]LQMZI
obtenerse por medio de otra medida precautoria.
)[]^MbK]IVLWXWZTMaWXWZKWV\ZI\WWXIZII[MO]ZIZTIMRMK]KQ~VNWZbILILMTW[JQMVM[
WJRM\WLMTXZWKM[WXZWKMLQM[MTIXZWPQJQKQ~VLMKWV\ZI\IZ[WJZMLM\MZUQVILW[JQMVM[
MTR]MbWZLMVIZnLQKPIUMLQLIaKWV\ITVQVLQ^QL]ITQbIZnTWY]MM[WJRM\WLMTI
XZWPQJQKQ~V a LQ[XWVLZn Y]M [M QV[KZQJI MV TW[ ZMOQ[\ZW[ KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M[ a [M VW\QY]M I
TW[QV\MZM[ILW[aITW[\MZKMZW[Y]MUMVKQWVMMT[WTQKQ\IV\M4WPMKPWMVKWV\ZI^MVKQ~VLM
TI XZWPQJQKQ~V XWLZn IUMZQ\IZ TI [WTQKQ\]L LM TI[ UMLQLI[ LM MRMK]KQ~V XZM^Q[\I[ XIZI TI[
WJTQOIKQWVM[LMVWPIKMZXWZZMUQ[Q~VKWV\MVQLIMVMTIZ\
+WZZM[XWVLM XIZI VITQbIZ PIKMZ ]VI JZM^M UMVKQ~V I TI[ UMLQLI[ XZW^Q[QWVITM[ W
IV\QKQXI\QÎ[ I TI[ Y]M [M IT]LQ~ KWV IV\MZQWZQLIL a Y]M MV V]M[\ZI WXQVQ~V X]MLMV \MVMZ
KIJQLIMVMTV]M^W+~LQOWIXIZ\QZLMTIN~ZU]TIIUXTQILMTIZ\yK]TW;M\ZI\ILMTWY]M
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I IY]MTTI[ XZW^QLMVKQI[ UMLQIV\M TI[ K]ITM[ [M LMKQLM QV\MZQVIUMV\M MV M[XMZI LM Y]M I
\ZIû[LMTXZWKM[WWZLQVIZQW[MXMZNMKKQWVMTILMKQ[Q~VLMVQ\QÎ]VIZMTIKQ~VKWV\ZW^MZ\QLI
LMTIQVLMKQ[Q~VLMTIK]IT[Qu[\IXMZL]ZIZMPI[\ITIMUIVIKQ~VLMTIXZW^QLMVKQILMVQ\QÎ
podran derivar a una de las partes daos irreparables.
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]VI LMKQ[Q~V IV\QKQXILI a XZW^Q[WZQI LMT UuZQ\W LM[\QVILI I L]ZIZ PI[\I MT UWUMV\W MV
Y]MIM[\IZMO]TIKQ~VXZW^Q[WZQILMTIZMTIKQ~VKWV\ZW^MZ\QLI[M[WJZMXWVOITIZMO]TIKQ~VLM
KIZnK\MZM[\IJTMY]M[MX]MLMKWV[MO]QZI\ZIû[LMTUn[TMV\WXZWKM[WWZLQVIZQW
2.15.7 El procedimiento cautelar.

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^MZ[Q~V KWV[IOZIJI KWUW ZMOTI TI I]LQMVKQI XZM^QI LMT LMUIVLILW [IT^W Y]M MT
[WTQKQ\IV\MXQLIY]M[MILWX\MVaMRMK]\MV[QVLQKPII]LQMVKQIIKZMLQ\IVLWY]MPIaZIbWVM[
LM]ZOMVKQIWY]MTII]LQMVKQIX]MLMKWUXZWUM\MZMTu`Q\WLMTIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZ
-V TI UIaWZyI LM TW[ KI[W[ TI M`KMXKQ~V [MZyI TI ZMOTI X]M[\W Y]M TI VW\QKQI XZM^QI LMT
LMUIVLILW XWLZyI KWUXZWUM\MZ MT u`Q\W LM TI UMLQLI KI]\MTIZ KWUW WK]ZZM KWV MT
MUJIZOWXZM^MV\Q^WWMT[MK]M[\ZW#XMZWMVZMTIKQ~VIW\ZI[UMLQLI[TIZMOTILMTII]LQMVKQI
previa resultaba conveniente para mantener la plena vigencia del contradictorio como
XZQVKQXQW IXTQKIJTM \IUJQuV MV MT nUJQ\W KI]\MTIZ 4I ^MZ[Q~V VIT LMT +8+5 [M IXIZ\I
LM M[I ZMOTI a M[\IJTMKM Y]M TI[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ [M LMKZM\IZnV [QV I]LQMVKQI LM TI
+ITIUIVLZMQ8QMZWWJKQ\X[ !
477

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TI[WTQKQ\]LIZ\
;MKWV[IOZITIZMOTILM\ZIUQ\IKQ~V]VQTI\MZITaZM[MZÎLIKWVMTVLMXZM[MZÎZTIMKIKQI
LMTIUMLQLI=VI^MbMRMK]\ILITIUMLQLILMJMZn[MZVW\QKILIITINMK\ILWY]QMVXWLZn
QUX]OVIZ TI XZW^QLMVKQI KI]\MTIZ UMLQIV\M MT ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V [QV MNMK\W [][XMV[Q^W
KWUWTWXZMûMTIZ\yK]TW
El proceso cautelar se concreta en las siguientes etapas: presentacin de la solicitud cautelar
LMUIVLI KI]\MTIZ KWV\ZWT R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT a LMKQ[Q~V [WJZM TI [WTQKQ\]L MV MT XTIbW LM KQVKW
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LM ZMKQJQLI TI [WTQKQ\]L [QV I]LQMVKQI LM TI KWV\ZIXIZ\M a [Q M[\QUIZM Y]M KWVK]ZZMV TW[
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la solicitud de medidas cautelares.
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supervenientes.
2.15.8 Ejecucin de las medidas cautelares

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TI MRMK]KQ~V NWZbILI KI]\MTIZ MV \WLW[ IY]MTTW[ KI[W[ MV Y]M TW[ MNMK\W[ LM TI XZW^QLMVKQI
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LM MRM I [] IVnTQ[Q[ [Q[\MUn\QKW +ITIUIVLZMQ LQ[\QVO]yI MV\ZM TI MRMK]KQ~V LM TI[
XZW^QLMVKQI[ KI]\MTIZM[ IV\QKQXI\WZQI[ IV\QKQXIKQ~V LM XZW^QLMVKQI[ LMKQ[WZQI[ a TI
286 +ITIUIVLZMQ8QMZW1V\ZWL]KKQ~VITM[\]LQW[Q[\MUn\QKWLMTI[XZW^QLMVKQI[KI]\MTIZM[4QJZMZyI-T.WZW*]MVW[
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287 Se trata de las denominadas medidas provisionales de nuestro CGP.
479

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LM IK]MZLW I [] WJRM\W a LQ[XWVM Y]M TI\\]IbQWVM LMTTM UQ[]ZM KI]\MTIZQ I^MV\Q IL WOOM\\W
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la prevista en la L.E.C. espaola.
481
482
LIBRO TERCERO
PROCESOS ESPECIALES
3.1 EL PROCESO EJECUTIVO
Santiago Garderes
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de la sentencia.
3.1.1 Introduccin
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MRMK]\QÎ
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nuevo Cdigo.
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la especial estructura de este proceso debe acreditarse desde el inicio para obtener una
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de Otras Diligencias.
3.1.2.2 Enumeracin de los ttulos ejecutivos

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el protesto.
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C.Com.
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reaseguro.
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reiteran en la nueva regulacin procesal.
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3.1.3 Objeto del proceso ejecutivo.

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En la doctrina uruguaya se alude a una pretensin de condena al pago de una suma de
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LQ[\QVO]M I[y LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V LM MRMK]KQ~V \WLI ^Mb Y]M MT XZWKM[W MRMK]\Q^W [M ZMO]TI
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las diligencias de embargo.
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3.1.4 Trmite del proceso ejecutivo

3.1.4.1 La demanda ejecutiva
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solicitud de embargo como medida de garanta para el cumplimiento de obligaciones de
PIKMZMVMTUIZKWLMTIMRMK]KQ~VLMWJTQOIKQWVM[LMM[IyVLWTM
-V MT R]QKQW MRMK]\Q^W MT \ZQJ]VIT ZM[]MT^M [WJZM TI XM\QKQ~V LM MUJIZOW KWV\MVQLI MV TI
LMUIVLI[QVXZM^QII]LQMVKQILMTLMUIVLILWY]QMVXWLZnLMNMVLMZ[M]VI^MbVW\QKILW
del decreto de embargo.
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492

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LMT LMUIVLIV\M a TI N]MZbI MRMK]\QÎ LMT \y\]TW MT R]Mb LIZn \ZnUQ\M I TI LMUIVLI [QV
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UIVLIUQMV\W Y]M KWZZM[XWVLI MV MT Y]M LM\MZUQVIZn TI XMZ[WVI W XMZ[WVI[ KWV\ZI TI[
Y]M [M XZWKMLM a M[\IJTMKMZn TI KIV\QLIL Y]M LMJM MUJIZOIZ[M XIZI MT XIOW LM TI LM]LI
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M`KT][QÎUMV\M MV ZMTIKQ~V I WJTQOIKQWVM[ LM XIOW LM LQVMZW QVK]UXTQLI[# XMZW aI PMUW[
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+WV IZZMOTW I TI VWZUI KQ\ILI [Q MT R]Mb IL^QZ\QMZI TI M`Q[\MVKQI LM LMNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[
[]J[IVIJTM[ KWVKMLMZn IT LMUIVLIV\M ]V XTIbW LM \ZM[ LyI[ XIZI []J[IVIZTW[ ;Q TW[
^QKQW[ IL^MZ\QLW[ N]MZIV QV[]J[IVIJTM[ LMKTIZIZn TI QUXZWXWVQJyTQLIL LM TI LMUIVLI KWV
constancia de los fundamentos de su decisin.
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IZ\ KWVNWZUM ILMUn[ KWV MT ZuOQUMV OMVMZIT LM TI IXMTIKQ~V +WV\ZI MT I]\W Y]M
ILUQ\M TI LMUIVLI a LMKZM\I MT MUJIZOW VW XZWKMLM ZMK]Z[W ITO]VW [QV XMZR]QKQW LM TI
WXW[QKQ~VY]MX]MLINWZU]TIZMTLMUIVLILW]VI^MbVW\QKILW#MVM[M[MV\QLWTIWXW[QKQ~V
del demandado cumple la doble funcin de oposicin a la demanda e impugnacin del
LMKZM\W QVQKQIT a M[ XWZ MTTW Y]M ITO]VW[ I]\WZM[ ZMMZMV IT XZWKM[W MRMK]\Q^W KWUW ]V
contradictorio de impugnacin.
-T MUJIZOW VW ZMY]QMZM MV M[\M KI[W TI R][\QKIKQ~V LM TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ OMVMZITM[ LM TI[
UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ M[ LMKQZ TI IXIZQMVKQI LM J]MV LMZMKPW a MT XMTQOZW LM TM[Q~V W
NZ][\ZIKQ~VXWZTILMUWZII]VK]IVLWM[W[XZM[]X]M[\W[X]MLIVXZM[]UQZ[MMVOMVMZITMVMT
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MRMK]\Q^W-VK]ITY]QMZKI[WZM[]T\IKTIZWY]MVWKIJMM`QOQZITLMUIVLIV\MTIXZM[\IKQ~V
de caucin en estos procesos. La regulacin de la medida de embargo se encuentra en los
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;QMTR]MbKWV[QLMZIJI[\IV\MMT\y\]TWaTILMUIVLIZMVMTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[TMOITM[[MLIZnK]Z[W
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MT MUJIZOW [M VW\QKIZn IT LMUIVLILW -[\I ZM[WT]KQ~V QVQKQIT M[\n KWVLQKQWVILI MV []
MKIKQIITINIT\ILMWXW[QKQ~VLMTLMUIVLILWLMV\ZWLMTXTIbWTMOIT
4I VW\QKIKQ~V LMT LMKZM\W LM MUJIZOW MY]QÎTM IT MUXTIbIUQMV\W XIZI Y]M MT LM]LWZ
KWUXIZMbKI I M[\IZ I LMZMKPW a X]MLI KWV\M[\IZ TI LMUIVLI MV MT XTIbW LM LQMb LyI[ IZ\
+8+5# IT PIKMZTW XWLZn NWZU]TIZ [] WXW[QKQ~V XWZ TW[ UW\Q^W[ [M}ITILW[ MV MT
IZ\yK]TWLMTKQ\ILWK~LQOWaXWLZnI[QUQ[UWWXWVMZTI[M`KMXKQWVM[XZWKM[ITM[XZM^Q[\I[
MVMTIZ\yK]TW! LMT+8+5LMNMK\W[XZWKM[ITM[
493

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Y]QV\WLMTK~LQOWZMTI\Q^WITIMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[I#MVM[MKI[WMT\y\]TWLMMRMK]KQ~VTW[MZn
TI[MV\MVKQIXZWV]VKQILIMVMTXZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^WXWZNIT\ILMWXW[QKQ~VLMTLMUIVLILW
-[I[MV\MVKQIVWM[\nXZM^Q[\IKWUWIXMTIJTMMVMTUIZKWZMO]TI\WZQWLMTXZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^W
Y]MXIZMKMZM[MZÎZTIIXMTIKQ~VITI]\WY]MZMKPIKMTI\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMTILMUIVLIIZ\
a I TI [MV\MVKQI Y]M [M XZWV]VKQI [WJZM TI WXW[QKQ~V LMT LMUIVLILW IZ\ !# \MVQMVLW
XZM[MV\M ILMUn[ Y]M [Q MT LMUIVLILWVW NWZU]TI WXW[QKQ~V MV MTXTIbWTMOITTI[MV\MVKQI
[MN]VLIZnM`KT][QÎUMV\MMVLQKPIKQZK]V[\IVKQIaVWXIZMKMZIbWVIJTMY]MMTLMUIVLILW
X]MLIQV^WKIZ]VN]VLIUMV\W^nTQLWXIZILQKPIQUX]OVIKQ~VK]IVLWVWNWZU]T~WXW[QKQ~V
dentro del plazo legal.
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WXW[QKQ~V LMT LMUIVLILW NWZU]TILI MV \QMUXW PnJQT LQK\IVLW [MV\MVKQI MV TW[ \uZUQVW[
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WXW[QKQ~VMKIbLMTLMUIVLILW
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a [QO]QMV\M[ Y]M NIK]T\IV IT R]Mb XIZI ZM[WT^MZ [WJZM TI WXW[QKQ~V [QV Un[ \ZnUQ\M W
citar a audiencia de prueba a peticin de una de las partes cuando fuera necesario el
diligenciamiento de prueba.
3.1.4.3 La oposicin del demandado

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o promesa de no pedir; transaccin.
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aXWZMVLMWJ[\IITXZWOZM[WLMTXZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^W
494

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MRMK]\Q^W
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a la denuncia de los defectos procesales y reservar los restantes motivos de oposicin para
]VI ]T\MZQWZ M\IXI LMV\ZW LMT ZMNMZQLW XTIbW LM LW[ LyI[ XW[\MZQWZM[ I TI []J[IVIKQ~V LM
esos defectos.
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UMVKQWVILW[LMNMK\W[XZWKM[ITM[MVK]aWKI[Wa[QN]MZIVVITUMV\M[]J[IVILW[LQ[XWVLZn
luego de un plazo suplementario de dos das para ampliar su oposicin por los motivos
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QVKT]aI MV [] KWV\M[\IKQ~V aI LM[LM MT QVQKQW LMV\ZW LMT XTIbW TMOIT LM LQMb LyI[ LM[LM TI
VW\QKIKQ~V LMT LMKZM\W LM MUJIZOW ILMUn[ LM TI[ M`KMXKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[ [] WXW[QKQ~V
por motivos de fondo.
495

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-VM[M[MV\QLWKWVIZZMOTWITWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW!LMT+~LQOWLM+WUMZKQWY]M
KWV[QLMZIUW[^QOMV\MMV^QZ\]LLMTIZMNMZMVKQIKWV\MVQLIMVMTIZ\yK]TWLMT+8+5
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LM ZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V LM XWLMZ JI[\IV\M W LM NIK]T\ILM[ TMOITM[ MV Y]QMV [][KZQJQ~ MT \y\]TW I
VWUJZM LMT LMUIVLILW [IT^W TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW !!# TI LM PIJMZ [QLW QVKIXIb MT
LMUIVLILW IT [][KZQJQZ MT \y\]TW# TI[ N]VLILI[ MV TI WUQ[Q~V LM TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ Y]M MT \y\]TW
W MT IK\W QVKWZXWZILW LMJMV TTMVIZ W KWV\MVMZ a Y]M TI TMa VW XZM[]UI M`XZM[IUMV\M W
Y]M VW [M PIaIV [I\Q[NMKPW LMV\ZW LMT \uZUQVW Y]M [M}ITI MT IZ\yK]TW # TI LM IT\MZIKQ~V
LMT \M`\W LMT LWK]UMV\W W LM TW[ IK\W[ Y]M MV uT KWV[\MV [QV XMZR]QKQW LM TW LQ[X]M[\W MV
MT IZ\yK]TW # TI[ Y]M [M N]VLMV MV Y]M MT \y\]TW VW M[ VMOWKQIJTM# TI[ Y]M [M JI[MV MV TI
Y]Q\I W XIOW XIZKQIT Y]M KWV[\MV MV MT \M`\W UQ[UW LMT LWK]UMV\W W MV MT LMX~[Q\W LM []
QUXWZ\M# TI[ Y]M [M N]VLMV MV TI [][XMV[Q~V LMT XIOW W MV TI KIVKMTIKQ~V LMT \y\]TWÎTWZ
WZLMVILW[ R]LQKQITUMV\M# TI[ LM XZM[KZQXKQ~V a KIL]KQLIL a TI[ Y]M[MJI[MV MV TI NIT\I LM
TW[ LMUn[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ VMKM[IZQW[ XIZI MT MRMZKQKQW LM TI IKKQ~V# TI[ XMZ[WVITM[ Y]M \MVOI MT
demandado contra el actor.
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ZMUQ[Q~VITKQ\ILWIZ\yK]TW!LMT+~LQOWLM+WUMZKQW#aI]VY]MIY]uTTITMaN]MLMZWOILI
XWZMT+8+5TILMZWOIKQ~VVWITKIVbIITIZ\yK]TW!LMT+~LQOWLM+WUMZKQW#XWZY]M
M[M K~LQOW VW QV\MOZI TI V~UQVI LM TMaM[ LMZWOILI[ XWZ MT IZ\yK]TW LMT +8+5 a
XWZY]M IV M[\IVLW ZMO]TILI TI UI\MZQI XWZ MT V]M^W +8+5 MT XZWXQW IZ\yK]TW
LM M[\M V]M^W K~LQOW ZMUQ\M I TW M[\IJTMKQLW MV W\ZI[ TMaM[ MV ZMTIKQ~V I TI[ M`KMXKQWVM[
ILUQ[QJTM[ MV MT XZWKM[W MRMK]\Q^W TW Y]M XMZUQ\M IZUIZ TI ^QOMVKQI LM TI [WT]KQ~V
VWZUI\QÎKWV\MVQLIMVMTKQ\ILWIZ\yK]TW!LMT+~LQOWLM+WUMZKQW
7\ZI K]M[\Q~V LM KWUXTMRI QV\MZXZM\IKQ~V M[ TI ZMNMZQLI I TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM QV^WKIZ MV MT
XZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^WN]VLILWMV\y\]TW[ÎTWZM[TW[UW\Q^W[LMWXW[QKQ~VXZM^Q[\W[MVMTIZ\yK]TW
LMT +8+5# X]M[\W Y]M I \MVWZ LM TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW ! LMT +~LQOW LM
+WUMZKQW[~TW[MZyIVILUQ[QJTM[TI[M`KMXKQWVM[XZM^Q[\I[MVLQKPIVWZUITWY]MM`KT]QZyI
TIILUQ[QJQTQLILLMTW[UW\Q^W[LMWXW[QKQ~VUMVKQWVILW[MVMTIZ\yK]TWLMT+8+5
;QV MUJIZOW VW[ QVKTQVIUW[ ILUQ\QZ MV MT XZWKM[W MRMK]\Q^W KIUJQIZQW TW[ UW\Q^W[ LM
WXW[QKQ~VXZM^Q[\W[MVMTIZ\LMT+8+5Y]MILMUn[VWINMK\IVTIXIZ\QK]TIZQLILLMT
XZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^WN]VLILWMV\y\]TW[ÎTWZM[aMVKQMZ\IUMLQLIaI[MMVK]MV\ZIVXZM^Q[\W[
QUXTyKQ\IUMV\MMVTI[M`KMXKQWVM[ZMO]TILI[MVMTIZ\yK]TW!LMT+~LQOWLM+WUMZKQW
496

-V MNMK\W TI WXW[QKQ~V N]VLILI MV MT XIOW MNMK\Q^W [M MVK]MV\ZI KWUXZMVLQLI LMV\ZW LM
TI[ Y]M VI\]ZITUMV\M X]MLM WXWVMZ MT LMUIVLILW IV MV MT UIZKW TQUQ\I\Q^W LMT +~LQOW
LM +WUMZKQW I TW Y]M KIJM IOZMOIZ Y]M MT XIOW KWVTTMÎ TI M`\QVKQ~V LM TI WJTQOIKQ~V
a MV KWV[MK]MVKQI LMT \y\]TW MRMK]\Q^W XZM[]X]M[\W QVMT]LQJTM LMT XZWKM[W MRMK]\Q^W# TI
XZM[KZQXKQ~VWTIKIL]KQLIL\IUJQuVM[\nVXZM^Q[\I[MVMTKQ\ILWIZ\yK]TW!LMT+~LQOWLM
+WUMZKQWITQO]ITY]MTIY]Q\I
:M[XMK\W LM TI M[XMZI XZM^Q[\I MV MT IZ\yK]TW LMT +8+5 LMJM ILUQ\QZ[M \IUJQuV
MV MT XZWKM[W MRMK]\Q^W KIUJQIZQW XWZY]M MV M[M KI[W TI WJTQOIKQ~V VW [MZyI M`QOQJTM a MV
KWV[MK]MVKQI VW PIJZyI \y\]TW MRMK]\Q^W XZM[]X]M[\W LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V MRMK]\QÎ# TW UQ[UW
KIJM LMKQZ ZM[XMK\W LM TI \ZIV[IKKQ~V MV \IV\W KWV[\Q\]aM ]V XZM[]X]M[\W LM TI [MV\MVKQI
TI QVM`Q[\MVKQI LM KW[I R]bOILI W \ZIV[IKKQ~V .QVITUMV\M TI WXW[QKQ~V N]VLILI MV MT
QVK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[TMOITM[LMT\y\]TWIZ\QVKQ[WLMT+8+5\IUJQuV
M[\n XZM^Q[\I MV MT IZ\yK]TW ! LMT +~LQOW LM +WUMZKQW XWZ TW Y]M VW XZM[MV\I L]LI[ []
admisibilidad en estos procesos.
3.1.4.4 Tramitacin de la oposicin

-T\ZnUQ\MXW[\MZQWZITIWXW[QKQ~VLMTLMUIVLILWXWLZnÎZQIZLMXMVLQMVLWLMTW[UW\Q^W[
LMTIWXW[QKQ~VaLMTI[XZ]MJI[Y]M[MP]JQMZMVWNZMKQLW
+WV IZZMOTW I TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW [Q TI WXW[QKQ~V [M N]VLI MV TI M`Q[\MVKQI
LM LMNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ []J[IVIJTM[ MT R]Mb KWVKMLMZn IT LMUIVLIV\M ]V XTIbW LM KQVKW
LyI[ XIZI []J[IVIZTW[ ;Q VW [M XZWKMLM I MTTW MV LQKPW XTIbW [M LMKTIZIZn QVILUQ[QJTM TI
LMUIVLIMVM[\MM[\ILWa[M\MZUQVIZnMTXZWKM[W#[QTI[]J[IVIKQ~V[MLI[MZnVKWVKMLQLW[
LW[ LyI[ Un[ IT LMUIVLILW XIZI Y]M X]MLI IUXTQIZ [] KWV\M[\IKQ~V ] WXW[QKQ~V +]IVLW
TI WXW[QKQ~V [M N]VLM MV LMNMK\W[ W ^QKQW[ QV[]J[IVIJTM[ MT R]Mb LMKTIZIZn QUXZWXWVQJTM TI
LMUIVLI VITQbIZn MT XZWKM[W a LMRIZn [QV MNMK\W TI[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ Y]M [M P]JQM[MV
ILWX\ILWKWVQUXW[QKQ~VLMTI[KW[\I[ITLMUIVLIV\M
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IT LMUIVLIV\M XZM^QW I ZM[WT^MZ [WJZM TW[ LMNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ ITMOILW[ XWZ [] KWV\ZIXIZ\M
MV IXTQKIKQ~V LMT XZQVKQXQW LM LMNMV[I a KWV\ZILQKKQ~V IZ\ +8+5 \MVQMVLW MV
K]MV\I TI[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[ Y]M X]MLMV LMZQÎZ LM TI LMKQ[Q~V Y]M [M ILWX\M IT ZM[XMK\W
QUXZWXWVQJQTQLIL LM TI LMUIVLI TMÎV\IUQMV\W LMT MUJIZOW M QUXW[QKQ~V LM KW[\I[
IT LMUIVLIV\M +WV M[M V MT R]Mb LMJMZn KWVKMLMZ IT LMUIVLIV\M ]VI ZIbWVIJTM
WXWZ\]VQLIL LM LMNMV[I aI [MI MV I]LQMVKQI [Q N]M KWV^WKILI I XMLQLW LM ITO]VI LM TI[
XIZ\M[WN]MZILMI]LQMVKQIK]IVLWVWN]MZMUMVM[\MZTIKWV^WKI\WZQIII]LQMVKQIXWZVW
ZM[]T\IZVMKM[IZQWMTLQTQOMVKQIUQMV\WLMXZ]MJI[
1V[Q[\QMVLW MV M[M X]V\W MT IZ\yK]TW LMT +8+5 XIZMKM QVLQKIZ Y]M TI WXW[QKQ~V
N]VLILI MV TI M`Q[\MVKQI LM LMNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ LMJMZn [MZ ZM[]MT\I [QV Un[ \ZnUQ\M XWZ MT
R]MbKWVKMLQMVLWITLMUIVLILW]VXTIbWXIZITI[]J[IVIKQ~VLMTW[LMNMK\W[WLMKTIZIVLW
QUXZWXWVQJTM TI LMUIVLI [Q TW[ LMNMK\W[ LMV]VKQILW[ N]MZIV QV[]J[IVIJTM[ W JQMV
LM[M[\QUIVLWTIWXW[QKQ~V#XMZWLMTKWV\M`\WVWZUI\Q^W[MQVMZMY]MMTLMUIVLIV\MXWLZn
497

[WTQKQ\IZTIKWV^WKI\WZQIII]LQMVKQIa\MVLZnLMZMKPWIKWV\M[\IZMVI]LQMVKQITW[LMNMK\W[
XZWKM[ITM[ ITMOILW[ X]M[ I[y TW M[\IJTMKM XIZI MT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW MT IZ\yK]TW LMT
+8+5IXTQKIJTMITXZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^WXWZTIZMUQ[Q~VKWV\MVQLIMVMTIZ\yK]TWVWZUI
Y]MILMUn[M[\IJTMKMQUXTyKQ\IUMV\MY]MMTLMUIVLIV\M[MZnWyLWMVTII]LQMVKQIZM[XMK\W
LMTIWXW[QKQ~VLMTLMUIVLILW4ILQK]T\ILQV\MZXZM\I\QÎZILQKIMVY]MTII]LQMVKQILMT
XZWKM[W MRMK]\Q^W [~TW [MZn KWV^WKILI XWZ MT R]Mb K]IVLW TW [WTQKQ\M ITO]VI LM TI[ XIZ\M[
a ZM[]T\M VMKM[IZQW MT LQTQOMVKQIUQMV\W LM XZ]MJI XMZW I V LM XZM[MZÎZ TI OIZIV\yI LM
LMNMV[I KWV[QLMZIUW[ Y]M XWLZn [WTQKQ\IZ[M TI KWV^WKI\WZQI I I]LQMVKQI XIZI KWV\M[\IZ MV
MTTI TW[ LMNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ ITMOILW[ -V \WLW KI[W M[ VMKM[IZQW Y]M MT R]Mb KWVKMLI I TI[
XIZ\M[ TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM [WTQKQ\IZ M[I KWV^WKI\WZQI I I]LQMVKQI XZM^QW I ZM[WT^MZ [WJZM TW[
defectos procesales alegados por el demandado.
4I ZM[WT]KQ~V LMT R]Mb Y]M M[\QUIVLW TI WXW[QKQ~V LMT LMUIVLILW LMKTIZI QUXZWXWVQJTM
TI LMUIVLI MRMK]\QÎ INMK\ILI XWZ LMNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ QV[]J[IVIJTM[ XWLZn [MZ IXMTILI
XWZMTLMUIVLIV\MX]M[M[\nKWUXZMVLQLIMVTIZMNMZMVKQIVWZUI\QÎLMTIZ\yK]TW!LMT
+8+5MV\IV\W[MXZWV]VKQI[WJZMTIWXW[QKQ~V#XWZW\ZIXIZ\M[M\ZI\ILM]VI]\WY]M
XWVM V IT XZWKM[W KWV TW Y]M [MZyI IXMTIJTM XWZ IXTQKIKQ~V LM TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT UIZKW
regulatorio general del recurso de apelacin.
-VK]IV\WITIWXW[QKQ~VN]VLILIMVTW[UW\Q^W[LMTIZ\yK]TWLMT+8+5[MZnZM[]MT\I
[QV Un[ \ZnUQ\M [Q TI K]M[\Q~V VW ZMY]QMZM XZ]MJI W T]MOW LM TI I]LQMVKQI LM XZ]MJI [Q
N]MZI VMKM[IZQW KWVNWZUM I TW XZM^Q[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW )]VY]M MV V]M[\ZI WXQVQ~V
KWZZM[XWVLMZn MV \WLW KI[W WyZ IT LMUIVLIV\M XZM^QW I ZM[WT^MZ IKMZKI LM TI WXW[QKQ~V
MV IXTQKIKQ~V LMT XZQVKQXQW LM LMNMV[I XZM^Q[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW LMT +8+5# \WLI ^Mb
Y]M MV M[\W[ XZWKM[W[ [M XZWL]KM ]V LM[XTIbIUQMV\W LM TI QVQKQI\QÎ LMT KWV\ZILQK\WZQW
Y]M KWZZM[XWVLM IT LMUIVLILW UMLQIV\M TI M^MV\]IT NWZU]TIKQ~V LM TI WXW[QKQ~V ) ^yI
LM MRMUXTW [Q MT LMUIVLILW WXWVM TI LMNMV[I LM XIOW a IOZMOI ]V ZMKQJW ZUILW XWZ MT
LMUIVLIV\MZM[]T\IZIbWVIJTMaIR][\ILWITXZQVKQXQWLMLMNMV[IaIUMVKQWVILWKWVKMLMZ
al demandante una razonable oportunidad de pronunciarse sobre esa defensa y aportar
M^MV\]ITUMV\M [][ XZ]MJI[# LMT UQ[UW UWLW [Q MT LMUIVLILW ITMOI ]VI Y]Q\I KWVKMLQLI
por el demandante.
-V \WLW KI[W MT LMUIVLIV\M XWLZn [WTQKQ\IZ TI KWV^WKI\WZQI I I]LQMVKQI I V LM IXWZ\IZ
XZ]MJI[ \MVLQMV\M[ I LM[IKZMLQ\IZ TW[ IZO]UMV\W[ W XZ]MJI[ LM [] KWV\ZIXIZ\M a MV M[I
I]LQMVKQI LMJM ZMKWVWKuZ[MTM MT LMZMKPW LM LMNMV[I MV [] Un`QUI M`XZM[Q~V KWUXZMV[QÎ
LMT LMZMKPW I IXWZ\IZ IZO]UMV\W[ NnK\QKW[ a R]ZyLQKW[ a [][ KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M[ XZ]MJI[
8WLZyI WK]ZZQZ \IUJQuV Y]M MT LMUIVLIV\M \MVOI QV\MZu[ MV QUX]OVIZ TI I]\MV\QKQLIL LM
TW[LWK]UMV\W[IXWZ\ILW[XWZMTLMUIVLILWXWZMRMUXTW]VZMKQJWLMXIOW#MVM[MKI[W
LMJMZnKWVKMLuZ[MTM]VIZIbWVIJTMWXWZ\]VQLILLMITMOIKQ~VaXZ]MJIL]ZIV\MTII]LQMVKQI
Y]M [WTQKQ\M IT MNMK\W XIZI TW K]IT M[ UMVM[\MZ Y]M MT R]Mb TM KWVMZI ^Q[\I LM TI WXW[QKQ~V
IV\M[LMLQK\IZ[MV\MVKQII]VK]IVLWTIVWZUII]\WZQKMIZM[WT^MZTI[QVUn[\ZnUQ\MMVJI[M
a la documentacin aportada.
-V [yV\M[Q[ NWZU]TILI WXW[QKQ~V XWZ MT LMUIVLILW TI[ XIZ\M[ LMJMV KWV\IZ KWV TI
WXWZ\]VQLILLM[WTQKQ\IZTIKQ\IKQ~VII]LQMVKQIMVNWZUIXZM^QIITLQK\ILWLMTI[MV\MVKQI
498

IV K]IVLW TI VWZUI I]\WZQKM I ZM[WT^MZ [QV Un[ \ZnUQ\M +WV M[M V LMJM KWVKMLMZ[M I
TI[ XIZ\M[ ]VI ZIbWVIJTM WXWZ\]VQLIL LM [WTQKQ\IZ M[I KQ\IKQ~V VW\QKIVLW IT LMUIVLIV\M
LM TI WXW[QKQ~V NWZU]TILI XWZ [] KWV\ZIXIZ\M XIZI Y]M M[\u MV KWVLQKQWVM[ LM [WTQKQ\IZ TI
KQ\IKQ~VII]LQMVKQI[QN]MZIVMKM[IZQW-VM[II]LQMVKQIMTLMUIVLIV\MXWLZnKWV\M[\IZTW[
LMNMK\W[XZWKM[ITM[ITMOILW[a\MVLZnLMZMKPWI[MZWyLWMVZMTIKQ~VITW[ZM[\IV\M[UW\Q^W[
LMWXW[QKQ~VY]MX]LQMZIPIJMZXTIV\MILWMTLMUIVLILW
3.1.4.5 La audiencia de prueba

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KQ\IKQ~V M[ M^MV\]IT MV MT XZWKM[W MRMK]\Q^W X]M[ [~TW \MVLZn T]OIZ K]IVLW TW [WTQKQ\MV
TI[ XIZ\M[ a ZM[]T\M VMKM[IZQW I KZQ\MZQW LMT R]Mb ZMKQJQZ XZ]MJI[ XIZI ZM[WT^MZ TI K]M[\Q~V
planteada.
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L]LITIKWV^WKI\WZQIII]LQMVKQIaI[MO]ZIZLMM[INWZUITIMNMK\QÎ^QOMVKQILMTLMZMKPW
ITIXZ]MJIaLMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[IMVMTUIZKWLMTXZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^W
,MT UQ[UW UWLW LMJM I[MO]ZIZ[M I IUJI[ XIZ\M[ ]VI ZIbWVIJTM WXWZ\]VQLIL LM [WTQKQ\IZ
TIKWV^WKI\WZQIII]LQMVKQIaMTLQTQOMVKQIUQMV\WLMXZ]MJI[XZM^QWITI[MV\MVKQILMTR]Mb
-V M[M [MV\QLW MT LMUIVLILW XWLZn [WTQKQ\IZ TI KWV^WKI\WZQI I I]LQMVKQI IT NWZU]TIZ []
WXW[QKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI LMV\ZW LMT XTIbW TMOIT LM LQMb LyI[ LM VW\QKILW MT LMKZM\W LM
MUJIZOW# XMZW MT LMUIVLIV\M \IUJQuV LMJM KWV\IZ KWV ]VI ZIbWVIJTM WXWZ\]VQLIL LM
LMNMV[I ZM[XMK\W LM TI WXW[QKQ~V NWZU]TILI XWZ [] KWV\ZIXIZ\M XIZI TW K]IT LMJMZn [MZTM
VW\QKILI M[I WXW[QKQ~V XZM^QW I Y]M MT R]Mb LQK\M ZM[WT]KQ~V IT ZM[XMK\W X]M[ [~TW I[y
M[\IZnMVKWVLQKQWVM[LM[WTQKQ\IZTIKWV^WKI\WZQIII]LQMVKQIaWNZMKMZXZ]MJI[\MVLQMV\M[I
desarticular la oposicin de su contraparte.
-TIZ\yK]TWLMT+8+5XZMûMVNWZUIQVLQZMK\IXMZWQVL]JQ\IJTMTIWXWZ\]VQLILLMT
LMUIVLIV\MLM[MZWyLWMVI]LQMVKQIZM[XMK\WLMTIWXW[QKQ~VNWZU]TILIXWZ[]KWV\ZIXIZ\M
ITLQ[XWVMZY]M[QVWKWUXIZMKQMZMMTLMUIVLIV\MITII]LQMVKQIMTR]MbZM[WT^MZn[QVWyZTM
[WJZM TI WXW[QKQ~V# TW Y]M ZMIZUI TI QLMI M`X]M[\I MV MT [MV\QLW LM Y]M MT LMUIVLIV\M
\QMVM LMZMKPW I [MZ WyLW [WJZM TI WXW[QKQ~V LMT LMUIVLILW a XIZI M[W LMJM KWV\IZ KWV
]VIZIbWVIJTMWXWZ\]VQLILLM[WTQKQ\IZTIKQ\IKQ~VII]LQMVKQIXZM^QWIY]MMTR]MbLMKQLI
sobre la oposicin.
4I[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[ LM TI QVKWUXIZMKMVKQI I TI I]LQMVKQI M[\nV XZM^Q[\I[ MV MT KQ\ILW
IZ\yK]TW " [Q [M P]JQMZI KWV^WKILW TI I]LQMVKQI a VW IK]LQMZI I MTTI MT LM]LWZ [M
TM \MVLZn XWZ LM[Q[\QLW LM TI WXW[QKQ~V [M TM QUXWVLZnV TI[ KW[\I[ KI][ILI[ a [M TM
KWVLMVIZn I QVLMUVQbIZ IT LMUIVLIV\M KWUXIZMKQLW# [Q VW KWUXIZMKQMZM MT LMUIVLIV\M
MT R]Mb ZM[WT^MZn [QV WyZTM [WJZM TI WXW[QKQ~V -T LM[Q[\QUQMV\W LM TI WXW[QKQ~V MV KI[W LM
QVKWUXIZMKMVKQILMTLMUIVLILWITII]LQMVKQILM\MZUQVIY]MMTR]MbLMJILQK\IZ[MV\MVKQI
MVTW[\uZUQVW[XZM^Q[\W[MVMTIZ\yK]TWLMT+8+5KWUW[QVW[MP]JQMZINWZU]TILW
WXW[QKQ~VKWV\QV]nVLW[MT]MOWKWVTIMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[ILMM[I[MV\MVKQI[QI[yTW[WTQKQ\IMT
demandante.
499

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UW\Q^W[ LM [] QVKWUXIZMKMVKQI I TI I]LQMVKQI \MVQMVLW MV K]MV\I Y]M TI[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[
TMOITM[ UMVKQWVILI[ PIV LM IXTQKIZ[M [~TW IV\M ]VI QVKWUXIZMKMVKQI QVR][\QKILI I TI
I]LQMVKQI ZMOTI Y]M I]VY]M VW M[\u XZM^Q[\I M`XZM[IUMV\M MV TI VWZUI KWUMV\ILI
ZM[]T\ILMTIQV\MOZIKQ~VVWZUI\QÎKWVW\ZI[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[Y]MZMO]TIVTIUQ[UI[Q\]IKQ~V
KWUXIZMKMVKQILMTI[XIZ\M[ITII]LQMVKQILMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWIZ\LMT+8+5
) UWLW LM MRMUXTW [Q MT LMUIVLILW VW X]LW KWUXIZMKMZ XWZ ZIbWVM[ LM MVNMZUMLIL a
TI[R][\QKIILMK]ILIUMV\MVWXZWKMLM\MVMZTWXWZLM[Q[\QLWLM[]WXW[QKQ~V[QVWKWV^WKIZ
nuevamente a las partes a audiencia.
;M IXTQKIV I[QUQ[UW TI[ ZMOTI[ OMVMZITM[ [WJZM KI][I[ LM [][XMV[Q~V M QV\MZZ]XKQ~V LM TI
I]LQMVKQIXZM^Q[\I[MVTW[IZ\yK]TW[ aLMT+8+5ITW[Y]M[MPQbWZMNMZMVKQIIT
comentar las reglas del proceso comn y del proceso abreviado.
;QKWUXIZMKMVIUJI[XIZ\M[[MLM[IZZWTTIZnTII]LQMVKQIKWVIZZMOTWITWXZM^Q[\WXIZIMT
XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW LMJQuVLW[M LQK\IZ I KWV\QV]IKQ~V TI [MV\MVKQI Y]M XZWKMLI ,M UWLW
Y]M[QO]QMVLWTI[MK]MVKQIXZM^Q[\IXIZIMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[a[[LMT
+8+5MVTII]LQMVKQI[MQV\MV\IZnTIKWVKQTQIKQ~VLMTI[XIZ\M[a[QVWP]JQMZII^MVMVKQI
[M XI[IZn [MO]QLIUMV\M I TI ZI\QKIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI a LM TI WXW[QKQ~V [M WQZn IT
LMUIVLIV\MIKMZKILMTW[UW\Q^W[LMWXW[QKQ~VLMTLMUIVLILW\IV\WTW[UW\Q^W[LMNWVLW
KWUWTW[LMNMK\W[XZWKM[ITM[M^MV\]ITUMV\MITMOILW[[MZMKQJQZnVTI[XZ]MJI[WNZMKQLI[XWZ
TI[ XIZ\M[ a VITUMV\M NWZU]TIZnV TI[ XIZ\M[ [][ ITMOI\W[ VITM[ MV TW[ \uZUQVW[ XZM^Q[\W[
MVMTIZ\yK]TW!LQK\nVLW[MIKWV\QV]IKQ~VTI[MV\MVKQI
-V K]IV\W I TI XZ]MJI ZM[]T\I IXTQKIJTM TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW LMT +8+5 Y]M
I [] ^Mb ZMUQ\M I TI[ ZMOTI[ LMT XZWKM[W KWUV XIZI TI XZnK\QKI LM TI XZ]MJI ,M IK]MZLW
KWV TW XZM^Q[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW TI[ XIZ\M[ LMJMZnV IK]LQZ I TI I]LQMVKQI KWV TW[ UMLQW[
XZWJI\WZQW[ LM Y]M QV\MV\MV ÎTMZ[M# MV TI I]LQMVKQI XZWXWVLZnV TI[ XZ]MJI[ LM TI[ Y]M
XZM\MVLIVÎTMZ[MaMTR]MbILUQ\QZnTI[\QTM[aXMZ\QVMV\M[IZ\ XI[nVLW[MT]MOWITI
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I]LQMVKQI IY]MTTI[ XZ]MJI[ Y]M XIZI XZIK\QKIZ[M MV TI UQ[UI VMKM[Q\MV LQTQOMVKQI[ LM
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4IXZnK\QKILMTIXZ]MJIKWUW^QUW[[MZQOMXWZTWLQ[X]M[\WXIZIMTXZWKM[WKWUVXWZ
ZMUQ[Q~VLMTIZ\yK]TW
3.1.4.6 La sentencia.
4I [MV\MVKQI Y]M ZM[]MT^M IKMZKI LM TI WXW[QKQ~V LMT LMUIVLILW XWLZn LQK\IZ[M IT VIT
LM TI I]LQMVKQI LM XZ]MJI W N]MZI LM I]LQMVKQI a [QV Un[ \ZnUQ\M K]IVLW VW [M P]JQMZI
[WTQKQ\ILWTIKMTMJZIKQ~VLMTII]LQMVKQIIZ\+8+5
500

;Q VW [M P]JQMZI [WTQKQ\ILW TI KQ\IKQ~V I I]LQMVKQI W MT R]Mb VW TI P]JQMZI KWV[QLMZILW
XZWKMLMV\M [M ZM[WT^MZn [QV Un[ \ZnUQ\M [WJZM TI WXW[QKQ~V KWV TI [IT^MLIL aI IX]V\ILI
MVK]IV\WIY]MLMJMZnKWVKMLMZ[MITLMUIVLIV\M]VIZIbWVIJTMWXWZ\]VQLILLM[MZWyLW
previo a dictar la sentencia.
-V M[M KI[W [Q JQMV TI VWZUI VW QVLQKI MT XTIbW LM Y]M LQ[XWVM MT R]Mb XIZI ZM[WT^MZ
a \IUXWKW TW ZMO]TI MT +~LQOW KWV KIZnK\MZ OMVMZIT X]M[ MV XZQVKQXQW TI ZMOTI M[ Y]M
TI [MV\MVKQI [M XZWV]VKQI MV I]LQMVKQI W [M IV]VKQI MT NITTW MV I]LQMVKQI IZ\
KWV[QLMZIUW[Y]MLMJMIXTQKIZ[MMTXTIbWLMY]QVKMLyI[XZM^Q[\WXIZIMTXZWKM[WKWUVa
MTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWIZ\[a
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IZ\I]VY]MXWLZnIV]VKQIZ[M^MZJITUMV\MMTNITTWaXZWV]VKQIZ[MTI[MV\MVKQILMV\ZW
LMTXTIbWLMY]QVKMLyI[KWVIZZMOTWITWXZM^Q[\WKWVKIZnK\MZOMVMZITMVMTIZ\yK]TWa
MVMTIZ\yK]TWXIZIMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW
-V K]IV\W I [] KWV\MVQLW XWLZn M[\QUIZ W LM[M[\QUIZ TI WXW[QKQ~V LMT LMUIVLILW KWV
TI[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[ XZM^Q[\I[ MV MT IZ\yK]TW a TI[ aI UMVKQWVILI[ LMT IZ\yK]TW [Q TI
WXW[QKQ~VM[\]^QMZIN]VLILIMVTIM`Q[\MVKQILMLMNMK\W[XZWKM[ITM[
;Q [M LM[M[\QUI \W\ITUMV\M TI WXW[QKQ~V [M LQK\IZn [MV\MVKQI M[\QUIVLW TI XZM\MV[Q~V
MRMK]\QÎ KWV KW[\I[ a KW[\W[ XIZI MT LMUIVLILW WZLMVnVLW[M [MO]QZ ILMTIV\M LM IK]MZLW
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-V KI[W LM M[\QUIKQ~V XIZKQIT LM TI WXW[QKQ~V XWZ MRMUXTW TI LM XT][XM\QKQ~V [M [MO]QZn
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;Q [M M[\QUIZI TI WXW[QKQ~V MT R]Mb LMKTIZIZn [QV T]OIZ TI XZM\MV[Q~V MRMK]\QÎ a UIVLIZn
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IT LM]LWZ I TI [Q\]IKQ~V IV\MZQWZ IT QVQKQW LMT XZWKM[W MRMK]\Q^W a KWVLMVIVLW MV KW[\I[ IT
demandante.
3.1.4.7 Los recursos

)LUQ\MVIXMTIKQ~VMVMTXZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^WTI[MV\MVKQIY]M[MXZWV]VKQM[WJZMTIWXW[QKQ~V
LMTLMUIVLILWIZ\!aMTI]\WY]MZMKPIKMTI\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMTILMUIVLIIZ\
-V ZMITQLIL TI IXMTIKQ~V [M ZQOM XWZ TI[ LQ[XW[QKQWVM[ OMVMZITM[ MV TI UI\MZQI Y]M
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V IT XZWKM[W 8WZ M[M UW\Q^W KWV[QLMZIUW[ Y]M \IUJQuV ILUQ\M IXMTIKQ~V TI [MV\MVKQI
XZWV]VKQILI IV\M TI NIT\I LM WXW[QKQ~V LMT LMUIVLILW X]M[\W Y]M XWVM V IT XZWKM[W
MRMK]\Q^W a LI T]OIZ I TI MRMK]KQ~V NWZbW[I# I]VY]M ZM[]T\I LQNyKQT QUIOQVIZ ]V N]VLIUMV\W
ZIbWVIJTM XIZI IXMTIZ LQKPI [MV\MVKQI X]MLM LIZ[M MT KI[W LM ]V MZZWZ Y]M TTM^M I
KWV[QLMZIZM`\MUXWZnVMITIWXW[QKQ~VLML]KQLIMV\QMUXWPnJQT<IUJQuVILUQ\MIXMTIKQ~V
501

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Y]M TI [MV\MVKQI Y]M KWV[\I\I TI NIT\I LM []J[IVIKQ~V LM TW[ LMNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ ITMOILW[
por el demandado.
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Y]M LM\MZUQVI MT ZMKPIbW LM M[\M ZMK]Z[W MV MT XZWKM[W MRMK]\Q^W XWZY]M TI [MV\MVKQI VW
XI[I MV I]\WZQLIL LM KW[I R]bOILI UI\MZQIT [IT^W K]IVLW TI XZM\MV[Q~V MRMK]\QÎ [M N]VLM
MV\y\]TW[ÎTWZM[K]M[\Q~VITIY]MPIZMUW[ZMNMZMVKQIIKWV\QV]IKQ~V
(FDFLDGHODVHQWHQFLD
-V K]IV\W I TI MKIKQI LM TI [MV\MVKQI LQK\ILI MV MT XZWKM[W MRMK]\Q^W LMJMZn M[\IZ[M I
TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW KWV IZZMOTW IT K]IT VW XZWL]KQZn MNMK\W LM KW[I R]bOILI
a LMRIZn M`XMLQ\W MT LMZMKPW LM TI[ XIZ\M[ XIZI KWV\ZW^MZ\QZ TI WJTQOIKQ~V Y]M KI][~ TI
MRMK]KQ~V ;M M`KMX\I LM M[I ZMOTI MT XZWKM[W MRMK]\Q^W N]VLILW MV \y\]TW[ ÎTWZM[ MV MT
K]ITTI[MV\MVKQIXZWL]KQZnTW[MNMK\W[LMKW[IR]bOILI
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MRMK]KQ~V
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LM TI WXW[QKQ~V [QMUXZM Y]M [M W\WZO]M KI]KQ~V XWZ XIZ\M LMT MRMK]\IV\M ;Q TI [MV\MVKQI P]JQMZI M[\QUILW
TI WXW[QKQ~V MT LMUIVLIV\M IT QV\MZXWVMZ TI IXMTIKQ~V XWLZn XMLQZ Y]M [M UIV\MVOIV TW[ MUJIZOW[ a TI[
UMLQLI[LMOIZIV\yIILWX\ILI[I[yKWUWY]M[MILWX\MVTI[Y]MXZWKMLIV#aMTR]MbTWWZLMVIZnLMKWV[QLMZIZTW
XMZ\QVMV\M [QMUXZM Y]M MT LMUIVLIV\M XZM[\M KI]KQ~V []KQMV\MXIZI I[MO]ZIZ TI QVLMUVQbIKQ~V Y]M X]LQMZI
KWZZM[XWVLMZMVKI[WLMY]MTIZM[WT]KQ~VN]MZIKWVZUILI
502

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XTIV\MIZ TI[ XIZ\M[ XIZI KWV\ZW^MZ\QZ TI WJTQOIKQ~V Y]M KI][~ TI MRMK]KQ~V# MV V]M[\ZI
WXQVQ~VM[MV]M^WXZWKM[WXWLZn\MVMZ]VKWV\MVQLWIUXTQWY]MXWLZnKWUXZMVLMZQVKT][W
I[XMK\W[ aI LMJI\QLW[ W Y]M X]LQMZWV [MZ LMJI\QLW[ MV MT XZWKM[W MRMK]\Q^W [QMUXZM Y]M
TI KWV\ZW^MZ[QI M[\u ZMNMZQLI I TI WJTQOIKQ~V Y]M KWV[\Q\]a~ TI KI][I LMT IV\MZQWZ XZWKM[W
MRMK]\Q^W!
,MT UQ[UW UWLW KIJM KWVKT]QZ Y]M MT V]M^W XZWKM[W XWLZn [MZ XTIV\MILW XWZ K]ITY]QMZI
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4I XW[QJQTQLIL LM XTIV\MIZ ]V V]M^W XZWKM[W XW[\MZQWZ IT MRMK]\Q^W LM\MZUQVI TI
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LMTI[[MV\MVKQI[LM[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQIMVTW[XZWKM[W[MRMK]\Q^W[N]VLILW[MV\y\]TW[ÎTWZM[
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! -VMTLMZMKPWUWLMZVW[MM[\IJTMKMY]MTWLMKQLQLWMVR]QKQWMRMK]\Q^W[~TWPIKMKW[IR]bOILINWZUIT[QMVLW
XMZUQ\QLI[]LQ[K][Q~VMVR]QKQWWZLQVIZQWXW[\MZQWZIXWanVLW[MMVMTPMKPWLMY]MTI[]UIZQMLILLMTMRMK]\Q^W
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LMJI\MIXZM[]ZILW-VMTR]QKQWWZLQVIZQW[MX]MLMVIJIZKIZ\WLW[TW[X]V\W[Y]MX]MLIVKWV\ZQJ]QZIUWLQKIZ
TW[ZM[]T\ILW[LMTNITTWMVMTMRMK]\Q^WVWLMJQuVLW[MLMJI\QZIY]MTTI[K]M[\QWVM[LMKQLQLI[XWZKW[IR]bOILIY]M
XWZ[y[WTI[KIZMKMVLMXZWaMKKQ~V[WJZMMTNITTWXZWV]VKQILWMVMTMRMK]\Q^W;ITILMTW+Q^QTLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUI
LM2][\QKQI;IV;ITÎLWZLWKMLM[MX\QMUJZMLM+

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[MP]JQMZIVXZWL]KQLWL]ZIV\MMTR]QKQWMRMK]\Q^W-T2]QKQW-RMK]\Q^WVW[MX]MLMIV]TIZUMLQIV\M]V2]QKQW
;]UIZQW]WZLQVIZQWMV[]KI[WX]M[\ITV]TQLILM[LMKIZnK\MZXZWKM[ITa[~TWX]MLMXMLQZ[MaLMKTIZIZ[MLMV\ZW
LMTUQ[UWXZWKM[WMVMTK]Z[WLMTI[QV[\IVKQI[#MVM[M[MV\QLWTWY]M[MX]MLMKWV\ZW^MZ\QZWI\IKIZITXZWUW^MZ
MT[]UIZQW]WZLQVIZQWZM[XMK\Q^WM[TIÎTQLMbLMTIWJTQOIKQ~VWLMTLWK]UMV\WJI[MLMTIXZM\MV[Q~V;ITILM
TW+Q^QTLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM2][\QKQI;IV;ITÎLWZLMIJZQTLM
! -TKWVKMX\WV]MÎIKKQ~V[QOVQKILMUWLWOMVMZITW\ZIIKKQ~VMVY]M[MX]MLI^MV\QTIZMTUQ[UWX]V\WY]M
[MPILQ[K]\QLWMVR]QKQWMRMK]\Q^WQVLMXMVLQMV\MUMV\MLMY]M[MIMTIK\WZWMTLMUIVLILWX]M[IUJW[\QMVMV
M`XMLQ\W[]LMZMKPWXIZIKWV\ZW^MZ\QZMVR]QKQWTIWJTQOIKQ~VY]MKI][~TIMRMK]KQ~V;ITILMTW+Q^QTLMTI+WZ\M
;]XZMUILM2][\QKQI;IV;ITÎLWZ^MQV\QWKPWLMR]TQWLM+
! -T X]V\W [M ZMMRI MV LQ^MZ[W[ XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[ LM TI +WZ\M ;]XZMUI LM 2][\QKQI KWUW MT Y]M KQ\IUW[ I
KWV\QV]IKQ~V" -V TW[ R]QKQW[ MRMK]\Q^W[ TI QUX]OVIKQ~V ^yI M`\ZIWZLQVIZQI JIRW MT :MK]Z[W LM +I[IKQ~V M[\n
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[MLMRIM`XMLQ\WMTLMZMKPWLMTI[XIZ\M[XIZIKWV\ZW^MZ\QZMVR]QKQW[]UIZQWTIWJTQOIKQ~VUMZKIV\QTY]MKI][~
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demandados o terceros interesado. ;ITILMTW+Q^QTLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM2][\QKQI;IV;ITÎLWZ, dieciocho de
WK\]JZMLMLW[UQTLW[
503
3.2 LOS PROCESOS POSESORIOS

SUMARIO: I. CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES. 1. mbito del proceso po
sesorio. II. PROCEDIMIENTO Y COMPETENCIA: 1. Rechazo de la demanda
posesoria; 2. Actuaciones previas a la audiencia en caso de suspensin de obra
V]MÎ# -UXTIbIUQMV\W LMT LMUIVLILW a WXW[QKQ~V# +WUXIZMKMVKQI I TI
I]LQMVKQI#;MV\MVKQIaZMK]Z[W[R]LQKQITM[

La nueva legislacin procesal civil y mercantil salvadorea retoma el tipo de proceso
XW[M[WZQW MT K]IT aI ^MVQI ZMO]TILW MV MT IZ\ +8+ KWUW ]VI M[XMKQM LM R]QKQW
LM TI[ LQ[\QV\I[ KTI[QKIKQWVM[ UIVMRI XWZ IY]MT K]MZXW VWZUI\Q^W 0IKQMVLW UMUWZQI
IT UQ[UW [M TM I\ZQJ]yI XWZ WJRM\W TI KWV[MZÎKQ~V W ZM[\Q\]KQ~V LM TI XW[M[Q~V# I [] ^Mb [M
TM LQ^QLyI MV MT R]QKQW LM IUXIZW LM XW[M[Q~V a MT R]QKQW LM LM[XWRW -V OMVMZIT MT R]QKQW
XW[M[WZQWKWV]VIXZM\MV[Q~VM[XMKyKI[MMVUIZKIJILMV\ZWLMTIM[\Z]K\]ZILMTZMKWZLILW
R]QKQW[]UIZQW
-VTIIK\]ITQLILKWVTIMV\ZILIMV^QOMVKQILMT+8+5MTXZWKM[WXW[M[WZQWVW[MIXIZ\I
LM IY]MTTI \uKVQKI TMOQ[TI\QÎ LM ZMKWVWKMZTM KWUW ]V XZWKM[W M[XMKQIT KWV XZM\MV[QWVM[
XZWXQI[# I]VY]M [QMUXZM LM TI UIVW KWV ]VI M[\Z]K\]ZI XIZITMTI [QMVLW M[\I TI ILWXKQ~V
del proceso abreviado.
3.2.1.1 mbito del proceso posesorio

-TnUJQ\WLMIXTQKIKQ~VLMTXZWKM[W[]UIZQWLMIK]MZLWITIZ\+8+5[MTMQVKT]aM
TI XZW\MKKQ~V R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT LM TI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ XW[M[WZQI[ KWUXZMVLQLI[ MV TW[ IZ\[ !
IT!++,MJQLWITIZMUQ[Q~VLMTIKQ\ITMOQ[TI\QÎQVLQKILIM[Y]MTIV]MÎTMOQ[TIKQ~V
XZWKM[IT [M M`XZM[I KWUW" 4W[ XZWKM[W[ XW[M[WZQW[ IXIZMV\nVLW[M KWUW [Q N]MZIV ÎZQW[
\QXW[LMXZWKM[W[LMVI\]ZITMbIXW[M[WZQIK]IVLWMVZMITQLILM[]VW[~TW\QXWLMXZWKM[W
pero con varias clases de pretensiones.
3.2.2 Procedimiento y competencia

:MQ\MZIVLWTWLQKPWMVXnZZINW[IV\MZQWZM[MTXZWKM[WXW[M[WZQWVWK]MV\IKWV]VIM[\Z]K\]ZI
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u[\MMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW#XWZ\ITZIb~VMVKILIWKI[Q~VY]MTITMaXZWKM[IT[MZMMZI[WJZM
ITOVXZWKMLQUQMV\WLILWITINWZUIIJZM^QILIMTQV\uZXZM\MLMJMZnMV\MVLMZY]MMTUQ[UW
XWLZn[MZIXTQKIJTMITXZWKM[WXW[M[WZQW
4WM`XTQKILWITUWUMV\W[MZMO]TIM`XZM[IUMV\MI\ZIû[LMTIZMUQ[Q~VPMKPIXWZMTIZ\
QVKQ[W +8+5 TI IXTQKIKQ~V LM TI M[\Z]K\]ZI IJZM^QILI VW M[ \W\ITUMV\M X]ZI MV
^QZ\]LY]MTIUQ[UIVWZUIR]ZyLQKIKWUMV\ILIZMKWVWKMY]MLMJQLWITIVI\]ZITMbILMTI[
504

XZM\MV[QWVM[ XZW\MOQLI[ [M TM LW\I LM ITO]VI[ M[XMKQKIKQWVM[ I]VY]M [QV IXIZ\IZ[M LM TI
estructura principal.
0IJQMVLWZMITQbILWTI[IKTIZIKQWVM[XZM^QI[ZM[XMK\WIT\QXWLMXZWKMLQUQMV\WIXTQKIJTMIT
XZWKM[W []UIZQW LM IPWZI MV ILMTIV\M M[ NnKQTUMV\M KWUXZMV[QJTM TI ZMLIKKQ~V LM KQMZ\I[
VWZUI[ XZWKM[ITM[ K]IVLW [M \]^W MT K]QLILW IT UWUMV\W LM ZMLIK\IZ[M [M ]\QTQbI TI
M`XZM[Q~V MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W IJZM^QILW \ZI\IVLW LM QVKT]QZ[M Y]M MV M[M []X]M[\W IJIZKI
VW [~TW IT XZWKM[W LMKTIZI\Q^W IJZM^QILW XZWXQIUMV\M LQKPW# [Q VW ILMUn[ I TW[ XZWKM[W[
M[XMKQITM[ ZMOQLW[ JIRW M[\I M[\Z]K\]ZI MV\ZM M[\W[ MT XZWKM[W XW[M[WZQW IPWZI MV M[\]LQW
+WUWMRMUXTW[LMTI\uKVQKITMOQ[TI\QÎ]\QTQbILI[MKQ\IVTW[IZ\yK]TW[QVKQ[W#QVKQ[W
#aMT\WLW[LMT+8+5!
4I KWUXM\MVKQI WJRM\QÎ LMT XZWKM[W XW[M[WZQW M[ I\ZQJ]QLI IT KWVWKQUQMV\W LMT R]Mb LM
XZQUMZIQV[\IVKQILMTT]OIZLWVLM[MMVK]MV\ZM]JQKILWMTJQMVLMIK]MZLWITWM[KZQ\WMV
MTIZ\QVKQ[W+8+54IIV\MZQWZIZUIKQ~VM[QVQKQITUMV\MZMOQ[\ZILIMVMTIZ\
WZLQVITLMTUQ[UWK]MZXWLMTMa
>ITMTIXZMKQ[Q~VY]MITW[R]MKM[LMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIITW[K]ITM[[MZMMZMVTI[VWZUI[LM
^WKIKQ~VWZOnVQKI[WVIY]MTTW[R]MKM[M[XMKQITQbILW[Y]MPIV[QLWKZMILW[KWVTI^QOMVKQI
LMT+8+5K]aILMVWUQVIKQ~VM[TILMR]MbKQ^QTaUMZKIV\QTWJQMVITW[aIM`Q[\MV\M[
R]MKM[LMTWKQ^QTR]MKM[LMTWUMZKIV\QTaR]MKM[LMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIKWVKWUXM\MVKQIMVTW
KQ^QTaUMZKIV\QT)Y]y[MM`KT]aMVXIZITI\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMTXZWKM[WXW[M[WZQWXWZLQ[XW[QKQ~V
LMTMaZMKQuVZMNWZUILIITW[R]MKM[LMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQILMUMVWZK]IV\yI
En cuanto a la postulacin en los procesos posesorios debe reconocerse la aplicacin de la
VWZUI OMVMZIT [WJZM TI KWUXIZMKMVKQI XZMKMX\QÎ XWZ UMLQW LM IJWOILW IT QO]IT Y]M MT
ZM[\WLMXZWKM[W[M[XMKQITM[\WUIVLWMVK]MV\ITWM[\IJTMKQLWMVMTIZ\+8+5
3.2.2.1 Rechazo de la demanda posesoria

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conviene traer a cuenta algunos tpicos de la peticin inicial.
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ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W Y]M LMJM K]UXTQZ XZQVKQXITUMV\M KWV TI[ M`QOMVKQI[ NQRILI[ XIZI TI
LMUIVLI [QUXTQKILI ZMO]TILI MV MT IZ\ a []J[QLQIZQIUMV\M K]UXTQZ TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[
M[\IJTMKQLW[MVTILMUIVLILMTXZWKM[WKWUVIZ\MVTWY]MN]MZMIXTQKIJTM8IZ\QMVLW
LMT K]UXTQUQMV\W LM TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ LM TI LMUIVLI MT R]Mb MV MT XTIbW LM KQVKW LyI[ [IJZn
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XW[M[WZQWLMV\ZWLMTIM[\Z]K\]ZILMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WIJZM^QILW#\IUJQuVLMJMVMV\MVLMZ[MKWUWKQZK]V[KZQ\I[a
IXTQKIJTM[ITXW[M[WZQWIY]MTTI[W\ZI[VWZUI[Y]M[MM`XZM[MV[~TWKWUWXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW
505

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,MV\ZWTIQVNWZUIKQ~VILQKQWVITIKITQKIZR]LQKQITUMV\MaRILIMVMTIZ\[M\ZI\ILMT
K]UXTQUQMV\W LM TW[ XTIbW[ XIZI QVKWIZ TI LMUIVLI XW[M[WZQI MV XZM\MV[QWVM[ M[XMKQKI[
siendo estas las siguientes:
I
+]IVLW [M XZM\MVLI KWV[MZÎZ W ZMK]XMZIZ TI XW[M[Q~V LM JQMVM[ ZIyKM[ W LM
LMZMKPW[ ZMITM[ KWV[\Q\]QLW[ MV MTTW[ [Q [M QVKWIZMV ]VI ^Mb \ZIV[K]ZZQLW MT XTIbW
LM ]V I}W KWV\ILW I XIZ\QZ LMT UWUMV\W MV Y]M \]^W T]OIZ TI XMZ\]ZJIKQ~V W MT
LM[XWRW
J
+]IVLW[MXZM\MVLITI[][XMV[Q~VLM]VIWJZI[Qu[\IP]JQMZIVITQbILWWP]JQM[M
transcurrido el plazo de tres meses LM[LM Y]M MT IK\WZ KWVWKQMZI TI M`Q[\MVKQI
de la obra.
-V IUJW[ []X]M[\W[ M[XMKyKW[ LM ZMKPIbW \QMVMV Y]M ^MZ KWV XTIbW[ LM KIL]KQLIL
XIZI QV\MZXWVMZ TI LMUIVLI XW[M[WZQI#! MV ]VW a W\ZW KI[W [M TM[ LMJM ZMKPIbIZ XWZ
QUXZWXWVQJQTQLIL ;]UILW[ I TW[ IV\MZQWZM[ KI[W[ [WV TW[ UMVKQWVILW[ MV MT IZ\ MV
virtud de su condicin supletoria.
Lo no dicho al momento es con referencia a la inclusin de la inadmisibilidad como tipo
LM ZMKPIbW XIZI TI LMUIVLI XW[M[WZQI M[\W [M ZM[XWVLM LM UIVMZI [MVKQTTI =\QTQbIVLW
TI QV\MOZIKQ~V XIZI TW[ XZWKM[W[ M[XMKQITM[ Y]M ZQOMV [][ LM[\QVW[ XWZ MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W
IJZM^QILWIXTQKIZMUW[TWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\+8+5
<IT VWZUI QVLQKI Y]M NZMV\M I TI XZM[MVKQI LM LMNMK\W[ []J[IVIJTM[ [M IL^MZ\QZn IT
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+]ITY]QMZI \QXW LM ZMKPIbW LM TI LMUIVLI [MI TI QUXZWXWVQJQTQLIL W QVILUQ[QJQTQLIL LM
TI UQ[UI MV IUJI[ [M OMVMZI ]V MNMK\W KWUV TI VITQbIKQ~V IV\QKQXILI LMT XZWKM[W XWZ
ministerio de ley.
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LMVQ\Q^W Y]M KWV\QMVMV TW[ ZMKPIbW[ 4W KWV\ZW^MZ[QIT LMT \MUI LM TI QUX]OVIKQ~V M[
XWZY]M[MIJZMTILQ[a]V\QÎ[QIUJW[\QXW[LMZMKPIbW[TM[ZQOMTIUQ[UIZMOTIOMVMZITLM
TI XZWKMLMVKQI LM TI IXMTIKQ~V IT XZM\MVLMZ QUX]OVIZ ]V I]\W LMVQ\Q^W# W JQMV [Q XIZI TI
QVILUQ[QJQTQLIL [M IXTQKI TI ZMOTI M[XMKQIT Y]M [~TW XZWKMLM TI ]\QTQbIKQ~V LMT ZMK]Z[W LM
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8TI\MILITIKWV\ZW^MZ[QIM[XZMKQ[W\WUIZJIVLMZIJIRW]VI[WTI\MVLMVKQI7J[MZÎVLWMT
Uu\WLWLMQV\MOZIKQ~VIVIT~OQKILMTITMaXZWKM[ITMTVM`WTMOITM[\IJTMKQLWM`XZM[IUMV\M
MV\ZMMTXZWKM[WXW[M[WZQWaMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWLMIPyY]MITKWUMV\IZTIQVILUQ[QJQTQLIL
! ,756/=-B57A)7La Tutela Sumaria para Retener y Recobrar la PosesinXX!a!
506

LM TI LMUIVLI XW[M[WZQI VW[ [Q\]MUW[ MV MT IZ\ MT K]IT MV [] \M`\W VW M`XZM[I
alteracin alguna sobre las reglas generales de la impugnacin en el tema de los rechazos
de la demanda.
-V KWV[MK]MVKQI \IV\W TI QUXZWXWVQJQTQLIL KWUW TI QVILUQ[QJQTQLIL LM TI LMUIVLI [WV
IXMTIJTM[XWZMVKWV\ZIZ[MKWV\MVQLW[MV]VI]\WLMVQ\Q^W
3.2.2.2 Actuaciones previas a la audiencia en caso de suspensin de obra

nueva
Una de las particularidades propias en el proceso posesorio consiste en anticipar algunas
IK\]IKQWVM[ R]LQKQITM[ XZM^QI[ I TI KMTMJZIKQ~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI IT \ZI\IZ[M LM LM\MZUQVILI[
XZM\MV[QWVM[ MV\ZM TI[ Y]M [M UMVKQWVIV TI[ [QO]QMV\M[" 4I [][XMV[Q~V LM WJZI V]MÎ MT
ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W R]LQKQIT a MT ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W XMZQKQIT W IUJW[ LM TI UIVMZI ZMO]TILI
MV MT IZ\ +8+5 )]VY]M M[ LM IL^MZ\QZ Y]M TW ZMNMZMV\M I XZIK\QKI LM TW[ UMLQW[
XZWJI\WZQW[ VW XW[MM QVOZMLQMV\M[ LQ[\QV\Q^W[ XWZY]M TW[ UQ[UW[ IXIZMKMV XIZI \WLW[ TW[
XZWKM[W[ Y]M [M ZQOMV JIRW TW[ XZWKMLQUQMV\W[ IJZM^QILW[ LM TI UIVMZI Y]M QVLQKI MT IZ\
+8+5
Realmente lo novedoso en este apartado viene a serlo la suspensin de una obra nueva;
[MOV [] \ZI\IUQMV\W TMOIT XW[MM TI[ KIZIK\MZy[\QKI[ XZWXQI[ LM ]VI UMLQLI KI]\MTIZ K]aW
WZQOMV [M LM[XZMVLM LMT IZ\ +8+5 -[\I IK\]IKQ~V XZM^QI KWUMV\ILI [M LM[XIKPI
UMLQIV\M]VZMY]MZQUQMV\WLQZQOQLWL]M}WWMVKIZOILWLMTIZMITQbIKQ~VLMTIWJZIKWVTI
QV\MVKQ~VY]M[][XMVLITIKWV\QV]IKQ~VLMTIUQ[UI
-T ZMY]MZQUQMV\W LM IK]MZLW IT KI[W VW LMXMVLMZn LM TI J]MVI ^WT]V\IL LMT L]M}W
W MVKIZOILW LM TI WJZI XIZI MT K]UXTQUQMV\W LM TI [][XMV[Q~V XWZ MTTW TW[ R]MKM[
perfectamente pueden solicitar la colaboracin de las autoridades policiales para darle
MNMK\Q^QLILITUIVLI\WR]LQKQIT[MOVMT\M`\WLMTIZ\+8+5
3.2.2.3 Emplazamiento del demandado y oposicin

+WUWX]MLM^MZ[MMVTIVWZUIXMZ\QVMV\MMVMTXZWKM[WXW[M[WZQWM`Q[\MMTMUXTIbIUQMV\W
LMTLMUIVLILWILQNMZMVKQILMTW[XZWKM[W[[][\MV\ILW[XWZTW[XZWKMLQUQMV\W[IJZM^QILW[
en los cuales se suprime dicha etapa; pues una vez admitida la demanda se convoca a la
ZMITQbIKQ~VLMTII]LQMVKQIMRMZKQuVLW[MXTIV\MnVLW[MTILMNMV[IMVTIUQ[UII]LQMVKQILM
NWZUIWZIT[QVXZMKMLMZ]VIKWV\M[\IKQ~VM[KZQ\IITILMUIVLI[MOVMTIZ\+8+5
-T MUXTIbIUQMV\W IJZM IT LMUIVLILW MT LMZMKPW I MRMZKMZ TI LMNMV[I M[KZQ\I MV MT XZWKM[W
XW[M[WZQW [MI KWV\M[\IVLW ] WXWVQuVLW[M I TI LMUIVLI [MOV [MI MT \QXW LM XZM\MV[Q~V
posesoria. El plazo para presentar el escrito de contestacin u oposicin a la demanda es de
LQMbLyI[PnJQTM[KWV\ILW[ITLyI[QO]QMV\MLMTZMKQJWLMTIKWU]VQKIKQ~V
4I]\QTQbIKQ~VLMTXTIbWLMKWV\M[\IKQ~V]WXW[QKQ~VLMTILMUIVLILMXMVLMZnMTKIUQVWI
seguir en el desarrollo del procedimiento posesorio de la manera siguiente:
507

I
8ZM[MV\IKQ~V LM TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V WXWVQuVLW[M I TI LMUIVLI ;Q MT LMUIVLILW
QV\MZXWVM MT M[KZQ\W WXWVQuVLW[M I TI ZMKTIUIKQ~V XW[M[WZQI LMV\ZW LMT XTIbW
KWVKMLQLW QVUMLQI\IUMV\M PIJQTQ\I I TI KWV^WKI\WZQI UMLQIV\M KQ\IKQ~V I TW[
IJWOILW[LMTI[XIZ\M[XIZIY]MKWUXIZMbKIVITII]LQMVKQIIZ\QVKQ[WXIZ\M
VIT+8+5
J
7UQ[Q~V LM XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W LMT LMUIVLILW ;Q MT LMUIVLILW LMRI \ZIV[K]ZZQZ
MTXTIbW[QVUIVQNM[\IZ[]XW[QKQ~V[QVUn[\ZnUQ\M[MLQK\I[MV\MVKQIM[\QUI\WZQI
XWZ M[KZQ\W MV MT XTIbW R]LQKQIT LM Y]QVKM LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ IT^MVKQUQMV\W LMT XTIbW
KWVKMLQLWITLMUIVLILWIZ\[QVKQ[Wa+8+5
3.2.2.4 Comparecencia a la audiencia

0IJQMVLW XZM[MV\ILW MT LMUIVLILW WXW[QKQ~V M[KZQ\I KWUW [M LQRW [M KQ\I I TI I]LQMVKQI
I TI[ XIZ\M[ ,M TI KWUXIZMKMVKQI LM IY]MTTI[ LMXMVLM TI ZMITQbIKQ~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI a TW[
MNMK\W[ Y]M X]MLIV XZWL]KQZ[M )T ZM[XMK\W TI[ VWZUI[ ZMTI\QÎ[ IT XZWKM[W XW[M[WZQW [~TW
ZMO]TIV MT []X]M[\W LM QVKWUXIZMKMVKQI LMT LMUIVLILW [QV ITMOIZ R][\I KI][I MT R]Mb
XI[IZnILQK\IZ[MV\MVKQIM[\QUI\WZQIIZ\QVKQ[W+8+5
Con la intencin de completar el panorama de los supuestos de incomparecencia de las
XIZ\M[ LMJMV [MZ QLMV\QKILW[ IY]MTTW[ 1VQKQITUMV\M ZM^Q[IZMUW[ MT \M`\W LMT IZ\
\Q\]TILWQVKWUXIZMKMVKQILMTI[XIZ\M[[Q\]ILWMVTI[ZMOTI[OMVMZITM[LMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW
-VTIKQ\ILIVWZUIN]VLIUMV\ILWZILMTXZWKM[WXW[M[WZQWZMKWVWKMMTZM[\WLM[]X]M[\W[LM
QVKWUXIZMKMVKQIY]MIXTQKILW[IV]M[\ZII]LQMVKQILMTW[K]ITM[[MXTIV\MIVTW[[QO]QMV\M["
I
1VKWUXIZMKMVKQILMTLMUIVLIV\M[MTM\MVLZnXWZLM[Q[\QLI[]LMUIVLI[QMUXZM
Y]M MT LMUIVLILW VW ITMOIZM QV\MZu[ TMOy\QUW MV TI KWV\QV]IKQ~V LMT XZWKM[W
posesorio.
J
1VKWUXIZMKMVKQILMTLMUIVLIV\MXMZWMTLMUIVLILWITMOIZMQV\MZu[TMOy\QUWMVTI
KWV\QV]IKQ~VLMTXZWKM[W*IRWM[\I[]X]M[\W[MQV[\ITIZnTII]LQMVKQIKWVTIVQKI
intervencin del demandado.
K
+]IVLWIUJI[XIZ\M[MT2]MbXWVLZnVITXZWKM[W[QVUn[\ZnUQ\MUMLQIV\MI]\W
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+WVK]ZZQMVLWK]ITY]QMZILMTW[[]X]M[\W[Y]MXMZUQ\IQV[\ITIZTII]LQMVKQI[MLM[IZZWTTIZn
KWVNWZUMITWLQ[X]M[\WXIZIMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WIJZM^QILW\IV\WMV[][LQ[\QV\I[VITQLILM[
como en la intervencin de los abogados de las partes.
3.2.2.5 Sentencia y recursos judiciales

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508

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I]LQMVKQI[MOVMTIZ\KWVZMTIKQ~VITIZ\+8+5
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Y]M [M ZMKTIUI [W[\QMVM TI TMa XZWKM[IT VW XZWL]KQZn MNMK\W[ LM KW[I R]bOILI LMRIVLW
I [IT^W MT LMZMKPW LM TI[ XIZ\M[ XIZI IK]LQZ IT XZWKM[W LMKTIZI\Q^W KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M I[y
[M LM[XZMVLM LM TI TMK\]ZI LMT IZ\ )]VY]M M[ LM IL^MZ\QZ Y]M ZMITUMV\M TI V]MÎ
TMOQ[TIKQ~V XZWKM[IT KQ^QT TW Y]M M[\I ZMO]TIVLW M[ MT MNMK\W LM TI KW[I R]bOILI NWZUIT LM
TIUIVMZIY]M[MKWUMV\WMVMTIXIZ\ILW[WJZMTIKW[IR]bOILIXWZTWY]MZMKWUMVLIUW[
la remisin al tema.
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C.P.C.M.
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509
3.3 LOS PROCESOS DE INQUILINATO

SUMARIO: I. CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES: 1. mbito del proceso de
QVY]QTQVI\W118:7+-,151-6<7/-6-:)4A+758-<-6+1)",MUIVLI
LMQVY]QTQVI\WILUQ[Q~VaZMKPIbW[;MV\MVKQIaZMK]Z[W[MVW\ZW[XZWKM[W[LM
QVY]QTQVI\W1118:7+-;7,-,-;7+=8)+1687:+)=;),-57:)"
,M[IP]KQWa[WJZM[MQUQMV\W;MV\MVKQIaZMK]Z[W[R]LQKQITM[1>8:7+-;7,-
,-;7+=8)+1687:7*:);-6-4165=-*4-":MY]Q[Q\W[M[XMKQITM[LM
admisibilidad de la demanda. V. PROCESO DE DESOCUPACIN POR RUINA
O INSALUBRIDAD: 1. Contenido de sentencia.

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reducido a las pretensiones basadas en el arrendamiento para vivienda. Esta reduccin es
VW\IJTMIT[MZKWUXIZILIITW[[]X]M[\W[QVKT]QLW[MVMTIZ\41VY
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3.3.1.1 mbito del proceso de inquilinato

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a los arrendamientos y subarrendamientos de inmuebles.
510

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del inmueble arrendado por causa de mora.
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3.3.2 Procedimiento general y competencia

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del mismo cuerpo de ley procesal.
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contenido de la norma general sobre la promocin de procesos por medio del abogado
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establecido en el art. 67 C.P.C.M.
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sobre la terminacin del contrato de arrendamiento de vivienda se deba a la falta de pago
511

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3.3.2.1 Demanda de inquilinato, admisin y rechazos

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512

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3.2.2.2 Sentencia y recursos en otros procesos de inquilinato

A diferencia de las sentencias pronunciadas en los procesos de desocupacin por causa de
UWZIXWZWJZI[MVMTQVU]MJTMXWZZ]QVIWQV[IT]JZQLILITI[K]ITM[[MTM[VQMOIMTMNMK\W
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3.3.3 Proceso de desocupacin por causa de mora

3.3.3.1 Desahucio y sobreseimiento
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C.P.C.M.
3.3.3.2 Sentencia y recursos judiciales

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):)/76-;-;5):<16-B;Los Procesos Declarativos Ordinarios (Procesos ordinarios y sus especialidades),X

/75-B+7475-:24El Nuevo Proceso Civil, (Ley 1/2000).))>>X !a!-TI]\WZKQ\ILWKWUMV\ITI
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M[\ITILMXIOWITIT]bLMTI4MaLM-R]QKQIUQMV\W+Q^QTM[XI}WTI
513

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recurso alguno.
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continuacin es la casacin.
3.3.4 Proceso de desocupacin por obras en el inmueble

3.3.4.1 Requisitos especiales de admisibilidad de la demanda
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plano completo de las obras a realizarse en la vivienda y la consignacin de una cantidad
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Comentemos brevemente cada uno de ellos.
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desocupacin del inmueble.
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sustentaron la pretensin.
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514
3.3.5 Proceso de desocupacin por ruina o insalubridad

3.3.5.1 Contenido de sentencia
Los procesos por desocupacin por ruina se encuentran comprendido en los procesos de
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515
3.4 LOS PROCESOS MONITORIOS

Santiago Garderes
SUMARIO: I. Introduccin. II. El proceso monitorio por deudas de dinero. III.
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3.4.1 Introduccin
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iniciativa del contradictorio.
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MVM[M[MV\QLWTW[QO]QMV\M"
Entre las diversas formas de procesos especiales de cognicin tpicamente preordenados a la
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516

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TI WXWZ\]VQLIL LM IJZQZ MT KWV\ZILQK\WZQW a XWZ KWV[QO]QMV\M TI QVQKQI\QÎ LM XZW^WKIZTW
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I ]V \y\]TW MRMK]\Q^W# XWZ MT UMLQW Y]M M[ MT LM QV^MZ\QZ PIKQuVLWTI XI[IZ LMT IK\WZ IT
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MT +/8 =Z]O]Ia# I]VY]M M[ XZMKQ[W IKTIZIZ Y]M MT UWVQ\WZQW LMT +8+5 XZM[MV\I
importantes diferencias respecto del regulado en el Cdigo Modelo.
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prueba testimonial en etapa preliminar o preparatoria. El procedimiento presenta las siguientes caractersticas:
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MV OMVMZIT MT XZWKM[W UWVQ\WZQW [M IXTQKI IT KWJZW LM LM]LI[ LQVMZIZQI[ I]VY]M ITO]VW[
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de acciones de condena.
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esas obligaciones.
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TI UMZI ITMOIKQ~V LM TW[ PMKPW[ KWV[\Q\]\Q^W[ LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V [QVW Y]M LMJMZn XZWJIZ[M
documentalmente el fundamento de la pretensin; si el deudor formula oposicin dentro del
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la obligacin.
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en el mismo proceso.
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instancia de menor cuanta.
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siguientes.
3.4.2 El proceso monitorio por deudas de dinero

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verosmil el hecho litigioso.
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electrnico.
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acreditan relaciones entre acreedor y deudor.
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cuanta.
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C.P.C.M. El rechazo de la solicitud no priva al acreedor de perseguir el cobro de la deuda
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ZMY]MZQUQMV\W LM XIOW W VW KWUXIZMKQMZM MT ;MKZM\IZQW R]LQKQIT LQK\IZn LMKZM\W LIVLW
XWZ \MZUQVILW MT XZWKM[W KWUV a LIZn \ZI[TILW IT IKZMMLWZ XIZI Y]M QV[\M MT LM[XIKPW
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\MVLZnTIKIZOILMQV[\IZMTLM[XIKPWLMMRMK]KQ~VQVKT]QLWMTMUJIZOW[QVWTW[WTQKQ\~aI
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LM]LWZIMUJIZOIZ[QMTIKZMMLWZVWTW[PILM[QOVILWXZM^QIUMV\M
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,M[XIKPILI MRMK]KQ~V XZW[MO]QZn u[\I KWVNWZUM I TW LQ[X]M[\W XIZI TI LM [MV\MVKQI[
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[MWJ\]^QMZMIZ\ 4-+
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MTLM]LWZY]MZMY]MZQLWITMNMK\WVWXIOIVQNWZU]TIWXW[QKQ~VLMV\ZWLMTXTIbWTMOITVW
XWLZnT]MOWQV^WKIZMVNI[MLMMRMK]KQ~VTW[UW\Q^W[Y]MX]LWaLMJQ~ITMOIZXIZIWXWVMZ[M
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LM MRMK]KQ~V a VW IT LWK]UMV\W MV Y]M [M N]VL~ TI [WTQKQ\]L a ZMY]MZQUQMV\W LM XIOW LMT
proceso monitorio.
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XWVQuVLWTWMVKWVWKQUQMV\WLMTR]MbY]QMVXZM^QIIXZWJIKQ~VLMTXIOWLQK\IZnZM[WT]KQ~V
Y]M XWVOI V IT XZWKMLQUQMV\W a WZLMVM MT IZKPQ^W LM TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[ IZ\ ! -T
XIOW XWLZn PIKMZ[M LQZMK\IUMV\M IT IKZMMLWZ W MV MT \ZQJ]VIT ;Q JQMV VW M[\n XZM^Q[\W
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pago y archivo de las actuaciones.
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TI[ ZMOTI[ LMT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW IZ\ ! 4I 4-+ IV\MKMLMV\M QVUMLQI\W LMT XZWKM[W
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reclamada.
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motivos de oposicin.
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pruebas correspondientes.
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y monto de la obligacin.
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en el proceso abreviado tramitado a consecuencia de la oposicin del deudor.
3.4.3 Monitorio para obligaciones de hacer, no hacer o dar

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525

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de menor cuanta.
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TI [WTQKQ\]L WZLMVIZn ZMY]MZQZ IT LM]LWZ XIZI Y]M MV MT XTIbW LM ^MQV\M LyI[ K]UXTI KWV
TI WJTQOIKQ~V M[XMKyKI Y]M M[ WJRM\W LM TI [WTQKQ\]L W JQMV Y]M KWUXIZMbKI I NWZU]TIZ
WXW[QKQ~V 8WZ ZMUQ[Q~V I TI[ VWZUI[ LMT UWVQ\WZQW XWZ LM]LI[ LM LQVMZW MV ^QZ\]L LM TW
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4.1 CONCEPTO Y FUNDAMENTO DEL DERECHO A IMPUGNAR:

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apunta a dos planos: el teleolgico y el normativo:
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el error judicial#aKWV\ZILM\MZUQVILI[aM^MV\]ITM[[Q\]IKQWVM[LMLM[IR][\MUIVQM[\WMV\ZM
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TIKTn][]TILMTLMZMKPWN]VLIUMV\ITITXZWKM[WLMJQLWZMKIJIJTMLMTIZ\+6aKWV[\Q\]aM
una manifestacin del principio de audiencia; si bien no cabe deducir un modelo concreto
de recurso ex Constitutione LWJTM W \ZQXTM QV[\IVKQI M\K -T IZ\ P LM TI +),0 KWUW
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inadmisin rigurosa o carente de fundamento real.
En cuanto al debido proceso este Tribunal a las nueve horas y tres minutos del da veinticinco de mayo de
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530

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del proceso.
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KWV\ILW[LWVLM"
;M IK]MZLI LIZ QUX]T[W IT XZWKMLQUQMV\W ZM[MZÎVLW XIZI ]V UWUMV\W XW[\MZQWZ TI
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M[Y]MLM[LMTIXMZ[XMK\QÎLMTW[UMLQW[LMQUX]OVIKQ~VMTLMZMKPWLMI]LQMVKQI[MMVK]MV\ZIyV\QUIUMV\M
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conformidad con la normativa constitucional.
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LQRWMVTI[MV\MVKQILMIUXIZWZMNXZWV]VKQILIMTLyILQMKQ[uQ[LMIJZQTLMLW[UQTLW[Y]M"=VI^Mb
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KWVVW\IKQ~VKWV[\Q\]KQWVITauna denegativa del mismo, basada en causa inconstitucional o por la imposicin de requisitos e
interpretaciones impeditivas u obstaculizadoras que resulten innecesarias, excesivas o carezcan de razonabilidad o proporcionalidad
ZM[XMK\WLMTW[VM[Y]MTyKQ\IUMV\MX]MLMXMZ[MO]QZMTTMOQ[TILWZWpor la imposicin de condiciones o consecuencias
meramente limitativas o disuasorias del ejercicio de los medios impugnativos legalmente establecidosLM^QMVMMV^QWTI\WZQILMTI
VWZUI\QÎKWV[\Q\]KQWVIT1\nTQKIa[]JZIaILW[]XTQLW[8IZIMTKI[WKIJM[M}ITIZY]MMTZMK]Z[WLMIXMTIKQ~V
KWV[\Q\]aMXWZMRMUXTWMVV]M[\ZWWZLMVIUQMV\WR]ZyLQKW]VILMTI[KWVKZMKQWVM[LMM[\MLMZMKPWIZMK]ZZQZ
-VZM[]UMVel derecho a los medios impugnativos o derecho a recurrir es un derecho de naturaleza constitucional procesal,
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JQMVTIQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VaIXTQKIKQ~VLMTI[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[Y]MZMO]TIVTW[XZM[]X]M[\W[aZMY]Q[Q\W[M[\IJTMKQLW[XWZ
MTTMOQ[TILWZXIZITI^nTQLIXZWUWKQ~VLMTW[UMLQW[QUX]OVI\Q^W[KWZZM[XWVLMITIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VWZLQVIZQIMTTWVW
WJ[\IXIZIY]MLQKPIKWVKZMKQ~V[MZMITQKMLMKWVNWZUQLILITITMaaITI+WV[\Q\]KQ~VM[\WM[MVTINWZUIUn[
favorable a la efectividad de los derechos fundamentales.
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I[MV\IVLW MV [] .2 1> Y]M" :M[XMK\W IT LMZMKPW I ZMK]ZZQZ W LM IKKM[W I TW[ UMLQW[ QUX]OVI\Q^W[ PI
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KWV[IOZIZ[MMVTITMa]VLM\MZUQVILWUMLQWQUX]OVI\Q^WXIZIMTI\IY]MLM]VIZM[WT]KQ~VLM\ZnUQ\MWLMVQ\QÎ
LMJM XMZUQ\QZ[M I TI XIZ\M IOZI^QILI MT IKKM[W MNMK\Q^W IT UQ[UW KWV TW K]IT [M M[\IZyI \IUJQuV IKKMLQMVLW
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531

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proceso.
;M KWVKMLMV LMZMKPW[ XZWKM[ITM[ I ]VI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ [QV UMZUI LM TW[ LMZMKPW[ LM TI
contraria ni proyectar consecuencias decisorias sobre el resultado del pleito! XWZ TW Y]M
VW IXIZMKM KWVO]ZILW ]V OZIÎUMV IT UMVW[ \IVOQJTM K]aI ZMXIZIKQ~V LMJI XMZUQ\QZ[M
por la va de un recurso.
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WQVIKKQ~VLMTR][\QKQIJTM311.
4.2 CLASES DE RECURSOS:

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ZMK]Z[W[ MV [MV\QLW M[\ZQK\W MT +~LQOW IKWOM TI \ZILQKQWVIT LWJTM KTI[QKIKQ~V LM u[\W[
Y]M^QMVMILQ[\QVO]QZ"
a)
Desde el punto de vista de la atribucin de competencia al propio rgano

judicial autor de la resolucin, o su conferimiento a un rgano distinto
y superior en grado en funcin de la importancia de lo resuelto: se
KWV\MUXTIZM[XMK\QÎUMV\M]VZMK]Z[Wno devolutivoKWUWM[MTLMZM^WKI\WZQI#aLW[
ZMK]Z[W[LM^WT]\Q^W[Y]M[WVTW[LMIXMTIKQ~VaKI[IKQ~V
b)
Desde el punto de vista del alcance revisorio: se habla de recursos ordinarios

K]IVLW TI QUX]OVIKQ~V X]MLM ZMNMZQZ[M I \WLI[ TI[ NIKM\I[ LMT R]QKQW R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT
PMKPW[a,MZMKPW#aLMZMK]Z[W[M`\ZIWZLQVIZQW[MVKIUJQWK]IVLWMTTMOQ[TILWZ
TQUQ\IWJQMVMTMTMVKWLMZM[WT]KQWVM[[][KMX\QJTM[LMIKKMLMZITUQ[UWWJQMV\I[Ia
KQZK]V[KZQJMTI[QVNZIKKQWVM[R]ZyLQKI[WJRM\WLMKWV\ZWTQUXQLQMVLWTILMX]ZIKQ~VLM
W\ZI[Y]M[MM[\QUIVUn[XZWXQI[LMTIQV[\IVKQI8]M[JQMV"LMTXZQUMZ\QXWTW[WV[Q
JQMVMV[]XZWXQIUMLQLITW[LMZM^WKI\WZQIaIXMTIKQ~V#UQMV\ZI[Y]MMTZMK]Z[WLM
KI[IKQ~V[MMZQOMXWZM`KMTMVKQIMVMTVQKWM`\ZIWZLQVIZQW
:M[]T\I\IUJQuVM`\ZIWZLQVIZQIKWVIZZMOTWITW[LW[KZQ\MZQW[M`X]M[\W[ZM[\ZQKKQ~VLMTI[
ZM[WT]KQWVM[aLMTW[UW\Q^W[WKI][I[XIZIQUX]OVIZLM[LMT]MOWTIZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQI
ZUM Y]M [QV MUJIZOW VW M[ ]V ZMK]Z[W MV [MV\QLW XZWXQW [QVW ]V XZWKM[W I]\~VWUW LM
VI\]ZITMbIM[W[yQUX]OVI\QÎKWUW\MVLZMUW[WKI[Q~VLMIVITQbIZUn[ILMTIV\M
! ,MM[\IyVLWTMXWZMRMUXTWTW[I]\W[LMTW[IZ\[ +8+5XWZMTY]M[MKWVKMLIMTKIZnK\MZLMKWILa]ÎV\M

I ]V \MZKMZW XIZI QV\MZ^MVQZ MV MT XZWKM[W I NI^WZ LM TI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ LM ]VI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ KWV[\Q\]QLI#
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realizacin de diligencias preliminares;
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XWLZnXMLQZY]MKWV[\MMVIK\I[]LQ[KWVNWZUQLILIMNMK\WLMIXMTIZKWV\ZITI[MV\MVKQIY]M[MLQK\M
311 >MZIZ\!+8+5TMÎV\IVLWTI[LQTQOMVKQI[XZMTQUQVIZM[IKWZLILI[K]IVLWMTQV\MZM[ILWVWPIKWV[\Q\]QLWTI
KI]KQ~VVMKM[IZQIMVMTXTIbWLMLyI[
532

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R]ZQ[LQKKQWVITM[LM[LMT]MOW[]KQMV\MXIZIIZUWVQbIZTIOIZIV\yILMKWV\ZWTR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT
KWVMTXZQVKQXQWLM[MO]ZQLILR]ZyLQKIY]MQUXWVMTIVMKM[QLILLMY]MTW[XZWKM[W[\MVOIV
]VVITaVW[MPITTMVXMZXM\]IUMV\MIJQMZ\W[I[MO]ZIVLWTIXIKQKIKQ~VLMTKWVQK\WaTI
IXMZ\]ZI[]J[QO]QMV\MLMTI[^yI[LMMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[IY]MLM^QVQMZMVXZMKQ[I[
4.3 PRESUPUESTOS DE PROCEDENCIA:

+WV KIZnK\MZ OMVMZIT PIJTMUW[ LM ZMK]Z[W[ W LM UMKIVQ[UW[ LM ZM[KQ[Q~V LM TI KW[I
R]bOILI M[ XW[QJTM ZMKWVWKMZ PI[\I LW[ XZM[]X]M[\W[ Jn[QKW[ Y]M PIJQTQ\IV IT INMK\ILW
XIZI [] QV\MZXW[QKQ~V \IT KWUW ZMKWOM TI TMa a ZM[]T\I M`QOQJTM MV [IVI T~OQKI R]ZyLQKI" TI
TMOQ\QUIKQ~VaMTOZIÎUMV;WVLW[[Q\]IKQWVM[[]JRM\QÎ[Y]MZM[]T\IVKWVK]ZZMV\M[aY]M
VWX]MLMNITTIZVQVO]VILMTI[LW[-VM[\MUWUMV\WVW[WK]XIUW[LMMÌUQVIZ[]ZMMRW
en el nuevo Cdigo:
4.3.1 Legitimacin:
4.3.1.1 Legitimacin activa:
4W[ UMLQW[ LM QUX]OVIKQ~V KWZZM[XWVLM QV[\IZTW[ I IY]MTTW[ []RM\W[ Y]M X]MLIV
KWV[QLMZIZ[MLQZMK\IUMV\MKWVKMZVQLW[XMZWILMUn[LMM[WXMZR]LQKILW[XWZTIZM[WT]KQ~V
R]LQKQITLQK\ILI4W[MO]VLWQV\MOZIMTZMY]Q[Q\WLMTOZIÎUMVITY]MT]MOWVW[ZMNMZQZMUW[
4WXZQUMZWI\I}MITITMOQ\QUIKQ~VIK\QÎa[MXZMLQKILMY]QMVM[^QVQMVLW[M}ITILW[MVTI
ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT KWUW WJTQOILW[ I [WXWZ\IZ TW[ MNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ a UI\MZQITM[ LMZQÎLW[
LM [] MUQ[Q~V \QMVMV QV\MZu[ R]ZyLQKW MV Y]M [M LMKTIZM [] QVMKIKQI a ZM^WKIKQ~V LM [][
efectos.
)PWZI JQMV Y]QuVM[ [WV M[\I[ XMZ[WVI[' <IV\W MT IZ\ +8+5 MV OMVMZIT KWUW MT
IZ\MVK]IV\WITZMK]Z[WLMKI[IKQ~VaMTIZ\XIZITIZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQIZUM
KWVKMLMVMTLMZMKPWIQUX]OVIZITI[XIZ\M[Y]MPIVZM[]T\ILWINMK\ILI[VMOI\QÎUMV\M
XWZ TI ZM[WT]KQ~V LM Y]M [M \ZI\M *IRW M[\I KI\MOWZyI PIJZMUW[ LM [Q\]IZ MV XZQUMZ
\uZUQVW I Y]QMVM[ PIV IK\]ILW KWUW \ITM[ MV MT XZWKM[W KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M MV MT Y]M ZMKIM
TI ZM[WT]KQ~V QUX]OVILI aI [MI LM[LM ]V XZQVKQXQW KWUW LMUIVLIV\M[ W LMUIVLILW[
W aI [MI QVKWZXWZnVLW[M LM[X]u[ IT UQ[UW TW Y]M XZM[]XWVM Y]M MT R]Mb PI ILUQ\QLW []
XMZ[WVIKQ~V XMZW IV\M[ LM Y]M VITQKM KWUW TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[ IZ\[ ! a W MV []
KI[WKWILa]ÎV\M[KWVQV\MZu[TMOy\QUWIZ\ WQV\MZ^QVQMV\M[XZW^WKILW[IZ\[ a
8MZWMTKWVKMX\WLMXIZ\MITY]MIT]LMVLQKPW[XZMKMX\W[VWX]MLMTQUQ\IZ[MIY]QMVLM
UIVMZIMNMK\QÎITKIVb~M[IKWVLQKQ~VMVMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WXZM^QW[QVWY]MTILQKKQ~VTMOIT
PI LM \WUIZ[M KWV ]V ITKIVKM IUXTQW M[\W M[ \IUJQuV ZM[XMK\W LM Y]QMVM[ XWLyIV PIJMZ
533

[QLW XIZ\M a VW TW N]MZWV XWZ KI][I[ IRMVI[ I [] ^WT]V\IL a I Y]QMVM[ ILMUn[ TI TMa TM[
inviste del derecho a ser odos y en este caso a cuestionar el tenor de la decisin adoptada
a sus espaldas.
-V M[\M [MO]VLW OZ]XW LM TMOQ\QUILW[ IK\Q^W[ [M QV[Q[\M" \IUJQuV XIZ\M MV MT [MV\QLW LM
TW[IZ\[a+8+5KIJMQLMV\QKIZMV\WVKM["
a)
Partes que no actan:Y]QMVM[\MVyIVZMKWVWKQLIXWZMT\ZQJ]VITLMTIKI][ITI

KWVLQKQ~VLMXIZ\MXWZ[MZUQMUJZW[LMTIZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKIUI\MZQITKWV\ZW^MZ\QLI
a [QV MUJIZOW VW IK\]IZWV MV MT XZWKM[W JQMV XWZY]M VW N]MZWV MUXTIbILW[ XWZ
desconocerse absolutamente su paradero o no agotar el tribunal las posibilidades
ZIbWVIJTM[ XIZI I^MZQO]IZTW PIaI UMLQILW J]MVI W UITI NM LM TI XIZ\M IK\WZI
WK]T\IVLW M[W[ LI\W[ MT \ZQJ]VIT \QMVM [QMUXZM MT LMJMZ LM IOW\IZ TI[ XM[Y]Q[I[
LM I^MZQO]IKQ~V Y]M IXIZMbKIV NIK\QJTM[# JQMV XWZY]M N]MZWV MUXTIbILW[ a
^WT]V\IZQIUMV\M LMKQLQMZWV VW KWUXIZMKMZ Y]M I[y P]JQMZM [QLWVW TM[ XZQÎ [~TW
XWZMTTWLMTLMZMKPWIKWUJI\QZTIZM[WT]KQ~VY]MTM[XMZR]LQKI[QTWPIKMVMVXTIbW
;MZnV TI[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ LM KILI KI[W TI[ Y]M LM\MZUQVIZnV [Q TI I][MVKQI LM TI
XMZ[WVILMTLMJI\MXZM^QWPILMIKIZZMIZTIV]TQLILLMTXZWKM[WXMZWMVTWY]MIPWZI
QUXWZ\ILM[\IKIZ\WLW[MTTW[XW[MMVTITMOQ\QUIKQ~VIK\QÎVMKM[IZQIXIZIQUX]OVIZ
la resolucin recada.
b)
Denegacin del carcter de parte: M[\nV TMOQ\QUILW[ \IUJQuV Y]QMVM[ XM[M I

\MVMZLMZMKPWI[MZXIZ\MWZQOQVIZQITQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[VWPIVOWbILWLMM[\IKWVLQKQ~V
-[\W X]MLM []KMLMZ XWZY]M LMJQMVLW IXIZMKMZ KWUW KWLMUIVLILW[ TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[
VMKM[IZQW[ LMT IZ\ +8+5 VW N]MZWV [M}ITILW[ MV MT M[KZQ\W LM LMUIVLI a MT
\ZQJ]VIT VW ZMXIZ~ MV [] M`Q[\MVKQI I XIZ\QZ LM TW[ LWK]UMV\W[ QVKWZXWZILW[ I
TW[ I]\W[ XWZ MR KWV\ZI\W TQ\QOQW[W# JQMV XWZY]M I]V \ZI\nVLW[M LM TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M
voluntario y no resultando necesario por ello mismo su llamamiento para la correcta
KWV[\Q\]KQ~V LM TI ZMTIKQ~V []JRM\QÎ XZWKM[IT TW KQMZ\W M[ Y]M TI XMZ[WVI \]^W
KWVWKQUQMV\WLMTXTMQ\WI\QMUXWMQV\MV\~[]XMZ[WVIKQ~VMVMTUQ[UWTIK]ITVW
obstante le fue denegada incorrectamente por el tribunal.
)M[\MOZ]XW[MZMMZMMTIZ\+8+5ITIT]LQZITW[TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[I]VK]IVLW
no se hubieran convertido en partes. No precisa la ley si el litisconsorcio deriva a
\y\]TWVMKM[IZQWW\IUJQuVNIK]T\I\Q^WXWZTWY]MVWKIJMPIKMZLQ[KZQUQVIKQWVM[
IT ZM[XMK\W a PI LM XMZUQ\QZ[M TI LM K]ITY]QMZI LM MTTW[ [QMUXZM Y]M IKZMLQ\MV []
KWVM`Q~VLQZMK\IKWVMTWJRM\WLMTITQ\Q[
c)
Sucesores procesales: TW[[]RM\W[Y]MKWVXW[\MZQWZQLILIMV\IJTIZ[MTILMUIVLI

se convierten en causahabientes de la relacin material controvertida por acto entre
^Q^W[IZ\ +8+5UWZ\Q[KI][IIZ\ WXWZLQ[WT]KQ~VLMXMZ[WVI[R]ZyLQKI[
IZ\ ! XI[IVLW I [MZ I[y TW[ []KM[WZM[ XZWKM[ITM[ LMT IK\WZ W LMT LMUIVLILW
WZQOQVITM[ ;Q MT \ZQJ]VIT IKKMLM I [] [WTQKQ\]L XIZI WK]XIZ MT T]OIZ LM u[\W[ IV\M[
LM ZMKIMZ [MV\MVKQI [MZnV XIZ\M [QV Un[ \IT KWUW MV MT XZQUMZW LM TW[ []X]M[\W[
IY]yMV]VKQILW[;Q[MNWZU]TITI[WTQKQ\]LR][\WMVMTXTIbWTMOITXIZIQUX]OVIZTI
534

ZM[WT]KQ~V MT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT LMJMZn XZW^MMZ I MTTW a LM IKZMLQ\IZ[M \IT K]ITQLIL
\MVLZnVTMOQ\QUIKQ~V\IUJQuVXIZIQUX]OVIZTIZM[WT]KQ~V
d)
Legitimados indirectos: MV TW[ KI[W[ LWVLM TI TMa XMZUQ\M M`XZM[IUMV\M TI
TTIUILI TMOQ\QUIKQ~V QVLQZMK\I IZ\ IXIZ\ILW [MO]VLW +8+5 MT [][\Q\]\W
XZWKM[IT Y]M XWZ MRMZKQ\IZ TI IKKQ~V MV VWUJZM LMT \Q\]TIZ PI TTMÎLW MT XM[W LMT
XZWKM[W MV TI QV[\IVKQI ZM[XMK\QÎ LQ[XWVLZn M^QLMV\MUMV\M LM TMOQ\QUIKQ~V XIZI
ZMK]ZZQZTI[MV\MVKQIY]MKWV[QLMZMKWV\ZIZQII,MZMKPWI]VY]MTIZMXMZK][Q~VLM
KW[IR]bOILI[MXZWaMK\MIV\M\WLW[WJZMMT\Q\]TIZUI\MZQIT-[\MT\QUWXWZKQMZ\W
TILW XWLZn ZMK]ZZQZ TI [MV\MVKQI [Q [M P]JQMZI XMZ[WVILW KWUW KWILa]ÎV\M KWV
QV\MZu[TMOy\QUWW[Q[WTQKQ\ILQKPIXMZ[WVIKQ~VMVMTXTIbWTMOITXIZIQUX]OVIZTI^MZ
\MUI[WJZMTI[8IZ\M[aTI4MOQ\QUIKQ~VQVLQZMK\I
e)
Extensin subjetiva de la cosa juzgada: \IUXWKW X]MLMV WT^QLIZ[M IY]MTTW[

[]X]M[\W[MVY]MI^QZ\]LLMTIM[XMKQITQLILLMTIUI\MZQITITMaIUXTyIMTM[XMK\ZW
[]JRM\Q^WLMTIKW[IR]bOILIIIY]MTTW[\MZKMZW[Y]MX]MLMVKWV[QLMZIZ[MINMK\ILW[XWZ
TI[MV\MVKQIM[LMKQZY]QMVM[M[\nVWJTQOILW[VW[~TWIIKI\IZu[\IKWUWK]ITY]QMZ
KQ]LILIVW[QVWIKWUXWZ\IZ[MLMIK]MZLWKWVTWQUX]M[\WMVMTNITTWaLM[LMT]MOW
I VW ZMITQbIZ IK\W[ XZWXQW[ LM[\QVILW[ I WJ[\Z]QZ a UMVW[KIJIZ [] MKIKQI" IZ\[
+8+5 +WUW INMK\ILW[ XWZ TI KW[I R]bOILI \QMVMV LMZMKPW I QUX]OVIZ TI
resolucin si la entienden contraria a la legalidad.
f)
Terceros a los que haba de comunicarse el proceso:VITUMV\MPIJZnVLM

\MVMZTMOQ\QUIKQ~VIK\QÎXIZIQUX]OVIZIY]MTTW[\MZKMZW[ITW[Y]MTITMaTM[KWVMZM
LILI[]INMK\IKQ~VZMMRIKWVTI[ZM[]T\I[LMTTQ\QOQWTIXZMZZWOI\QÎLM[MZTMVW\QKILI
TIM`Q[\MVKQILMTXZWKM[WIZ\+8+5[MIY]MI[y[MPQbWXWZMT\ZQJ]VITaKWUW
KWV[MK]MVKQI[MXMZ[WVIZWVXI[IVLWI[MZ]VIXIZ\MUn[[MIY]MVW[MTM[MUXTIb~
a XWZ MTTW UQ[UW QUX]OVIV TI ZM[WT]KQ~V MV XTIbW I V LM XWLMZ [MZ WyLW[ MV TI
instancia superior.
4.3.1.1.2 Legitimacin pasiva:

-V [MLM QUX]OVI\QÎ u[\I MV XZQVKQXQW [M KQZK]V[KZQJM I IY]MTTI[ XMZ[WVI[ I TI[ Y]M MT
~ZOIVWR]LQKQITPIZMKWVWKQLWTIKWVLQKQ~VLMXIZ\MLMV\ZWLMTXZWKM[WVWIIY]MTTI[Y]M
I]V\MVQMVLWLMZMKPWWQV\MZu[TMOy\QUWXIZIXMZ[WVIZ[MVWTWP]JQMZMVPMKPWXWZTIZIb~V
Y]M N]MZM a Y]M XZMKQ[IUMV\M XWZ VW PIJMZ MRMZKQ\ILW [] LMZMKPW I TI QUX]OVIKQ~V VQ
LM UIVMZI WZQOQVIZQI VQ [WJZM^MVQLI XI[IV I]\WUn\QKIUMV\M I \MVMZ MT M[\I\][ LM XIZ\M
QUX]OVILITMOQ\QUIKQ~VXI[QÎM[\WM[[MXZM[]UMY]MLMMVLMVMTUIV\MVQUQMV\WLMTI
LMKQ[Q~V Y]M [M K]M[\QWVI [Q\]IKQ~V Y]M [~TW X]MLMV Y]MJZIZ ITTy LWVLM TI TMa TM[ XMZUQ\M
ZMK]ZZQZ\IZLyIUMV\MILPM[Q~VITIIXMTIKQ~VIZ\+8+5
6W WJ[\IV\M \IUXWKW XWLMUW[ LM[KIZ\IZ Y]M ITO]VI LM TI[ XMZ[WVI[ Y]M VW PIV
QV\MZ^MVQLW KWUW XIZ\M XMZW XWLyIV PIJMZTW PMKPW M[\]^QMZI QV\MZM[ILI MV XMZ[WVIZ[M I
V LM LMNMVLMZ TI KWVZUIKQ~V LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT W [MI XIZI KWV[\Q\]QZ[M MV XIZ\M
QUX]OVILI -V M[I PQX~\M[Q[ VW [WTIUMV\M \MVLZyIV TMOQ\QUIKQ~V XI[QÎ [QVW Y]M u[\I VW
535

\MVLZyIXWZY]uNWZUITQbIZ[MLMUIVMZIVMKM[IZQILMV\ZWLM]VLM\MZUQVILWXTIbWKWUW
WK]ZZMKWVMTTMOQ\QUILWIK\Q^WY]MVWPI[QLWXIZ\MPI[\IIPWZI[QVWMVK]ITY]QMZQV[\IV\M
I TW TIZOW LMT XZWKM[W LM [MO]VLI QV[\IVKQI KI[IKQ~V W ZM^Q[Q~V JQMV Y]M TW[ \ZnUQ\M[ aI
[][\IVKQILW[XIZIM[MUWUMV\WVW\MVLZyIVY]MZMXM\QZ[M[QVWY]M[]IK\]IKQ~V[MTQUQ\IZyI
a los actos pendientes.
;MIKWUWN]MZMITW[TMOQ\QUILW[XI[Q^W[XWZMTPMKPWLM[MZTWVWTM[M[\nXMZUQ\QLW]\QTQbIZ
TW[\ZnUQ\M[LMI]LQMVKQIY]MM`Q[\IVMVM[MXZWKMLQUQMV\WQUX]OVI\WZQWXIZIIZ\QK]TIZ]VI
M[\ZI\MOQIR]ZyLQKILQ[\QV\IITILMTIWXW[QKQ~VLMTKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MZMK]Z[WWUMKIVQ[UWLM
ZM[KQ[Q~V;MIV\WRIZyIXWZMTTWQUXZWKMLMV\MXMLQZTIV]TQLIL\W\ITWXIZKQITLMTIZM[WT]KQ~V
QUX]OVILIaMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITVW^MVLZyI[WUM\QLWITLMJMZLMXZWV]VKQIZ[MZM[XMK\WLM
XZM\MV[QWVM[ Y]M [M LML]KMV N]MZI LM TW[ KI]KM[ TMOITM[ TW Y]M \MVLZyI Y]M M`XTQKIZ[M MV
TI KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M [MV\MVKQI ZM[WT]\WZQI LMT ZMK]Z[W W UMLQW LM ZM[KQ[Q~V XWZ Y]QMV LM \IT
O]Q[IM`\ZITQUQ\~[]KWVLQKQ~VLMTMOQ\QUILWXI[Q^WaI[]UQ~]VZWTY]MMV[]KI[WLMJQ~
MRMZKQ\IZMVMT\ZnUQ\MTMOITXIZIQUX]OVIZTMOQ\QUIKQ~VIK\QÎ
4.3.2 El requisito del gravamen:

2]V\W IT KWVKMX\W LM TMOQ\QUIKQ~V IK\QÎ XMZW KWV [] XZWXQI MV\QLIL [][\IV\QÎ [M ITbI MT
XZM[]X]M[\WWZMY]Q[Q\WLMTOZIÎUMVXIZIQUX]OVIZ^QVK]TIVLWTI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[VMOI\QÎ[
Y]MZM^Q[\MTILMKQ[Q~VILWX\ILIMVZMTIKQ~VKWVTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[[][\MV\ILI[XWZTIXMZ[WVI
MVMTXZWKM[W)uT[MZMMZMMV\uZUQVW[OMVuZQKW[MTIZ\LMT+~LQOW\MVLZnVLMZMKPW
a recurrir las partes gravadasXWZTIZM[WT]KQ~VY]M[MQUX]OVIaaIM[XMKyKIUMV\M\IV\WMT
IZ\XIZIMTZMK]Z[WLMKI[IKQ~VM[\MZMK]Z[W[~TWLMJMZnQV\MZXWVMZ[MXWZTIXIZ\MY]M
recibe agravioXWZTIZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILIKWUWMTIZ\XIZITIZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQI[
ZUM[8WLZn[WTQKQ\IZTIZM^Q[Q~VY]QMVP]JQMZM[QLWXIZ\MperjudicadaXWZTI[MV\MVKQIZUM
QUX]OVILI
;Q VW M`Q[\M OZIÎUMV MT ZMK]Z[W W TI ZM[KQ[Q~V M[\n LM[\QVILI I [MZ QV\QT XWZ VW XZWL]KQZ
VQVOV ZM[]T\ILW MV TI M[NMZI LMT QUX]OVIV\M MT LMZMKPW I QUX]OVIZ LMKIM X]M[ MV MT
WZLMVIUQMV\W R]ZyLQKW TW[ UMLQW[ LM QUX]OVIKQ~V VW ZMXZM[MV\IV UMZW[ QV[\Z]UMV\W[
IJ[\ZIK\W[ LM KWV\ZWT LM TI TMOITQLIL [QVW XIZI TI ZMXIZIKQ~V LM [Q\]IKQWVM[ []JRM\QÎ[ LM
TM[Q~VY]M[MUIVQM[\IVXWZTIVWKQ~VLMXMZR]QKQW
-T OZIÎUMV XIZI QUX]OVIZ [M UQLM MV XZQUMZ T]OIZ KW\MRIVLW MT KWV\MVQLW LMT
NITTW LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V I\IKILI LM ]V TILW KWV MT XM\Q\]U LMT M[KZQ\W XZQVKQXIT XZM[MV\ILW
MV M[M XZWKMLQUQMV\W XWZ TI XIZ\M LMUIVLI KWV\M[\IKQ~V ZMKWV^MVKQ~V a MV [] KI[W MT
LM QV\MZXW[QKQ~V LM TI IXMTIKQ~V LM W\ZW TILW# M[\W M[ MT M[KZQ\W LWVLM [M KWV\MVOIV TI[
[WTQKQ\]LM[ KWVKZM\I[ LM \]\MTI R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT NWZU]TILI[ a LM \IT O]Q[I LM[M[\QUILI[ \W\IT
o parcialmente.
8IZI[IJMZ[QMTZM[]T\ILWLMTXZWKM[WLM^QMVMXMZR]LQKQITIT[]RM\W[QPIaOZIÎUMVPIJZn
Y]M \MVMZ MV KWV[QLMZIKQ~V [Q [M PIV XTIV\MILW ]VI W Un[ XM\QKQWVM[# a KWVK]ZZQMVLW
XT]ZITQLILLMMTTI[[Q[M\ZI\IV\WLI[LMXM\QKQWVM[XZQVKQXITM[TIKWV[\Q\]KQ~VWM`\QVKQ~VLM
]VLMZMKPWWM[\ILWR]ZyLQKWXWZMRMUXTWUn[TIKWVLMVII]VIWJTQOIKQ~VKWVKZM\I#W[Q
536

]VILMMTTI[ZM[]T\I[MZTIXZM\MV[Q~VXZQVKQXITaTI[ZM[\IV\M[[]J[QLQIZQI[M[LMKQZLML]KQLI[
MVLMNMK\WLMKWVTWY]MPIJQuVLW[MM[\QUILWTIXZQVKQXITZM[]T\IVWaIQZZMTMÎV\M[QVW
LMPMKPWQUXZWKMLMV\MM[\]LQIZTI[LMUn[#W[WVKWVLMVI[IKKM[WZQI[LMXMVLQMV\M[LM]VI
XZQVKQXITQV\MZM[M[LMLMUWZIM\K;MOVMTKI[WX]MLMY]MTILMVMOIKQ~VLMITO]VILM
M[I[ XM\QKQWVM[ VW KWVTTM^M ]V OZIÎUMV XZWKM[IT [QVW TI KWV[MK]MVKQI Un[ JQMV LM ]VI
prohibicin procesal.
)[QUQ[UW XIZI Y]M X]MLI PIJTIZ[M LM LM[M[\QUIKQ~V XIZKQIT LM TW XMLQLW []KQMV\M
XMZ[MXIZIMVOMVLZIZMTOZIÎUMVM`QOQLWPIVLM\ZI\IZ[MLMXZM\MV[QWVM[[][KMX\QJTM[LM
NZIKKQWVIZ[M[MIMVLQVMZWWMVM[XMKQMX]M[[WTWMV\WVKM[X]MLMM[\IJTMKMZ[M]VIOZILIKQ~V
ZM[XMK\WLMTWKWVKMLQLWa[QU]T\nVMIUMV\MLMVMOILWKWUWN]VLIUMV\WLMTXMZR]QKQW
-V [MO]VLW T]OIZ LM UIVMZI UMVW[ NZMK]MV\M XMZW VW XWZ MTTW M`\ZIWZLQVIZQI
MT OZIÎUMV X]MLM Y]MLIZ \ZIJILW VW aI XWZ TW ZM[]MT\W MV MT NITTW [QVW XWZ TW[
XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[KWV\MVQLW[MVTIXZM^QIN]VLIUMV\IKQ~VR]ZyLQKILMTIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQIT
8QuV[M[M XWZ MRMUXTW MV IY]MTTI[ KWVLMVI[ QVLMUVQbI\WZQI[ JI[ILI[ MV TI \MVMVKQI LM ]V
LMZMKPWY]MMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITKWVKMLMXMZWKITQKIVLWTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITKWVW\ZW\y\]TW
R]ZyLQKW LQ[\QV\W TW Y]M X]MLM IKIZZMI N]MZI LM M[M TQ\QOQW TI XuZLQLI LM W\ZI[ XZM[\IKQWVM[
LMTI[Y]M[M^MVyIOWbIVLWMT[]RM\W
7 JQMV XQuV[M[M MV MT M[KZQ\W LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI Y]M ITMOI LM\MZUQVILI[
M`KMXKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[ NIT\I LM KWUXM\MVKQI R]LQKQIT W LM TMOQ\QUIKQ~V LM ITO]VI LM TI[
XIZ\M[ KW[I R]bOILI M\K Y]M MT \ZQJ]VIT ZMKPIbI QVLMJQLIUMV\M XIZI T]MOW I ZMVOT~V
[MO]QLWLM[M[\QUIZTILMUIVLIMVK]IV\WITNWVLWPIKQMVLWY]MMTIK\WZZMK]ZZI8WLZyI
PIKMZTW\IUJQuVMTLMUIVLILW';QVW[TQUQ\IUW[IT\MVWZLMTNITTWTIZM[X]M[\I[MZyIVMOI\QÎ
X]M[ TW XZM\MVLQLW MV \uZUQVW[ OTWJITM[ XWZ u[\M MZI TI LM[M[\QUIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI a \IT
cosa ha sido la acordada.
Sin embargo y lanzado contra su voluntad al avatar de un recurso por voluntad de la parte
IK\WZIZM[]T\IM^QLMV\MY]MVWX]MLMXZQÎZ[MITLMUIVLILWLMXMZUQ\QZTMLQ[K]\QZ\IUJQuV
IV\MMT[]XMZQWZ[WJZMTILQ[KWVNWZUQLILI,MZMKPWLMTILM[M[\QUIKQ~VLM[][M`KMXKQWVM[
XZWKM[ITM[ X]M[ LM XZW[XMZIZ M[\M NZMV\M LM I\IY]M TWOZIZyI \IUJQuV MT ZMKPIbW LM TI
LMUIVLILML]KQLIMV[]KWV\ZIUQMV\ZI[Y]MLMVWXMZUQ\yZ[MTM[WKIXILMY]MTI[MV\MVKQI
ZMK]ZZQLI VW TM KI][I OZIÎUMV [M M[\IZyIV ZML]KQMVLW [][ XW[QJQTQLILM[ LM LMNMV[I MV
IXMTIKQ~VWKI[IKQ~VKQZK]V[KZQJQMVLWMTLMJI\MIT\MUILMNWVLWK]IVLW\ITM[M`KMXKQWVM[
XZWKM[ITM[MV\ZIJIVLMV\ZWLM[]TMOy\QUWnUJQ\WLMI]LQMVKQIaLMNMV[I
4.4 ALCANCE DEL PRINCIPIO DISPOSITIVO:

4.4.1 Ejercicio y delimitacin de la controversia:
<IV\WMVUI\MZQILMZMK]Z[W[KWUWLMZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQIZUMZQOMLMUIVMZIIJ[WT]\I
MT XZQVKQXQW LQ[XW[Q\Q^W \IUJQuV TTIUILW LM R][\QKQI ZWOILI W I QV[\IVKQI LM XIZ\M MV TI[
\ZM[NIKM\I[Y]MX]MLMVZMKWVWKMZ[MLMTUQ[UW"QVQKQWLMTQUQ\IKQ~VaVLMTIKWV\ZW^MZ[QI
537

4.4.1.1 Inicio del recurso:
4I XZQUMZI LM IY]MTTI[ NIKM\I[ KWUXWZ\I TI QUXW[QJQTQLIL LM K]ITY]QMZ QVQKQI\QÎ R]LQKQIT
LMWKQWLQZQOQLIIXWVMZMVN]VKQWVIUQMV\WTIITbILIVQXWZMT~ZOIVWY]MPILQK\ILWTI
ZM[WT]KQ~V K]M[\QWVILI MT K]IT VQKIUMV\M X]MLM IKWZLIZ TI UWLQKIKQ~V LM [] KWV\MVQLW
LMV\ZWLMTW[M[\ZMKPW[KI]KM[LMTIIKTIZIKQ~VIZ\+8+5aMV[]KI[W[]J[IVIKQ~V
LMWUQ[QWVM[LMXZWV]VKQIUQMV\WIZ\#KWUW\IUXWKWXWZMT\ZQJ]VITad quem encargado
LM ZM[WT^MZTW )[y [M XZMû Y]M MT ZMK]Z[W MUXQMKM UMLQIV\M TI QV\MZXW[QKQ~V IZ\[
W XZM[MV\IKQ~V IZ\ LM ]V M[KZQ\W Y]M LM \IT O]Q[I M[ MT Y]M NWZUITQbI TI XIZ\M
QUX]OVIV\M# UQMV\ZI[ Y]M MV TI ZM^Q[Q~V LM [MV\MVKQI ZUM [M M[\IJTMKM Y]M TI XWLZn
[WTQKQ\IZTIXIZ\MXMZR]LQKILIIZ\aIKQ\ILW6WPIaW\ZWUWLWLMIJZQZMTXZWKM[W
+]M[\Q~V LQ[\QV\I M[ Y]M K]ITY]QMZ LMKZM\W LM [][\IVKQIKQ~V LMJQLW I [] VI\]ZITMbI a
[QMUXZM Y]M VW W\WZO]M LMZMKPW[ W M`XMK\I\QÎ[ XZWKM[ITM[ I TI[ XIZ\M[ IXMZ\]ZI LM
\ZnUQ\M[LMLMNMV[IX]MLI[][\Q\]QZ[MLMWKQWXWZW\ZWUn[ILMK]ILWIV\M]VKIUJQWLM
KQZK]V[\IVKQI[NnK\QKI[Y]MTWXZW^WKIZWVWXWZTIKWV[\I\IKQ~VLM]VIIXTQKIKQ~VQVLMJQLI
LM TI TMa XZWKM[IT MV TI ZM[WT]KQ~V IV\MZQWZ ,MV\ZW LM M[\W[ M[\ZQK\W[ TyUQ\M[ VW X]MLM
LMKQZ[M Y]M MT \ZQJ]VIT M[\u KWVK]TKIVLW MT XZQVKQXQW LQ[XW[Q\Q^W [QVW \IV [~TW MRMZKQ\IVLW
[][NIK]T\ILM[LMQUX]T[WLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\W\ITKWUWI]\WZQbIMTIZ\+8+5XIZI\WLI[
las instancias313.
4.4.1.2 Objeto del recurso:

=VI[MO]VLI^MZ\QMV\MLMTXZQVKQXQWLQ[XW[Q\Q^WY]M[yKWZZM[XWVLMZM[XM\IZMVM[\MnUJQ\W
QUX]OVI\Q^W M[ MT LM TI LMTQUQ\IKQ~V LM TW[ \uZUQVW[ LM TI KWV\ZW^MZ[QI Y]M [M XZWaMK\I
IY]yLM[LM]VLWJTMXTIVW"
I -VMTLMTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[MVK]IV\WM[TIXIZ\MZMK]ZZMV\MTIY]MIKW\ITW[I[XMK\W[
LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT []RM\I I KMV[]ZI a TI Y]M RI Y]u ^QKQW[ XZWKM[ITM[ W
[][\IV\Q^W[TMI\ZQJ]aMIZ\[a+8+5WR][\QKITW[UW\Q^W[LM
ZM[KQ[Q~VLM[]ZUMbIIZ\#IZO]UMV\IKQ~V[WJZMTIY]MI[]^MbPILMOQZIZ
TI LMNMV[I LM TI KWV\ZIXIZ\M A \WLW MTTW WK]ZZM [QV Y]M MT \ZQJ]VIT KWUXM\MV\M
X]MLI LQK\IZ []OMZMVKQI[ W ZMKWUMVLIKQWVM[ IKMZKI LM TI UMRWZ N]VLIUMV\IKQ~V
LMTZMK]Z[WWLM[]WXW[QKQ~VTWY]MLMPIKMZ[M[]XWVLZyI]VIQV\MZNMZMVKQILM\IT
guisa prohibida.
J -V MT LM TI[ XZ]MJI[ UIVQNM[\IKQ~V IY]y LMT TTIUILW XZQVKQXQW LM IXWZ\IKQ~V LM
XIZ\M LMZQÎKQ~V W []JM[XMKQM LM IY]MT LQ[XW[Q\Q^W ZMKIaMVLW [WJZM QUX]OVIV\M
MQUX]OVILWKILI]VWMV[]XZWXQIXW[QKQ~VTIKIZOILMXZWXWVMZTW[LWK]UMV\W[
aUMLQW[LMXZ]MJIKWVTW[Y]MQV\MV\MVLMUW[\ZIZTI[IZUIKQWVM[Y]M[W[\QMVMV
MVMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WLMITbILIWZM^Q[Q~VK]IVLWMVMTTW[[MXZMûXW[QJTMIK\Q^QLIL
XZWJI\WZQIIZ\+8+5XIZITIIXMTIKQ~V#IZ\ XIZITIZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQI
312 8IZITW[XZWKM[W[LMNIUQTQIIZ\ 48.

313 4IUQ[UINIK]T\ILMVMTIZ\!48.
538

ZUM Y]M [M ZMUQ\M IT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW ;MUMRIV\M KIZOI VW X]MLM [MZ [ITÎLI
XWZTIXZW^Q[Q~VLMXZ]MJILMWKQW
4.4.2 Desistimiento y otros medios de autocomposicin:

.QVITUMV\M KWUW ^MZ\QMV\M LMT XZQVKQXQW LQ[XW[Q\Q^W LM[\IKI TI NIK]T\IL LM \MZUQVIKQ~V
IV\QKQXILI XWZ I]\WKWUXW[QKQ~V LM TI TQ\Q[ a [] IXTQKIJQTQLIL I TI IK\Q^QLIL QUX]OVI\QÎ
QUXQLQMVLW I[y Y]M MT XZWKM[W K]TUQVM KWV TI ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT [MV\MVKQI LMVQ\QÎ
W QVKT][W I]\W LM QVILUQ[Q~V Y]M MT \ZQJ]VIT KWUXM\MV\M KWV[QLMZI[M M[\ZQK\IUMV\M TI
ILMK]ILI MV ,MZMKPW <IT NIK]T\IL W [Q [M XZMMZM PIb LM NIK]T\ILM[ [MOV TW[ LQ[\QV\W[
UMKIVQ[UW[M`Q[\MV\M[I]VY]MQVQKQITUMV\MXW[QJTM[VWXZM[MV\IV[QVMUJIZOWQO]ITOZILW
LMMVKIRMMVM[\I[MLMKWUWLMQVUMLQI\W^MZMUW["
4.4.2.1 Desistimiento:
4.4.2.2 Requisitos de validez:
) XZQWZQ MT IZ\ +8+5 I XM[IZ LM \ZI\IZ[M LM ]V XZMKMX\W KWV\MVQLW MV TI[
,Q[XW[QKQWVM[ /MVMZITM[ LMT 4QJZW +]IZ\W TQUQ\I I TW[ ZMK]Z[W[ TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM
LM[Q[\QUQMV\W XWZ MT TMOQ\QUILW IK\Q^W LMT OZILW R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT IJQMZ\W I [] QV[\IVKQI a
[QMUXZMY]MMTTW[MPIOILMKWVNWZUQLILKWVTI[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[LMM[\MK~LQOWI[XMK\WIT
Y]MIPWZIVW[ZMNMZQZMUW[8IZMKMM`KT]QZ[MI[yMTLM[Q[\QUQMV\WMVMTXZWKM[WLMZM^Q[Q~VLM
[MV\MVKQIZUMMVK]aWIZ\QK]TILW\IUXWKWIXIZMKM]VIZMOTI[WJZMMTXIZ\QK]TIZ
;QVMUJIZOWKWUWKWV^QMVMIL^MZ\QZLM[LMaITI[VWZUI[M[XMKQITM[[WJZMI]\WKWUXW[QKQ~V
XZWKM[ITLMT4QJZW+]IZ\WLMJMVKWPWVM[\IZ[MKWVMTZuOQUMVOMVMZITLM\ITM[UMKIVQ[UW[
QV[MZ\WMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[a[QO]QMV\M[LMT+~LQOWVW[~TWaIXWZZIbWVM[[Q[\MUn\QKI[LMT
KWVR]V\WLMTITMa[QVWXWZY]MI[yTWY]QMZMMTIV\M[KQ\ILWIZ\QVVMITZMUQ\QZ[MLM
KWVNWZUQLILKWVIM[I[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[)[yKWVKZM\IUMV\MMVMTIZ\[MPIJTILMTMRMZKQKQW
LMTXWLMZLQ[XW[Q\Q^W[WJZMTIKWV\ZW^MZ[QIXWZTI[XIZ\M[MVK]ITY]QMZM[\ILWaUWUMV\W
LMTXZWKM[WQVKT]aMVLWTW[ZMK]Z[W[a[QVM`KT]QZITIZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQIZUM<MVQMVLWMV
K]MV\IY]MM[\MT\QUWKWV[\Q\]aM]VXZWKM[WI]\~VWUWI]VY]MKWVVITQLILQUX]OVI\QÎ
VILI QUXQLM ZMKWVWKMZ \IUJQuV MV uT NIK]T\ILM[ I]\WKWUXW[Q\QÎ[ LM TW[ []RM\W[ IK\]IV\M[
MVM[\MKI[WTILMTLM[Q[\QUQMV\WLMTIK\WZMVK]IV\WI[]LMUIVLILMZM^Q[Q~VJQMVY]M[]
ITKIVKM^MVLZnUWL]TILWXWZ]VIKQZK]V[\IVKQIXMK]TQIZY]M\IUJQuVKWVK]ZZMXWZKQMZ\WMV
TW[ZMK]Z[W[aMVTIY]MT]MOWVW[LM\MVLZMUW[KWUWM[Y]MTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[LMNMVLQLI[XWZ
IUJI[XIZ\M[OQZIVITZMLMLWZLM]VIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQITXZM^QIK]aIM`Q[\MVKQILM[LMT]MOW
VWX]MLMLM[KWVWKMZ[M[QVUn[XIZIPIKMZXZMÎTMKMZ[]^WT]V\IL
8MZW[QOIUW["LILITIZMUQ[Q~VMNMK\]ILIXWZMTIZ\ITJTWY]MVWZUI\Q^WLMTW[IZ\[
a [[ PIJZn Y]M \MVMZ XZM[MV\M Y]u ZMOTI[ LMT ZuOQUMV OMVMZIT[WV IXTQKIJTM[ IY]y a K]nTM[
VWAIPMUW[LQKPWY]M[QZ^MXIZIM`\MVLMZ[]XZWKMLMVKQIVW[~TWITW[ZMK]Z[W[[QVWITI
ZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQIZUMXMZWILMUn["
I :QOMVTI[XZWPQJQKQWVM[ITW[UMKIVQ[UW[LMI]\WKWUXW[QKQ~V[MIMTLM[Q[\QUQMV\WW
539

TW[LMUn[XZM^Q[\W[Y]MO]ZIVMVMTT\QUWIXIZ\ILWLMTIZ\+8+5-[\WM["
Y]MI[yTWLQ[XWVOI]VIVWZUITMOITLMTUQ[UW+~LQOWWVWWLMZQ^MLMZIbWVM[
^QVK]TILI[ITWZLMVXJTQKWMTQV\MZu[OMVMZITTIXZW\MKKQ~VLMUMVWZM[W\MZKMZW[
INMK\ILW[MVTIKI][IWM^MV\]ITUMV\MTIIXIZQMVKQILMY]MZMZ[MKWUM\MZ]VNZI]LM
de ley.
J 6WZQOMV[QVMUJIZOWMVKWVKZM\WZM[XMK\WLMTLM[Q[\QUQMV\WTI[ZMOTI[LMTIZ\
IKMZKILMTIVMKM[IZQII]\WZQbIKQ~VLMTLMUIVLILWW[Qu[\M[MVQMOITIVMKM[QLIL
LM Y]M MT R]Mb ZM[]MTÎ TW XZWKMLMV\M <IUXWKW KIJM Y]M WXMZM TI VW\QKIKQ~V
LMT MUXTIbIUQMV\W XIZI TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI KWUW IK\WXZMKT][Q^W XIZI
LM[Q[\QZKWUWIPy[MXZMû
)UJI[ ZMOTI[ M[\nV XMV[ILI[ VW XWZ KI[]ITQLIL XIZI TI XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI LWVLM IT
LMUIVLILW[MTMZMKWVWKM]VTMOy\QUWQV\MZu[MVY]MZMZUIV\MVMZTIKWV\ZW^MZ[QIITIY]M
QVQKQITUMV\M PI [QLW IZZI[\ZILW XWZ MT IK\WZ K]IVLW XWZ UWZ LM TI [MO]ZQLIL R]ZyLQKI a
NZMK]MV\MUMV\M\IUJQuVXWZMTKWV^MVKQUQMV\WLM\MVMZZIb~VMVMTNWVLWLQKPWLMUIVLILW
X]MLM XZMNMZQZ Y]M MT I[]V\W [M LQT]KQLM MV [MV\MVKQI a VW \MVMZ [WJZM [y TI M[XILI LM
Damocles de una futura nueva demanda sobre el mismo tema. La ley atiende al derecho
LM \]\MTI R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT LM IUJI[ XIZ\M[ KWVR]ZIVLW I[y [Q\]IKQWVM[ LM IJ][W LM LMZMKPW
MVTIQVKWIKQ~VLMLMUIVLI[QVN]VLILI[aNIKQTQ\IY]MTI2]ZQ[LQKKQ~VZM[]MTÎMTKWVQK\W
de intereses.
-[I VMKM[QLIL LM XZW\MKKQ~V R]LQKQIT [QV MUJIZOW [M UQVQUQbI \ZI[ TI MUQ[Q~V LM TI
ZM[WT]KQ~VY]MXWVMVITQVKQLMV\MWITXZWKM[WXZQVKQXITLMY]M[M\ZI\MXZWXWZKQWVIVLW
I[y TI [WT]KQ~V I IY]MT KWVQK\W MUMZOQMVLW MV [] T]OIZ ]V LMZMKPW ]T\MZQWZ I ZMIKKQWVIZ
KWV\ZI MTTI# LMZMKPW Y]M [QV MUJIZOW UMLQIV\M MT LM[Q[\QUQMV\W XQMZLM ^QOMVKQI X]M[ TI
XW[\]ZI LM TI XIZ\M ZMK]ZZQLI KWV[Q[\MV\M MV LMNMVLMZ MT UIV\MVQUQMV\W LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V
QUX]OVILI [M [I\Q[NIKM KWV TI UQ[UI MKIKQI KMZZnVLW[M MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W XWZ IY]MT
LM[Q[\QUQMV\W6ILI[MX]MLMOIVIZaIMV\uZUQVW[LMUMRWZIUQMV\WLMTILMKQ[Q~VLMITbILI
ZM[XMK\WLMTIQUX]OVILIXWZU]KPWY]MMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WTTMOIZIITVITaIY]M[QMUXZM
VITQbIZyIKWV]VI[MV\MVKQIUMZIUMV\MKWVZUI\WZQI
)[y LM LML]KM M`XZM[IUMV\M MV MT ZMK]Z[W LM KI[IKQ~V LWVLM MT IZ\ +8+5 [M}ITI
Y]M \ZI[ TI XZM[MV\IKQ~V LMT KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M M[KZQ\W MT LM[Q[\QUQMV\W [M ILUQ\QZn [QV Un[
\ZnUQ\M# M[\W M[ [QV \MVMZ Y]M KWV[]T\IZ VQ ZMKIJIZ TI IY]QM[KMVKQI LM TW[ ZMK]ZZQLW[ 6W
M[ XZMKQ[W XWZ TW LMUn[ Y]M M`Q[\IV [QUQTIZM[ VWZUI[ XIZI TI ZM^WKI\WZQI IXMTIKQ~V a TI
ZM^Q[Q~V LM [MV\MVKQI ZUM JI[\IVLW KWV I\MVMZ[M I TW[ \uZUQVW[ TQ\MZITM[ LMT IZ\
Y]M PIJTI LM LMUIVLI a LMUIVLILW VW LM ZMK]ZZMV\M a ZMK]ZZQLW W LM QUX]OVIV\M M
QUX]OVILWaTI[ZIbWVM[Y]MIKIJIUW[LMM`XWVMZ[WJZMTIQVILMK]IKQ~VLMTIZ\Un[
ITTnLMTIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI
8WZ T\QUW a XIZI KMZZIZ M[\M IXIZ\ILW QVLQKIZ Y]M TI ;ITI +WV[\Q\]KQWVIT LM TI +WZ\M
;]XZMUIPILMKTIZILWY]MMTLM[Q[\QUQMV\WMVUI\MZQILMZMK]Z[W[M[^nTQLWaVWKWV\ZIZyI
MT LMZMKPW N]VLIUMV\IT LM I]LQMVKQI LMJQLW XZWKM[W [QMUXZM Y]M IY]uT [M MUQ\I XWZ MT
[]RM\W KWV XTMVI KWV[KQMVKQI [WJZM [][ MNMK\W[ a ]VI ^Mb QVQKQILW MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W LM Y]M
540

[M \ZI\M V]VKI IV\M[ -[ LMKQZ VW X]MLM XIK\IZ[M XZM^QIUMV\M I TI ^yI R]LQKQIT XIZI Y]M
LM[Q[\ILMTMRMZKQKQWLM]VIIKKQ~VKWV\ZITIW\ZIXIZ\MWMVM[\MKI[WLM]VZMK]Z[WKWV\ZI
TI[MV\MVKQIY]MTMPI[QLWLM[NI^WZIJTM.
=VI KTn][]TI KWV\ZIK\]IT LM M[\M \QXW XWZ ZM[]T\IZ I\MV\I\WZQI I TI +WV[\Q\]KQ~V PI LM
entenderse siempre nula de pleno Derecho.
4.4.2.3 Plazo y modo de formalizarlo:

,M TW[ IZ\[ a +8+5 [M LM[XZMVLM Y]M MT LM[Q[\QUQMV\W PI LM PIKMZ[M MNMK\Q^W I
XIZ\QZ LMT UWUMV\W XZWKM[IT MV Y]M \QMVM [MV\QLW XTIV\MIZTW M[\W M[ \ZI[ TI XZM[MV\IKQ~V
LMT M[KZQ\W LM QV\MZXW[QKQ~V LMT ZMK]Z[W Y]M [MI a [Q M[ ZM^Q[Q~V LM [MV\MVKQI ZUM \ZI[
TI XZM[MV\IKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI QVKT][W I]VY]M VW [M PIaI LQK\ILW IV TI ZM[WT]KQ~V LM
ILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MLM]VW]W\ZI
)[QUQ[UW MT UWUMV\W VIT W XZMKT][Q^W XIZI \MVMZTW XWZ ^nTQLW [MZn MT LM LQK\IZ[M TI
ZM[WT]KQ~VY]MXWVOIVITXZWKMLQUQMV\WVWMTLM[]XW[\MZQWZVW\QKIKQ~VT]MOWLMM[W
VWPIaaIVILIY]MM^Q\IZ
4W[UQ[UW[XZMKMX\W[ZMMZMVY]MMTLM[Q[\QUQMV\WLMJMZnPIKMZ[MXWZM[KZQ\WLnVLW[MXWZ
PMKPW Y]M MV u[\M LMJM KWV[\IZ TI ^WT]V\IL LMT []RM\W KWV XITIJZI[ KTIZI[ M QVMY]y^WKI[
IKMZKILMTWY]MM[\nPIKQMVLW+]ITY]QMZL]LIQV\MZXZM\I\QÎ[WJZMTW[\uZUQVW[LMTM[KZQ\W
LMJMZnV ZM[WT^MZ[M MV KWV\ZI LM \MVMZ XWZ NWZUITQbILW MT LM[Q[\QUQMV\W I\MVLQMVLW I TW[
[M^MZW[MNMK\W[XZWKM[ITM[Y]MXZW^WKIMTUQ[UW
-VTIIXMTIKQ~VITXZM^MZ[MTIKMTMJZIKQ~VLM^Q[\IT]MOWLMTIILUQ[Q~VLMTZMK]Z[WMTIZ\
+8+5 \IUJQuV QV\ZWL]KM TI O]ZI LMT LM[Q[\QUQMV\Wtcito M^QLMVKQILW MV TI I][MVKQI
LMTIXMTIV\MMVM[I^Q[\IXWZTWY]M[MKWV[QLMZIZnLM[QMZ\WMTZMK]Z[W[QVXMZR]QKQWLMY]M
X]LQMZITTMOIZILMUW[\ZIZ[MTIQUXW[QJQTQLILLMPIJMZI[Q[\QLWXWZKI][ILMN]MZbIUIaWZTW
Y]MTTMÎZyIIZMXTIV\MIZ[MTILMKTIZIKQ~VLMLM[Q[\QUQMV\W
-VTIIV\M[KQ\ILI;MV\MVKQILMTI;ITI+WV[\Q\]KQWVITLMLMMVMZWLM!.21>ZMN+;2![M
LQKMIM[\MZM[XMK\W"-VK]IV\WITIZMV]VKQILMLMZMKPW[LMKIZnK\MZKWV[\Q\]KQWVITaKWVKZM\IUMV\MTW[LM
KWV\MVQLWXZWKM[ITKWUWMTLMZMKPWIZMK]ZZQZTI;ITILMTW+WV[\Q\]KQWVITMVTI[MV\MVKQILQK\ILIMT!>
MVMT)UXIZW!!!IZU~Y]M]VLMZMKPWLMM[\IVI\]ZITMbIM[QZZMV]VKQIJTMM[LMKQZVWX]MLM[][\ZIMZ[M
LM TI M[NMZI R]ZyLQKI LM \WLW KQ]LILIVW VQ XWZ LWK]UMV\W XJTQKW I]\uV\QKW W XZQÎLW VQ XWZ IK]MZLW LM
^WT]V\ILM[MV\ZMXIZ\QK]TIZM[I]VY]M[]MRMZKQKQW[MUQZMTQUQ\ILWITI[NWZUITQLILM[M[\IJTMKQLI[MVTITMaaI
Y]M MV TI ZMV]VKQI MV\ZIV MV R]MOW KI\MOWZyI[ XZWKM[ITM[ a KWV[\Q\]KQWVITM[ XZWKM[ITM[ LMZMKPW I ]V XZWKM[W
KWV[\Q\]KQWVITUMV\MKWVO]ZILWLMZMKPWLMI]LQMVKQILMZMKPWLMQO]ITLILaLMZMKPWIZMK]ZZQZKWUWUMLQW
LMIKKM[WI]VI[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQIY]MLMVW[MZZMKWVWKQLI[a[WJZM\WLWZM[XM\ILI[QUXMLQZyIVTIILMK]ILI
\]\MTIaTIKWV[QO]QMV\M[ITÎO]IZLILMTW[LMZMKPW[KWV[\Q\]KQWVITM[LMTW[XIZ\QK]TIZM[XZW^WKIVLW]VM[\ILW
LMQVLMNMV[Q~VaLM[QO]ITLILXIZI]VILMTI[XIZ\M[KWVQVNZIKKQ~VLMTI[VWZUI[XZWKM[ITM[KWV[\Q\]KQWVITM[

)[QUQ[UWUMLQIV\MTI[MV\MVKQILM1VKWV[\Q\]KQWVITQLILLMZMNMZMVKQI!!LQK\ILIKWVNMKPI11M[\I
;ITI M[\IJTMKQ~ KWV Un[ M[XMKQKQLIL Y]M TW[ LMZMKPW[ W KI\MOWZyI[ QV\MOZIV\M[ LMT LMJQLW XZWKM[W XWZ []
VITQLILLMXW\MVKQIZMTIKKM[WKWUXTM\WLMTI[XMZ[WVI[ITI[QV[\IVKQI[R]ZQ[LQKKQWVITM[[~TWX]MLMVLQ[XWVMZ[M
]VQTI\MZITWJQTI\MZITUMV\M[Q[M\QMVMXTMVWKWVWKQUQMV\WLMTI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[LMLQKPIZMV]VKQIMVMTMRMZKQKQW
de los referidos derechos.
541

4.4.2.4 Efectos:
;MOV [M IL^MZ\yI IZZQJI MT QV\MZu[ MV I]\WKWUXWVMZ MT XZWKM[W QV[\ILW MV ]V OZILW
XW[\MZQWZITIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQILM[XTQMOI[][MNMK\W[[QVY]MKWVMTTWX]MLIUMVW[KIJIZ[M
MT XWLMZ LM QUXMZQW MUIVILW LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT WJRM\W LM QUX]OVIKQ~V a ILMUn[
MV ZMTIKQ~V KWV TW[ TyUQ\M[ LM TI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ LML]KQLI[ MV M[M OZILW R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT
VW MV W\ZW IV\MZQWZ +WV M[\W Y]MZMUW[ LMKQZ Y]M ]V LM[Q[\QUQMV\W NWZU]TILW MV ^yI
LM ZMK]Z[W W LM ZM^Q[Q~V LM [MV\MVKQI ZUM VW X]MLM MV VQVOV KI[W ZM\ZW\ZIMZ MT
KWVQK\W R]ZyLQKW I ]V M[\ILQW IV\MZQWZ IT LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V QUX]OVILI X]M[ M[ Un[ JQMV
TW KWV\ZIZQW" MT LM[Q[\QUQMV\W I^WKI I TI KWVZUIKQ~V a ZUMbI LM \IT ZM[WT]KQ~V a I TI[
[Q\]IKQWVM[UI\MZQITM[LMKTIZILI[XWZu[\Ia[Q[M\ZI\ILM]VXZWKM[WLMZM^Q[Q~VI^WKIIT
UIV\MVQUQMV\WLMTIZUMbIY]MIY]uTTIaIPIJyIITKIVbILWMV[]UWUMV\W-TVQKWMNMK\W
V]M^W LMZQÎLW LMT IJIVLWVW LM TI IKKQ~V Y]M M[ LM KIZnK\MZ MKWV~UQKW KWV[Q[\QZn MV TI
condena de las costas causadas a la parte impugnada hasta ese tramo del procedimiento
MVMTY]M[MLM[Q[\M
-[\M UQ[UW M[Y]MUI KWVKMX\]IT VW[ [MZ^QZn XIZI MV\MVLMZ TW Y]M WK]ZZM MV TW[ ZM[\IV\M[
UMLQW[I]\WKWUXW[Q\Q^W[\M~ZQKIUMV\MIXTQKIJTM[IM[\MKWV\M`\W"
4.4.3 Otros mecanismos:

I :MV]VKQI LM LMZMKPW[" VILI WJ[\I LM[LM T]MOW I Y]M TI XIZ\M IK\WZI a MT
LMUIVLILW Y]M ZMKWV^QMVM KWV^MZ\QLW[ \IV\W LI MV QUX]OVIV\M KWUW MV
QUX]OVILW MV TI ^yI []XMZQWZ [Q N]MZWV MTTW[ W TI KWV\ZIXIZ\M Y]QMV QUX]OV~
X]MLI NWZUITQbIZ ]VI ZMV]VKQI VW aI \IV\W I [] IKKQ~V XZWKM[IT WZQOQVIZQI
LMUIVLI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V Y]M KWUW \IT IT PIJMZ XZW^WKILW I M[I[ IT\]ZI[ IT
UMVW[ ]VI [MV\MVKQI ZM[WT]\WZQI PI Y]MLILW MRMZKQ\ILI a VW X]MLM ZMV]VKQIZ[M
XZWXQIUMV\MIMTTI[QVW[WJZMTW[LMZMKPW[UI\MZQITM[ZMKWVWKQLW[I[]NI^WZMVMT
pleito.
)PWZI JQMV M[\I ZMV]VKQI LM NWZUITQbIZ[M VW X]MLM XWVMZ MV MV\ZMLQKPW TI
MKIKQIR]ZyLQKILMTIZM[WT]KQ~VY]MPIJyI[QLWQUX]OVILI\IV[~TW[]KWV[MK]KQ~V
UI\MZQITWMRMK]\IJQTQLIL"TIXMZ[WVIXIZIMV\MVLMZVW[LMRILMWJ\MVMZIY]MTTWI
TWY]M\MVyILMZMKPWUMZKMLITIZMV]VKQIXMZWTILMKTIZIKQ~VR]LQKQITLMTLMZMKPW
MV [y UQ[UI VW [M ZM^WKI VQ LM[IXIZMKM [QUXTMUMV\M VW [M TTMÎ I MNMK\W -T I]\W
XWZ MT Y]M I]\WZQbIVLW M[I ZMV]VKQI PI LM XWVMZ[M V IT ZMK]Z[W W XZWKM[W
LM ZM^Q[Q~V LM [MV\MVKQI ZUM XIZI VILI LMJM QVRMZQZ[M MV MT KWV\MVQLW LM TI
ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT \IV [~TW LMRIZ KWV[\IVKQI LMT ITKIVKM LM TI ZMV]VKQI TI K]IT
XWZKQMZ\WXWLZyI[MZ\W\ITWXIZKQITZM[XMK\WLMTWZMKWVWKQLWMVIY]uTTIaMVM[\M
segundo caso el recurso o la revisin seguira su curso para resolver la impugnacin
MVIY]MTTIXWZKQ~VVWZMV]VKQILI
4I ZMV]VKQI XWZ []X]M[\W a ÎTOI TI ZMNMZMVKQI XIZI \WLW[ TW[ UMKIVQ[UW[
I]\WKWUXW[Q\Q^W[ITQO]ITY]M[]KMLyIKWVMTLM[Q[\QUQMV\WLMJMZnI\MVMZ[MXIZI[]
ÎTQLMbITKI\nTWOWLMXZWPQJQKQWVM[LMTIZ\QVVM CPCM.
542

J )TTIVIUQMV\W" MV M[\M KI[W LILW Y]M VW VW[ PITTIUW[ MV ]V XZWKMLQUQMV\W MV
XZQUMZIQV[\IVKQITIKWVNWZUQLILWKTI]LQKIKQ~VLMTTMOQ\QUILWXI[Q^WZM[XMK\WLM
TI XZM\MV[Q~V LML]KQLI MV M[M XMTLI}W R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT IXMTIKQ~V KI[IKQ~V M\K TW
[MZnMVK]IV\WITIQUX]OVIKQ~VXTIV\MILIXWZTIKWV\ZIXIZ\MKWV\ZITIZM[WT]KQ~V
R]LQKQIT M[ LMKQZ MT QUX]OVILW [M ITTIVI IT ZMK]Z[W W I TI KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M
demanda de revisin.
6WX]MLMaIPIKMZTW[WJZMTILMUIVLILMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIY]MM[TWY]MZMO]TIMT
IZ\+8+5a[QTWPIKMKIZMKMZyILMÎTWZX]M[^WT^MUW[ITX]V\WLMXIZ\QLI
M`Q[\MaI]VIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQITY]MPIM[\I\]QLWTWY]MMV,MZMKPWXZWKMLM[WJZM
\ITM[XZM\MV[QWVM[QVQKQITM[aPILMM[\IZ[MITWI[yZM[]MT\W
;QMVLW MTTW I[y Y]u MNMK\W \QMVM ]V ITTIVIUQMV\W MV ^yI LM ZMK]Z[W W MV [MLM
LM ZM^Q[Q~V LM [MV\MVKQI ZUM'" XZWKM[ITUMV\M [~TW ]VW MT LMRIZ LM ZM[Q[\QZ[M I
TI QUX]OVIKQ~V XTIV\MILI a KWV MTTW QUXMLQZ Y]M MT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT KWUXM\MV\M
ZM[]MTÎ [WJZM TW Y]M P]JQMZI [QLW [] IZO]UMV\IKQ~V NI^WZIJTM IT UIV\MVQUQMV\W
de la resolucin impugnada.
8MZWVW\QMVMXWZMNMK\WVQIT\MZIZMT\MVWZLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VVQ\IUXWKWKWVLQKQWVIZ
MT LM[MVTIKM LMT ZMK]Z[W W TI LMUIVLI LM ZM^Q[Q~V X]M[ TI ;ITI [QO]M \MVQMVLW MT
LMJMZLMXZWV]VKQIZ[M[WJZMTW[UW\Q^W[ITMOILW[XWZTIXIZ\MQUX]OVIV\M[MIXIZI
M[\QUIZTW[ W XIZI LM[M[\QUIZTW[ JQMV Y]M MV \WLW KI[W [QV KWV\IZ KWUW LMKQUW[
KWVTIWXW[QKQ~VLMTQUX]OVILWXMZWVILIUn[
K
<ZIV[IKKQ~VR]LQKQIT"LMUWLW[QUQTIZITW[UMKIVQ[UW[IV\MZQWZM[TI\ZIV[IKKQ~VVW
M[\nXZWPQJQLI[QVWMVTW[TyUQ\M[LMTIZ\QVVMI]VY]M[]MKIKQIXZnK\QKIMV
M[\MKI[WM[ZML]KQLIX]M[MTIK]MZLWLMTI[XIZ\M[VWX]MLMUMVW[KIJIZVQUWLQKIZ
TIZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILI[QVWLMRIZLMK]UXTQZWLMPIKMZM`QOQJTM[TI[XZM[\IKQWVM[
condenadas en ella. Las partes no pueden transarse respecto de las pretensiones
KWVTI[Y]MMV\ZIZWVMVTI^yIR]LQKQITIZ\+8+5XWZY]Mu[\I[aIPIV[QLW
PM\MZWKWUX]M[\I[XWZTI2]ZQ[LQKKQ~V[QVW[WJZMTIM`QOQJQTQLILLMTI[ZMKWVWKQLI[
XWZu[\I
4.4.4 Deber de congruencia judicial. La prohibicin de reformatio in

peius:
4IKWV[MK]MVKQILMZQÎLILMTLM[XTQMO]MMV[MLMZM^Q[WZILMTI[UWLITQLILM[Y]MPMUW[
QLMV\QKILWKWUWXZWXQI[LMTXZQVKQXQWLQ[XW[Q\Q^WM[TI[]RMKQ~VLMT\ZQJ]VITKWUXM\MV\MXIZI
ZM[WT^MZMTUMLQWLMQUX]OVIKQ~VKWVKZM\WMVTW[M[\ZQK\W[TyUQ\M[\ZIbILW[LM]VTILWXWZ
TI LQ[XW[Q\QÎ a N]VLIUMV\IKQ~V R]ZyLQKI LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V KMV[]ZILI a LM W\ZW TILW XWZ TI[
pretensiones deducidas por las partes en sus escritos de alegaciones dentro del procedimiento
ZM[XMK\Q^WZM^WKI\WZQIIXMTIKQ~VM\KVWMVTIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI"tantum devolutum quantum
apellatum M[ MT JZWKIZLW Y]M ZM[]UM M[\M MNMK\W LM KWOVQKQ~V TQUQ\ILI XIZI TI [MO]VLI
QV[\IVKQII]VY]MÎTMTIXZMUQ[IXIZITW[LQ^MZ[W[OZILW[ZM^Q[WZQW[M`Q[\MV\M[KWVMTITKIVKM
WJRM\Q^WY]MTITMaXMZUQ\MMVKILI]VW
543

:M[]T\I M^QLMV\M LM[LM T]MOW TI KWVM`Q~V MV\ZM ]VI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ TI[ WZQOQVITM[ a W\ZI[
TI[ LM ITbILI XMZW [QV Y]M X]MLIV KWVN]VLQZ[M IUJI[ MV\ZM [y" TI[ LM TI QUX]OVIKQ~V
WZJQ\IVITZMLMLWZLMTIÎTQLMbLM]VIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQITXZM^QIY]M]VW[K]M[\QWVIVaW\ZW[
LMMVLMVVW[M\ZI\IaILMK~UWMTXTMQ\WXWLZyIZM[WT^MZ[M[QVW[QTWPI[QLWKWZZMK\IUMV\M
por esa resolucin.
Los argumentos de fondo no pueden surgir ex novo[QVWY]MZM[]T\IV\ZQJ]\IZQW[LMTWLMNMVLQLW
MVTIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI[QM[MTXZWKM[WLMZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQIZUMTW[MZnMVK]IV\WITW
LMNMVLQLWMVMTXZWKM[WLMTY]M\ZIMKI][IM[\IT\QUIXMZW[~TWZM[]T\IVI\MVLQJTM[IY]MTTW[
Y]M[MKWVO]ZIVKWUWKWZZM[XMK\Q^W[UW\Q^W[LMIXMTIKQ~VKI[IKQ~VM\KaLM[]WXW[QKQ~V
no otros. Importa lo vertido en la primera instancia slo en la medida de lo resuelto por el
~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT MV TI ZM[WT]KQ~V QUX]OVILI a TW VW ZM[]MT\W VQKIUMV\M [Q KWVO]ZI ]V
[]X]M[\W LM QVKWVOZ]MVKQI WUQ[QÎ N]VLIV\M R][\IUMV\M LMT ZMK]Z[W .]MZI LM M[\W[ TyUQ\M[
MT~ZOIVWLMITbILIVWX]MLMZM[WT^MZ-T[Q[\MUIQUX]OVI\WZQW^QOMV\MVWM[LMR]ZQ[LQKKQ~V
XTMVIKWUW[Q[MXIZ\QMZILMKMZWaVW[QZ^QMZITWIK\]ILWKWVKIZnK\MZXZM^QW[QVWY]MWXMZI
siempre con funcin controladora: revisio prioris instantiae.
4IOIZIV\yIWXZWPQJQKQ~VLMTIreformatio in peius se presenta como una variante de la
KWVOZ]MVKQIR]LQKQITMV[MLMLMZMK]Z[W[aIMTTI[MZMMZMKWV\uKVQKIILMK]ILIMTIZ\
+8+5IT[M}ITIZY]MTI[[MV\MVKQI[Y]MZM[]MTÎVMTZMK]Z[WVWXWLZnV[MZUn[OZI^W[I[
Y]MTIQUX]OVILIIUMVW[Y]MTIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIP]JQMZII[]^MbZMK]ZZQLWW[MP]JQMZI
ILPMZQLWITZMK]Z[W+WUXWZ\I\ITUIVLI\WTMOITY]MMT~ZOIVWKWUXM\MV\MXIZIZM[WT^MZ
MTZMK]Z[WXTIV\MILWVWX]MLM[Q\]IZITIXIZ\MZMK]ZZMV\MZM[XMK\WLM[]XZWXQWZMK]Z[WMV
]VIXMWZ[Q\]IKQ~VUI\MZQITY]MTILMKTIZILIXWZTIZM[WT]KQ~VY]MQUX]OVI#VWX]MLMTTMÎZ
TI LM[M[\QUIKQ~V LM [] ZMK]Z[W XIZI MV\MVLMZVW[ Un[ ITTn LM TI UMZI KWVZUIKQ~V LM TI
ZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILIKZMIVLWV]M^W[XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[LM[NI^WZIJTM[I[]XW[QKQ~VY]MM[\I
ltima no contena.
8MZW RuUWVW[ Y]M LMKQUW[ MV [] XZWXQW ZMK]Z[W 6W MV MT ZMK]Z[W LM W\ZW ÔZ VW MV
paralelo o a posteriori ILPM[Q~V I TI IXMTIKQ~V LMT Y]M XWZ [] TILW \IUJQuV PIaI XWLQLW
QV\MZXWVMZ ]VW W ÎZQW[ LM TW[ LMUn[ TQ\QOIV\M[ MV TI KI][I X]M[ [Q I[y N]MZI LM^QMVM
XMZNMK\IUMV\M NIK\QJTM Y]M TW Y]M [M XQLM XWZ M[\I W\ZI XMZ[WVI LM KWVKMLMZ[M TW [MZyI MV
LM\ZQUMV\W LM IY]uTTI a [Q MV MNMK\W TI ZIb~V TM I[Q[\M MV ,MZMKPW MT \ZQJ]VIT IKWZLIZn TI
M[\QUIKQ~V LMT ZMK]Z[W \W\IT W XIZKQIT KWV TI KWV[QO]QMV\M LM[M[\QUIKQ~V \W\IT W XIZKQIT
LM IY]MT W\ZW ZMK]Z[W [QMUXZM Y]M [][ XZM\MV[QWVM[ QUX]OVI\WZQI[ MV LMVQ\QÎ IXIZMbKIV
QVKWUXI\QJTM[MV\ZM[yVWX]MLMV[I\Q[NIKMZ[MIUJI[[QU]T\nVMIUMV\M[IT^WKWVY]QMJZILMTI
TMaWMT[MV\QLWKWUV:M[]T\IZyIMV\WVKM[XMZNMK\IUMV\MXW[QJTMaVW^]TVMZILWZLMIY]MTTI
OIZIV\yI LM XZWPQJQKQ~V MT Y]M Y]MLM LM[UMRWZILI TI [Q\]IKQ~V LM ]VW LM TW[ ZMK]ZZMV\M[
ZM[XMK\W LM K~UW XZM^QIUMV\M PIJyI Y]MLILW KWV TI ZM[WT]KQ~V QUX]OVILI a IV\M[ LM
XZWUW^MZMTZMK]Z[WR][\IUMV\MKWUWKWV[MK]MVKQILMTIM[\QUIKQ~VLMTW\ZW
,MPMKPW[QMUXZMY]MZMK]ZZIVLW[WUn[XMZ[WVI[TWVWZUITM[Y]M[MIM[\WTWY]M[]KMLI"
MT \ZQ]VNW LM ]VW TTMÎZn IXIZMRILW TI XuZLQLI LM LMZMKPW[ a TI QUXW[QKQ~V LM WJTQOIKQWVM[
UI\MZQITM[IT^MVKQLWIXIZ\MMV[]KI[WLMTI[KW[\I[
544
4.5 EFECTOS DE LOS RECURSOS:

0IJTIUW[ LM TW[ MNMK\W[ Y]M XZWL]KM TI ILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M VW TI UMZI XZM[MV\IKQ~V LMT
M[KZQ\WY]MTW[NWZUITQbILMTKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MUMLQWLMQUX]OVIKQ~V-[W[MNMK\W[[WVLW["
4.5.1 Efecto devolutivo:

AI PMUW[ PIJTILW LM uT IT \ZI\IZ LM TI[ KTI[M[ LM ZMK]Z[W a [M ZMMZM I TI I\ZQJ]KQ~V W VW
LM KWUXM\MVKQI XIZI ZM[WT^MZ TI QUX]OVIKQ~V IT UQ[UW ~ZOIVW Y]M LQK\~ TI ZM[WT]KQ~V
QUX]OVILIVWLM^WT]\Q^WWIW\ZW~ZOIVW[]XMZQWZMVOZILWLM^WT]\Q^W
-`KMX\W MT ZMK]Z[W LM ZM^WKI\WZQI IZ\ TW[ LMUn[ QV[\Z]UMV\W[ [WV LM^WT]\Q^W[ a MTTW
KWUXWZ\IY]MMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITIquoaI[MILMXTIVWIXMTIKQ~VZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQIZUM
W\WLWTWUn[\ZI[ZMKQJQZMTM[KZQ\WLMNWZUITQbIKQ~Va^MZQKIZY]Mu[\MK]UXTMTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[
NWZUITM[ VMKM[IZQW[ XIZI ILUQ\QZTW ^MZ XIZI MT ZMK]Z[W LM KI[IKQ~V TI KWUXM\MVKQI LM TI
+nUIZIMÌZ\!+8+5LMRILMKWVWKMZLMTKI[WaWZLMVITIZMUQ[Q~VLMTW[I]\W[IT
tribunal ad quemXIZIY]Mu[\MZM[]MTÎ
+M[I UQMV\ZI[ \IV\W X]M[ LM \MVMZ QVRMZMVKQI MV MT XZWKM[W M`KMX\W MV IY]MT nUJQ\W Y]M
XWZ KWVKMZVQZTM MV \WLW KI[W TI TMa TM ZM[MZÎ QVKT][W L]ZIV\M MT \QMUXW LM QUX]OVIKQ~V
KWUW WK]ZZM KWV TI [WTQKQ\]L LM MRMK]KQ~V XZW^Q[QWVIT LM TI [MV\MVKQI MV TW[ \uZUQVW[ LMT
IZ\+8+5XZMKMX\WIXTQKIJTMMVZMITQLIL\IV\WK]IVLWTIKI][I[MPITTIMVIXMTIKQ~V
KWUWMVKI[IKQ~V
=VI ^Mb LQK\ILI TI [MV\MVKQI Y]M KWZZM[XWVLI TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[ ZM\WZVIV IT ~ZOIVW QVNMZQWZ
MTK]ITXWLZn[MZ"
-T Y]M KWVWKQ~ LMT I[]V\W MV XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI [Q [M \ZI\I LM QVQKQIZ TI MRMK]KQ~V LM TI
ZM[WT]KQ~V QUX]OVILI XWZ LM[M[\QUIKQ~V LMT ZMK]Z[W IZ\ # W XWZY]M u[\M [M M[\QU~
XMZW [QV XW[QJQTQLIL LM KWV\QV]IZ ILMTIV\M MR [Q [M LMKTIZI TI KIL]KQLIL LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V
TI []UQ[Q~V LMT I[]V\W I IZJQ\ZIRM W TI M`KMXKQ~V LM KW[I R]bOILI TQUQ\nVLW[M MT ~ZOIVW
MRMK]\WZIK]UXTQZKWVMTUIVLI\WLMKQMZZMLMVQ\Q^WLMTIKWV\ZW^MZ[QI
7JQMVIV\MIY]MT\ZQJ]VITY]MLMJIZMIJZQZMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WXWZM[\QUIKQ~VLMTUMLQW
QV\MZX]M[\W \ZQJ]VIT Y]M I [] ^Mb ÎZQIZn [MOV MT ITKIVKM LM TI QVNZIKKQ~V KWUM\QLI" MT
+~LQOW LQ[\QVO]M MV M[M [MV\QLW MV\ZM QVNZIKKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[ Y]M PIV XWLQLW []J[IVIZ[M
W VW LMV\ZW LM TI IXMTIKQ~V a LM IK]MZLW KWV MTTW NIK]T\IZ W VW MT XZWXQW \ZQJ]VIT XIZI
ZM[WT^MZ[WJZMMTNWVLWIZ\
A \ZI\nVLW[M LMT ZMK]Z[W LM KI[IKQ~V \IUXWKW M[ QVLQNMZMV\M MT Y]M [M LMKTIZM KWV T]OIZ
]VUW\Q^WLMQVKWUXM\MVKQIR]LQKQITXWVOIUW[XWZKI[WY]MMTN]VLILWMVTILMVMOIKQ~V
indebida de una prueba solicitada en la segunda instancia.
-VIUJW[[]X]M[\W[PIJZnZMMV^yWITQVNMZQWZIZ\+8+5XMZWu[\MI[]^MbLQ^MZOQZn
X]M[ MV MT XZQUMZW [MZn MT 2]bOILW Y]M \]^W TI KWUXM\MVKQI LMT XTMQ\W MV TI XZQUMZI
545

QV[\IVKQI UQMV\ZI[ Y]M MV MT [MO]VLW TW [MZn TI +nUIZI LM ;MO]VLI 1V[\IVKQI XIZI Y]M
u[\I XZIK\QY]M W \MVOI XWZ IXWZ\ILI [Q [WV LWK]UMV\W[ TI XZ]MJI a NITTM LM V]M^W [WJZM
el fondo.
8WZ [] TILW MV TI ZM^Q[Q~V LM [MV\MVKQI ZUM MT IZ\ ! +8+5 WZLMVI MV KI[W LM
M[\QUIKQ~V LM^WT^MZ MT M`XMLQMV\M IT \ZQJ]VIT LM XZWKMLMVKQI XIZI Y]M TI[ XIZ\M[ ][MV []
derecho segn les convenga.
4.5.2 Efecto suspensivo:

1UXTQKIY]MTIILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MLMTUMLQWQUX]OVI\Q^WLMRM[QVMNMK\WTWWZLMVILWMVTI
ZM[WT]KQ~VLMY]M[M\ZI\MPI[\I\IV\WTIQUX]OVIKQ~V[MZM[]MT^M-V]VIXWVLMZIKQ~VMV\ZM
TW[XMZR]QKQW[Y]M[MLMZQÎVXIZIY]QMVPIZM[]T\ILWNI^WZMKQLWXWZTIZM[WT]KQ~V[Qu[\I[M
[][XMVLM PI[\I Y]M ITKIVKM ZUMbI a TW[ LI}W[ QZZM^MZ[QJTM[ W LM LQNyKQT ZMXIZIKQ~V Y]M
X]MLMWZQOQVIZMTVWPIKMZTWTITMa[MLMKIV\IMVMTnUJQ\WLMTW[ZMK]Z[W[XWZMT[MO]VLW
NIK\WZTI[][XMV[Q~V#UQMV\ZI[Y]MMVTIZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQIZUMM[ITIQV^MZ[I
-V TW[ ZMK]Z[W[ I[y MT +~LQOW VQKIUMV\M KWV[QMV\M TI [][XMV[Q~V TW PIKM \nKQ\IUMV\M
IT VW LQ[XWVMZ TW KWV\ZIZQW XIZI MT LM ZM^WKI\WZQI LILW MT KIZnK\MZ QV\MZTWK]\WZQW a
M[KI[IUMV\M QZZM^MZ[QJTM LM TW[ \MUI[ Y]M [M ZM[]MT^MV MV uT# OIZIV\QbIVLW LQ[\QV\IUMV\M
IY]MT MNMK\W MV TW[ ZMK]Z[W[ LM^WT]\Q^W[ ^MZ IZ\ ! +8+5 XIZI TI IXMTIKQ~V Y]M ÎTM
\IUJQuV[QMTXZWKM[W[]JMT]MOWIKI[IKQ~V
8WZ MT KWV\ZIZQW XWZ ZMXZM[MV\IZ TI ZM^Q[Q~V ]V QV[\Z]UMV\W M`KMXKQWVIT LM Z]X\]ZI LM TI
KW[I R]bOILI UI\MZQIT Y]M aI ^MVyI WXMZIVLW VW XZWKMLM TI [][XMV[Q~V [IT^W MV MT KI[W
M`\ZMUW Y]M XZWKMLI TI LMT XZWXQW XZWKMLQUQMV\W ZM^Q[WZ IZ\[ a MV ZMTIKQ~V KWV
TW[XZMKMX\W[Y]MZMO]TIVTI[[Q\]IKQWVM[LM[][XMV[Q~V"IZ\[! LMWKQWXWZKI[WNWZ\]Q\W
WN]MZbIUIaWZ!!IQV[\IVKQILMXIZ\MaK]M[\Q~VQVKQLMV\IT,W[XZMKQ[QWVM[VW
WJ[\IV\MPIVLMMNMK\]IZ[MITWM`X]M[\W"
4I XZQUMZI Y]M MT MNMK\W [][XMV[Q^W TW Y]M ZMO]TI M[ ]VI [Q\]IKQ~V KWVKZM\I Y]M M[ TI
XZW^WKILILMUIVMZIVQKIaM`KT][QÎXWZTIILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MLMTUMLQWQUX]OVI\WZQW
[QVKWV[QLMZIZVILIUn[8WZ\IV\WY]MLIIXIZ\MTIXW[QJQTQLILKWV\QVOMV\M[MOVTW[KI[W[
LMY]MTIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQIT[MTTM^MIKIJWVWaII^QZ\]LLM]VIUMZIKM[IKQ~VLMTMNMK\W
[][XMV[Q^W [QVW XWZY]M [M QV[\M [] MRMK]KQ~V XZW^Q[QWVIT a u[\I XZWKMLI XWZ K]UXTQZ[M TW[
ZMY]Q[Q\W[M`QOQLW[XWZMT+~LQOWIZ\[!a[[+8+5
4I [MO]VLI Y]M MT MNMK\W [][XMV[Q^W LMT UMLQW QUX]OVI\WZQW ]VI ^Mb MUXQMbI I
LM[XTMOIZ[M [M UIV\QMVM PI[\I \IV\W [M XZWL]bKI MT LM[MVTIKM LM IY]uT UWUMV\W I XIZ\QZ
LMTK]IT[]KMLMZn]VILMTI[\ZM[[QO]QMV\M[PQX~\M[Q["JTMÎV\IZTI[][XMV[Q~VXWZY]MLIZ
KWVZUILITIZM[WT]KQ~VI\IKILIPIaVWZUIM`XZM[IMVTIZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQIZUM"IZ\
+8+5#JUIV\MVMZ[MTI[][XMV[Q~V[QKIJMW\ZWZMK]Z[WXW[\MZQWZau[\M[MQV\MZXWVM
a ILUQ\M# J a MV \MZKMZ T]OIZ VITUMV\M TI [][XMV[Q~V [M \WZVIZn MV ZM^WKIKQ~V LM TW[
MNMK\W[ LM TI LQ[XW[Q\QÎ LM TTMOIZ I M[\QUIZ[M TI QUX]OVIKQ~V \IV\W XWZ V]TQLIL ZMK]Z[W
KWUWXWZZM[KQ[Q~VLMUIVLILMZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQIZUM"IZ\
546
4.6 CMPUTO DE LOS PLAZOS

<IV\W XIZI MT MRMZKQKQW LMT LMZMKPW IT ZMK]Z[W KWUW LM TI IKKQ~V LM ZM^Q[Q~V TW[ XTIbW[ [M
KWV\IZnV [MOV [MIV LyI[ W UM[M[ KWVNWZUM IT ZuOQUMV OMVMZIT LM TW[ XTIbW[ XZWKM[ITM[
IZ\+8+5"[QLyI[VQKIUMV\MTW[PnJQTM[#aLMNMKPIINMKPIK]IVLW[M\ZI\MLMUM[M[
4IZMOTIM[XMKyKIUn[Y]MM[XMKQITXWZY]MMVZMITQLILM[\IUJQuV]VILMZQÎKQ~VLMIY]MT
ZuOQUMVOMVMZITY]M[y[MQV\ZWL]KM[MZMMZMITdies a quoXIZIMTUMVKQWVILWK~UX]\W"u[\M
TW[MZnLM[LMMTLyI[QO]QMV\MITIVW\QKIKQ~VLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILI[QVW[MP]JQMZI
pedido aclaracin sobre ella o en su caso complemento por omisin de pronunciamiento;
a MV KI[W KWV\ZIZQW LM[LM MT LyI [QO]QMV\M IT LMT I]\W ZM[WT^QMVLW [WJZM \IT IKTIZIKQ~V W
KWUXTMUMV\WKWVQVLMXMVLMVKQILM[][QOVW
-[ LMKQZ \IV\W [Q PI LMVMOILW TI IKTIZIKQ~V W MT KWUXTMUMV\W KWUW [Q [M PI IKKMLQLW
I ]VI ] W\ZW MV \WLW W MV XIZ\M LM TW XMLQLW MT XTIbW [WTW MUXMbIZn I KWV\IZ LM[LM MT
LyI [QO]QMV\M I IY]MT MV Y]M XWZ PIJuZ[MTM VW\QKILW TI XMZ[WVI aI KWVWKM MT KWV\MVQLW
LMVQ\Q^WLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VaKWVMTTWX]MLMKITK]TIZMTITKIVKMLMTXMZR]QKQWY]MTMXZWL]KM
aLM\MZUQVIZMTXWZY]uLM[]QTQKQ\]L"IZ\XnZZINW[MO]VLW+8+5Y]MÎTMXIZI\WLW[
TW[ZMK]Z[W[aY]MLMJMKWPWVM[\IZ[MI[]^MbKWVMTIZ\XIZIMTM[KZQ\WLMQV\MZXW[QKQ~V
LMTIIXMTIKQ~VaMTIZ\XIZIMTLMKI[IKQ~V8WZ\IV\W[QMUXZMY]M[MPIaI[WTQKQ\ILW
IKTIZIKQ~VPIJZnLMM[\IZ[MITLyI[QO]QMV\MLMTINMKPILMTI]\WZM[WT]\WZQWKWZZM[XWVLQMV\M
547
4.7 RECURSO DE REVOCATORIA

;=5):17"17JRM\WaZM[WT]KQWVM[ZMK]ZZQJTM[11:MY]Q[Q\W[XIZITIKWZZMK\I
NWZUITQbIKQ~V LMT ZMK]Z[W 1118ZWKMLQUQMV\W 1> ,MKQ[Q~V LMT ZMK]Z[W"
KWV\MVQLWMNMK\W[KWVKZM\W[aZMK]ZZQJQTQLIL"
4.7.1 Objeto y resoluciones recurribles:

-TZMK]Z[WLMZM^WKI\WZQI\QMVMXWZVITQLILTIKWZZMKKQ~VLMTI[QVNZIKKQWVM[KWUM\QLI[
MV TI ILWXKQ~V LM ZM[WT]KQWVM[ LM KWV\MVQLW XZWKM[IT \IV\W ZM[XMK\W LM TI IXZMKQIKQ~V LM
TW[ PMKPW[ Y]M N]VLIUMV\IV TIIXTQKIKQ~V LMTI VWZUI XZWKM[ITLMY]M[M\ZI\MKWUWLM
TIQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VaIXTQKIKQ~VLMM[\IT\QUIaLM[][MNMK\W[4WY]MMVuT[MZM[]MT^M[WV
cuestiones de tramitacin o incidentales dentro del procedimiento y por tanto no afecta a
TIK]M[\Q~VKWV\ZW^MZ\QLILMNWVLW.]MZILMTnUJQ\WLMT+8+5MTZMK]Z[WLMZM^WKI\WZQI
X]MLM M`\MVLMZ[M KWUW WK]ZZM MV TW[ XZWKM[W[ LM NIUQTQI I K]M[\QWVM[ [][\IV\QÎ[
IKKM[WZQI[ITWZM[]MT\WXWZTI[MV\MVKQILMVQ\QÎ.
La revocatoria es un recurso ordinario, XWZY]MMVK]IV\WITXZWJTMUIXZWKM[ITXTIV\MILWMT
~ZOIVW KWUXM\MV\M ZM[]MT^M KWV XTMVQ\]L LM R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V# LM MNMK\W VW [][XMV[Q^W [M [QO]M
MRMK]\IVLW TW WZLMVILW MV TI ZM[WT]KQ~V ZMK]ZZQLI# a LM KIZnK\MZ devolutivo XWZY]M KWUW
[IVKQWVI MT IZ\ +8+5 u[\M [M QV[\IZn a ZM[WT^MZn IV\M MT XZWXQW ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT Y]M
dict la resolucin recurrida. El Cdigo sigue as la pauta de los ordenamientos procesales
IK\]ITM[ Y]M UIV\QMVMV TI M`Q[\MVKQI LM ]V ZMK]Z[W VW LM^WT]\Q^W XIZI TI KWZZMKKQ~V LM
QVNZIKKQWVM[UMVWZM[Y]MVWQV\ZI[KMVLMV\M[WVWLMVQ\QÎ[KWVMTXZWX~[Q\WLMVWJTWY]MIZ
KWV\QV]IUMV\MTI\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMTXZWKM[WTWY]MWK]ZZQZyILMKWV\ZIZQW[QKILIZM[WT]KQ~VLM
\ZnUQ\M LQMZI T]OIZ I ]VI IXMTIKQ~V XWZ MRMUXTW# a MTTW I]V I KW[\I LM TI ZMTI\QÎ MKIKQI
XZnK\QKI LM M[\M QV[\Z]UMV\W QUX]OVI\Q^W I[XMK\W [WJZM MT Y]M ^WT^MZMUW[ MV MT T\QUW
MXyOZINMLMM[\MIXIZ\ILW
+WV[\Q\]aMVZM[WT]KQWVM[ZMK]ZZQJTM[I\ZIû[LMTIZM^WKI\WZQI[MOV[M}ITIMTUQ[UWIZ\
LMT+~LQOWTW[LMKZM\W[LM[][\IVKQIKQ~VaTW[I]\W[VWLMVQ\Q^W[,MM[\IUIVMZI
a \MVQMVLW MV K]MV\I KWUW T]MOW ^MZMUW[ Y]M MT ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V KIJM I [] ^Mb XWZ
ZMOTI OMVMZIT ÔZ [IT^W M`KMXKQWVM[ M`XZM[I[ LM TI 4Ma KWV\ZI TW[ I]\W[ Y]M [y ZM[]T\IV
<IT KWUW M`XZM[IUMV\M XZMû MT IZ\ 48." -T ZMK]Z[W LM ZM^WKI\WZQI XZWKMLM KWV\ZI TW[ LMKZM\W[ LM
[][\IVKQIKQ~VTI[[MV\MVKQI[QV\MZTWK]\WZQI[aTI[MV\MVKQILMVQ\QÎMVTWIKKM[WZQW
d)TZM[XMK\W\QMVMXZMKQ[ILWTI+nUIZILM.IUQTQILMTI;MKKQ~VLMT+MV\ZWLM;IV;ITÎLWZMV;MV\MVKQILQK\ILII
TI[PWZI[LMTLyILMUIZbWLMZMN +;2":->7KWVKQ\ILMW\ZI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[[]aI[MVMTUQ[UW
[MV\QLWY]M"ZM[]T\IQUXZWKMLMV\MTIILUQ[Q~V LMTIZM^WKI\WZQIKWV\ZITIZM[WT]KQ~VY]MZM[]MT^MMTZMK]Z[W
LM IXMTIKQ~V# M[ LMKQZ LM TI Y]M MV LMVQ\QÎ LMKQLM a XWVM V I TI QUX]OVIKQ~V QV\MZX]M[\I TW KWV\ZIZQW
[QOVQKIZyI^WT^MZIZMITQbIZMTUQ[UWIVnTQ[Q[LMTXZQUQOMVQWZMK]Z[WI\ZIû[LMW\ZWZMK]Z[WUn[[QUXTMKWUW
M[MTLMTIZM^WKI\WZQITWIV\MZQWZVWKWV\ZIZyIMTIKKM[WITI[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQIaMTLMZMKPWLMZM^Q[Q~VLMTI[
ZM[WT]KQWVM[ R]LQKQITM[ XWZ K]IV\W LQKPW V [M K]UXTQ~ I \ZIû[ LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V LM TI IXMTIKQ~V IKMX\IZ TW
KWV\ZIZQWQUXTQKIZyIXZWTWVOIZQVLMVQLIUMV\MTI[][\IVKQIKQ~VVWZUITLMTI[XZM[MV\M[LQTQOMVKQI[ZML]VLIVLW
en los mismos argumentos ya sostenidos en la resolucin de la apelacin.
548

LMVQ\Q^W[ XWZY]M XWVMV V IT XZWKM[W QUXQLQMVLW [] KWV\QV]IKQ~V I[y KWUW KWV\ZI TI[
[MV\MVKQI[IZ\ 4-+#\MVLZyIUW[Y]MTIKWVO]ZIKQ~VTMOQ[TI\QÎLM]VWaW\ZWZMK]Z[W
TI ZM^WKI\WZQI a TI IXMTIKQ~V M`KT]aMV\M[ XWZ TW OMVMZIT MV\ZM [y ZM[XWVLM I TI LQNMZMV\M
naturaleza y alcance de la resolucin atacable.
-[\MZyOQLWM[Y]MUI[QVMUJIZOWVW[MIV\WRIQVIUW^QJTM\IV\WXWZY]MMVWKI[QWVM[[yKIJM
IXMTIKQ~V\ZI[TIZM^WKI\WZQI^MZinfraMXyOZINM1>KWUWXWZY]MIXM[IZLMTILQKKQ~VLMTIZ\
+8+5VW\WLI[TI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[ZMK]ZZQJTM[MVZM^WKI\WZQI[WVI]\W[VWLMVQ\Q^W[-V
MNMK\WM`Q[\MVK]I\ZWKI[W[MVTW[Y]MTITMaKWV\MUXTIMTZMK]Z[WLMZM^WKI\WZQIa[WTIUMV\M
uT XWZ KQMZ\W KWV\ZI LMKQ[QWVM[ Y]M KQMZZIV MT XI[W I TI \ZIUQ\IKQ~V LMT XZWKM[W I]\W[
LMVQ\Q^W[)[IJMZ"ITIY]MLMKTIZITIKIL]KQLILLMTIQV[\IVKQIXWZMZZWZMVMTK~UX]\WLM
TW[XTIbW[XZWKM[ITM[IZ\!+8+5#JTIY]MIK]MZLITIQVILUQ[QJQTQLILLMTILMUIVLI
IZ\ #KTIY]MQVILUQ\M]VZMK]Z[WLMIXMTIKQ~VIZ\aLTIY]MQVILUQ\M]VZMK]Z[W
LMKI[IKQ~VIZ\
4.7.2 Requisitos para la correcta formalizacin del recurso:

)LMUn[ LM TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ KWU]VM[ I \WLW ZMK]Z[W ZMTI\Q^W[ I TI TMOQ\QUIKQ~V IK\QÎ TI
KWUXM\MVKQI a TI QV\MZXW[QKQ~V MV XTIbW Y]M IY]y [MZn MT LM TW[ \ZM[ LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ I TI
VW\QKIKQ~VLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILIIZ\+8+5QUXWZ\ILM[\IKIZ]VIM`QOMVKQI
XMK]TQIZLMM[\MZMK]Z[WKWUWM[TIVMKM[IZQIKWV[\IVKQIMVMTM[KZQ\WY]MTWNWZUITQbIMÌZ\
XZQUMZXnZZINW+8+5LMTIQVNZIKKQ~VTMOITY]M[MM[\QUMKWUM\QLIKWV]VI[]KQV\I
M`XTQKIKQ~VLMTIUQ[UI[WXMVILMIKWZLIZ[M[]QVILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\M[QVUn[IZ\in
VM
8WLZyI ZM[]T\IZ ]V \IV\W XIZIL~RQKW Y]M XZMKQ[IUMV\M MV ]V ZMK]Z[W KWV ^WKIKQ~V TMOIT
LM [MVKQTTMb KWUW M[ u[\M [M QVKT]aI ]V ZMY]Q[Q\W Y]M XWZ [] NWZUITQLIL XIZMKM Un[
XZWXQIUMV\M TTIUILW I QV[MZ\IZ[M MV ZMK]Z[W[ LM yVLWTM Un[ [WTMUVM KWUW XWLZyI [MZ MT
LM KI[IKQ~V [WJZM \WLW K]IVLW I [] QVWJ[MZÎVKQI [M IV]LI TI QVILUQ[Q~V QV[]J[IVIJTM
del mismo.
;QVMUJIZOWTIXIZILWRIM[Un[IXIZMV\MY]MZMITIXWKWY]M[MZMM`QWVM[WJZMK]nTM[MT
[MV\QLW^MZLILMZWLMM[\MZMY]Q[Q\WaIY]MM[M^QLMV\MY]MMTM[KZQ\WY]MUW\QÎMTZMK]Z[W
LMJM\ZIMZLM[LMT]MOWTIM`XTQKIKQ~VLMTXWZY]uLM[]QV\MZXW[QKQ~VaY]MM[IM`XTQKIKQ~V
VWX]MLMXW[XWVMZ[MXIZIW\ZWUWUMV\WXW[\MZQWZVQX]MLMXZM\MVLMZ[MY]M[MIMT\ZQJ]VIT
Y]QMV[]XTITW[IZO]UMV\W[LMWKQWITMV\ZIZIZM[WT^MZTW
)PWZI JQMV" MT XZWJTMUI ZILQKI MV LM\MZUQVIZ Y]M LMJM MV\MVLMZ[M XWZ KWV[\IZ TI
QVNZIKKQ~VTMOITMVMTM[KZQ\WLMTIXIZ\MZMK]ZZMV\MITW[MNMK\W[LMTIZ\XZQUMZXnZZINW
+8+5 ;Q QVNZIKKQ~V TMOIT [QOVQKI TI VIZZIKQ~V LMT IK\W XZWKM[IT ZMITQbILW TW[ PMKPW[ a
TI LM[KZQXKQ~V LMT LMJMZ LM KWVL]K\I TMOITUMV\M XZM^Q[\W K]aI QV[]KQMVKQI [M IKPIKI I TI
ZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILII]VY]M[MXZM[KQVLIMVM[MZMTI\WXWZWT^QLW]W\ZIKI][ILMTIKQ\I
KWVKZM\ILMTXZMKMX\WLMT+8+5WTMaXZWKM[ITY]MZMO]TMMTIK\WMZZ~VMIUMV\MXZIK\QKILW
MTZMY]Q[Q\WLMTIZ\+8+5LMJMLIZ[MXWZ[I\Q[NMKPWMVWZLMVIXMZUQ\QZ[]ILUQ[Q~V
aXZWV]VKQIZ[M[WJZMuTZM[WT^MZTW
549

;QXWZMTKWV\ZIZQWinfraccin legalKWUXWZ\IIZO]UMV\IKQWVM[ITUIZOMVTIKWVKZM\IKQ\ILMT
XZMKMX\W XZWKM[IT ^]TVMZILW LM \IT O]Q[I Y]M [Q u[\I VW O]ZIMV MT M[KZQ\W aI VW QUXWZ\I
TWLMUn[aPILMQVILUQ\QZ[MI\ZnUQ\MMTZMY]Q[Q\W[MVW[IV\WRIZyILM[XZWXWZKQWVILWITW[
VM[Y]M[MXMZ[QO]MVLM^MZQKIZTI[MZQMLILLM[]LML]KKQ~VaXWZ\IV\WaMVM[IUQ[UI
UMLQLITQVLIV\MMVTWQVKWV[\Q\]KQWVIT
-V -[XI}I ZM[XMK\W LMT TTIUILW ZMK]Z[W LM ZMXW[QKQ~V LM KIZIK\MZy[\QKI[ IVnTWOI[ IT LM
ZM^WKI\WZQITI^QOMV\M4-+KWV\MUXTI]VIVWZUI[QUQTIZITUMVKQWVILWIZ\
CPCM316KWVMTVR][\IUMV\MLM[]XMZIZMTNWZUITQ[UWY]MLM[\QTIJIMTIV\MZQWZIZ\
4-+ MTK]ITM`QOyIY]MMTM[KZQ\WLMQV\MZXW[QKQ~VKQ\IZ[MTIdisposicin LMM[\I4MaY]M
PIaI[QLWQVNZQVOQLITWY]MLQWXZMKQ[IUMV\MT]OIZIQVILUQ[QWVM[LM[XZWXWZKQWVILI[NZMV\M
IM[KZQ\W[Y]M[IT^WTIKQ\ILMTXZMKMX\W\ZIyI]VIKWUXTM\IWITUMVW[N]VLIUMV\IKQ~VLM
TIY]MRI
4.7.3 Procedimiento:
+WUWIV\QKQXIUW[IZZQJITI\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMTIZM^WKI\WZQIM[ZnXQLIa[MVKQTTINIKQTQ\ILIXWZ
MTPMKPWLM[]KIZnK\MZVWLM^WT]\Q^W"\ZI[[]QV\MZXW[QKQ~VXWZUMLQWLM]VM[KZQ\WY]MPI
LM KWV\MVMZ \WLW[ [][ N]VLIUMV\W[ a TI [WTQKQ\]L KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M M[\QUIKQ~V LMT ZMK]Z[W
ZM^WKIKQ~VLMTLMKZM\WWI]\WaY]MMV[]T]OIZ[MLQK\MW\ZWKWVMT[QO]QMV\MKWV\MVQLWa
VWM`Q[\QMVLWWJ[\nK]TWI[]ILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\M[MLIZn\ZI[TILWITIXIZ\MZMK]ZZQLI]VW
W Un[ TQ\QOIV\M[ TW[ Y]M [MIV XWZ XTIbW LM \ZM[ LyI[ XIZI Y]M X]MLIV WXWVMZ[M IT ZMK]Z[W
IZ\XnZZINWXZQUMZW
+]UXTQLW M[\W MV MT XTIbW LM TW[ \ZM[ LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ IT LM XZM[MV\IKQ~V LMT M[KZQ\W LM
WXW[QKQ~VWLM^MVKQUQMV\WLMTXTIbWW\WZOILWITIXIZ\MZMK]ZZQLI[QVWXZM[MV\~VILIMT
\ZQJ]VITZM[WT^MZnTWY]MKWZZM[XWVLI[QVUn[LQTIKQ~VXMZWKWVKWVOZ]MVKQIITWITMOILW
XWZ IUJI[ XIZ\M[ Y]M M[ KWUW LMJM TMMZ[M MT IZ\ XnZZINW [MO]VLW K]IVLW LQKM
QVLMXMVLQMV\MUMV\MLMY]MTI[XIZ\M[P]JQMZIVPMKPW][WLM[][LMZMKPW[
+WUW ]V []X]M[\W M[XMKQIT KWV^QMVM LM[\IKIZ Y]M MT ZMK]Z[W LM ZM^WKI\WZQI KWV\ZI
LMKQ[QWVM[ILWX\ILI[MVMT\ZIV[K]Z[WLM]VI^Q[\IWZITI]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQILMTXZWKM[W
KWUV# IK\W LMT R]QKQW XIZI TI XZnK\QKI LM TI[ XZ]MJI[ MV TW[ XZWKM[W[ LMKTIZI\Q^W[ [M
ITMOIZnV\IUJQuVLMUIVMZIWZITMVMTUQ[UWIK\WMÌZ\+8+5#aXIZITI[WJRMKQWVM[
ITIILUQ[Q~VLMXZ]MJI[MVTII]LQMVKQIXZWJI\WZQIIZ\+8+5)]VY]MTITMaVWTW
UMVKQWVIMVM[\W[KI[W[LMJMMV\MVLMZ[MY]MIV\M[LMZM[WT^MZ[WJZMMTTWMTR]MbLIZn\]ZVW
LM XITIJZI I TI XIZ\M ZMK]ZZQLI I V LM Y]M UIVQM[\M TW Y]M I [] LMZMKPW KWV^MVOI VW
\QMVM[MV\QLWKMZKMVIZTM]VIWXWZ\]VQLILLMLMNMV[IMV\IT[MV\QLW#aT]MOWMV\WVKM[[yMT
\ZQJ]VITXZWV]VKQIZn\IUJQuVWZITUMV\M[]LMKQ[Q~V
316 )Z\4-+"-TZMK]Z[WLMZMXW[QKQ~VLMJMZnQV\MZXWVMZ[MMVMTXTIbWLMKQVKWLyI[expresndose la infraccin en

Y]MTIZM[WT]KQ~VP]JQMZIQVK]ZZQLWIR]QKQWLMTZMK]ZZMV\M

;QVW[MK]UXTQMZIVM[\W[LW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[[MQVILUQ\QZnUMLQIV\MXZW^QLMVKQITIZMXW[QKQ~V[QV]T\MZQWZZMK]Z[W
550
4.7.4 Decisin del recurso: contenido, efectos concretos y recurribilidad:

4I LM[M[\QUIKQ~V LM TI ZM^WKI\WZQI \ZIM KWV[QOW TI KWVNQZUIKQ~V LM TI LMKQ[Q~V
QUX]OVILIaMTUIV\MVQUQMV\WLM[][MNMK\W[XWZTWLMUn[VWQV\MZZ]UXQLW[KWUW^QUW[
I ZIyb LM [] QV\MZXW[QKQ~V 8WZ MT KWV\ZIZQW LM M[\QUIZ[M MT ZMK]Z[W MT \ZQJ]VIT KWUXM\MV\M
LMJMLQK\IZTI[WT]KQ~VILMK]ILII,MZMKPW0]MTOILMKQZY]MMV\WLWZMK]Z[WVWLM^WT]\Q^W
aMVM[\MKI[WMTLMZM^WKI\WZQITIZM[XWV[IJQTQLILR]LQKQITMVTINI[MLMZM[WT]KQ~VILY]QMZM
[Q [M Y]QMZM MV ITOV [MV\QLW UIaWZ UIOVQ\]L Y]M MV TW[ ZMK]Z[W[ LM^WT]\Q^W[ X]M[ TW Y]M
[MXQLMLMTR]MbM[Y]MNWZU]TM]VII]\WKZy\QKIJQMVY]MQVL]KQLIXWZMTZMK]ZZMV\MIKMZKI
LMTXZWXQWMZZWZKWUM\QLWa\MVOITI[]KQMV\MaVMKM[IZQIP]UQTLILXIZIZMKWVWKMZ[]MZZWZ
TWY]MMVU]KPI[WKI[QWVM[LM^QMVMUn[LQNyKQTY]MZMXIZIZMTMZZWZIRMVW
5I[ [Q MT [Q[\MUI TMOIT KWV\MUXTI ]V ZMK]Z[W LM M[\I[ KIZIK\MZy[\QKI[ a VW WX\I XWZ []
MTQUQVIKQ~V M[ XZMKQ[IUMV\M XWZ TI KWVIVbI Y]M LMXW[Q\I MV TI O]ZI LMT R]Mb LMT Y]M
u[\MLMJMPIKMZ]V][WKWZZM[XMK\Q^WVWKWV^QZ\QMVLWITIZM^WKI\WZQIMV]V[QUXTMILWZVW
[QVWMV]VQV[\Z]UMV\WZMITLMUMRWZIUQMV\WLMTI2][\QKQI
-V K]IV\W IT ZuOQUMV LM ZMK]ZZQJQTQLIL LM TI[ LMKQ[QWVM[ ILWX\ILI[ MV TI ZM^WKI\WZQI
\MVMUW[Y]M"
I +WVKIZnK\MZOMVMZITLM^QMVMQZZMK]ZZQJTM\IV\WMTI]\WY]MTWQVILUQ\MI\ZnUQ\M
IZ\ +8+5 KWUW IY]MT Y]M MV\ZI I ZM[WT^MZ MT NWVLW LMT ZMK]Z[W ILUQ\QLW
aI[MIMV[MV\QLWM[\QUI\WZQWKWUWLM[M[\QUI\WZQW^MZUQ[UWIZ\Y]MPIJTI
MVOMVuZQKWLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VY]MZM[]MTÎ[WJZMTIZM^WKI\WZQI
-VWKI[QWVM[QVKT][WI[y[MLQ[XWVMM`XZM[IUMV\MXIZIMT[]X]M[\WM[XMKyKW"IZ\[
! K]IVLWVWXZWKMLIIXMTIKQ~V+8+5
J +WUWM`KMXKQWVM[IM[\IZMOTIOMVMZIT[QVMUJIZOWIXIZMKMV"
)Y]MTTI[ ZM[WT]KQWVM[ Y]M XMZUQ\MV QV\MZXWVMZ ZMK]Z[W LM ZM^WKI\WZQI a [Q u[\M I [] ^Mb
[MLMVQMOIMTLMIXMTIKQ~V"IZ\[a+8+5#a\IUJQuV
4I[ ZM[WT]KQWVM[ Y]M XMZUQ\MV ZM^WKI\WZQI a K]IVLW u[\I [M LMVQMOI KIJM ZMXTIV\MIZ MT
problema procesal al momento de formular apelacin contra la sentencia recada en ese
XZWKM[W"IZ\!+8+5
551
4.8 RECURSO DE APELACIN

;=5):17"1+WVKMX\WaZM[WT]KQWVM[ZMK]ZZQJTM[117JRM\W111)K\Q^QLIL
LMXZ]MJIMV[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQI1>4IILPM[Q~VITIIXMTIKQ~V"+WVKMX\W
-NMK\W[4yUQ\M[LMTLMZMKPWIILPMZQZ[M>8ZWKMLQUQMV\W"1V\MZXW[QKQ~V
)LUQ[Q~V>Q[\IWZIT;MV\MVKQI1>,MKQ[Q~VLMTZMK]Z[W
4.8.1 Concepto y resoluciones recurribles:

4.8.1.1 Concepto:
-TZMK]Z[WLMIXMTIKQ~VM[]VZMK]Z[WWZLQVIZQWY]M\QMVMXWZVITQLILMTZMMÌUMVLMTI[
QVNZIKKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[ a [][\IV\QÎ[ KWV\ZI ZM[WT]KQWVM[ LM XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI I \ZIû[ LM
]VXZWKMLQUQMV\WVQKWKWVMTY]MMT\ZQJ]VITKWUXM\MV\Mad quemMRMZKQ\I]VIXW\M[\ILLM
R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V[QUQTIZITILM[XTMOILIXWZMT~ZOIVWQVNMZQWZIquo
4.8.1.2 Resoluciones:
&RQIXHU]DGHGHQLWLYDV
-T ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V KIJM XWZ TMa IZ\ +8+5 NZMV\M I LW[ \QXW[ LM ZM[WT]KQWVM[
R]LQKQITM[ LM XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI" KWUW ZMOTI OMVMZIT TI[ Y]M ZM^Q[\IV MT KIZnK\MZ LM
LMVQ\QÎ[#aMV[MO]VLWT]OIZaXWZM`KMXKQ~VIY]MTTI[Y]MVW\MVOIVLQKPIKWVLQKQ~V
XMZW I[y [M I]\WZQKM M`XZM[IUMV\M XWZ MT TMOQ[TILWZ +WV KIZnK\MZ OMVMZIT [WV TI[ LQK\ILI[
XWZ TW[ 2]bOILW[ LM 8ZQUMZI 1V[\IVKQI W XWZ TW[ LM 8ZQUMZI 1V[\IVKQI a 5MVWZ +]IV\yI a
MV TW[ KI[W[ M[XMKyKIUMV\M XZM^Q[\W[ XWZ MT IZ\ ! +8+5 TI[ LQK\ILI[ XWZ TI[ +nUIZI[
de Segunda Instancia.
;WV LMVQ\QÎ[ KWUW [IJMUW[ IY]MTTI[ ZM[WT]KQWVM[ Y]M QUXQLMV W XWVMV V IT XZWKM[W
LMY]M[M\ZI\MaI[MIu[\MLMKTIZI\Q^WMRMK]\Q^WWKI]\MTIZ\IV\WMV^yIXZQVKQXITKWUWLM
incidente. Que la resolucin impugnable revista a su vez forma de auto317 W LM [MV\MVKQI
LMXMVLMZn LMT KWV\MVQLW LM TI LMKQ[Q~V a I ^MKM[ \IUJQuV LMT UWUMV\W XZWKMLQUMV\IT MV
Y]MTIUQ[UI[MILWX\M)[yZM[]T\ILMVQ\QÎLM[LMT]MOWTI[MV\MVKQIY]M\ZI[[][\IVKQIZ[M
\WLW[ TW[ \ZnUQ\M[ LM TI KI][I MV\ZI I ZM[WT^MZ [WJZM MT NWVLW KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW 8MZW TW M[
\IUJQuV TI ;MV\MVKQI LQK\ILI QO]ITUMV\M IT VIT LMT XZWKM[W XMZW Y]M VW MV\ZI MV MT
NWVLW IT IXZMKQIZ MV M[M UWUMV\W a VW PIJMZTW PMKPW IV\M[ TI NIT\I LM ]V XZM[]X]M[\W
XZWKM[IT KWUXM\MVKQI KIXIKQLIL LM TI[ XIZ\M[ W TI KWVK]ZZMVKQI LM ]V ~JQKM XZWKM[IT
TQ\Q[XMVLMVKQIKW[IR]bOILI318.
317 )Z\+8+5XIZITILQ[\QVKQ~VMV\ZMI]\W[[QUXTM[aLMVQ\Q^W[
318 ;QVPIKMZUI\QbIKQWVM[MV\WZVWITKWV\MVQLWM[\QUI\WZQWWVWLMTI;MV\MVKQI[MZMKWOMTIIXMTIJQTQLILLM
TI[ZMKIyLI[MVZMJMTLyIIZ\ #R]QKQWMRMK]\Q^WIZ\!XZWKM[W[XW[M[WZQW[IZ\aLMQVY]QTQVI\WIZ\[
LM[WK]XIKQ~VXWZKI][ILMUWZIa XIZITI[LMUn[XZM\MV[QWVM[
552

<IUJQuVMV\ZIVMVTIKI\MOWZyILMLMVQ\QÎ[XMZUQ\QMVLWXWZ\IV\WIXMTIKQ~VIY]MTTW[
I]\W[Y]M"
I 1UXQLMV MT QVQKQW LM ]V XZWKM[W XZQVKQXIT UMLQIV\M TI QVILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M LM
una demanda! 8WZ M`KMXKQ~V MT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW XMZUQ\M [~TW ZMK]Z[W LM
ZM^WKI\WZQI a VW IXMTIKQ~V KWV\ZI MT I]\W Y]M LMKZM\I TI QVILUQ[QJQTQLIL LM TI
LMUIVLI I]\W Y]M I]VY]M XWZ [] VI\]ZITMbI LM^QMVM I XZQWZQ ]VI ZM[WT]KQ~V
LMVQ\QÎMVTIXZnK\QKIZM[]T\INnKQTUMV\M[]J[IVIJTMaMVMTXMWZLMTW[KI[W[VW
QUXQLMY]MX]MLIXZM[MV\IZ[MW\ZIa posteriori[QVTW[MZZWZM[Y]MKWVL]RMZWVIIY]MTTI
inadmisibilidad.
J 1UXQLMV TI KWV\QV]IKQ~V LM ]V XZWKM[W aI QVQKQILW XWZ LMKZM\IZ MT IZKPQ^W LM TI[
IK\]IKQWVM[ XWZ UW\Q^W[ XZWKM[ITM[ LM WKQW W MV M[\QUIKQ~V LM ]VI M`KMXKQ~V
opuesta por el demandado321;
K
8WVMVVI]VLM\MZUQVILWXZWKMLQUQMV\WQVKQLMV\IT322.
8MZWVWLM^QMVMVQKIUMV\MLMVQ\QÎTIZM[WT]KQ~VY]MXWVMVITXZWKM[Win totum y para

\WLI[TI[XIZ\M["\IUJQuVTWM[XIZIMTXMZR]QKQWLMTY]M[MXZM[MV\IKWUWIXMTIV\MIY]MTTI
Y]MTMQUXQLMXMZ[WVIZ[MMVTITQ\Q[LMY]M[M\ZI\M323#WTIY]MIK]MZLI[]M`KT][Q~VLMTXZWKM[W
XWZ KWV[QLMZIZ MT R]Mb Y]M PI LMRILW LM \MVMZ QV\MZu[ R]ZyLQKW MV MT WJRM\W LMT XTMQ\W XWZ
\ZIV[UQ[Q~VLMTIKW[IXWZLQ[WT]KQ~VLMTIKWU]VQLILLMJQMVM[M\KM`\ZMUWY]MITMNMK\W
niegue el recurrente.
! 8ZMû[MVLW[ZMK]Z[W[LMIXMTIKQ~VNZMV\MITIQVILUQ[Q~VLMLMUIVLILM]VXZWKM[WLMKTIZI\Q^WMVOMVMZIT
MT IZ\ # XWZ TI QVILUQ[Q~V LM TI LMT R]QKQW MRMK]\Q^W MT IZ\ # XWZ TI QVILUQ[Q~V LM LMUIVLI LM R]QKQW
UWVQ\WZQW MT IZ\ !# XWZ QVILUQ[Q~V LM LMUIVLI MRMK]\QÎ MT IZ\ # a XWZ QVILUQ[Q~V LM LMUIVLI LM
MRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVITMTIZ\!\WLW[LMT+8+5
)LQNMZMVKQILMTI[KI][I[LMQUXZWXWVQJQTQLILLMTILMUIVLIIY]MIT]LMMTIZ\aY]MINMK\IITINIT\ILM
XZM[]X]M[\W[XZWKM[ITM[WITIIXIZQKQ~VLMITOV~JQKMQUXMLQ\Q^WLM]VILMKQ[Q~VLMNWVLWMVTIQVILUQ[QJQTQLIL
LMT TWY]M[MIKPIKIITILMUIVLI[WVLMNMK\W[NWZUITM[XMZWILMUn[XMZNMK\IUMV\M[]J[IVIJTM[ZMLIKKQ~V
W[K]ZIQVMV\MVLQJTM[QVO]IZLIZ]VIUyVQUIM[\Z]K\]ZI[QVNWZU]TIZXM\QKQ~VLM\]\MTIKWVKZM\IM\KY]MMT
[]RM\WJQMVXWZY]MVWMV\QMVLMTWY]M[MTMPIIXMZKQJQLWY]MKWZZQRIaTWPIKMUITJQMVXWZY]MVWY]QMZMJQMV
XWZY]MLMRIXI[IZMTXTIbWLMTW[LyI[Y]M[MTMW\WZOIVW[]J[IVImotu proprio. ,ILWY]MVWX]MLMPIKMZTWMT
~ZOIVWR]LQKQITMV[][][\Q\]KQ~VXWZY]MM[\IUW[IV\M]VIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VZWOILIITILMUIVLIVWX]MLMLnZ[MTM
K]Z[WI[yKWUWu[\IX]M[[MIV\WRIQVQV\MTQOQJTMWQVKWUXTM\I8MZWJQMVM[^MZLILY]MVILIQUXQLMTIXZM[MV\IKQ~V
XW[\MZQWZLMW\ZIV]MÎTQJZMLMIY]MTTW[LMNMK\W[Y]MMVM[IUMLQLIXWLZn[MZILUQ\QLII\ZnUQ\M;QMVLW\WLW
MTTWI[yMV\QMVLMMTTMOQ[TILWZY]MVW[MR][\QKIIJZQZ]VLMJI\MILWJTMQV[\IVKQIXIZILQ[K]\QZ[WJZM]VIK]M[\Q~V
Y]MVWM[M[MVKQITVQQZZM^MZ[QJTMaY]MMVMTXMWZLMTW[KI[W[QV[Q[\QUW[[MIZZMOTIde facto presentando una
V]MÎLMUIVLIaIKWZZMOQLI8WZ[QIKI[WVWWJ[\IV\M[y[MXMZUQ\MMTZMK]Z[WLMZM^WKI\WZQIaY]MMT2]MbI[y
ZMKWV[QLMZM[QMT[]X]M[\WLMNMK\WY]MXIZMKMPIJMZIXZMKQILWZM[XWVLMMVZMITQLILI]VIUITIXMZKMXKQ~V[]aI
LMTWY]MTMMaVWI]VLMNMK\WKQMZ\W
321 4I[IXMTIKQWVM[KWV\ZITI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[LMTW[IZ\[LMKTIZIKQ~VLMNIT\ILMKWUXM\MVKQIWJRM\QÎaN]VKQWVIT#
LMKTIZIKQ~V LM NIT\I LM KWUXM\MVKQI \MZZQ\WZQIT# VITQbIKQ~V XWZ QUXZWXWVQJQTQLIL [WJZM^MVQLI LM
TI LMUIVLI W TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V MRMZKQ\ILI# a M[\QUIVLW ]V QVKQLMV\M Y]M XWVM V IT
XZWKM[W#LMKTIZIKQ~VLMQVKWUXM\MVKQIXIZILM[XIKPIZMRMK]KQ~V+8+5#
322 )Z\+8+5MVK]IV\WITIIXMTIKQ~VKWV\ZIMTI]\WZM[WT]\WZQWMV[MV\QLWXW[Q\Q^WWVMOI\Q^WLMUMLQLI[
cautelares.
323 )[yTIIXMTIKQ~VLMTIZ\ +8+5MVK]IV\WITIZM[WT]KQ~VY]MLMVQMOITIXM\QKQ~VXIZIXMZ[WVIZ[MKWUW
coadyuvante
553

5HVROXFLRQHVQRGHQLWLYDV
-V K]IV\W I TI IXMTIKQ~V LM ZM[WT]KQWVM[ VW LMVQ\QÎ[ KWUW LMKyIUW[ PI LM [MZ TI TMa
TI Y]M KWV\MUXTM XIZI MTTI[ KI[]y[\QKIUMV\M MT LMZMKPW I IXMTIZ <QMVMV IY]MT KIZnK\MZ
IY]MTTI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[KI[Q[QMUXZMLMKWV\MVQLWXZWKM[ITI\ZIû[LMTI[K]ITM["
I ;M XZW^MM [WJZM [WTQKQ\]LM[ NWZU]TILI[ XWZ TI[ XIZ\M[" [M IXMTI MV\WVKM[ K]IVLW
[MLMVQMOITW[WTQKQ\ILW#WJQMV
J ;M XZW^MM I [WTQKQ\]LM[ LM WXW[QKQ~V NZMV\M I TW aI KWVKMLQLW I TI KWV\ZIZQI
IXMTIVLWTIXIZ\MXMZR]LQKILIZM[XMK\WLMTWZM[]MT\WMV\ITM[WXW[QKQWVM[326;
K
;M XZW^MM MV V [WJZM TI KWV\QV]IKQ~V W [][XMV[Q~V327 del proceso pero sin
XZM\MVLMZ[M[]VITQbIKQ~VTWY]MMV\WVKM[TI[PIZyILMVQ\QÎ[
,M VW M[\IJTMKMZ[M VILI TI ZM[WT]KQ~V ILUQ\QZn VQKIUMV\M ZM^WKI\WZQI W VQ [QY]QMZI M[\I
T\QUI[QTWXZWPyJMTITMaXWZKWV^MZ\QZTIMVQZZMK]ZZQJTM
4.8.1.3 Acuerdos de conciliacin:

.QVITUMV\M UMVKQ~V IXIZ\M UMZMKM MT []X]M[\W LMT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW MT K]IT M[\IJTMKM
Y]M MT IK]MZLW LM KWVKQTQIKQ~V XWLZn [MZ IXMTILW XWZ TI[ XIZ\M[ a XWZ Y]QMVM[ X]LQMZIV
[]NZQZ XMZR]QKQW XWZ IY]uT IV\M MT 2]bOILW KWUXM\MV\M XIZI KWVWKMZ LMT I[]V\W WJRM\W LM
TI KWVKQTQIKQ~V XWZ TI[ KI][I[ Y]M QVÎTQLIV TW[ KWV\ZI\W[ 4I M[XMKQITQLIL I TI Y]M VW[
referimos proviene de dos aspectos:
I -V TW WZOnVQKW XWZY]M M[\M XZMKMX\W M[\IJTMKM XWZ M`KMXKQ~V TI KWUXM\MVKQI
N]VKQWVITINI^WZLMTW[2]bOILW[LM8ZQUMZI1V[\IVKQILMT\MZZQ\WZQWXIZIKWVWKMZa
ZM[WT^MZTI[IXMTIKQWVM[Y]M[MXZWU]MÎVKWV\ZIMTI]\WY]MLQK\MMT2]bOILWLM
Paz aprobando una conciliacin. La Ley habla de apelacin y a ello ha de estarse;
no es un error.
J -V MT I[XMK\W UI\MZQIT XTIV\MI \IUJQuV ]VI M[XMKQITQLIL M[\M XMK]TQIZ ZMK]Z[W
XWZY]M [MOV [M IVW\I MV MT KQ\ILW IZ\ TW Y]M [M X]MLM K]M[\QWVIZ IY]y MV
XZQVKQXQW VW M[ TI QVNZIKKQ~V LM VWZUI[ XZWKM[ITM[ VQ [][\IV\QÎ[ MTTW IT LIZ XWZ
[MV\ILW MV M[\W[ KI[W[ TI TMa Y]M MT 2]bOILW LM 8Ib VW PI ZM[]MT\W KWV\ZW^MZ[QI
ITO]VI [QVW [QUXTMUMV\M PI ^MZQKILW TI ÎTQLMb LMT IK\W a TI KIXIKQLIL LM TW[
+IZMKMVLMM[\MKWV\MVQLWXWZMRMUXTWTI[Y]MZM[]MT^MVK]M[\QWVM[QVKQLMV\ITM[UI\MZQITM[MÌZ\a[[
CPCM.
>MZIXMTIKQ~VKWV\ZITIZM[WT]KQ~VLMTIZ\LMVMOIKQ~VLMLQTQOMVKQI[XZMTQUQVIZM[
326 )TMNMK\WTIIXMTIKQ~VKWV\ZITW[I]\W[LMTW[IZ\[ M[\QUIKQ~VLMTQVKQLMV\MQV[\ILWKWV\ZITILMKTIZIKQ~V
LM KIL]KQLIL LM TI QV[\IVKQI LMRIVLW [QV MNMK\W u[\I# LMVMOIKQ~V LM WXW[QKQ~V IT I]\W LM LQTQOMVKQI[
XZMTQUQVIZM[aIIKWZLILI[V]TQLILLMIK\W[MRMK]\Q^W[Y]MKWV\ZIZyIVMT\y\]TW# LM[M[\QUIVLWWXW[QKQ~V
ITIMRMK]KQ~V+8+5
327 >MZ IZ\[ ! [][XMV[Q~V LM TI KI][I XWZ XZMR]LQKQITQLIL XMVIT [][XMV[Q~V XWZ XZMR]LQKQITQLIL KQ^QT W
UMZKIV\QT
554

[]RM\W[ XIZI WJTQOIZ[M ,M ITTy Y]M TW Y]M X]MLM QUX]OVIZ[M [MZyI [Q KWVK]ZZM
ITO]VILMTI[KI][I[Y]MQVÎTQLIVTW[KWV\ZI\W[M[LMKQZY]MX]MLIIKZMLQ\IZ[M
Y]Mu[\MKIZMKyIXWZMRMUXTWLMKI][ITyKQ\IWY]MITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[ILWTMKyILM
falta de capacidad o de un vicio de la voluntad al momento de comprometerse ante
su contrario.
,QKPW M[\W [QV MUJIZOW VW[ XIZMKM T~OQKW Y]M MT ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V \IUJQuV X]MLI
XZWKMLMZXWZQVNZIKKQ~V\IUJQuVLMITO]VILMTI[VWZUI[XZWKM[ITM[Y]MIZ\QK]TIMTXZWXQW
+~LQOW XIZI MT IK\W LM KWVKQTQIKQ~V [Q TI[ UQ[UI[ N]MZIV KWVK]TKILI[ W LM IY]MTTI[ Y]M
X]MLIV QUX]\IZ[M I ]V UIT Y]MPIKMZ R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT" XWZ MRMUXTW TI Y]QMJZI LMT LMJMZ LM
QUXIZKQITQLILLMTR]Mb[Qu[\M[MU]M[\ZIXIZ\QLIZQWLMITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[WM^QLMVKQI]V
QV\MZu[XIZ\QK]TIZMVTI[WT]KQ~VLMTKWVQK\W
4.8.2 Objeto:
-VIXMTIKQ~VX]MLMVZM^Q[IZ[MMVXZQVKQXQWaKWUW[MLM[XZMVLMLMTIZ\+8+5\WLI[
TI[XIZKMTI[LMTIIK\]IKQ~VR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITY]M[]JaIKMVITIMUQ[Q~VLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQIT
impugnada. Ello comprende:
8W[QJTM[QVNZIKKQWVM[MVTI[MTMKKQ~VQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VaIXTQKIKQ~VLMTI[VWZUI[XZWKM[ITM[
XIZI TI ILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M a ZMITQbIKQ~V LM TW[ XZM[]X]M[\W[ LMT XZWKM[W a LM TW[ IK\W[ LMT
XZWKMLQUQMV\W" \IV\W [Q LQKPI[ QVNZIKKQWVM[ ILY]QMZMV ZMTQM^M KWV[\Q\]KQWVIT XWZ ^]TVMZIZ
OIZIV\yI[ ZMKWVWKQLI[ XWZ TI +WV[\Q\]KQ~V a TI R]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI LM TI +WZ\M MV [][ ;ITI[
+WV[\Q\]KQWVITa+Q^QTKWUW[QVQKIUMV\MIKIZZMIV]VMZZWZLMTMOITQLILWZLQVIZQI
-V\ZMTI[QVNZIKKQWVM[XZWKM[ITM[aLMUIVMZIKWVKZM\ITITMa[MZMMZMITIQVILUQ[Q~VLM
UMLQW[LMXZ]MJIIZ\#ITIXZ]MJIILUQ\QLIXMZWVWXZIK\QKILIIZ\IXIZ\ILW
#aITIXZ]MJIV]MÎIZ\TI[K]ITM[X]MLMVLIZT]OIZI]VIIK\Q^QLILXZWJI\WZQIMV
TI[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQIKWUW^MZMUW[T]MOW
;WV \IUJQuV XZWKM[ITM[ TI[ QVNZIKKQWVM[ KWUM\QLI[ MV TI [MV\MVKQI MV\MVLQLI u[\I KWUW
IK\W XZWKM[IT QVNZIKKQWVM[ Y]M X]MLM \ZIL]KQZ[M MV QVKWVOZ]MVKQI MV ITO]VI[ LM [][
UWLITQLILM[ MV NIT\I W LMNMK\W LM UW\QÎKQ~V W MV LMNMK\W[ NWZUITM[ M`QOQLW[ XWZ TI TMa
XIZI[]ÎTQLMbQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTI[VWZUI[XIZITIIK\]IKQ~VLM~ZOIVW[KWTMOQILW[#NIT\I
LMZUILMT2]MbW5IOQ[\ZILWM\K#
+WVKQMZVMaIITR]QKQWLMNWVLWKWV\ZW^MZ\QLWXMZWLM^QMVM\WLI^yI]VXZWJTMUIXZWKM[IT
MTXW[QJTMMZZWZMVTIRIKQ~VLMTW[PMKPW[MVITO]VILMTI[K]I\ZW[Q\]IKQWVM[[QO]QMV\M["
I 8WZIXTQKIKQ~VQVLMJQLILMTI[ZMOTI[[WJZMMTonus probandiTI[OMVMZITM[LMTIZ\
+8+5#WTI[XZM^Q[\I[MVTMaM[M[XMKQITM[#
J 8WZ][WQVILMK]ILWLMTW[QV[\Z]UMV\W[LMRIKQ~VLMPMKPW[IT\MZVI\Q^W[ITIXZ]MJI
K]IVLWu[\IZM[]T\IJIQVVMKM[IZQIMVKWVKZM\WTI[UWLITQLILM[LMRIKQ~VLMPMKPW[
LMTIZ\+8+5"PMKPW[ILUQ\QLW[Y]MOWKMVLMVW\WZQMLILOMVMZITM\K
555

K 4I ÎTWZIKQ~V LM UMLQW[ LM XZ]MJI XZWPQJQLW[ [MI XWZ KWVK]TKIZ LMZMKPW[
N]VLIUMV\ITM[ IZ\ QVKQ[W [MO]VLW +8+5 W XWZ QVNZQVOQZ TI[ ZMOTI[ TMOITM[
XIZITIIXWZ\IKQ~VWXZnK\QKIMVR]QKQWLMTUMLQWLMY]M[M\ZI\M#a
L 4W[ MZZWZM[ MV TI ÎTWZIKQ~V LM TW[ UMLQW[ LM XZ]MJI TyKQ\W[ \IV\W MV TW[ M[KI[W[
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XZQUMZWa+8+5KWUWZM[XMK\WLMUMLQW[LMKWV^QKKQ~V[]RM\W[IÎTWZIKQ~V
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correspondientes.
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K]M[\QWVM[VWM[UMVW[KQMZ\WY]MMTZMK]Z[W[MPITTITQUQ\ILWMV[]XTMVQ\]LLM[LMK]I\ZW
XIZnUM\ZW[ LQ[\QV\W[ \WLW[ MTTW[ QO]ITUMV\M ^QVK]TIV\M[ a I TW[ Y]M PI LM I\MVLMZ[M I TI
hora de interponer cada recurso en concreto:
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M`KT][QÎUMV\M XZWKM[IT QVILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M LM TI LMUIVLI IZKPQ^W LM TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[
XWZ M`KMXKQ~V XZWKM[IT QVILUQ[Q~V LM XZ]MJI Y]MLIZn KWV\ZIyLW I M[\M VQKW nUJQ\W
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M[ TW[ PMKPW[ I TW[ Y]M IT]LM TI VWZUI ZMO]TILWZI LM M[M IK\W KWUW LM TW[ MZZWZM[ MV TI
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[M M`\QMVLM IT MVR]QKQIUQMV\W LM NWVLW LM TI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ LML]KQLI[ MV MT XZWKM[W ,M[LM
M[I XMZ[XMK\QÎ XWLZn PIJTIZ[M MV M[\W[ KI[W[ LM IXMTIKQ~V XMZW VW LM ]VI [MO]VLI
QV[\IVKQI\uZUQVWu[\MZM[MZÎLWMVXZWXQMLILITW[ZMK]Z[W[MVY]M[MXQLMMTZMMÌUMV
de la decisin sobre el fondo.
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QV[\IVKQI M[ LMKQZ TW Y]M KWV[\Q\]a~ MT thema decidendi MV MT XZWKM[W LMT Y]M \ZIM KI][I TI
ZM[WT]KQ~VZMK]ZZQLI petitumaKI][ILMXMLQZ-[\IXZWPQJQKQ~VI\QMVLMXWZ]VTILWIT\y\]TW
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AI\QMVLMXWZW\ZWTILWa[WJZM\WLWITW[hechos relevantesLMTKI[WMVMT[MV\QLWLMY]M\IV\W
TW[ ZMTI\W[ NnK\QKW[ LMUIVLI a KWV\M[\IKQ~V Y]M LMTQUQ\IV a LMVMV TI ZMTIKQ~V UI\MZQIT
KWV\ZW^MZ\QLIKWUWMTIZ[MVITXZWJI\WZQWLQZQOQLWITIRIKQ~VLMTW[PMKPW[KWUWKQMZ\W[
ha de coincidir con el vertido en la primera instancia y tenido en cuenta por la resolucin
impugnada. No puede alterarse ese factumMVIXMTIKQ~VXWZ\IV\WUMLQIV\MLI\W[V]M^W[W
556

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XIZIMTTW]VW[PMKPW[LQ^MZ[W[IIY]MTTW[Y]MKWVO]ZIZWVMTWJRM\WTQ\QOQW[WLMTIXZQUMZI
instancia.
-[\ITQUQ\IKQ~VOMVMZITMVTIY]MXZQUIKWUWM[NnKQTLM^MZMTÎTWZLMTI[MO]ZQLILR]ZyLQKI
XWZ MVKQUI LMT XZQVKQXQW LM J[Y]MLI LM TI ^MZLIL UI\MZQIT LM PIJMZ [QLW I TI QV^MZ[I
[M P]JQMZI KWV[IOZILW ]VI R][\QKQI LM XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI XZW^Q[WZQI KWVLQKQWVILI XWZ TI
posibilidad de alterar sin trabas el factumMVIXMTIKQ~VM[\nVWWJ[\IV\M[]RM\IIM`KMXKQWVM[
motivadas por la imposibilidad material de las partes de alegar o probar determinados hechos
MV MT UWUMV\W XZWKM[IT WXWZ\]VW a MT LMZMKPW I PIKMZTW LM[X]u[ ) M[I[ M`KMXKQWVM[ VW[
ZMNMZQZMUW[Un[ILMTIV\MMVMT[QO]QMV\MMXyOZINMLMM[\M<y\]TW
-V \MZKMZ T]OIZ VQ [QY]QMZI TI IXMTIKQ~V X]MLM KWVKMJQZ[M KWUW ]V V]M^W QV\MV\W XIZI
LQ[K]\QZ [WJZM TI[ UQ[UI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ QVQKQITM[ LMUIVLI a KWV\M[\IKQ~V LM TI[ XIZ\M[
PIKQMVLW XIZI MTTW \IJTI ZI[I LM TW MVR]QKQILW a ZM[]MT\W XWZ TI [MV\MVKQI LMT 2]bOILW 6W
IT UMVW[ LM[LM MT X]V\W LM ^Q[\I Y]M IY]y [M KWV\MUXTI M[ LMKQZ MT LM TI IK\Q^QLIL LM
IXMTIV\MaIXMTILW7\ZIKW[I[MZnVTW[MNMK\W[QVPMZMV\M[I]VIM[\QUIKQ~VLMTZMK]Z[W
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[MIY]QMV[MITIXIZ\MY]MTWXZWU]M^MTWKWV[\Q\]aM[QMUXZMTIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQITLQK\ILI
XIZI ZM[WT^MZ MT X]V\W KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW XZWKM[IT W LM NWVLW QV\MZTWK]\WZQW W LMVQ\Q^W -[
LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT LM TI Y]M [M XZMLQKI [] []X]M[\I QVÎTQLMb a VMKM[QLIL R]ZyLQKI
LM ZM^WKIKQ~V" XWZ KWV[QO]QMV\M MT ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V UWV\ILW MV [] KWV\ZI PI LM
KQZK]V[KZQJQZ[M I TW[ I[XMK\W[ KMV[]ZILW[ LM M[I ZM[WT]KQ~V Y]M [M KWV[QLMZIV KWV\ZIZQW[ I
Derecho: revisio prioris instantiae.
<WLWMTTWMVMTJQMVMV\MVLQLWLMY]MVWM[[~TWZM^Q[IZTWY]M[MXQLMLMT\ZQJ]VITad quem
[QVW\IUJQuVZM[WT^MZMTZMK]Z[WAM[\WT\QUWI[]^MbX]MLM\ZIMZKWV[QOWY]MLMXZW[XMZIZ
ITO]VWLMTW[UW\Q^W[LMTZMK]Z[WXWZKI][I[QVPMZMV\M[ILMNMK\W[MVMTR]QKQWLMNWVLWLMT
rgano a quoMT\ZQJ]VITLMIXMTIKQ~V[MIKWTWKILWMVTI\M[Q\]ZILMZM[WT^MZLMV]M^W[WJZM
MTUuZQ\WKWV\ZW^MZ\QLW
-V M[I UQ[UI UMLQLI a MV M[M XZMKQ[W QV[\IV\M MRMZKQ\IVLW aI VW R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V VMOI\QÎ
IV]TIKQ~V [QVW XW[Q\QÎ [MO]VLW MVR]QKQIUQMV\W LM TI KWV\ZW^MZ[QI PI LM XZWV]VKQIZ[M
LM V]M^W ZM[XMK\W LM TI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ QVQKQITM[ LM TI[ XIZ\M[ LMUIVLI a KWV\M[\IKQ~V
ZMKWV^MVKQ~V \IT KWUW u[\I[ [M NWZU]TIZWV IV\M MT 2]bOILW a KWV XWLMZM[ QLuV\QKW[ I TW[
desplegados por este ltimo. Pero ello como consecuencia de la previa declaracin con lugar
LMTZMK]Z[WaXWZTIWZLMVTMOQ[TI\QÎLMY]MVWM`Q[\IZMMV^yWITQVNMZQWZVWXWZY]MMTWJRM\W
LMTIIXMTIKQ~VKWV[Q[\IMVXTIV\MIZIV\MMT\ZQJ]VITLMIXMTIKQ~VTWUQ[UWY]MTWLMNMVLQLW
MVTIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIX]M[VWM[I[y
-TM[KZQ\WLMQV\MZXW[QKQ~VLMTZMK]Z[WXWLZnZM[]T\IZMVKILIKI[WUn[WUMVW[M`\MV[W
LMIK]MZLWIY]MX]MLIVQUX]\IZ[M]VIWUn[QVNZIKKQWVM[ITIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQITLMY]M
[M\ZI\M#ITIXZWTQRQLILLMTW[IZO]UMV\W[#aITM[\QTWLMZMLIKKQ~VLMTIJWOILWK]IV\WUn[
LQZMK\W a UMVW[ JIZZWKW [QMUXZM UMRWZ 8MZW [QMUXZM [M \ZI\IZnV LM XIZKMTI[ IKW\ILI[
557

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[]V]TQLIL[QVUn[
+WVOZ]MV\MUMV\MKWVMTTWTIWXW[QKQ~VIKILIZMK]Z[WLMIXMTIKQ~VLMJMMVNWKIZ[MXWZMT
IXMTILWLM[LMTI~X\QKILMLM[UWV\IZTW[IZO]UMV\W[LMTIXMTIV\MaLMNMVLMZMTKWV\MVQLW
LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V QUX]OVILI [QV QV\ZWL]KQZ \MUI[ LQ[\QV\W[ [IT^W XWZ []X]M[\W Y]M PIaI
planteado su propia apelacin.
8WZ T\QUW I ^QZ\]L LM Y]M KWV\QVI ZQOQMVLW \IUJQuV IY]y a MV TW[ LMUn[ ZMK]Z[W[
LM^WT]\Q^W[ MT XZQVKQXQW LM R][\QKQI ZWOILI W LQ[XW[Q\Q^W MT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT ad quem LMJMZn
KM}QZ[]IVnTQ[Q[ITW[\MUI[ITMOILW[MVTW[M[KZQ\W[LMXIZ\M[QVM`\MVLMZ[MIW\ZW[nUJQ\W[
de la resolucin impugnada diversos a los sometidos a cuestionamiento: tantum devolutum
quantum apellatum ) [IT^W KTIZW u[\I TI NIK]T\IL LMT \ZQJ]VIT LM IXMTIKQ~V XIZI MT KWV\ZWT
MV\WLWUWUMV\WLMTW[XZM[]X]M[\W[LMTZMK]Z[WaMV[]KI[WTIIXZMKQIKQ~VM`WNKQW de la
NIT\ILMITOVXZM[]X]M[\WLMTXZWKM[WMV[]OTWJITQLILY]MXWZ\MVMZ\ITKIZnK\MZLM^MVLZyI
QUXZWZZWOIJTMaUI\MZQILMWZLMVXJTQKWXWZMTTWIXZMKQIJTMMV\WLWM[\ILWaOZILWLMTI
controversia.
4.8.3 Actividad de prueba en segunda instancia:

4.8.3.1 Consideracin general:
+WUW PMUW[ QVLQKILW IV\M[ MT R]QKQW XZWJI\WZQW X]MLM MÌUQVIZ[M MV IXMTIKQ~V XWZ LW[
motivos principales: o bien para subsanar la ausencia de un medio de prueba por alguna de
TI[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ I Y]M [M ZMMZM TI TMa W I TI QV^MZ[I M`KT]QZ ITO]VI XZ]MJI XZM^QIUMV\M
ILUQ\QLI# W JQMV MV [MO]VLW T]OIZ XIZI ZM^Q[IZ MT R]QKQW QV\MTMK\Q^W LM ÎTWZIKQ~V LM TI
prueba realizado por el rgano inferior.
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confundirse entre s: mientras en la primera de ellas el problema se asienta en el caudal de
XZ]MJIWJRM\WLMÎTWZIKQ~VMTK]ITLMJMIUXTQIZ[MXZ]MJIV]MÎWLQ[UQV]QZM`KT][Q~V
ZM[XMK\W LMT \MVQLW MV K]MV\I MV XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI MV N]VKQ~V LM UW\Q^W[ TMOITM[# MV TI
[MO]VLI [Q\]IKQ~V TI[ N]MV\M[ LM KWV^QKKQ~V UIVMRILI[ XWZ MT 2]bOILW [WV QV\WKIJTM[ a TW
Y]M[MKMV[]ZIM[MTR]QKQWLMu[\MXIZIM`\ZIMZMV[MV\QLWXW[Q\Q^WWVMOI\Q^W]VZM[]T\ILW
cierto de hechos probados.
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XIZIÎTWZIZKWZZMK\IUMV\MTIXZ]MJI[QVWY]M[MXQLMY]MMTR]QKQWXZWJI\WZQW[MMTIJWZMLM
V]M^WXWZMT\ZQJ]VITLMIXMTIKQ~VXMZWXWZPIJMZÎZQILWI[]^MbMTUI\MZQITLMKWV^QKKQ~V
LQ[XWVQJTM IT XZQVKQXQW M[\I ÎZQIKQ~V Y]Qbn X]MLI [MZ QUX]\IJTM I ]V UIT IK\]IZ LMT
R]bOILW XWZ ]VI LMVMOIKQ~V QVLMJQLI LM TI XZ]MJI W XWZ ]VI NIT\I LM KMTW MV [] XZnK\QKI
XMZWVW[QMUXZMKWUWIPWZI^MZMUW[,ILWY]MTIIXMTIKQ~VM[]VZMK]Z[WWZLQVIZQWaMT
TMOQ[TILWZVWLM[MIUn[LQTIKQWVM[VW[MLM^]MT^MMVM[\W[KI[W[MTM`XMLQMV\MITIQV[\IVKQI
LMXZWKMLMVKQI]VI^MbLM\MK\ILWMTLuKQ\WMTM`KM[WLMUMLQW[[QVWY]MMT\ZQJ]VITad quem
558

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MVTI[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQIaT]MOWITLQK\IZ[MV\MVKQIÎTWZILMV]M^W\WLWMTUI\MZQITY]M[M
KWV[QLMZM^nTQLWI\ITM[MNMK\W[KWVMTLM[MVTIKMY]MKWZZM[XWVLIMV,MZMKPW
)T VIT M[ XW[QJTM Y]M TI IT\MZIKQ~V LMT KI]LIT LM UMLQW[ LM XZ]MJI LQ[XWVQJTM[ \ZIQOI
KWV[QOWI[]^Mb]VLQNMZMV\MZM[]T\ILWMVTIÎTWZIKQ~VXZWJI\WZQILMPMKPWM[WM[TWY]M
M[XMZIMTIXMTIV\MI]VY]Mu[\MZM[]T\I]VI[XMK\WKWV\QVOMV\MLMTIOIZIV\yILMXZ]MJIMVTI
[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQI[I\Q[NMKPIaIKWVIY]MTTI[LMKQ[QWVM[LMILUQ[Q~VWM`KT][Q~VLMUMLQW[
6W VMKM[IZQIUMV\M X]M[ TI [MO]VLI ÎTWZIKQ~V LMXIZIZn ]V LQ[\QV\W ZM[]T\ILW LM PMKPW[
probados.
8IZIY]M[]KMLIM[\WT\QUW[MXZMKQ[IZyIY]M\ZI\nVLW[MLM]VUMLQWLMXZ]MJIV]M^Wu[\M
ZM[]T\MLMKQ[WZQWXIZIMT\ZQJ]VITLMIXMTIKQ~VWY]M\ZI\nVLW[M[QM[MTKI[WLMTIM`KT][Q~V
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XZ]MJI^nTQLW[Y]M[W[\MVOIVMTUQ[UWPMKPWKWVTWY]Mu[\MaIVW[MX]MLMLIZXWZKQMZ\W
;Q VILI LM MTTW WK]ZZM TI ILUQ[Q~V LM TI XZ]MJI V]MÎ MV IXMTIKQ~V W TI M`KT][Q~V LM TI
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UQ[UW\MVWZITUMVW[MVMTI[XMK\WNnK\QKWY]MTI[MV\MVKQIZMK]ZZQLI
4.8.3.2 Prueba nueva y revaloracin de la ya practicada:

+]IVLW[QVMUJIZOWVW[MXQLMTIXZnK\QKILM]VIV]MÎXZ]MJIWTIM`KT][Q~VLMW\ZI[QVW
[~TW]VIZMÎTWZIKQ~VLMTIXZ]MJIaIIXZMKQILIMVXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIVWLM^QMVMXZMKQ[WY]M
TI^Q[\ILMIXMTIKQ~V[MLMLQY]MIZMXM\QZXWZ[MO]VLI^MbTIXZnK\QKILMTW[UMLQW[LMXZ]MJI
aIWJZIV\M[MVI]\W[JI[\IVLWKWVY]MTW[5IOQ[\ZILW[IKKMLIVITITMK\]ZILMTM`XMLQMV\M
aMV[]KI[WITIZMXZWL]KKQ~VI]LQW^Q[]ITLMTIOZIJIKQ~VLMTI^Q[\ILMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI
K]IVLWu[\I[MPIaIQUXTMUMV\ILWXWZMT2]bOILWLM\MVMZ[MTW[UMLQW[\uKVQKW[
Ni el CPCM ni los ordenamientos procesales civiles de nuestro entorno obligan a una nueva
^Q[\IKWVKWV\MVQLWXZWJI\WZQWK]IVLWMTIXMTIV\MQUX]OVITI[MV\MVKQI[~TWXIZIY]M[MZM
ÎTWZMVXZ]MJI[XMZ[WVITM[\M[\QOW[XMZQ\W[QV\MZZWOI\WZQWLMXIZ\MLMTIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI
-TTWM[VMKM[IZQWVQKIUMV\MK]IVLW[M[WTQKQ\ITIXZnK\QKILMXZ]MJIV]MÎMVIXMTIKQ~V
como luego veremos al referirnos al acto de la vista.
4.8.3.3 Determinacin de los supuestos legales:

;MV\ILWX]M[TWY]MIV\MKMLMKIJMPIJTIZLMIK\Q^QLILLMXZ]MJIMV[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQI
XIZIZMNMZQZVW[ITW[KI[W[MVY]MXZWKMLMTIILUQ[Q~VaKWVMTTITIIXWZ\IKQ~VLWK]UMV\W[
WXZnK\QKIXZ]MJI[XMZ[WVITM[LM]VUMLQWLMXZ]MJIMVIXMTIKQ~VXWZVWPIJMZXWLQLW
LQ[XWVMZ[MLMuTMVTIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIaKWVK]ZZQZKI][IR][\QKILIVWQUX]\IJTMITIXIZ\M
XZWXWVMV\MY]MX]MLM[MZI[]^Mb\IV\WTIIXMTIV\MKWUWTIIXMTILIX]M[MTLMZMKPWITI
XZ]MJIMV[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQIVW[MKQZK]V[KZQJMIIY]uTTI
559

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+8+5IKQVKW#TIXZQUMZILMMTTI[LM^QMVMI\ZQJ]QJTMI]VMZZWZWarbitrariedad del rgano
R]LQKQITLMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI#TI[MO]VLIY]Qbn\IUJQuVI]VIVMOTQOMVKQILMu[\M#aTI[\ZM[
ltimas a motivos de fuerza mayor. Veamos:
A) Inadmisin indebida de un medio de prueba en primera instancia:
8ZM[]XWVM MT K]UXTQUQMV\W XWZ MT XZWXWVMV\M IV\M MT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT I quo LM \WLW[ TW[
ZMY]Q[Q\W[ M`QOQLW[ XWZ TMa XIZI Y]M LQKPI XZ]MJI [M P]JQMZM ILUQ\QLW M[ LMKQZ \IV\W MT
PIJMZTI[WTQKQ\ILWMV\QMUXWaNWZUIILMK]ILW[KWUWMTZM[]T\IZLQKPIXZ]MJIVWQTyKQ\IITW[
MNMK\W[LMTIZ\+8+5#ILMUn[LMXW[QJTMVW]VI\M[\QKIT[WJZMXMZ[WVI[NITTMKQLI[W
QTWKITQbIJTM[WXMZQKQITM[WZMKWVWKQUQMV\W[R]LQKQITM[QVMRMK]\IJTM[M\K#VMKM[IZQIXIZIRIZ
TW[PMKPW[#XMZ\QVMV\MZMTIKQWVILIKWVTW[PMKPW[a\QTZMTMÎV\MXIZI[]LMNMV[I
) ^QZ\]L LMT MNMK\W LM^WT]\Q^W LMT ZMK]Z[W aI VW M[ MT 2]bOILW [QVW TI +nUIZI MT ~ZOIVW
Y]MPILMZM[WT^MZ[WJZMM[\W[M`\ZMUW[6WWJ[\IV\MI]VY]MTI+nUIZIPILMZMNWZU]TIZ
MT R]QKQW LM XMZ\QVMVKQI a ]\QTQLIL LM TI XZ]MJI QVQKQITUMV\M QVILUQ\QLI VW X]MLM VQ LMJM
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va a servir para reforzarla o al contrario para debilitarla.
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564
El nuevo Cdigo apuesta por una tramitacin del recurso de apelacin articulada sobre dos
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las partes en torno al acto de la audiencia:
4.8.4.1 Interposicin:
4.8.4.1.1 Plazo para presentarse:
-TZMK]Z[WLMJMNWZUITQbIZ[MI\ZIû[LM]VM[KZQ\WY]M[MKWV[QOVIZnIV\MMTXZWXQW~ZOIVW
R]LQKQIT Y]M PI LQK\ILW TI ZM[WT]KQ~V QUX]OVILI LQ[XWVQMVLW MT IXMTIV\M XIZI MTTW LMT
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TIVW\QKIKQ~VLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VIZ\+8+5
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IZ\ XnZZINW LMT +~LQOW -T ZMJMTLM LQ[XWVM LM TI XZMZZWOI\QÎ LM QV[\IZ MT XZWKM[W
LM ZM^Q[Q~V LM [MV\MVKQI ZUM [QMUXZM Y]M TI ZM[WT]KQ~V TTMO]M I [] KWVWKQUQMV\W KWV
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;QV MUJIZOW [Q \IT KWVWKQUQMV\W [M XZWL]KM LMV\ZW LMT UMVKQWVILW XTIbW LM KQVKW LyI[
KWV\ILW[LM[LMMT[QO]QMV\MITIVW\QKIKQ~VLMTI[MV\MVKQI\MVLZnVMKM[IZQIUMV\MTIKIZOI
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TI LQKKQ~V LMT XZMKMX\W LMJM QV\MZXZM\IZ[M [QMUXZM KWUW MT MRMZKQKQW LM LW[ LMZMKPW[
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565

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[M TM VW\QKI XMZ[WVITUMV\M PQX~\M[Q[ I TI Y]M [M ZMMZM MT IZ\ XnZZINW K]IZ\W 5n[
KWUXTMRWXWZMTKWV\ZIZQWZM[]T\IZn[QTIVW\QKIKQ~VPILM^MZQKIZ[MXWZ\IJTMZWIZ\
X]M[MV\WVKM[[MZnVMKM[IZQW]VMTMUMV\WM`\MZVWY]MLMU]M[\ZMM[MKWVWKQUQMV\Wde facto:
Y]QbnTW[LI\W[Y]MMTXZWXQWQV\MZM[ILWM`XTQY]MMV[]M[KZQ\WLMZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQIZUM
Y]QbnITOVW\ZWM[KZQ\WQV\ZWL]KQLWMVM[I[NMKPI[IV\MMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITKWVW\ZWWJRM\WM\K
4.8.4.1.2 Condiciones del recurrente:

8WZTWLMUn[\WLIXMZ[WVIY]MQV\MZXWVOIMTZMK]Z[WLMIXMTIKQ~VLMJMZnOWbIZXIZIMTTW
LM TI VMKM[IZQI TMOQ\QUIKQ~V a LMT OZIÎUMV XMZR]QKQW LMZQÎLW LMT KWV\MVQLW a MNMK\W[
LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V QUX]OVILI I[y KWUW ZMNMZQZ[M I ]V []RM\W Y]M PI QV\MZ^MVQLW KWUW XIZ\M
MV TI XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI W Y]M VW TW PI PMKPW I ^QZ\]L LM ZIbWVM[ IRMVI[ I [] ^WT]V\IL a
conectadas con una situacin de indefensin. Nos remitimos en cuanto a la condicin de
TMOQ\QUILWIK\Q^WaMTZMY]Q[Q\WLMTOZIÎUMVITI[KWV[QLMZIKQWVM[Y]MaIPMUW[MNMK\]ILW
MVMT<y\]TW8ZQUMZW,Q[XW[QKQWVM[/MVMZITM[
4.8.4.1.3 Contenido del escrito:

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QLMV\QKIZ TI ZM[WT]KQ~V WJRM\W LMT ZMK]Z[W TI XIZ\M IXMTIV\M IK\WZ W LMUIVLILW MV TI
XZQUMZIQV[\IVKQILMJMZnIZ\QK]TIZLMUIVMZIKTIZIa[MXIZILIKILI]VWLMTW[UW\Q^W[Y]M
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[M\ZI\I[QQVNZIKKQ~VXZWKM[ITWLMNWVLWaMVM[\MT\QUWKI[W[QQVPMZMV\MITIXZ]MJIW
ITIIXTQKIKQ~VLMTLMZMKPWUI\MZQIT#JMTXI[IRMWXI[IRMLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VY]M[MKWV[QLMZI
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a L TW[ ZIbWVIUQMV\W[ M[\ZQK\IUMV\M R]ZyLQKW[ Y]M [][\MV\IV TI KMV[]ZI MV M[M X]V\W LM
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566

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haber sido diligente instando la reparacin de la falta ante el propio rgano de primera
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ley.
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del vicio detectado.
4.8.4.1.4 Admisin a trmite:

=VI^MbZMKQJQLWMTM[KZQ\WMT2]bOILWIquo ostenta una funcin de mero control formal del
ZMK]Z[WLMJQMVLWTQUQ\IZ[MIKWUXZWJIZY]MMTM[KZQ\WTWM[KQMZ\IUMV\MLMIXMTIKQ~V#Y]M
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PMKPWTIIZUIKQ~VLM\ITTMOQ\QUIKQ~V
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[QMUXZM]VIÎTWZIKQ~VLMNWVLWI^MKM[MVMNMK\WM[\MM[NnKQTLMKW\MRIZXWZY]MLMZQÎLM
]VIM[\QUIKQ~VXIZKQITLMTWXZM\MVLQLWXMZWMTXMZR]QKQW\IUJQuVXWLZyIM[\IZKI][ILWVW
MVMTNITTWLMTIZM[WT]KQ~V[QVWXWZTW[ZIbWVIUQMV\W[MNMK\]ILW[XWZMT2]bOILWMVITO]VWLM
[][N]VLIUMV\W[R]ZyLQKW[LM\ITUWLWY]MQUX]\MITIXMTIV\MPMKPW[W[Q\]IKQWVM[R]ZyLQKI[
Y]MTMZM[]T\IVWJRM\QÎUMV\MXMZR]LQKQITM[)Py\IUJQuVXWLZyIPIJMZOZIÎUMV9]QMVLMJM
ZM^Q[IZM[WPILM[MZTWXWZ\IV\WaMV\WLWKI[WPILM[MZMT<ZQJ]VITad quem.
6WXWLZnXWZ\IV\WMT~ZOIVWIquo obstruir su continuacin por cuestiones ligadas en uno
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567

tribunal ad quem.
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4.8.4.3 Vista oral:

4.8.4.3.1 Finalidades.
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568

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TTMÎZn I TW[ 5IOQ[\ZILW[ MV M[M UQ[UW UWUMV\W a KWV[\I\ILI [] I][MVKQI I LMKTIZIZTW
LM[QMZ\W4IQVI[Q[\MVKQILMTIXMTILWVWQUXMLQZnLM[LMT]MOWTIKWV\QV]IKQ~VLMTIK\WXMZW
PIJZnLMRILWLMIXZW^MKPIZTIWXWZ\]VQLILLMTIY]MLQ[XWVyIXIZILMNMVLMZTIÎTQLMbLM
la resolucin impugnada y cuestionar los argumentos del recurso.
;Q IUJW[ TQ\QOIV\M[ PIV IK]LQLW TI TMa XZMû Y]M TI I]LQMVKQI \MVOI ]V LWJTM KWV\MVQLW"
ITMOIKQWVM[LMTI[XIZ\M[MUXMbIVLWXWZMTIXMTILWY]QMVPI[\IM[MUWUMV\WVWPIJyI[QLW
WyLWaXZW^Q[Q~V[WJZMXZ]MJILMTI[XIZ\M[MVIXMTIKQ~VTIXZM[MV\ILIMVM[MUQ[UWIK\W
XWZMTIXMTIV\MaTIY]MXZWU]MÎMTIXMTILW;Q[~TWIK]LMMTIXMTIV\MY]MLIZnZM[MZÎLI
TI [M[Q~V I M[\M [MO]VLW KWUM\QLW [IT^W Y]M u[\M VW P]JQMZM XMLQLW XZ]MJI MV K]aW KI[W
[MLMRIZyITQ[\ITIKI][IXIZI[MV\MVKQI
4.8.4.3.2 Turno de alegaciones:

;Q\]nVLWVW[ MV TI PQX~\M[Q[ LM Y]M IUJI[ XIZ\M[ I[Q[\QMZIV \WKI MV XZQUMZ \uZUQVW TI
WXWZ\]VQLIL LM QV\MZ^MVKQ~V WZIT I TI XIZ\M IXMTILI ]VI W Un[ XMZ[WVI[ I TI [Ib~V
KWV[\Q\]QLI[ KWUW \ITM[ XIZI LMNMVLMZ[M I K]aW[ MNMK\W[ XWLZn I[]UQZ ITO]VI LM TI[ LW[
estrategias siguientes:
a) Oposicin al recurso:
-VM[\MKI[WTIXIZ\MZMK]ZZQLIITMOIZnMVXZQUMZT]OIZ[QTI[\QMVMTI[M`KMXKQWVM[XZWKM[ITM[
Y]M KWVL]KQZyIV I TI QVILUQ[QJQTQLIL W IZKPQ^W LMT ZMK]Z[W a LM VW XZW[XMZIZ u[\I[ W VW
QV^WKIZTI[XTIV\MIZn[][WJRMKQWVM[ITW[UW\Q^W[LMNWVLWLML]KQLW[XWZMTIXMTIV\M
b) O distintamente, la adhesin al recurso. De ello nos ocupamos en el epgrafe
siguiente.
3UXHED\DOHJDFLRQHVQDOHVFRQFOXVLRQHV
;WTQKQ\ILI TI ILUQ[Q~V LM LWK]UMV\W[ MV M[\M IK\W XWZ VW PIJMZ[M XWLQLW PIKMZ IV\M[
MT \ZQJ]VIT XZW^MMZn LMV\ZW LM TI UQ[UI I]LQMVKQI KWVNWZUM I TI[ ZMOTI[ Y]M aI PMUW[
IVITQbILW IV\M[ I[y KWUW ZM[XMK\W LM TI XZ]MJI I KWV[\Q\]QZ KWV QVUMLQIKQ~V IV\M TW[
5IOQ[\ZILW[ LM TI +nUIZI TI K]IT LM ILUQ\QZ[M MV MT IK\W [M TTMÎZn I KIJW LM IK]MZLW I
TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ a NWZUI[ M[\IJTMKQLW[ MV MT XZWXQW +~LQOW XIZI KILI UMLQW LM KWV^QKKQ~V
8ZMKQ[IMTIZ\Y]MTIZM[WT]KQ~VY]M[MMUQ\IMVM[MUWUMV\WZMKPIbIVLW]VWWUn[
XZ]MJI[XMLQLI[LM^MVLZnQVQUX]OVIJTM
<ZI[TIXZnK\QKILMTIXZ]MJIY]MXWLZyI[MOV[]KWUXTMRQLILaVUMZWZMY]MZQZLMUn[
LM ]VI [M[Q~V [M IJZQZn ]V V]M^W \]ZVW LM QV\MZ^MVKQ~V WZIT LM TI[ XIZ\M[ IZ\ T\QUW
XnZZINWXIZIY]MIUJI[X]MLIVZMKIXQ\]TIZ[QMUXZMMVTW[M[\ZQK\W[\uZUQVW[LMTZMK]Z[W[
569

LML]KQLW MT QVQKQIT a MV [] KI[W MT LM ILPM[Q~V [WJZM TI ZMTMÎVKQI LM [][ IZO]UMV\W[ a
MTZM[]T\ILWLMTIXZ]MJIZMKIJILIMVIXMTIKQ~VZM[]T\ILWXW[Q\Q^WWVMOI\Q^WKILIXIZ\M
IXWaIZnTIXW[\]ZIY]MTMQV\MZM[I
<IUJQuV XIZI Y]M TW[ 5IOQ[\ZILW[ X]MLIV XMLQZ I ITO]VI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ TI[ IKTIZIKQWVM[
Y]M KWV[QLMZMV WXWZ\]VI[ MV K]IV\W I I[XMK\W[ W[K]ZW[ IUJQO]W[ W KWV\ZILQK\WZQW[ LM
[]XZM\MV[Q~VM[KZQ\I]WZIT=VI^MbKWUXTM\ILWM[\M\ZnUQ\MMTI[]V\WY]MLIZn^Q[\WXIZI
sentencia.
4.8.5 La adhesin al recurso de apelacin:

4.8.5.1 Concepto:
,M UIVMZIZMITUMV\MM[K]M\I MT+8+5 [M}ITIMV [] IZ\ XnZZINW XZQUMZW Y]MMV TI
I]LQMVKQI[MWQZnITIXIZ\MIXMTILIXIZI[MWXWVOIWXIZIY]M[MILPQMZIITIIXMTIKQ~V
A Un[ ILMTIV\M IT ZMNMZQZ[M I TW[ XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[ LM TI [MV\MVKQI Y]M PI LM LQK\IZ[M [M
I}ILM Y]M u[\I ZM[WT^MZn TW[ X]V\W[ XTIV\MILW[ MV MT ZMK]Z[W a MV [] KI[W MV TW[ M[KZQ\W[
LM ILPM[Q~V IZ\ XnZZINW [MO]VLW ,M M[\I UIVMZI KWV M[\I[ ZMNMZMVKQI[ TMOITM[ [M
QV[\Q\]aM MT LMZMKPW \IZLyW LM Y]QMV XWZ VW IXMTIZ TI ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT LMV\ZW LM XTIbW
PIJyI XI[ILW I]\WUn\QKIUMV\M I ILY]QZQZ TI KWVLQKQ~V LM XIZ\M ZMK]ZZQLI a KWV MTTW I
[]XWVuZ[MTMINI^WZLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VaMVKWV\ZILMTZMK]Z[WIXWLMZLM[XTMOIZ]VIXW[\]ZI
LQNMZMV\MUIVQNM[\IVLW[]^WT]V\ILLMILPMZQZ[MITZMK]Z[WaIQV\MZX]M[\W
4.8.5.2 Efectos:
9]u [QOVQKILW a ITKIVKM \QMVM M[I ILPM[Q~V' 7J^QIUMV\M [M \ZI\I IV\M \WLW LM ]VI
QUX]OVIKQ~V LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT KWV TW Y]M TI XIZ\M IXMTILI XI[I I MRMZKQ\IZ
XZWKM[ITUMV\M ]VI TMOQ\QUIKQ~V IK\QÎ TI LMT IXMTIV\M XWZ ILPM[Q~V Y]QMV QVQKQITUMV\M
a XWZ ZIbWVM[ XMZ[WVITM[ Y]M VW ZM[]T\I XZMKQ[W ITMOIZ VQ R][\QKIZ IV\M MT ~ZOIVW ad quem
IKI[W MT PIJMZ [WXM[ILW KWUW Un[ KWV^MVQMV\M VW LIZ XQM I ]V V]M^W XZWKMLQUQMV\W LM
ZM[]T\ILWQVKQMZ\W[MPIJyIIY]QM\ILWKWV\ZITIZM[WT]KQ~V=VI^MbIZZI[\ZILWITI[MO]VLI
QV[\IVKQIXWZTIQVQKQI\QÎLM[]KWV\ZIZQWITIXMTIZIY]uTZMKWJZI[]QV\MZu[VW[~TWR]ZyLQKW
[QVWXMZ[WVITMVWJ\MVMZ]VILMKQ[Q~VY]MZM^WY]MMV\WLWWMVXIZ\MTIZM[WT]KQ~VLQK\ILI
MVIY]MTTWY]MTMINMK\I
)PWZIJQMVMTXZWJTMUIIY]yZILQKIMVLM\MZUQVIZTI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[LMM[IUIVQNM[\IKQ~V
de adhesin. Que no estamos hablando de una apelacin autnoma y desconectada de
IY]MTTIWZQOQVITUMV\MNWZUITQbILIXWZTIW\ZIXIZ\MXIZMKMM^QLMV\MITI^Q[\ILMT\uZUQVW
empleado por la leyaMT[QOVQKILWI[QOVILWPQ[\~ZQKIUMV\MITIIXMTIKQ~VILPM[QÎITTy
LWVLM ZQOM 8MZW ILMUn[ IT PIKMZTW I[y MT TMOQ[TILWZ PI LM[MKPILW W\ZI[ UWLITQLILM[ LM
4I4MaPILMQV\MZXZM\IZ[M[QMUXZMIXIZ\QZLMT[QOVQKILWXZWXQWLMTI[XITIJZI[-T,QKKQWVIZQWLMTI:MIT
)KILMUQI-[XI}WTILMVMTIILPM[Q~VKWUWIKKQ~VaMNMK\WLMILPMZQZWILPMZQZ[MKWV^QVQMVLWMV]VLQK\IUMV
WXIZ\QLWW]\QTQbIVLWMTZMK]Z[WMV\IJTILWXWZTIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIW\IUJQuVKWUW]VILMKTIZIKQ~VXJTQKILM
IXWaWIITO]QMVWITOW=VIILPM[Q~VXWZ\IV\W[QOVQKITII[]VKQ~VKWUWXZWXQWLM]VXTIV\MIUQMV\WIRMVW
MQUXTQKIXWZMTTW]VI]VQLILLMIK\]IKQ~VVW]VILQ^MZ[QLIL
570

IXMTIKQ~V\IZLyIMVLMZMKPWKWUXIZILWMVTI[Y]MMTIXMTILWOWbILMI]\WVWUyILMLMNMV[I
aVWPITTI\ZIJI[MVTW[TyUQ\M[WJRM\Q^W[LM[]XZWXQWZMK]Z[W331.
Que la resolucin impugnada ha de haber hecho algn pronunciamiento desfavorable para
MT[]RM\W\IUJQuVLM^QMVMM^QLMV\MX]M[LMNIT\IZMTZMY]Q[Q\WLMTOZIÎUMVIZ\+8+5
estaramos hablando de un recurso carente de uno de sus presupuestos esenciales. Se puede
O]IZLIZ[QTMVKQWWMÎK]IZ]VM[KZQ\WLMUMZIKWVNWZUQLILKWVTIIXMTIKQ~VQVQKQITXMZW[Q
MTIXMTILWPIWJ\MVQLWMVTIZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILI\WLWIY]MTTWITWY]MXWLyII[XQZIZMV
M[M QVKQLMV\M W XZWKM[W XZQVKQXIT [MOV [MI VILI LM TW Y]M ITMO]M XWLZyI KWV[QLMZIZ[M
]VIILPM[Q~VITIIXMTIKQ~VM[\WM[LM]V[MO]VLWZMK]Z[WTWTQUQ\ILWY]M[MY]QMZIXMZW
ZMK]Z[WITVaITKIJWMVOMVLZILWZLM]VKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MLMJMZR]LQKQITLMZM[X]M[\IMV
TI [MV\MVKQI LMVQ\QÎ Y]M M[ I TW Y]M TTMÎ M[\I [MO]VLW WXKQ~V LMT IXMTILW ZMO]TILI MV
MTIZ\+8+5
+WVKMLQLWaMRMZKQ\ILWMV\WVKM[XWZMTIXMTILW[]LMNMV[IMVR]QKQWLQ[XWVMMTIZ\MV
[]XZQUMZXnZZINWY]MMV[MO]QLIMT\ZQJ]VITWQZnITIXMTIV\MXIZIZM[XWVLMZITWITMOILW
XWZ [] KWV\ZIZQW [QV Y]M X]MLI u[\M IXZW^MKPIZ M[\I [MO]VLI ZWVLI XIZI I}ILQZ V]M^W[
UW\Q^W[I[]XZWXQWZMK]Z[WVQTI[LMUn[XIZ\M[IXMTILI[Y]MVWPIVXZM[MV\ILWILPM[Q~V
PIKMZVILILQ[\QV\WIWXWVMZ[MIu[\I
4.8.5.3 Lmites al derecho de adherirse:

4I ILPM[Q~V TTMÎ KWV[QOW Y]M MT \ZQJ]VIT LM IXMTIKQ~V VQKIUMV\M X]MLI I\MVLMZ a LIZ
XWZKWZZMK\IUMV\MLML]KQLI[IY]MTTI[IZUIKQWVM[LMTIXMTIV\MXWZILPM[Q~VY]M[MTQUQ\M
I []UIZ LIZ XWZ ZMXZWL]KQLW[ IXWaIZ W XMLQZ Y]M [M M[\QUMV TW[ UW\Q^W[ KWV\MVQLW[
MV MT M[KZQ\W LM QV\MZXW[QKQ~V 5QMV\ZI[ Y]M XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW ZM[]T\IZnV QVMKIKM[ a VW
[M ZM[XWVLMZn I TW[ IZO]UMV\W[ Y]M X]LQMZIV KWVO]ZIZ V]M^W[ a LQ^MZ[W[ UW\Q^W[ LM
apelacin respecto de los suscitados por el apelante inicial.
8MZW \IUJQuV ZM[]T\I XMZNMK\IUMV\M KWUXI\QJTM KWV MT UWLMTW TMOIT Y]M [M PI QUXTIV\ILW
XMZUQ\QZITIXMTILWY]M[MILPQMZMIXWZ\IZIZO]UMV\W[V]M^W[XIZITIM[\QUIKQ~VLMTZMK]Z[W
KWQVKQLIV W VW KWV TW[ M[OZQUQLW[ XZM^QIUMV\M XWZ TI KWV\ZIXIZ\M [QMUXZM Y]M \QMVLIV IT
UQ[UWVX]M[LMTWY]M[M\ZI\ILMM[XWLMZKWILa]ÎZUn[MKIbUMV\MITKWV\ZWTR]ZyLQKW
LMTILMKQ[Q~VQUX]OVILI4WY]MVWQVKT]QZyIM[TIXW[QJQTQLILLMQUX]\IZV]MÎ[VQLQ[\QV\I[
QVNZIKKQWVM[R]ZyLQKI[ITIZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILIXWZMTIXMTIV\MXWZILPM[Q~V[MIXWZY]M\IT
LQ^MZ[QLILLMQVNZIKKQWVM[X]MLM[]XWVMZ]VI[MV[QJTMLQNMZMVKQILMMNMK\W[R]ZyLQKW[IV\M]VI
[MV\MVKQIM[\QUI\WZQIXMV[MUW[XWZMRMUXTWMV]VIIXMTIKQ~VWZQOQVITN]VLILIMVMZZWZMV
TIUW\QÎKQ~VLMTIXZ]MJIa]VIIXMTIKQ~VILPMZQLIY]MIL]KMQVLMNMV[Q~VaTIVMKM[QLILLM
ZM\ZW\ZIMZIK\]IKQWVM[LM[LMMTXZQVKQXQWLMTIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI[MIXWZY]MMV\WLWKI[W
VWPIJZyIKWQVKQLMVKQIMV\ZMZMK]Z[W[aLM[LMM[IXMZ[XMK\QÎTIXZM[]V\IILPM[Q~VTW[MZyI
IXMVI[MVXIZ\MWXZnK\QKIUMV\MMVVILI
331 -T IZ\ 4-+ Y]M KWV[KQMV\MUMV\M M^Q\I ]\QTQbIZ MT \uZUQVW ILPM[Q~V [M ZMMZM I TI[ LW[ WXKQWVM[ LMT
IXMTILWKWUWWXW[QKQ~VITZMK]Z[WMQUX]OVIKQ~VLMTI[MV\MVKQIMVTWY]MTMZM[]T\MNI^WZIJTM
571

-`Q[\QZn[QMUXZMILMUn[]VILWJTMNZWV\MZIQV\ZIV[XWVQJTMKWVM`QJQTQLILW[QVMTTI[W
pena de desnaturalizar el instituto de la adhesin para convertirla en un puro y nudo segundo
ZMK]Z[WLM IXMTIKQ~V I]\~VWUW ITOWY]M QV[Q[\QUW[ KZMMUW[ VWPI[QLWTWY]MZQLWXWZMT
legislador.
-[ILWJTMNZWV\MZIM[Y]MVWXWLZnIT\MZIZ[MVQMTWJRM\WLMTZMK]Z[WWZQOQVITTIZM[WT]KQ~V
R]LQKQIT QVQKQITUMV\M IXMTILI VQ MT petitum LM M[I ILPM[Q~V XWLZn QZ Un[ ITTn LM TI
V]TQLIL X]M[ XIZI QV\MV\IZ ZMQ^QVLQKIZ TI LMKTIZIKQ~V LM LMZMKPW[ W [Q\]IKQWVM[ R]ZyLQKI[
QVLQ^QL]ITQbILI[WXMLQZKWVLMVI[I[]NI^WZ\MVLZyIY]MPIJMZIXMTILWITXZQVKQXQW
4.8.6 Decisin del recurso:

4.8.6.1 Forma:
;][\IVKQILW MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W XZMû MT IZ\ +8+5 Y]M MT \ZQJ]VIT XWLZn LQK\IZ
[MV\MVKQI R][\W LM[X]u[ LM KMZZIZ[M TI I]LQMVKQI LM QVUMLQI\W [M MV\QMVLM Y]M TW
PIZyI MV\WVKM[ LM UIVMZI ^MZJIT a [QMUXZM Y]M TW KWV[QLMZM XW[QJTM XMZ\QVMV\M LQKM MT
XZMKMX\W I\MVLQLW MT OZILW LM [MVKQTTMb LMT ZMK]Z[W ,M TW KWV\ZIZQW LMRIZn TI KI][I ^Q[\I
XIZI [MV\MVKQI MUXMbIVLW I KWZZMZ ]V XTIbW TMOIT LM ^MQV\M LyI[ XIZI LQK\IZTI I KWV\IZ
LM[LMMT[QO]QMV\MITKQMZZMLMTII]LQMVKQIIZ\
4IZMNWZUIXIZKQITLMT+~LQOWLMPIQV\ZWL]KQLWVWWJ[\IV\MTIM`QOMVKQILMY]M
MT\ZQJ]VITMV\WLWKI[WIV]VKQM^MZJITUMV\MMTNITTWIT\uZUQVWLMTII]LQMVKQII]V[Q
WX\I[M XWZ [] ]T\MZQWZ ZMLIKKQ~V M[KZQ\I MV TW[ XTIbW[ UMVKQWVILW[ V]M^W QVKQ[W VIT LMT
XnZZINWXZQUMZWLMTIZ\
-[\WWJTQOIZnITW[5IOQ[\ZILW[LMTI+nUIZIITM[\]LQWXZM^QWaINWVLWLMTM`XMLQMV\MLM
KILI]VWLMTW[ZMK]Z[W[IV\M[LMTLyILMTI^Q[\IXZWJIJTMUMV\MMV[]^y[XMZIX]M[LMTW
KWV\ZIZQWLQNyKQTUMV\MaKWVTIUMZIQVUMLQIKQ~VLMTI[XZ]MJI[X]MLM[IJMZ[MaITI[WT]KQ~V
R]ZyLQKILMTKI[W[QVTIK]ITI[]^MbVWX]MLMMUQ\QZ[MMTNITTW-VTIXZnK\QKIXIZMKMT~OQKW
Y]MM[\IZMOTIXZWXQKQMLM[MZVMKM[IZQWY]M[M[][XMVLIXWZ]VW[UQV]\W[TI[I]LQMVKQI[]VI
^MbZMITQbILW[TW[IK\W[LMXZ]MJIXIZIY]MTI+nUIZI[MZM\QZMILMTQJMZIZaK]IVLW\MVOIV
aIMTNITTW^WT^MZIIJZQZTI[M[Q~VXIZIXZWV]VKQIZTW
-V MT KI[W LM Y]M MT \ZQJ]VIT LM IXMTIKQ~V [M LMKIV\M XWZ ]VI [MV\MVKQI QV ^WKM VW
[QUXTMUMV\MXWZILMTIV\IZMTNITTW[MXTIV\MITIL]LI[WJZM[]M`\MV[Q~V"MTIZ\QK]TILWLMTI
IXMTIKQ~VVILIQVLQKIUQMV\ZI[Y]MMT[]XTM\WZQWIZ\IXTQKIJTMITIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI
LQ[\QVO]M [MOV [M \ZI\MV LM XZWKM[W[ IJZM^QILW[ a M[XMKQITM[ [M ILMTIV\I MT NITTW a ]VI
[]KQV\IUW\QÎKQ~V]WZLQVIZQW[VQKIUMV\MMTNITTW
-[\ILQ[\QVKQ~V[QVMUJIZOWZM[]T\IXWKW\QTXIZITI[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQILWVLMILMUn[LM
\ZI\IZ[M LM ]V KI]KM XZWKMLQUMV\IT VQKW VW [M XMZ[QO]M KWUW WJRM\Q^W MT I[MO]ZIZ ]VI
XW[QJTM ZUMbI QVUMLQI\I LM TI [MV\MVKQI XWZ KWVNWZUQLIL LM \WLI[ TI[ XIZ\M[ MV\ZM W\ZI[
KW[I[XWZY]MM[IZUMbILM^MVLZnMVU]KPW[KI[W[QVUQVMV\MIV\MTILQK]T\ILaKIZnK\MZ
M`\ZIWZLQVIZQWLMTZMK]Z[WLMKI[IKQ~VaTIXW[QJQTQLILLMQV\MZXWVMZTW
572

4.8.6.2 Congruencia:
8I[IVLW IT KWV\MVQLW LM TI [MV\MVKQI LM[\IKIZ[M Y]M u[\I LMJMZn O]IZLIZ MT LMJMZ R]LQKQIT
LM TI LMJQLI KWVOZ]MVKQI Y]M [M KWVO]ZI MV XIZITMTW KWUW OIZIV\yI W LMZMKPW LMT
R][\QKQIJTMMVZMTIKQ~V\IV\WLMTW[UW\Q^W[LMTM[KZQ\WLMQV\MZXW[QKQ~VKWUWLMTWITMOILW
LM KWV\ZIZQW XWZ MT IXMTILW a MV [] KI[W LM TI ILPM[Q~V I TI IXMTIKQ~V IZ\ XnZZINW
[MO]VLW
4I [MV\MVKQI MV \WLW KI[W KWV\MVLZn MT XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W Y]M KWZZM[XWVLI MV \WZVW I TI[
KW[\I[KI][ILI[MVTIIXMTIKQ~VaTI[LMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI[QZM[]T\IXZWKMLMV\MUWLQKIZTW
LQ[X]M[\WMV[]LyIXWZMT2]bOILW[WJZMM[\I[T\QUI[\IUJQuVIZM[]T\I[LM[QTIIXMTIKQ~V
se estima o no.
4.8.6.3 Efectos:
4.8.6.3.1 Distincin entre los conceptos de estimacin total o parcial- y
desestimacin del recurso:
)VLMXZMKQ[IZTW[MNMK\W[LMZQÎLW[LMTILMKTIZIKQ~VKWVT]OIZLMTZMK]Z[WLMIXMTIKQ~V
PIJZn Y]M KWV[QLMZIZ LW[ I[XMK\W[ N]VLIUMV\ITM[" TI LQNMZMVKQI MV XZQUMZ T]OIZ MV\ZM
[MV\MVKQI M[\QUI\WZQI a LM[M[\QUI\WZQI# a MV [MO]VLW T]OIZ TI[ LQ^MZ[I[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[ Y]M
depara en concreto la declaracin con lugar de alguno de los motivos del recurso.
8WZ TW Y]M I\I}M IT XZQUMZ I[XMK\W KWV^QMVM XIZ\QZ LM LW[ XZM[]X]M[\W[ KWVKMX\]ITM[ Y]M
[QZ^MVXIZIUMLQZMTOZILWLMM[\QUIKQ~VLMTI[LMKQ[QWVM[\IV\WLMIXMTIKQ~VMVM[\MKI[W
KWUWLMK]ITY]QMZW\ZWZMK]Z[WLM^WT]\Q^W
) [IJMZ" I TI [MV\MVKQI LM IXMTIKQ~V ZM[]MT^M IV\M \WLW TI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ LM IXMTIKQ~V a
[~TWM^MV\]ITUMV\MTI[LMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI#aJTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[LMIXMTIKQ~VKWUWIV\M[
KWUMV\IUW[XZM[MV\IVXWZI[yLMKQZTWLW[M[KITWVM["TI[WTQKQ\]LLMY]M[MZMKWVWbKIMVTI
ZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQITQUX]OVILI]VLM\MZUQVILW^QKQWWMZZWZR]ZyLQKWaTI[MO]VLI[WTQKQ\]L
KWVMK\ILIITIIV\MZQWZ"Y]M[MUWLQY]MTIZM[WT]KQ~VMV\WLWWMVXIZ\Ma[MLQK\MW\ZIY]M
resulte conforme a Derecho y satisfaga los intereses de la parte apelante.
8]M[ JQMV [QMVLW MTTW I[y ZM[]T\I M^QLMV\M Y]M ]V ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V LMJM KWV[QLMZIZ[M
M[\QUILWMVXIZ\MMVK]IV\WTI[MV\MVKQILMKTIZMKWVT]OIZITO]VWLMTW[UW\Q^W[ITMOILW[
MV MT M[KZQ\W LM QV\MZXW[QKQ~V a MV [] KI[W MV MT LM ILPM[Q~V a MTTW \ZIQOI KWV[QOW ]VI
V]TQLIL LM ]VI XIZ\M LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V ZMK]ZZQLI I]VY]M [MI MV TW[ ZIbWVIUQMV\W[ Y]M
QV\MOZIV[]ZI\QWLMKQLMVLQWJTQOIVLWI[][\Q\]QZTW[XWZW\ZW[;QVMUJIZOWXIZIY]MPIaI
M[\QUIKQ~V\W\ITLMTZMK]Z[WZM[]T\IZnXZMKQ[WILMUn[Y]MTIZM[WT]KQ~VZMK]ZZQLI"
+]IVLW [M N]VLM MV UW\Q^W[ XZWKM[ITM[ [MI LMKTIZILI V]TI MV [] \W\ITQLIL a [M
M[\IJTMbKIV TW[ MNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ XMLQLW[ XWZ MT ZMK]ZZMV\M ZM\ZWIKKQ~V PI[\I ]V KQMZ\W
X]V\W M QV[\IVKQI# W MT IZKPQ^W LMVQ\Q^W LMT XZWKM[W X]M[ LM VW W\WZOIZ[M \WLW TW Y]M [M
XQLMXWZY]MVWTWXMZUQ\MTITMa[MZnM[\QUIKQ~VXIZKQIT#WJQMV
573

)]VY]MVW[MIV]TMLMT\WLW[yY]MLMJILMLQK\IZ[M]VNITTWLQ[\QV\WLIVLWTIZIb~VIT
ZMK]ZZMV\M;QWK]ZZM[~TWTWXZQUMZW[MZnM[\QUIKQ~VXIZKQIT#WJQMV
+]IVLW LMJI KWUXTM\IZ[M MT NITTW WZQOQVIT XWZ ]V X]V\W KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW VW R]bOILW Y]M
LM\ITO]Q[I[M[]J[IVIXWZMRQVKWVOZ]MVKQIWUQ[QÎ[QMUXZMY]MMTZMK]Z[WVWKWV\MVOI
W\ZI[XM\QKQWVM[Y]MI[]^MbLMJIVZMKPIbIZ[MMVK]aI\M[Q\]ZITIM[\QUIKQ~V[MZnXIZKQIT
<WLW MTTW KWUW X]MLM ^MZ[M LMXMVLMZn I [] ^Mb LM TI VI\]ZITMbI a UIOVQ\]L LMT MZZWZ
XMZXM\ZILW X]M[\W Y]M [Q TI QVNZIKKQ~V KWUM\QLI KWVKQMZVM I ]V XZM[]X]M[\W W OIZIV\yI
LMTXZWKM[WWIZMY]Q[Q\W[LMÎTQLMbLMTW[IK\W[Y]MKWUXWVMVMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WLM^QMVM
QVM^Q\IJTMTIZM^WKIKQ~VLMTI[MV\MVKQIQUX]OVILITWY]MQUXTQKIOMVMZITUMV\MXWZMTTWTI
M[\QUIKQ~V \W\IT [IT^W Y]M MT ZMK]Z[W ZMXM\QUW[ ZMQ^QVLQY]M]V MNMK\W XZWKM[IT QVKWZZMK\W
derivado de la nulidad y este ltimo no pueda ser concedido. Sin embargo:
I ;QTIQVNZIKKQ~VI\I}MI]VIM`KT][Q~VQVLMJQLILM]VUMLQWLMXZ]MJIY]MLM\IT
UWLW[M[]J[IVIWITIQVKT][Q~VQVLMJQLILMLQKPIXZ]MJIY]MI[y[MLMKTIZIQTyKQ\I
MQVÎTWZIJTMLMV]M^WLILWY]MMT~ZOIVWLMIXMTIKQ~V\QMVMY]MMTIJWZIZ]VR]QKQW
LMÎTWZIKQ~VXZWJI\WZQIY]M[][\Q\]aIITILMTI[MV\MVKQIZMK]ZZQLIPILMMV\MVLMZ[M
M[\QUILW MT ZMK]Z[W XWZ M[\I KQZK]V[\IVKQI Y]M [M KWV^MZ\QZn MV M[\QUIKQ~V [~TW
XIZKQIT[QTIV]MÎÎTWZIKQ~VTTMÎITUQ[UWZM[]T\ILWLMPMKPW[XZWJILW[Y]MMT
sustentado por el rgano a quo a I [] M[\QUIKQ~V \W\IT [Q ILMUn[ [M UWLQKI M[I
relacin de hechos probados y con ello el fallo.
J +]IVLWMT^QKQWINMK\MITI[MV\MVKQIKWUWIK\WXZWKM[IT\IV\WXWZNIT\IWLMNMK\W[
LMUW\QÎKQ~VKWUWLMQVKWVOZ]MVKQIPIJZnY]MLM\MZUQVIZ[QTI[]J[IVIKQ~VLMT
MZZWZWLMNMK\WKWUXWZ\I[][\Q\]QZWUWLQKIZMT\MVWZLMTILMKQ[Q~VQUX]OVILITW
Y]MI[]^MbLMXMVLMZnLMTOZILWLMQVUW\QÎKQ~VWLMT\QXWLMQVKWVOZ]MVKQIa[]
ITKIVKM KWUW ^MZMUW[ MV MT X]V\W [QO]QMV\M <WLI IXZMKQIKQ~V LMQVKWVOZ]MVKQI
MV KWVKZM\W LMXIZIZn ]VI UWLQKIKQ~V LM TI [MV\MVKQI QUX]OVILI PIa XWZ MTTW
M[\QUIKQ~VLMTZMK]Z[WITUMVW[XIZKQITXMZWVW\WLIQV]QZnMV]VKIUJQWMVMT
NITTWLMu[\I
K
.QVITUMV\M MV M[\M ZMKWZZQLW MV\ZM M[\QUIKQ~V \W\IT W XIZKQIT \MVMUW[ Y]M [Q TI
QVNZIKKQ~VI\I}MLQZMK\IUMV\MITNWVLWKWV\ZW^MZ\QLWaI[MIXWZMZZ~VMIÎTWZIKQ~V
LMTIXZ]MJII]VY]MVWPIaI[]X]M[\WM`KT][Q~VWQVKT][Q~VQVLMJQLILM]VUMLQW
LMKWV^QKKQ~V[QVWXWZY]MTI[Y]MWJZIVMVI]\W[M[\nVUITÎTWZILI[332aI[MITI
QV\MZXZM\IKQ~VaIXTQKIKQ~VLMTIVWZUI[][\IV\QÎMV\ITM[KI[W[TIM[\QUIKQ~VLMT
recurso tiene lugar en cuanto se admite la ilicitud de la resolucin recurrida merced
332 8QuV[M[M XWZ MRMUXTW Y]M MV MT UW\Q^W LM IXMTIKQ~V [M IZO]UMV\M Y]M TI [MV\MVKQI ZMK]ZZQLI VMO~ ÎTWZ I
TW LMKTIZILW XWZ ]V \M[\QOW [QV ZIb~V ITO]VI W [MVKQTTIUMV\M VW \]^W MV K]MV\I MT LQKPW LMT \M[\QOW XWZ ]V
LM[K]QLW -[\QUILW MT UW\Q^W MT \ZQJ]VIT LM IXMTIKQ~V [QV MUJIZOW MV TI TIJWZ LM ÎTWZIZ LM V]M^W \WLI TI
XZ]MJIX]MLMTTMOIZITIKWVKT][Q~VLMY]MMT\M[\QOWVWMZILMKQ[Q^WWY]MM`Q[\MVW\ZW[UMLQW[LMXZ]MJIUn[
KWV^QVKMV\M[ZM[XMK\WLMIY]uTY]M[QO]MV[QZ^QMVLWXIZIZM[XITLIZTILMKQ[Q~VLMTI[MV\MVKQIZMK]ZZQLIXWZTW
Y]MVWXZWKMLMZM^WKIZTI
574

al error y se procede a su correccin. Si a la postre ello determina un cambio en el
NITTWPIJZnM[\QUIKQ~V\W\ITLMTZMK]Z[W
)TKIVbI [] QUXWZ\IVKQI \WLW TW Y]M IKIJI LM [M}ITIZ[M MV V VW [~TW XWZ ZIbWVM[ LM
M[\ZQK\I \uKVQKI XZWKM[IT [QVW \IUJQuV XZnK\QKI[ XIZI VW QZ Un[ TMRW[ MV K]IV\W I TI
QUXW[QKQ~V LM TI[ KW[\I[ MV IXMTIKQ~V TI[ K]ITM[ XWZ ZMUQ[Q~V I TW[ KZQ\MZQW[ LM XZQUMZI
QV[\IVKQIIZ\[a[MZQOMVXWZMTXZQVKQXQWLMT^MVKQUQMV\WM[\WM[K]IVLWTIXIZ\M
PIaI^Q[\WZMKPIbILI[\WLI[[][XZM\MV[QWVM[6WXWLZnPIJTIZ[MLM\IT^MVKQUQMV\WX]M[
K]IVLW I]VY]M VW [M XZWL]bKI UWLQKIKQ~V MV MT NITTW [y [M LMKTIZM KWV T]OIZ MT MZZWZ
R]ZyLQKWLMV]VKQILW
4.8.6.3.2 Efectos de la desestimacin:

;MV\ILW TW Y]M IV\MKMLM \MVMUW[ MV XZQUMZ T]OIZ Y]M TI [MV\MVKQI LM IXMTIKQ~V XWLZyI
ZM[]T\IZ LM[M[\QUI\WZQI MV [] \W\ITQLIL LMT ZMK]Z[W a XWZ \IV\W \ZI[ LM[IZZWTTIZ TI[
IZO]UMV\IKQWVM[ Y]M ZM[]T\MV UMVM[\MZ a KWV\M[\IZ VMOI\QÎUMV\M I \WLW[ TW[ UW\Q^W[
QV\MZX]M[\W[KWVZUIZnTIZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILIY]MLM^MVLZnZUMWVW[MOVY]M\WLI^yI
KWV\ZIMTTIY]MXIZMK]Z[WLMKI[IKQ~V^MZ\MUI[QO]QMV\M
1VKT]QZnMVM[MKI[WMTXZWV]VKQIUQMV\WLMTI[KW[\I[KI][ILI[MVMTZMK]Z[WQUX]\nVLWTI[
ITIXMTIV\MWITIXMTILW[QPIa^MVKQUQMV\W\W\ITW[QVKWVLMVIMVKI[WLMM[\QUIKQ~VXIZKQIT
IZ\MVZMTIKQ~VKWVMT+8+5
6ILI M`KT]aM ILMUn[ TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM ]V XW[QJTM UMKIVQ[UW LM I]\WKWUXW[QKQ~V
]VQTI\MZIT W JQTI\MZIT LM TI[ XIZ\M[ XIZI M^Q\IZ Y]M PIaI [MV\MVKQI MV MT ZMK]Z[W 6W[
ZMUQ\QUW[ITWM`XTQKILWMVMT\MUIIV\MZQWZ[WJZMM[\MXIZ\QK]TIZMVZMTIKQ~VKWV\WLW[TW[
recursos.
4.8.6.3.3 Efectos de la estimacin:

,M LMKTIZIZ[M TI M[\QUIKQ~V \W\IT W XIZKQIT LM TW[ UW\Q^W[ LMT ZMK]Z[W TW[ MNMK\W[ LM \IT
[MV\MVKQI LMXMVLMZnV KWUW M[ T~OQKW LM TI VI\]ZITMbI LMT MZZWZ IXZMKQILW ) XZQWZQ M[
posible distinguir tres hiptesis principales:
A) Infracciones procesales previas a la Sentencia:
<ZI\nVLW[MLMTIM[\QUIKQ~VLM]VUW\Q^WI\QVMV\MITINIT\ILM]VXZM[]X]M[\WLMTXZWKM[WW
ITI^]TVMZIKQ~VLM]VIOIZIV\yIXZWKM[ITLMTI[XIZ\M[WI]VLuKQ\LMXZ]MJIWITIWUQ[Q~V
WQVLMJQLIZMITQbIKQ~VLMIK\W[XZWKM[ITM[[]IXZMKQIKQ~VINMK\IZnLMUIVMZIKI][ITITR]QKQW
LMNWVLWLMTI;MV\MVKQIZMK]ZZQLIPIKQuVLWTWV]TWLMT\WLW
4WY]M[MXTIV\MIM[[QM[\QUILWMTUW\Q^WX]MLMWVWMV\ZIZMT\ZQJ]VITLMIXMTIKQ~VIR]bOIZ
sobre dicho fondo controvertido de la primera instancia o si debe devolver la causa al rgano
LMXZWKMLMVKQI)TZM[XMK\WMTMVR]QKQIUQMV\WLMTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[WZQOQVITM[XWZMT\ZQJ]VIT
LMIXMTIKQ~V[~TW\MVLZnT]OIZXZMKQ[IMTXZWXQW+~LQOW[QIY]uTLQ[XWVMLMTW[MTMUMV\W[
575

LMR]QKQW[]KQMV\M[XIZILMKQLQZ3338WZ\IV\Wa[QKIZMKQMZMMTTW[[MMV\QMVLMY]M[MTQUQ\IZn
IIV]TIZTIZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILILM^WT^QuVLWTI[ITUWUMV\WXZWKM[ITWXWZ\]VWXIZIY]MTI
KWV\QMVLI[MZMIV]LMIV\MMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITQVNMZQWZIXIZ\QZLMM[MX]V\W
-TMV]VKQILWLMTIZ\+8+5[QVMUJIZOWVWZM[]T\IMVM[\MI[XMK\WU]aXZMKQ[WX]M[
MTXZWJTMUIVWZILQKIWVWZILQKIZnKI[QV]VKIMV[QMT\ZQJ]VITad quem carece de los datos
para resolver la cuestin de fondo controvertida[QVWMV[QX]MLMXZWKM[ITUMV\MPIKMZTW
atendiendo a la magnitud y consecuencias de la falta procesal cometida. As:
I ,M[LMT]MOWVWXWLZnV]VKIMV\ZIZMVMTNWVLWXMZW\IUXWKWZMMV^QIZMTI[]V\W
ITQVNMZQWZXIZIY]Mu[\MTWKWV\QVMK]IVLWNIT\IITOVXZM[]X]M[\WXZWKM[ITNIT\I
LM R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V W LM KWUXM\MVKQI WJRM\QÎ# W LM KIXIKQLIL XZWKM[IT LM ITO]VI LM
TI[ XIZ\M[ M\K W ]V ~JQKM XZWKM[IT QV[]J[IVIJTM TQ\Q[XMVLMVKQI W KW[I R]bOILI
-T XZWKM[W Y]MLI QVÎTQLILW MV [] \W\ITQLIL a VQKIUMV\M Y]MLIZyI XMVLQMV\M TI
IT\MZVI\QÎ LM ]VI V]MÎ KWV\QMVLI LM[LM MT XZQVKQXQW [Q MTTW ZM[]T\I NIK\QJTM MV
I\MVKQ~VIT^QKQWIXZMKQILWXWZMRMVKI[W[LMQVKWUXM\MVKQIa[QVW[]ZOMVQVOV
W\ZWWJ[\nK]TWX]MLM^WT^MZIQV\MZXWVMZ[MLMUIVLIIV\MMT~ZOIVWKWUXM\MV\M
J ;QTINIT\IKWVKMZVQMZIUn[JQMVI]VI^]TVMZIKQ~VLMTI[ZMOTI[LMXZWKMLQUQMV\WW
I]VIQVLMNMV[Q~VLM^MVLZnTIV]TQLIL\W\ITWXIZKQITLMTXZWKM[WKWVZM\ZWIKKQ~V
LMIK\]IKQWVM[I]VY]MITUMVW[MTQVNMZQWZXWLZyIZMIV]LIZMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WIXIZ\QZ
LMTUWUMV\WMVY]M[MXZWL]RWTINIT\I
+WUW Y]QMZI Y]M N]MZI MV M[\I [MO]VLI PQX~\M[Q[ MT \ZQJ]VIT ad quem no puede
ZM[WT^MZ[WJZMMTNWVLWXWZY]MTIKI][IPILMZM\ZWKMLMZITIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI
K
VQKIUMV\M TI[ QVLMNMV[QWVM[ LMZQÎLI[ LM TI NIT\I LM XZ]MJI MV ITO]VI LM TI[
UWLITQLILM[ Y]M PMUW[ MÌUQVILW IV\M[ QVILUQ[Q~V QVLMJQLI nova reperta M\K
X]MLMV[IVIZ[MMVTIIXMTIKQ~VI\ZIû[LM[]XMZ\QVMV\M[WTQKQ\]LaLMKWVKMLMZTI
MT\ZQJ]VITKWUXM\MV\MaUI\MZQITQbIZ[M[]IXWZ\IKQ~VaWXZnK\QKILIZnXI[WI]V
V]M^WMVR]QKQIUQMV\WLMTW[PMKPW[aVMKM[IZQIUMV\M\IUJQuVXWZMTTWI]VV]M^W
IVnTQ[Q[R]ZyLQKW[][\IV\Q^WLMu[\W[
L -VTI[QVNZIKKQWVM[LMTI;MV\MVKQIKWUWIK\WXZWKM[ITPIJZnY]MLQ[\QVO]QZMV\ZM
TW[LMNMK\W[M`\MZVW[MQV\MZVW[
4W[ LM TI XZQUMZI KTI[M X]MLMV W VW [MZ QVÎTQLIV\M[ [MOV LM K]nT [M \ZI\M"
[WV QVÎTQLIV\M[ TW[ Y]M KWVKQMZVMV I TI[ ZMOTI[ XIZI TI NWZUIKQ~V LM TI LMKQ[Q~V
KWTMOQILIaTI[Y]MI\I}MVIW[\MV\IZKWZZMK\IUMV\MMTKIZOWLMR]MbVWIXIZ\ILW
333 <M`\]ITUMV\MMTIZ\[M}ITIY]MMT\ZQJ]VIT\ZI[IXZMKQIZTIQVNZIKKQ~VLMKIZnK\MZXZWKM[ITXI[IZnIZM[WT^MZ
[WJZMTIK]M[\Q~VWK]M[\QWVM[Y]M[MIVWJRM\WLMTXZWKM[W
-VX]ZQLIL[~TW[QMTM`XMLQMV\M^QVQMZIQVKWUXTM\WaVWX]LQMZIZMKWV[\Z]QZ[MM[Y]M[MXWLZyIPIJTIZLM]VI
NIT\ILMTW[MTMUMV\W[LMR]QKQWVMKM[IZQW[XIZIZM[WT^MZ4]MOW[QMT\ZQJ]VITLMIXMTIKQ~V[Q\QMVMTW[PMKPW[a
como no puede ser menos conoce el Derecho a virtud del iura novit curia, X]MLM[QMUXZMWXZnK\QKIUMV\M[QMUXZM
MVR]QKQIZMTWJRM\WTQ\QOQW[W
576

XWZKI][ITMOITLMTIKIZZMZIR]LQKQIT\MUXWZITWLMVQ\QÎUMV\MK]IVLW[MMUQ\M
TILMKQ[Q~Va[MZUI
6W[WVQVÎTQLIV\M[[QVMUJIZOWaKWUWZMOTIOMVMZITTW[Y]MKWVKQMZVIVI]VI
UW\QÎKQ~VLMNMK\]W[ILMTIZM[WT]KQ~VXWZNIT\ILMLQKPIUW\QÎKQ~VWXWZMUXTMW
LM NZI[M[ IUJQO]I[ ] W[K]ZI[ [IT^W Y]M VW[ MVNZMV\nZIUW[ IV\M ]VI PQX~\M[Q[ LM
IZUIKQWVM[QVKWPMZMV\M[aKWV\ZILQK\WZQI[MV\ZM[yY]M\WZVIZIV\WLITIZM[WT]KQ~V
MV]VIY]QMJZIT~OQKIPIKQuVLWTIV]TILMT\WLW
8WZ [] TILW MV K]IV\W I TI QVKWVOZ]MVKQI KWUW ^QKQW QV\MZVW LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V
\IUJQuVXZWKMLMPIKMZLQ[\QVKQWVM[:M[XMK\WLMTITTIUILIQVKWVOZ]MVKQIWUQ[QÎ
WM`[QTMV\QWu[\IXWLZyI^MZ[IZMVXZQUMZT]OIZ[WJZMTINIT\ILMMVR]QKQIUQMV\WLM
alguna de las varias peticiones de tutela formuladas de la demanda o la reconvencin
LML]KQLW[ XWZ MRMUXTW MV TW[ KI[W[ LM IK]U]TIKQ~V [QUXTM LM XM\QKQWVM[ Y]M [M
ZMKWVWbKI ]V LMZMKPW Un[ TI KWVLMVI IT XIOW LM ]VI XZM[\IKQ~V XZQVKQXIT Un[
TI KWVLMVI I W\ZI IKKM[WZQI# W JQMV K]IVLW [M QV[\I ]VI XZM[\IKQ~V QVQKQIT a W\ZI
[]J[QLQIZQIXIZIMTKI[WLMZMKPIbIZ[MTIIV\MZQWZ[QMVLWY]M\ITZMKPIbWMVMNMK\W
tiene lugar y sin embargo el Juzgado no resuelve la prestacin subsidiaria.
-V \WLW[ M[\W[ KI[W[ QVKWVOZ]MVKQI WUQ[QÎ [WJZM ]V petitum TI IXZMKQIKQ~V LM
Y]MPIPIJQLW\IT[QTMVKQWaTIVMKM[QLILLM[]J[IVIZTWMV\ZIVLWIR]bOIZ[WJZMTI
KWVKZM\I\]\MTIQUXM\ZILIXZW^WKIZnVMKM[IZQIUMV\M]VKIUJQWMVMTNITTWZMK]ZZQLW
[Q[MKWVKMLMTIXZM[\IKQ~VLMY]M[M\ZI\MM[\QUIKQ~V\W\ITI]VY]MVW[QTILMVQMOI
M[\QUIKQ~VXIZKQIT
8MZW \IUJQuV TI QVKWVOZ]MVKQI WUQ[QÎ X]MLM IT]LQZ I TI NIT\I LM MVR]QKQIUQMV\W
LMT\y\]TWWKI][ILMXMLQZMVMTY]M[MI[MV\IJITIXZM\MV[Q~V)Y]yTIM[\QUIKQ~V
\ZIMZnKWV[QOW]VIIT\MZIKQ~VLMTNITTWVQKIUMV\MK]IVLW\ITKI][ILMXMLQZXW[MI
ZMTMÎVKQIR]ZyLQKIJI[\IV\MXIZIKWVKMLMZTIZIb~VILQKPIXIZ\MMV[]XZM\MV[Q~V
de fondo.
-[\W T\QUW \IUJQuV WXMZIZn K]IVLW [M \ZI\I LM TI TTIUILI QVKWVOZ]MVKQI M`\ZI
petita.
M .QVITUMV\MaKWUWaIX]V\]ITQbIUW[IV\M[MVTI[QVNZIKKQWVM[[WJZMITO]VILMTI[
NIKM\I[ LMT R]QKQW LM NWVLW K]IVLW [MI XW[QJTM IKKMLMZ IT IVnTQ[Q[ LM M[\M T\QUW
TI LMKTIZIKQ~V KWV T]OIZ LMT UW\Q^W KWV[QO]QMV\M TTMÎZn IT ~ZOIVW LM IXMTIKQ~V I
MRMZKQ\IZ]VIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~V\IV\WVMOI\QÎIV]TIVLWTW[XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[QV^nTQLW[
KWUW []J[QO]QMV\MUMV\M XW[Q\QÎ M[\I\]aMVLW LM V]M^W [WJZM MT NWVLW LM TI
XZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI\W\ITWXIZKQITUMV\M[MOVMTITKIVKMLMTUW\Q^W
<WLWMTTWKWVNWZUMITIZ\+8+5Y]MQUXWVMMTLMJMZLMZM[WT^MZTIK]M[\Q~V
W K]M[\QWVM[ Y]M N]MZIV WJRM\W LMT XZWKM[W \IV\W MV K]IV\W I TI RIKQ~V LM TW[
PMKPW[ a MT ,MZMKPW [][\IV\Q^W [Q M[ ]V MZZWZ [WJZM TI ÎTWZIKQ~V LM TI XZ]MJI
IK\W [MO]QLW LMJM KITQKIZ R]ZyLQKIUMV\M TW[ PMKPW[ Y]M LMJIV \MVMZ[M XWZ KQMZ\W
577

aLML]KQZ[][KWV[MK]MVKQI[TMOITM[WVQKIUMV\M[WJZMM[\WT\QUW[QTIQVNZIKKQ~V
LM^QMVMM`KT][QÎUMV\MUI\MZQIT
+WV\ZI TI [MV\MVKQI LM IXMTIKQ~V [~TW KIJZn ZMK]Z[W LM KI[IKQ~V MV TW[ KI[W[ a KWV TW[
ZMY]Q[Q\W[M[\IJTMKQLW[XWZMT+~LQOWITW[Y]MIPWZIXZM[\IZMUW[I\MVKQ~V
578
4.9 RECURSO DE CASACIN

;=5):17"1+WVKMX\WaZM[WT]KQWVM[ZMK]ZZQJTM[115W\Q^W[LMTZMK]Z[W"111
;]XZM[]X]M[\W"TIQVNZIKKQ~VR]ZyLQKI11115W\Q^W[LMNWVLW111115W\Q^W[
XZWKM[ITM[LMNWZUI1118ZWKMLQUQMV\W"1V\MZXW[QKQ~V)LUQ[Q~V
>Q[\IWZIT1>,MKQ[Q~VLMTZMK]Z[W

4.9.1.1 Concepto:
-T ZMK]Z[W LM KI[IKQ~V M[ ]V ZMK]Z[W M`\ZIWZLQVIZQW Y]M XZWKMLM KWV\ZI LM\MZUQVILI[
ZM[WT]KQWVM[ R]LQKQITM[ a MV I\MVKQ~V I UW\Q^W[ \I[ILW[ K]aI VITQLIL M[ ^MTIZ XWZ ]VI
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\QMUXWY]M\]\MTITW[LMZMKPW[KWVKZM\W[LMY]QMVM[IK\IVKWUWXIZ\M[MVKILIZMK]Z[W
La historia de la casacin en El Salvador puede resumirse como la crnica de su
IT\MZVI\Q^QLIL NZMV\M I TI \MZKMZI QV[\IVKQI a TI WXKQ~V ILWX\ILI XWZ MT TMOQ[TILWZ a MV
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MT UMKIVQ[UW LM LMNMV[I Un[ IXZWXQILW XIZI K]TUQVIZ TI IK\Q^QLIL LM )LUQVQ[\ZIKQ~V
LM 2][\QKQI KWV XTMVI OIZIV\yI LM [MO]ZQLIL R]ZyLQKI [QV XZM[KQVLQZ LM ]V V LM R][\QKQI
individual.
0IJQMVLW ZMOQLW MV ]VI XZQUMZI M\IXI MV\ZM I MV Y]M N]M []XZQUQLI XWZ TI
+WV[\Q\]KQ~V LM M[M T\QUW I}W Y]M KZMIZWV TI[ +nUIZI[ LM <MZKMZI QV[\IVKQI ZM\WZV~ MV
! KWV TI IXZWJIKQ~V LM ]VI 4Ma ZMO]TILWZI \ZIaMVLW KWV[QOW LM V]M^W TI TQY]QLIKQ~V
de la tercera instancia.
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LMUn[XZM[MV\MMVTIUIaWZXIZ\MLMTW[XIy[M[LMTU]VLWLMKWVIZ]VT\QUWQV[\Z]UMV\W
LM ZM^Q[Q~V LM ZM[WT]KQWVM[ R]LQKQITM[ I ]V ~ZOIVW VQKW a KMV\ZITQbILW KWUW M[ TI +WZ\M
;]XZMUILM2][\QKQIXMZWKWVK]aI[LMKQ[QWVM[ITUIZOMVLM[]\ZI[KMVLMVKQIXIZIMTKI[W
KWVKZM\W [M QV\MV\IV a LM WZLQVIZQW [M KWV[QO]M K]UXTQZ LM\MZUQVILW[ VM[ LM XWTy\QKI
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LMT LMZMKPW LMT R][\QKQIJTM I ]VI \MZKMZI WXWZ\]VQLIL LM ZMMÌUMV LM [] KWV\QMVLI VW
[~TW XWZY]M MT LMZMKPW IT ZMK]Z[W MV [][ LQ^MZ[I[ IZ\QK]TIKQWVM[ ZMXZM[MV\I ]V LMZMKPW LM
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TI KWUQ[Q~V LM MZZWZM[ XWZ TW[ \ZQJ]VITM[ LM IXMTIKQ~V MV \WLW KI[W UQVWZQ\IZQI VW X]MLM
LM[KWVWKMZ[MY]MTI[KI][I[Y]MTTMOIVITI+WZ\MPIVI\ZI^M[ILWaIXWZMTT\ZWR]LQKQITLM
LW[QV[\IVKQI[TWY]MKWVKIZnK\MZOMVMZITX]MLMKWV[QLMZIZ[MKWUW[]KQMV\M
579

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MVJ]MVIUMLQLI\IUJQuVKWV]VVOMVMZITLMQZZILQIKQ~VLMTI[MO]ZQLILR]ZyLQKIMTius
constituionis IT QUXWVMZ TI TMa Y]M [MI MT \ZQJ]VIT []XZMUW a []XMZQWZ MV \WLW[ TW[ ~ZLMVM[
R]ZQ[LQKKQWVITM[MVM[\MKI[WKQ^QTMTY]MX]MLIaLMJIXZWV]VKQIZ]VIVQKIXITIJZIMV\WZVW
ITIQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VaIXTQKIKQ~VLMTI[N]MV\M[LMTWZLMVIUQMV\W"TIR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQIZMNMZMVKQI
]VQNWZUILWZILMTW[KZQ\MZQW[R]ZyLQKWR]LQKQITM[#KMV[]ZIVLWKWVMTTWTIIXTQKIKQ~VQVILMK]ILI
LM TI[ VWZUI[ VWUWTI`QI -T ZMK]Z[W LM KI[IKQ~V PI LQ[K]ZZQLW LM[LM [][ WZyOMVM[ a LM
IK]MZLW I TW[ LQ[\QV\W[ XIy[M[ XWZ KZQ[Q[ a ZMNWZUI[ LM LQ^MZ[W KITQJZM# U]\IJTM MT KI\nTWOW
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LMTW[[QOTW[a[QO]MM[\IVLWIPyX]M[LM^QMVMQVVMOIJTMY]MTW[VM[XIZITW[Y]Mu[\I[MPI
KZMILW[QO]MVKWV[QLMZnVLW[MQUXZM[KQVLQJTM[MV]V-[\ILWKQ^QTQbILWLM,MZMKPW
4.9.1.2 Resoluciones recurribles:

,M IK]MZLW I TW M[\IJTMKQLW MV MT +8+5 MT ZMK]Z[W LM KI[IKQ~V KIJM [WTIUMV\M
KWV\ZI LM\MZUQVILI[ ZM[WT]KQWVM[ R]LQKQITM[ a M[\I ZM[\ZQKKQ~V KWVO]ZI ]VI LM [][ VW\I[
KIZIK\MZy[\QKI[ KWUW ZMK]Z[W M`\ZIWZLQVIZQW -V KWVKZM\W KIJM KWV\ZI [MV\MVKQI[ a I]\W[
XZWV]VKQILW[ MV IXMTIKQ~V TW Y]M MTQUQVI TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM KI[IKQ~V per saltum desde la
XZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIa[QMUXZMY]M[MPITTMVLMV\ZWLMITO]VWLMTW[[QO]QMV\M[[]X]M[\W["
I ;Q[WV[MV\MVKQI[PIVLMZMNMZQZ[MIXZM\MV[QWVM[^MV\QTILI[MV[]XZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI
XWZ ]V XZWKM[W LMKTIZI\Q^W WZLQVIZQW XZWKM[W KWUV a IJZM^QILW W XWZ ]V
proceso especial de los regulados en el mismo CPCM o en leyes especiales de
VI\]ZITMbI KQ^QT W UMZKIV\QT IZ\ ! [QV Y]M [MI VMKM[IZQW \ZI\nVLW[M LM
[MV\MVKQI[Y]MM`Q[\IVXZMKMX\W[M[XMKyKW[Y]MI[yTWXZM^MIVX]M[JI[\IITMNMK\W
KWVMTLQK\ILWOMVMZITLMTIZ\!
;MQUXWVM[QVMUJIZOW]VITQUQ\IKQ~V"TI;MV\MVKQIVWXWLZnKIZMKMZXWZTMaLMT
MNMK\WLMKW[IR]bOILIUI\MZQITX]M[LM[MZI[yY]MLIM`KT]QLIXWZMTTWLMTZMK]Z[W
IZ\ KWV KIZnK\MZ OMVMZIT a T\QUW QVKQ[W LMT IZ\ XIZI TI[ [MV\MVKQI[ LMT
IJZM^QILWQVKQ[Wu[\MQV\ZWL]KQLWXWZTIZMNWZUIXIZKQITLM
;MO]ZIUMV\MTWM[\QX]TITI4MaLMM[\MUWLWXWZMV\MVLMZ[MY]MMV\ITM[[Q\]IKQWVM[
MT KIUQVW Un[ ZnXQLW XIZI MTQUQVIZ TI ÎTQLMb LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~VY]M [M KMV[]ZI M[
lograr su sustitucin por otra nueva en un proceso de instancia.
J 4W[ I]\W[ PIV LM PIJMZ [QLW LQK\ILW[ MV MT nUJQ\W LM TW[ UQ[UW[ XZWKM[W[
LMKTIZI\Q^W[KQ^QTM[WUMZKIV\QTM[K]aI[[MV\MVKQI[XMZUQ\MVKI[IKQ~V^MZIXIZ\ILW
IV\MZQWZWPIJMZ[MLQK\ILWMVR]QKQW[MRMK]\Q^W[N]VLILW[MV\y\]TWÎTWZ!
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580

K
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[] KWVLQKQ~V LM IK\W[ M`\ZIR]LQKQITM[ I}ILM TI TMa IZ\ +8+5 Y]M VW KIJM KI[IKQ~V
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MKWV~UQKIUMV\M ]VI K]IV\yI UyVQUI LMT XTMQ\W XIZI XWLMZ ZMK]ZZQZ ZMY]Q[Q\W LM TI
summa gravaminis ;M IKMV\I MV M[\M X]V\W MT V LMT Q][ KWV[\Q\]\QWVQ[ LM TI KI[IKQ~V KQ^QT
[ITÎLWZM}IITXMZUQ\QZ[]QV\MZXW[QKQ~VKWVQVLMXMVLMVKQILMTXMZR]QKQWY]MTIZM[WT]KQ~V
PIXWLQLWKI][IZITXI\ZQUWVQWLMTZMK]ZZMV\MQUXWZ\IVLWUn[JQMV[WJZM\WLWTIM`Q[\MVKQI
LM]V^QKQWR]ZyLQKWY]MLMJMMZZILQKIZ[MaMTM^Q\IZY]MM[W[TyUQ\M[K]IV\Q\I\Q^W[LMZQ^MV
MVTINIT\ILMKWV\ZWTMVKI[IKQ~VLMUI\MZQI[aZMTIKQWVM[R]ZyLQKI[[WKQITUMV\MQUXWZ\IV\M[
y frecuentes.
4.9.2 Motivos del recurso:

4.9.3 Su presupuesto: la infraccin jurdica:
+WUW PMUW[ QVLQKILW TI KI[IKQ~V M[ ]V XZWL]K\W PQ[\~ZQKW ILIX\ILW I TI[ VMKM[QLILM[
R]ZyLQKI[ LM KILI XIy[ 8W[MM ZMITUMV\M ]VW[ KIZIK\MZM[ Jn[QKW[ ]VQNWZUM[ LMZQÎLW[ LM []
KIZnK\MZ M`\ZIWZLQVIZQW a ZM[\ZQVOQLW XMZW VW [M X]MLM LMKQZ Y]M TI KI[IKQ~V [QOVQKI W
LMRILM[QOVQKIZMTTIUQ[UIXWZY]MQVKT]aIWLMRMN]MZILM\MZUQVILI[XIZKMTI[LMKWV\ZWT
R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT
336 4W[IZ\[a 48.UMVKQWVIVKWVKIZnK\MZOMVuZQKWTIZMK]ZZQJQTQLILLMTI[LQ^MZ[I[ZM[WT]KQWVM[LQK\ILI[

XWZ TW[ 2]MKM[ LM .IUQTQI MV [MLM LM ZM^WKI\WZQI IXMTIKQ~V a KI[IKQ~V -[\M T\QUW ZMK]Z[W MV K]IV\W I []
QV\MZXW[QKQ~Va\ZIUQ\IKQ~VTW[MZnKWVNWZUMITI[ZMOTI[LMTIKI[IKQ~VKQ^QT-[MTIZ\!+8+5TIY]MTW
limita a las sentencias.
337 ;MOV MT IZ\ +<" ;~TW XWLZn QV\MZXWVMZ[M ZMK]Z[W LM KI[IKQ~V KWV\ZI TI[ [MV\MVKQI[ LMVQ\QÎ[ Y]M [M
XZWV]VKQIZMVMVIXMTIKQ~VLMKQLQMVLW]VI[]V\WMVY]MTWZMKTIUILWLQZMK\IWQVLQZMK\IUMV\MMVTILMUIVLI
I[KMVLQMZMIUn[LMKQVKWUQTKWTWVM[aKWV\ITLMY]MLQKPI[[MV\MVKQI[VW[MIVKWVNWZUM[MVTWXZQVKQXITKWV
las pronunciadas en primera instancia.

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\ZQJ]VITITPIKMZMTKnTK]TWLMTI[]UI\W\ITLMTWZMKTIUILWMVTILMUIVLI
338 -T IZ\ 48. M[\IJTMKM Y]M" 4I[ [MV\MVKQI[ [WJZM ITQUMV\W[ K]QLILW XMZ[WVIT [][XMV[Q~V LM I]\WZQLIL
XIZMV\IT \]\WZyI[ RIKQ~V LM ZMOyUMVM[ LM ^Q[Q\I[ LMJMZ LM KWV^Q^MVKQI a \WLI[ IY]MTTI[ Y]M VW KI][IV KW[I
R]bOILILMKWVNWZUQLILIT+~LQOWLM.IUQTQIXWLZnVUWLQKIZ[MW[][\Q\]QZ[MLMIK]MZLWITI4Ma

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UIV\MVMZTI[[][\Q\]QZTI[UWLQKIZTI[WKM[IZTI[
! 1VKT]aMVLW TI UWLQKIKQ~V LM TI NIK]T\IL LM M[\IJTMKQUQMV\W []J[QLQIZQW LMT M[\ILW KQ^QT W TI U]MZ\M LM ]VI
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581

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ITKIVKMWJRM\Q^WY]MKIJMLIZITZMK]Z[WM[\WM[[Q[MO]QZKWVIVLWMVuTTIVWUWTI`QIa
]VQNWZUQLILR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQITLMTWZLMVIUQMV\WXZWKM[ITaLMT[][\IV\Q^WWMTQUQVIZITO]VI
LMMTTW[LM[]KWV\ZWTXIZIPIKMZTWK]IV\Q\I\QÎUMV\MUn[UIVMRIJTM
8]M[ JQMV MT V]M^W +~LQOW IX]M[\I XWZ UIV\MVMZ MV KI[IKQ~V MT LWJTM KWV\ZWT LM TI
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VW [WTIUMV\M TMOy\QUI XWZ \WLW TW Y]M PMUW[ IKW\ILW [QVW XW[Q\QÎ a KWV^MVQMV\M \IV\W
desde la perspectiva de su evidente valor igualitario entre las fuentes del ordenamiento
R]ZyLQKW VW M[ Un[ QUXWZ\IV\M VQ X]MLM [MZTW XIZI MV\MVLMZVW[ XZWXWZKQWVIZ KZQ\MZQW[
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LM[LM TI KWV[\I\IKQ~V LM Y]M ]VI XT]ZITQLIL LM ~ZOIVW[ T\QUW[ IXTQKILWZM[ LM \WLW ]V
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,M UIVMZI VW LQNMZMV\M MV ZMITQLIL I KWUW WK]ZZM MV MT ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V MT IZ\
+8+5 MV\ZWVQbI MT WJRM\W LMT ZMK]Z[W LM KI[IKQ~V ITZMLMLWZ LMT KWVKMX\W LM QVNZIKKQ~V
R]ZyLQKI MV MT [MV\QLW LM Y]M TI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ LM TI XIZ\M ZMK]ZZMV\M VW XI[IV XWZ ]VI
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I\ZQJ]yZ[MTM ]VI QVNZIKKQ~V LMT WZLMVIUQMV\W a [Q VW KWVK]ZZMV WJ[\nK]TW[ XZWKM[ITM[ Y]M
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-T IZ\ [M}ITI Y]M MT ZMK]Z[W LM KI[IKQ~V \QMVM XWZ WJRM\W ]VI QVNZIKKQ~V W MZZ~VMI
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TW[Y]MVW[MXZM\MVLMLQ[\QVO]QZ[Q\]IKQWVM[LQ[\QV\I[
-TKWVKMX\WOMVuZQKWLMinfraccin JI[\IXIZILMRIZK]JQMZ\I[[][LQ[\QV\I[UWLITQLILM[XMZWMT
uso alternativo de la frase errnea aplicacin no debe generar ninguna limitacin cognitiva
VQLMJI\MLQITuK\QKWKIZMV\MLM[MV\QLW)TWY]MMVLMVQ\QÎ[MPIKMZMNMZMVKQIKWVIUJI[
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4IQVNZIKKQ~VR]ZyLQKIX]M[X]MLMXZWaMK\IZ[M[WJZM\ZM[OZIVLM[nZMI[Y]MaIQLMV\QKIUW[
MVMTZMK]Z[WLMIXMTIKQ~VaY]MIPWZIM`XWVLZMUW[[QO]QMVLWMTWZLMVY]M[QO]MTI4MaXIZI
MTZMK]Z[WLMKI[IKQ~V"IMTMVR]QKQIUQMV\WLMTIK]M[\Q~VLMNWVLW^QKQW[in iudicandoJTI[
VWZUI[XIZITI\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMTXZWKM[WaKTI[VWZUI[ZMO]TILWZI[LMTI[MV\MVKQIWMTI]\W
MV\MVLQLWKWUWIK\WM[\ZQK\IUMV\MXZWKM[ITM[\W[LW[T\QUW[^QKQW[in procedendo
-T +~LQOW IZ\QK]TI MT [Q[\MUI LM KI][I[ XIZI IKKMLMZ I KI[IKQ~V UMLQIV\M TI \uKVQKI LM
KWV\ZIXWVMZ ]V MV]VKQILW IJQMZ\W Y]M \ZI\I LM TI QVNZIKKQ~V LM TMa W LM LWK\ZQVI TMOIT
IZ\ NZMV\M I ]V TQ[\ILW KMZZILW LM QVNZIKKQWVM[ OMV]QVIUMV\M XZWKM[ITM[ IZ\
+WV\ZIXW[QKQ~VLMTIY]M[MKWTQOMY]MMTMV]VKQILWIJQMZ\W[MZMMZMI[]^MbITKWV\ZWTLMTI[
VWZUI[IXTQKILI[XIZIMTMVR]QKQIUQMV\WLMTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[UI\MZQITM[<MVMUW[I[y"
582
4.9.4 Motivos de fondo:

4.9.4.1 Normas sujetas a control:
;MQUXWVMIV\M\WLWMNMK\]IZLW[XZMKQ[QWVM[IKMZKILMTnUJQ\WWJRM\Q^WLMM[\MUW\Q^W
KI[IKQWVIT 4I XZQUMZI M[ Y]M MT +~LQOW IT PIJTIZ LM TMa W LM LWK\ZQVI TMOIT KWUW
^MZMUW[MV[]IZ\VWM[\nLMTQUQ\IVLWK]nTM[MTKWV\MVQLWLMTI[VWZUI[KWVKMZVQLI[
W[Q[MXZMMZMLMKQZI[yTINIKM\ILMTMVR]QKQIUQMV\WLMNWVLW\]\MTILII\ZIû[LMM[\MUW\Q^W
KI[IKQWVIT,M[LMT]MOWVWM[LML]LIZY]M[MZMMZMJn[QKIUMV\MITI[VWZUI[[][\IV\QÎ[
Y]MKWV\MUXTIVMT[]X]M[\WLMPMKPWKWV\ZW^MZ\QLW8MZWVW[WVVQKIUMV\MLMM[\IM[XMKQM
XWZKQMZ\WTI[ZMOTI[Y]MWZLMVIVMTMVR]QKQIUQMV\WLMNWVLW6WTW[WVMVKWVKZM\W"
I 4I[Y]MZMO]TIVMTQV[\Q\]\WLMTITMOQ\QUIKQ~VXZWKM[ITMVK]ITY]QMZILM[][ÎZQIJTM[
\QXW[LMTMOQ\QUIKQ~VXT]ZITQLILLMTMOQ\QUILW[QV\MZ^MVKQ~VLM\MZKMZW[[]KM[Q~V
XZWKM[ITaY]MXWZTI[ZIbWVM[Y]MLIZMUW[Un[ILMTIV\M^MZ1VNZIMVTW[5W\Q^W[
XZWKM[ITM[ a MT KWV\ZWT LM TW[ XZM[]X]M[\W[ []JRM\Q^W[ VW PIV [QLW QVKT]QLI[ MV MT
TQ[\ILWLMTIZ\+8+5#
J 4I[Y]MXMZUQ\MVaZMO]TIVTIRIKQ~VLMTW[PMKPW[LMTKI[W"
*QMV[MIITUIZOMVLMTIXZ]MJIXWZMRMUXTWK]IVLW[MXZWL]KMXWZILUQ[Q~VLMTI[XIZ\M[
WXWZVW\WZQMLILR]LQKQITIZ\+8+5
;QXWZMTKWV\ZIZQWaKWUW[]KMLMTIUIaWZXIZ\MLMTI[^MKM[ZM[]T\IJIVMKM[IZQWIK]LQZ
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las partes ha de sufrir las consecuencias de esa falta de prueba.
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formada doctrina legal sobre la materia.
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admitidas por el derecho administrativo.

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4.9.4.2 Modalidades de infraccin casable:

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de doctrina legal. Veamos:
4.9.4.2.1 La infraccin de ley

Ha de ser entendida como una infraccin directa de la norma causada por la resolucin
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solucin del caso y sin embargo se aplica;
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por las partes.
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previsin de un motivo de casacin por infraccin de la doctrina legal atenta contra la
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as se perciba como necesario.
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)X]M[\I MT +~LQOW KWUW aI ILMTIV\IUW[ XWZ ]V TQ[\ILW \I[ILW LM \ITM[ QVNZIKKQWVM[ MT
K]ITKWVLQNMZMVKQI[aIKWV\MUXTIJIMTIZ\LMTIM`\QV\I4MaLM+I[IKQ~VMVLM\ZQUMV\W
LM ]VI N~ZU]TI IJQMZ\I IT\MZVI\QÎ Y]M P]JQMZI XWLQLW LIZ Un[ TQJMZ\IL I TI +WZ\M I TI
PWZILMM`\MVLMZ[]KWJMZ\]ZIIK]ITY]QMZQVNZIKKQ~VZMTMÎV\MLMKIZnK\MZXZWKM[IT;MPI
XZMNMZQLWTIN~ZU]TILMTTQ[\ILWMVIZI[I]VVLM[MO]ZQLILR]ZyLQKIY]MKWUW\ITLM^QMVM
XTI][QJTMaR][\QKILWKWUWWXKQ~VLMXWTy\QKIR]LQKQIT
-[\M TQ[\ILW IK\]IT X]MLM KWV[QLMZIZ[M XW[Q\QÎUMV\M ]V IÎVKM ZM[XMK\W LMT ZuOQUMV
IV\MZQWZ\WLI^MbY]MTIV]MÎ4Ma[MPIK]QLILWLMZM[QLMVKQIZIY]yVQKIUMV\MTWXZWKM[IT
UMRWZIVLW I[y TI [Q[\MUn\QKI [MO]QLI XWZ MT IZ\ LM TI LMZWOILI 4Ma LM +I[IKQ~V Y]M
mezclaba motivos de infraccin de doctrina legal con supuestos genuinamente procesales
IXIZ\MLMTTQ[\ILWLM[]IZ\
-T +~LQOW VILI M[\IJTMKM MV K]IV\W I [Q MT Y]MJZIV\IUQMV\W LM TI[ formas esenciales del
XZWKM[W M`XZM[Q~V Y]M XWZ KQMZ\W QV\MV\I ZMUIZKIZ MT KIZnK\MZ ZMTMÎV\M W LMKQ[Q^W LM TI[
QVNZIKKQWVM[Y]M[MPIV[MTMKKQWVILWMVMTTQ[\ILWPILM[MZTWLMTITMaXZWKM[ITW\IUJQuV
LMTILWK\ZQVITMOITR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQIZM[XMK\WLM\ITM[XZMKMX\W[TMOITM[KWUW[yTWPIKMMV
K]IV\WITW[UW\Q^W[LMNWVLW9]QbnM[\W[MLMJIIY]MMTIZ\+8+5LIXWZ[MV\ILWY]M
\ITM[Y]MJZIV\IUQMV\W[ZMXZM[MV\IVIV\M\WLW]VIZMITQLILNnK\QKIM[LMKQZMTIK\WXZWKM[IT
[MKWVO]ZIXWZTMaLM]VILM\MZUQVILIUIVMZIau[\M[MZMITQbIWVW[MZMITQbII[y\ZIaMVLW
KWV[QOWMTY]MJZIV\IUQMV\WTIQVNZIKKQ~VKWVTWY]MMTLMJI\MR]ZyLQKWVWZUI\Q^WXI[II]V
segundo plano.
-VKWVKZM\WWK]ZZyII[yKWVTI[KI][I[LMQVKWVOZ]MVKQIIXIZ\ILWaLMNMK\WLMUW\QÎKQ~VIXIZ\ILWLM
TI ZM[XMK\QÎ ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT# LM[KWVWKQUQMV\W LM KW[I R]bOILI TQ\Q[XMVLMVKQI W M^MV\]IT I]\WKWUXW[QKQ~V
LMTITQ\Q[IXIZ\ILW#MZZ~VMIRIKQ~VLMTIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VIXIZ\ILWaMTMZZWZMVTIÎTWZIKQ~VLMXZ]MJI[
\I[ILI[IXIZ\ILW \WLI[LMTUMVKQWVILWIZ\LMTI4MaLM!4Q[\ILWXWZKQMZ\WIK\]ITQbILWUMLQIV\M
ZMNWZUIXIZKQITLM LM[MX\QMUJZMLM! !,MKZM\WTMOQ[TI\Q^WV!
587

4I XZnK\QKI [QV MUJIZOW LMU]M[\ZI Y]M M[\W VW M[ MV U]KPI[ WKI[QWVM[ I[y [QVW Y]M TI
ILWXKQ~VLM]VIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQITM[XMKQITUMV\MI]\W[a[MV\MVKQI[LMUIVLIKWVNZMK]MVKQI
TIQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VLMVWZUI[Y]MW\WZOIVUnZOMVM[LMIK\]IKQ~VR]LQKQITUn[WUMVW[IUXTQW[
I\ZIû[LMKWVKMX\W[R]ZyLQKW[QVLM\MZUQVILW[XIZIILUQ\QZXZ]MJI[XMZ\QVMVKQIa]\QTQLIL
XIZI IKWZLIZ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ XWVLMZIKQ~V LMT periculum in mora M\K W Y]M WJTQOIV I
XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[QV\MZTWK]\WZQW[LMNWVLWXQuV[M[MMVKQMZ\I[M`KMXKQWVM[XZWKM[ITM[LMTI
I]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQIKWUWTIKW[IR]bOILI#WMVTI[KI][I[LMWXW[QKQ~VI]VIMRMK]KQ~V
No todos son plazos ni reglas apodcticas cuya infraccin se evidencia con la sola
M`\MZQWZQbIKQ~VLMTIK\WXZWKM[IT
4IT~OQKIMV\WVKM[XIZMKMLMKQZVW[Y]MTIIZ\QK]TIKQ~VLMM[\W[W\ZW[UW\Q^W[LMKI[IKQ~VTW[
XZWKM[ITM[WLMNWZUIU]KPI[^MKM[VW\IVLMNWZUIPIVLMKWV[\Z]QZ[MLMUIVMZI[QUQTIZ
W XIZITMTI I TI LM TW[ UW\Q^W[ LM NWVLW M[\W M[ a \ZI[ LM[KZQJQZ MT I[XMK\W LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V
QUX]OVILI[Q\]IVLWK]nTM[MTXZMKMX\WZMO]TILWZLMTIK\WWLMKQ[Q~VXZWKM[ITMVK]M[\Q~Va
cmo se ha hecho de ese precepto una interpretacin o aplicacin errnea.
-V[]KI[W\IUJQuVK~UW[MPILM[I\MVLQLWQVR][\QKILIUMV\MTIR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQILMTI+WZ\M
[WJZMMTKWV\MVQLWaITKIVKMLMLQKPIVWZUIY]MXIZIM[WTIRIXIZIY]M[MI[MO]QLIKWUW
XI]\I]VQNWZUILWZIaLM[MO]ZQLILR]ZyLQKIXWZTW[\ZQJ]VITM[LMQV[\IVKQI[IT^WIXIZ\IUQMV\W
motivado por circunstancias concretas.
) MNMK\W[ LM ]VI UMZI [Q[\MUI\QbIKQ~V XMLIO~OQKI XWLMUW[ WZLMVIZ TI[ KI][I[
KWUXZMVLQLI[MVMTTQ[\ILWLMTIZ\+8+5KWVIZZMOTWIT[QO]QMV\MKZQ\MZQW"
4.9.5.1 Infraccin de presupuestos procesales subjetivos:

+WUW[IJMUW[KWV[\Q\]aMVXZM[]X]M[\W[XZWKM[ITM[[]JRM\Q^W[LM]VTILWTW[Y]M[MZMMZMV
ITIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VaKWUXM\MVKQILMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITLMQV[\IVKQIaLMW\ZWTILWITW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[
VMKM[IZQW[XIZITI^nTQLIILY]Q[QKQ~VLMTKIZnK\MZLMXIZ\MMVMTXZWKM[W[MIKWUWIK\WZW
KWUWLMUIVLILW8IZ\QMVLWLMMTTWQVKT]QZyIUW[MVM[\IKI\MOWZyITW[[QO]QMV\M[[]X]M[\W[
del listado:
- Apartado 1. Abuso, exceso o defecto de jurisdiccin:
;M ]\QTQbIV \ZM[ KWVKMX\W[ LQ[\QV\W[ XIZI PIKMZ ZMNMZMVKQI MV X]ZQLIL I LW[ ZMITQLILM[" TI
XZQUMZILMMTTI[XIZITI[Y]M[MMUXTMIVTW[\uZUQVW[[QV~VQUW[LMIJ][WaM`KM[WM[TI
I\ZQJ]KQ~VLMR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VI]V~ZOIVWR]LQKQITXIZIY]MKWVWbKILM]VLM\MZUQVILWI[]V\W
XWZ[yUQ[UWWXWZY]M[MTWQUXWVOI]V\ZQJ]VIT[]XMZQWZK]IVLWMV^MZLILKIZMKMLMMTTI
conforme a las reglas legales.
4I[MO]VLI[Q\]IKQ~VKWV[Q[\MR][\IUMV\MMVTWKWV\ZIZQWaIMTTWTWTTIUIMTIXIZ\ILW]V
LMNMK\W LM R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V" M[\W M[ TI VMOIKQ~V QVKWZZMK\I LM R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V IT ~ZOIVW Y]M XWZ
TMa[yTI\MVyIXIZIPIKMZ[MKIZOWLMTIKWV\ZW^MZ[QIXZWL]K\WLM]VIQVLMJQLIQVPQJQKQ~VLMT
XZWXQW~ZOIVWKWVKMZVQLWWI^QZ\]LLMTWZM[]MT\WXWZ]V[]XMZQWZY]MTM^QVK]TM
588

,MVM X]M[ TI VWZUI M[\M XZQUMZ UW\Q^W XIZ\QMVLW XWZ I[y LMKQZTW LM TI[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[
LMZQÎLI[ LM TI LMKQ[Q~V ILWX\ILI [WJZM TI I[]VKQ~V W VW LM R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V -V \WLW KI[W
VW[ MVNZMV\IUW[ I ÎZQIV\M[ LM QVNZIKKQ~V R]ZyLQKI aI XWZ QVIXTQKIKQ~V LMT N]MZW W XWZ
]VI QV\MZXZM\IKQ~V W IXTQKIKQ~V QVKWZZMK\I LMT UQ[UW -T UW\Q^W VW LQ[\QVO]M a XWZ \IV\W
X]MLM \ZI\IZ[M LM TI[ ZMOTI[ LM R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V XWZ ZIb~V LM TI UI\MZQI Y]M MT I[]V\W [MI
ILUQVQ[\ZI\Q^WaVWI]VKWVQK\WR]LQKQIT#WY]MI]V[QuVLWTWKWZZM[XWVLI[]KWVWKQUQMV\W
ITW[\ZQJ]VITM[LMW\ZWWZLMVR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITWXWZZIb~VLMT\MZZQ\WZQWKZQ\MZQW[LMKWVM`Q~V
QV\MZVIKQWVITWKWVMTMUMV\W[LMM`\ZIVRMZyI
- Apartado 2. Falta de competencia:
)M[\MUW\Q^W[MZMKWVL]KMV\WLI[TI[QVNZIKKQWVM[LMK]ITM[Y]QMZILMTW[KZQ\MZQW[I\ZQJ]\Q^W[
LM KWUXM\MVKQI LMV\ZW LM TW[ \ZQJ]VITM[ KQ^QTM[ [QMUXZM a K]IVLW [M \ZI\M LM N]MZW[
QUXZWZZWOIJTM[ QVLQ[XWVQJTM[ TW Y]M []KMLM [QMUXZM KWV TI KWUXM\MVKQI WJRM\QÎ a KWV TI
KWUXM\MVKQIN]VKQWVITQVKQLMV\M[aZMK]Z[W[
:M[XMK\WLMTIKWUXM\MVKQI\MZZQ\WZQITXWLZnPIJTIZ[MLMQVNZIKKQ~VKI[IJTMK]IVLW[M\ZI\M"
,M N]MZW[ TMOITM[ QVLQ[XWVQJTM[ Y]M VW X]MLMV IT\MZIZ[M XWZ []UQ[Q~V M`XZM[I VQ \nKQ\I
de las partes;
,MN]MZW[LWVLMKIJM[]UQ[Q~VXMZWu[\IVW[M[][KZQJMWVWZM[]T\I^nTQLITIZMITQbILI
XWZ VW PIKMZTW KWV TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ NWZUITM[ M`QOQJTM[ UIV\MVQMVLW I[y \WLI [] MKIKQI MT
fuero legal;
7 K]IVLW KIJQMVLW []UQ[Q~V a NWZUITQbnVLW[M KWZZMK\IUMV\M u[\I ZM[]T\I [QV MUJIZOW
Y]M TI LMUIVLI [M QV\MZXWVM IV\M ]V ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT Y]M VW M[ VQ MT [M}ITILW MV TI TMa VQ
el pactado por las partes.
4W[ XZWJTMUI[ MV \WLW[ M[\W[ nUJQ\W[ KWUXM\MVKQITM[ X]MLMV I[y []ZOQZ VW [WTIUMV\M
XWZY]M MT R]bOILW W TI +nUIZI [M PIaIV QZZWOILW ]VI KWUXM\MVKQI Y]M VW XW[MMV [QVW
\IUJQuV XWZY]M [M TM[ PIaI LM[XW[MyLW LM TI UQ[UI LM UIVMZI KWV\ZIZQI I TI TMOITQLIL
,M]VW]W\ZWUWLW[MXI\MV\QbITINIT\ILMKWUXM\MVKQILMTIY]MPIJTIM[\MIXIZ\ILW
- Apartado 7. Sumisin al arbitraje y el pendiente compromiso:
;IT^WMVTI[UI\MZQI[Y]MXWZ[MZLMWZLMVXJTQKWVWILUQ\MV[][]RMKQ~VITI^yIIZJQ\ZIT
TI[][KZQXKQ~VLM]VKWV^MVQWWTIQV[MZKQ~VLM]VIKTn][]TIKWV\ZIK\]ITXWZMTY]MTI[XIZ\M[
MVKI[WLMKWVQK\W[WJZM]VI[]V\WLMVI\]ZITMbIKQ^QTWUMZKIV\QT[M[WUM\MVITII]\WZQLIL
LM]VnZJQ\ZWWI]V\ZQJ]VITIZJQ\ZITM`KT]aMTIQV\MZ^MVKQ~VLMTW[\ZQJ]VITM[LMR][\QKQIa
[M\ZIL]KMMV]VII]\uV\QKIZMOTIXIZ\QK]TIZLMM`KT][Q~VLMTIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VXWZZIb~VLMTI
materia.
>uI[MTI[UI\MZQI[M`KT]QLI[MV\WLWWMVXIZ\MMÌZ\[I45+)
589

- Apartado 4. Falta de capacidad para ser parte, de actuacin procesal y de
postulacin:
;M ZMMZM ZM[XMK\QÎUMV\M I TI I][MVKQI LM TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ XZM^Q[\W[ XWZ MT +~LQOW XIZI TI
I[]VKQ~V LM TI KIXIKQLIL XIZI [MZ XIZ\M IZ\ # LM TI KIXIKQLIL XZWKM[IT W XIZI IK\]IZ
MVR]QKQWIZ\[!#aLMTIXW[\]TIKQ~VWZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VR]LQKQITIZ\[a[[+8+5
4I QVNZIKKQ~V LM K]ITY]QMZI LM MTTI[ X]MLM \ZIMZ KWV[QOW JQMV [MI MT W\WZOIUQMV\W LM \ITM[
KIXIKQLILM[IY]QMV[QVMUJIZOWVWPIIKZMLQ\ILWMTK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTWVMKM[IZQWWITI
QV^MZ[I[]VMOIKQ~VIY]QMV[yK]UXTMKWVTW[I\ZQJ]\W[M`QOQLW[+]ITY]QMZILMTW[LMNMK\W[
Y]M[MXZWaMK\MV[WJZMTIXMZ[WVITQLILLMTW[TQ\QOIV\M[INMK\IITIKWZZMK\IKWV[\Q\]KQ~VLM
TIZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKWXZWKM[ITMV[]^MZ\QMV\M[]JRM\QÎaIV]TIITXZWKM[WLMZIybM`KMX\WY]M
MTLMNMK\WMVZMITQLILVW[MP]JQMZMKWUM\QLWW[MP]JQMZM[]J[IVILWY]MM[TWY]MLMJMZn
^MZQKIZ[M
6W QVKT]aM MT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW VQ MV M[\M VQ MV W\ZW LM [][ IXIZ\ILW[ TW[ XZWJTMUI[
KWVKMZVQMV\M[ I TI NIT\I LM TMOQ\QUIKQ~V LM TI[ XIZ\M[ [MI TI WZQOQVIZQI XIZI XMZ[WVIZ[M
KWUW LMUIVLIV\M W [MZ \MVQLW XWZ LMUIVLILW TMOQ\QUIKQ~V LQZMK\I a MV [] KI[W TI
TTIUILIQVLQZMK\IWXWZ[][\Q\]KQ~V[MITITMOQ\QUIKQ~V[WJZM^MVQLILMT\MZKMZWa[][KI][I[
KWILa]ÎVKQIIZ\[ #QV\MZ^MVKQ~VXZW^WKILIIZ\[ VQ\IUXWKWTW[NMV~UMVW[
LM TMOQ\QUIKQ~V XT]ZIT W TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQITM[ IZ\[ a [[# VQ TW[ LM TMOQ\QUIKQ~V XWZ []KM[Q~V
XZWKM[ITIZ\[ !
4I ZIb~V LM M[I M`KT][Q~V XW[QJTMUMV\M ZM[XWVLI I ]V LQIOV~[\QKW LMT TMOQ[TILWZ MV \IT
[MV\QLWKWZZMK\WLMY]MTITMOQ\QUIKQ~VKWVKIZnK\MZOMVMZITVWZMXZM[MV\I]VXZM[]X]M[\W
LMT XZWKM[W JI[\I KWV Y]M [M LMKZM\M TW Y]M KWZZM[XWVLI [WJZM MTTI IT LQK\IZ[M [MV\MVKQI
LM NWVLW VW LMXMVLM LM MTTW TI ÎTQLMb LM TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[ a LM Y]M KWV NZMK]MVKQI []
LQ[KMZVQUQMV\WR]LQKQIT^QMVM]VQLWITIVnTQ[Q[LMTIXZWXQIK]M[\Q~VLMNWVLWXWZTWY]MMT
KWV\ZWTLMTW[MZZWZM[KWUM\QLW[MVTIIXZMKQIKQ~VNnK\QKIWMVTIKITQKIKQ~VR]ZyLQKILMM[I[
TMOQ\QUIKQWVM[XMZ\MVMKMUn[JQMVITM[XMK\ZWLMTW[^QKQW[in indicandoLMTIZ\
<WLWM[\WKTIZWVWVW[TWLQKMTITMa\MVMUW[Y]MQV\MTQOQZTWX]M[TIW\ZIWXKQ~VZM[]T\IZyI
ITOW\IVIJ[]ZLWKWUWXMV[IZY]MMTTMOQ[TILWZPIXZW[KZQ\WMTKWV\ZWTMVKI[IKQ~VLMM[\W[
XZMKMX\W[ \IV ^QVK]TIV\M[ KWUW TW[ LMUn[ a LM \IV LQZMK\I \ZI[KMVLMVKQI MV MT LM[MVTIKM
LMT NWVLW LM TI TQ\Q[ 8WZ \IV\W TW[ MZZWZM[ MV TI RIKQ~V LM TI TMOQ\QUIKQ~V IK\QÎ a XI[QÎ
PIV LM ZMKWVL]KQZ[M IT nUJQ\W LM TI KI[IKQ~V XWZ UW\Q^W[ LM NWVLW IT VW M[\IZ IY]y MV MT
TQ[\ILWLMTIZ\+8+5
+QMZ\IUMV\MMVITO]VIY]MW\ZI[Q\]IKQ~VMT\y\]TWLMTY]MVIKMTITMOQ\QUIKQ~VQV^WKILIVW[M
QLMV\QKIKWVTIXZWXQIK]M[\Q~VLMNWVLW[QVWY]MIZZIVKILM]VUIVLI\WM`TMOMKWUWMV
TITMOQ\QUIKQ~VQVLQZMK\IWLM]VPMKPWWZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKWUI\MZQITIRMVIITIKWV\ZW^MZ\QLI
KWUWMVTI[]KM[Q~VXZWKM[IT[MIXWZ\ZIV[UQ[Q~VQV\MZ^Q^W[WUWZ\Q[KI][IaZM[]T\IILMUn[
XWZ MTTW Un[ [MVKQTTW LM RIZ R]LQKQITUMV\M QVKT][W LM[LM MT XZQVKQXQW )V I[y [MO]QUW[
M[\IVLWMVMT\MZZMVWLMTITMOQ\QUIKQ~VaITVWXZM^MZ[MM`XZM[IUMV\M[]KWJMZ\]ZIXWZMT
TQ[\ILWLMTIZ\LMJMUW[UIV\MVMZTI[WT]KQ~VLMQUXM\ZIZ[]KWV\ZWTLMV\ZWLMTKI\nTWOW
ya mencionado de los motivos in iudicando.
590

+WUWVQKIM`KMXKQ~VKIJZnMTKWV\ZWTLMTITMOQ\QUIKQ~VMVKI[IKQ~VXWZTI^yILMTIZ\
+8+5K]IVLW[MQVK]ZZIMVNIT\ILMIXZMKQIKQ~VLMTLMJQLWTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWXI[Q^WVMKM[IZQW
MT K]IT KWUW IPWZI Un[ IJIRW ^MZMUW[ PI LM LIZ[M XWZ QVKT]QLW MV MT IXIZ\ILW VW^MVW
del listado.
4.9.5.2 Infraccin de presupuestos procesales objetivos:

- Apartado 3.- Inadecuacin de procedimiento:
<WLW XZWKM[W XIZI KWV[QLMZIZ[M ^nTQLIUMV\M [][\IVKQILW PI LM [MO]QZ MT KI]KM XZM^Q[\W
LM UIVMZI XZMLM\MZUQVILI MV TI TMa 6W [M \ZI\I [~TW LM ]V \MUI LM ZQ\W[ a XTIbW[ LMT
XZWKMLQUQMV\W M[\ZQK\IUMV\M PIJTIVLW ;M \ZI\I IV\M \WLW LM ]V ZuOQUMV LM LMZMKPW[
a OIZIV\yI[ Y]M [M IV]LIV I ]V LM\MZUQVILW UWLMTW XZWKM[IT LM IK]MZLW I ]V [Q[\MUI
de alegaciones y de prueba donde dominan en cada caso ciertos principios de actuacin
R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT KWV KWV\MVQLW KWVKZM\W MV N]VKQ~V LM TI QUXWZ\IVKQI a VI\]ZITMbI LMT \MUI
LMJI\QLWKWVKMV\ZIKQ~VWLQ[XMZ[Q~VWZITQLILWM[KZQ\]ZIM\K4W[XZWKMLQUQMV\W[[MPITTIV
ZMO]TILW[ IT V a IT KIJW XWZ VWZUI[ LM WZLMV XJTQKW a TI MTMKKQ~V LM K]nT [MI MT KI]KM
XZMLM\MZUQVILWXIZIKILIKWV\ZW^MZ[QILM^QMVMUI\MZQILMTIUQ[UIyVLWTMQVKT][WIPyLWVLM
TI[XIZ\M[X]MLMVMTMOQZMV\ZMIK]LQZI]VXZWKM[WM[XMKQITWIW\ZWWZLQVIZQWI]VMV\WVKM[
[MO]QZn[QMVLWQUXZWZZWOIJTMK]UXTQZKWVTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[Y]MNIK]T\IVIK]LQZI]VW]W\ZW
+]IVLW TI \ZIUQ\IKQ~V LM TI KI][I [M XZWL]KM XWZ ]V XZWKMLQUQMV\W QVILMK]ILW XWZ
MRMUXTW \ZI[\WKIVLW TW[ ZMXMZ\WZQW[ LM UI\MZQI[ LM TW[ IZ\[ a +8+5 a I[QOVIVLW
TI KI][I I IY]MT Y]M VW TM KWZZM[XWVLyI M`Q[\M ]VI ^]TVMZIKQ~V LM M[I[ VWZUI[ LM WZLMV
XJTQKW a NIT\I ]V XZM[]X]M[\W ^nTQLW LMT XZWKM[W LM KIZnK\MZ WJRM\Q^W a LM VI\]ZITMbI
QV[]J[IVIJTM I XM[IZ LM PIJMZ I\ZI^M[ILW aI XIZI MV\WVKM[ XWZ LW[ QV[\IVKQI[ K]IVLW
TTMOI[]MÌUMVIKI[IKQ~V4WUQ[UWK]IVLW[MIJZM]VXZWKM[WM[XMKQITXIZIKWVWKMZLM
XZM\MV[QWVM[ IRMVI[ IT UQ[UW 1VKT][W K]IVLW TI LM\MZUQVIKQ~V LMXMVLM [~TW LMT KZQ\MZQW
LMTIK]IV\yIa[M[][\IVKQIXWZMT^MZJIT]VI[]V\WY]MLMJQ~[MZTWXWZMTXZWKM[WKWUV
KWV XuZLQLI LM WXWZ\]VQLILM[ a \ZnUQ\M LM LMNMV[I Y]MLI TM[QWVILW M[\M XZM[]X]M[\W LMT
XZWKM[WaTI[MV\MVKQIY]MTMPIX]M[\WVLM^QMVMKI[IJTM
- Apartado 8.- Renuncia, desistimiento, allanamiento y transaccin, si el objeto
no fuera disponible:
<IUJQuV KWVMK\ILI I TI M`Q[\MVKQI WJRM\QÎ LMT XZWKM[W M[\I ^Mb MV K]IV\W I [] XW[QJTM
VITQbIKQ~VIV\QKQXILIZM[]T\I[MZTIQVNZIKKQ~VLMTI[ZMOTI[Y]MZMO]TIVTW[UMKIVQ[UW[LM
I]\WKWUXW[QKQ~VLMTITQ\Q[]VQTI\MZITWJQTI\MZITLMTI[XIZ\M[IZ\[!+8+5-VMNMK\W
]VI^MbY]MM[W[UMKIVQ[UW[PIV[QLWMRMZKQ\ILW[XWZMTIK\WZZMV]VKQILM[Q[\QUQMV\WXWZ
MTLMUIVLILWITTIVIUQMV\WWXWZIUJW[\ZIV[IKKQ~VZM[]T\IXZMKQ[WM[KTIZMKMZ[Q[MPIV
IKZMLQ\ILWTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[LMNWZUIaNWVLWXIZIY]M[]Z\IVMNMK\WLMV\ZWLMTXZWKM[WaTTM^MV
a un auto de homologacin y consiguiente archivo de las actuaciones. La fuerza del principio
LQ[XW[Q\Q^WQUXQLMY]MMTXZWKM[WKWV\QVMMV\ITM[KI[W[[IT^WY]MKWVK]ZZIVUW\Q^W[Y]M
TI[XZWXQI[VWZUI[PIVXWVLMZILWKWUWR][\QKILI[XIZIWJTQOIZIY]MMTXZWKMLQUQMV\W[M
[][\IVKQMMV\WLI[[][NI[M[\ITKWUWaIXWVMLMUIVQM[\WMTXZWXQWMV]VKQILWLMTXZM[MV\M
591

IXIZ\ILWWK\I^WITZMNMZQZ[MIY]MMTWJRM\WVWN]MZILQ[XWVQJTMÔZUMVWZM[ZMTIKQWVM[
NIUQTQIZM[ XMZW ILMUn[ \WLI[ TI[ ZM[\IV\M[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ UMVKQWVILI[ MV TW[ XZMKMX\W[
KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M[I[yTIVMKM[QLILLMKWV[MV\QUQMV\WLMTLMUIVLILWMVKQMZ\W[KI[W[XIZIMT
LM[Q[\QUQMV\W#TI[XZWPQJQKQWVM[XIZIITTIVIZ[MLMTIZ\
-[WM[TWY]MM[\IZnMVMV\ZMLQKPWMV]VW]W\ZW[MV\QLWXWZQVIXTQKIZTI[QVLMJQLIUMV\MW
XWZIXTQKIZTI[K]IVLWVW[MLMJyIWXWZIXTQKIZTI[KWVMZZWZaM[TWY]MLMJMZnLQT]KQLIZ[M
al resolver sobre este motivo casacional.
4.9.5.3 No ser llamado el demandado al proceso:

- Apartado 9. Falta de emplazamiento para contestar a la demanda:
-TPMKPWKWVO]ZILWZLMM[\M[]X]M[\WLMKI[IKQ~VNWZUIT[MZMMZMITII][MVKQILMTXZWKM[W
LMTLMUIVLILWXWZVWPIJMZ[QLWMUXTIbILWXIZIKWV\M[\IZITILMUIVLITWY]MVW[QOVQKI
VMKM[IZQIUMV\MI]VY]MI[yWK]ZZQZnTIUIaWZyILMTI[^MKM[Y]MMTLMUIVLILWPIaIM[\ILW
I][MV\ML]ZIV\M\WLWMTXZWKM[WX]M[PIXWLQLWWK]ZZQZY]MXWZVW\QKQILM\MZKMZW\]^QMZI
KWVWKQUQMV\WM`\ZIR]LQKQITLMTI\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMTIKI][IIV\M[LMY]Mu[\IVITQbIZI;QLMKQLM
XMZ[WVIZ[M a MT 2]bOILW VW IK]MZLI TI VMKM[IZQI ZM\ZWIKKQ~V LM IK\]IKQWVM[ Y]MLIZyI I[y
XZQÎLWLMNI[M[M[MVKQITM[XIZI[]LMNMV[IMVR]QKQWTWY]MPIKM[][KMX\QJTMLMIXMTIKQ~VTI
[MV\MVKQIY]MZMKIQOIa[QTITM[Q~VVW[MZMXIZIMVTI[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQI\IUJQuVIPWZIMV
casacin.
)PWZIJQMVJIRWM[\MMV]VKQILWVWZUI\Q^WIUXTQWQV\MZM[ILQ[\QVO]QZTI[ZIbWVM[Y]MUW\QÎV
TINIT\ILMMUXTIbIUQMV\WX]M[MVI\MVKQ~VIMTTWTIUIOVQ\]LLMTXZWJTMUIX]MLMÎZQIZI[y
KWUW\IUJQuVTI[WT]KQ~VY]MPILMJZQVLIZ[MMVM[\I[MLM"
A) Omisin de emplazamiento por no aparecer como demandado:
4I XZQUMZI [Q\]IKQ~V ^QMVM XZW^WKILI XWZY]M TI XMZ[WVI VW LM^QMVM MUXTIbILI KWUW
LMUIVLILWXWZVWIXIZMKMZQLMV\QKILIMVTILMUIVLIKWUWMT[]RM\WXI[Q^WLMTIIKKQ~V
WUQ\QuVLW[M[]UMVKQ~VLMUIVMZIIJ[WT]\IWLM[KZQJQuVLW[MTMKWUW\MZKMZWZM[XMK\WLMTW[
PMKPW[ TW Y]M TTMÎ IT R]Mb I VW NWZU]TIZ \IT MUXTIbIUQMV\W ;Q TI [MV\MVKQI VITUMV\M TM
KWVLMVIXWZ[WZXZM[IXWZY]MTITMK\]ZILMTM`XMLQMV\MLM\MZUQVI[]^MZLILMZWXIXMTMVTI
ZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKIXMZW[MPIKM[QVPIJMZ[QLWTTIUILWITXZWKM[WVQZM\ZW\ZIyLWTI[IK\]IKQWVM[
PIJZnQVLMNMV[Q~VaXWZ\IV\WV]TQLILLM\WLWTWIK\]ILWLM[LMTIILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MLMTI
LMUIVLII[yKWUWV]TQLILXWZ[]X]M[\WLMTI[[MV\MVKQI[LMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIaIXMTIKQ~V
dictadas.
B) Emplazamiento incorrecto:
=VI[MO]VLIXW[QJQTQLILM[MTY]MMTLMUIVLILW[yPIaI[QLWQLMV\QKILWKWVM[\MKIZnK\MZ
MVTILMUIVLIILUQ\QLII\ZnUQ\MXMZW[]MUXTIbIUQMV\WVW[MXZWL]KMXWZZIbWVM[IRMVI[
I [] ^WT]V\IL TW Y]M X]MLM LMJMZ[M \IV\W I ]V WK]T\IUQMV\W LM [] XIZILMZW XWZ MT IK\WZ
XZMKQ[IUMV\MXIZIY]MVW[MTMMUXTIKM#KWUWXWZY]MMV^MZLILu[\MVWTW[IJMaMT~ZOIVW
592

R]LQKQITY]MLIVLWWJTQOILWXWZTMaIMTTWVWIOW\I[QVMUJIZOWTI[LQTQOMVKQI[XW[QJTM[XIZI
[] TWKITQbIKQ~V KWV MT ITKIVKM LM TI[ I]\WZQbILI[ I \IT V XWZ MT IZ\ XnZZINW [MO]VLW
CPCM.
,M TTMOIZ[M MV\WVKM[ I ]VI VW\QKIKQ~V XWZ MLQK\W[ TI UQ[UI VW M[\IZn R][\QKILI LM
LM[K]JZQZ[MXW[\MZQWZUMV\MTIM[\ZI\IOMUILMTIK\WZWXWZTIQVLQTQOMVKQILMT\ZQJ]VITITVW
PIJMZIOW\ILW\WLI[TI[XW[QJQTQLILM[ZIbWVIJTM[LMVW\QKIKQ~VXMZ[WVITTWY]MLM\MZUQVI
QVLMNMV[Q~VaV]TQLILLMTXZWKM[WILMUn[LM]VI[IVKQ~VMKWV~UQKILMTTQ\QOIV\MLMUITI
NMLMIK]MZLWITIZ\ T\QUWXnZZINW+8+5
C) Litisconsorcio pasivo necesario:
+WUW \MZKMZI PQX~\M[Q[ Y]M Î Un[ ITTn LMT PMKPW UQ[UW Y]M \IUJQuV LM TI NIT\I LM
MUXTIbIUQMV\WaKWV[QO]QMV\MTM[Q~VLMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[IY]MMTTWMV\ZI}IX]M[INMK\IITI
KWZZMK\IKWV[\Q\]KQ~VLMTIZMTIKQ~VXZWKM[ITIXIZMKMMTZMK]Z[WLMKI[IKQ~VXZWUW^QLWXWZ
]VTQ\Q[KWV[WZ\MXI[Q^WVMKM[IZQWY]MVWPI[QLWTTIUILWITXZWKM[W^MZ[IVLWTIKWV\ZW^MZ[QI
[WJZM ITO]VW LM TW[ KI[W[ XZM^Q[\W[ MV MT IZ\ ZMTIKQ~V R]ZyLQKI QVLQ^Q[QJTM W MV MT IZ\
V]TQLIL LM IK\W[ R]ZyLQKW[ KWV XT]ZITQLIL LM XIZ\QKQXIV\M[ +8+5 -T TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW MV
[][ LQNMZMV\M[ NWZUI[ a XWZ \IV\W \IUJQuV MT XI[Q^W VMKM[IZQW ZM^Q[\MV UWLITQLILM[ LM
TMOQ\QUIKQ~VY]MMVK]IV\W\ITM[IXIZMKMV^QVK]TILI[yV\QUIUMV\MKWVTIK]M[\Q~VLMNWVLW
XMZWY]MILQNMZMVKQILMTW[[]X]M[\W[WZLQVIZQW[LMTMOQ\QUIKQ~VM`QOMV]VKWV\ZWTMV\WLW
OZILWaM[\ILWLMTXZWKM[WaVWVQKIUMV\MITVITLMTUQ[UWXZMKQ[IUMV\MXIZIM^Q\IZTI
M`KT][Q~VLMXMZ[WVI[Y]MM[\nVQVL]LIJTMUMV\MINMK\ILI[XWZMTWJRM\WTQ\QOQW[WLML]KQLW
8IZIMV\MVLMZVW["VW[]NZMMTXZWKM[WMV[]ÎTQLMbXWZY]MLMIY]MTLMY]QMV[MXZMLQKIXWZ
MTIK\WZMVTILMUIVLI[MZTMOQ\QUILWXI[Q^WaXWZM[WILY]QZQZNWZUITUMV\MTIKWVLQKQ~VLM
LMUIVLILWY]MLMT]MOWIJ[]MT\WMVTI[MV\MVKQILMVQ\QÎXWZKWV[QLMZIZMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT
Y]MMVZMITQLILVWNWZUIJIXIZ\MLMTIZMTIKQ~VKWV\ZW^MZ\QLI
-VKIUJQWITIQV^MZ[IM[\IZnUIT\ZIJILITITQ\Q[K]IVLW\ZI\nVLW[MLM]VIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQIT
LMLM[\QVI\IZQW[XT]ZITM[VW[MPIXMZUQ\QLWXWZKI][IQUX]\IJTMIT\ZQJ]VITKWUXM\MV\MMT
MRMZKQKQWLMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[IXWZ\WLW[MTTW[ITUMVW[K]IVLWM[I[MV\MVKQIX]MLMXZWL]KQZ
MNMK\W[VMOI\Q^W[MV[]ZM[XMK\QÎM[NMZIR]ZyLQKIMT+8+5KWUWaI[IJMUW[[~TWWJTQOII
TTIUIZI\WLW[MVMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWXI[Q^WVWMVMTIK\Q^W
;Q MT TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M VW M[ TTIUILW XWZ MT IK\WZ KWUW LMUIVLILW JQMV [MI MV [] M[KZQ\W LM
LMUIVLI JQMV [MI LM[X]u[ MV \ZnUQ\M[ XZWKM[ITM[ XMZ\QVMV\M[ I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI
LMT XZWKM[W KWUV ^Q[\I WZIT LMT IJZM^QILW a LILW Y]M MT 2]bOILW VW X]MLM QV\MOZIZ MT
TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWLMWKQW[Q\IUXWKWZMY]QMZMITIK\WZXIZIY]M[]J[IVMMTLMNMK\WIVLMY]M
LQZQRI\IUJQuVKWV\ZIMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZ\MTILMUIVLIVQIZKPQÎu[\I^MZQKILI[]XI[Q^QLILMV
[]J[IVIZ IZ\[ a +8+5 XMZUQ\QMVLW Y]M MT XZWKM[W KWV\QVM MV M[I[ KWVLQKQWVM[
MT XZWJTMUI VW [M ZML]KM [~TW I Y]M TI [MV\MVKQI ]VI ^Mb LQK\ILI VW X]MLI [MZTM WX]M[\I
IT TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M Y]M LM[LM T]MOW VW X]MLM [MZTW [QVW Y]M MT XZWKM[W [MO]QLW IT MNMK\W
KIZMKM LM ÎTQLMb A MTTW VW [~TW XWZ ZIbWVM[ []JRM\QÎ[ [QVW QVKT][W WJRM\QÎ[ X]M[ VW [M
PIXMZUQ\QLWMTM[\]LQWLMTWJRM\WTQ\QOQW[WLM[LM\WLI[TI[XMZ[XMK\QÎ[XW[QJTM[]VILMTI[
593

K]ITM[MZITIY]MP]JQMZIXWLQLWIXWZ\IZMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZ\MI][MV\MIXM[IZLMY]M[M\ZI\ILM
]VIZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKIUI\MZQITY]MKWVKQMZVMXWZQO]ITI\WLW[
4IQVM[KQVLQJQTQLILLMTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQIT[M\ZI[TILI\IUJQuVXWZI[yLMKQZTWI]VIKQMZ\I
QVM[KQVLQJQTQLIL MV TI LMNMV[I XZWKM[IT I]VY]M KILI ]VW XZMMZI IK\]IZ XWZ [] XZWXQI
K]MV\I +]M[\Q~V LQ[\QV\I M[ Y]M MT TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M LMJQLIUMV\M MUXTIbILW WX\I TQJZMUMV\M
XWZ VW XMZ[WVIZ[M Y]MLIVLW MV\WVKM[ [WUM\QLW I TI[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[ QVPMZMV\M[ I []
QVIK\Q^QLILKWUWK]ITY]QMZW\ZWLMUIVLILW[QVINMK\IXWZMTTWITIÎTQLMbLMTXZWKM[WVQ
de su sentencia.
)[QUQ[UW[QTWY]MWK]ZZMM[Y]MMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[yO]ZIKWUWLMUIVLILWMVTILMUIVLI
TI ZMTIKQ~V XZWKM[IT []JRM\QÎUMV\M M[\n JQMV \ZIJILI XMZW VW [M TM MUXTIbI XWZ ITO]VI
LMTI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[aIUMVKQWVILI[IV\MZQWZUMV\MMTIK\WZWK]T\I[]XIZILMZWWMT~ZOIVW
R]LQKQIT VW XZIK\QKI TI[ LQTQOMVKQI[ VMKM[IZQI[ XIZI TWKITQbIZTM XWLZn PIJMZ QVLMNMV[Q~V
\IUJQuV KWVNWZUM I M[\M IXIZ\ILW VW^MVW LMT TQ[\ILW XMZW [QV VQVO]VI M[XMKQITQLIL
LMZQÎLI LM [MZ TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M [QVW KWUW TM WK]ZZQZyI I K]ITY]QMZ W\ZW LMUIVLILW
indebidamente no emplazado.
D) Situacin de los otros litisconsortes s llamados:
5n[ NWZbILW ZM[]T\IZ QVKT]QZ MV M[\M XZMKMX\W MT ZMK]Z[W LM KI[IKQ~V LM W\ZW LM TW[
TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[ Y]M [y N]M TTIUILW KWUW LMUIVLILW W KWUW KWLMUIVLILW XMZW Y]M [M
Y]MRIXZMKQ[IUMV\MLMY]MTILMUIVLIVW[MPILQZQOQLWKWV\ZI\WLW[IY]QMVM[KWVKMZVyITI
ZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITLM^QVQMVLWMTTWMV]VIMZZ~VMIKWV[\Q\]KQ~V[]JRM\QÎLMTIZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKI
XZWKM[IT-V]V[MV\QLWM[\ZQK\WVWX]MLMLMKQZ[MY]MMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZ\MTTIUILWaKWUXIZMKQLW
ha padecido indefensin a ttulo personal.
;QV MUJIZOW TI ^MZLIL M[ Y]M M[\M IXIZ\ILW VW^MVW LMT IZ\ +8+5 VW PIJTI LM
QVLMNMV[Q~VI]VY]MMTTIM[\uQUXTyKQ\IUMV\MXZM[MV\MMVTI[[Q\]IKQWVM[LMPMKPWY]M[]JaIKMV
I TI NIT\I LM MUXTIbIUQMV\W -T XZMKMX\W PIJTI [~TW LM Y]M TI [MV\MVKQI X]MLI KI[IZ[M I
virtud de esa falta de emplazamiento.
A I[y ZM[]T\IVLW QVWJRM\IJTM Y]M LWVLM M`Q[\M TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW XI[Q^W VMKM[IZQW TI ZMTIKQ~V
XZWKM[IT\QMVMY]MKWV[\Q\]QZ[MKWV\WLW[TW[INMK\ILW[XWZTI[MV\MVKQIVWX]MLMLM[KIZ\IZ[MMT
LMZMKPWLMTW[LMUn[TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[PILMV]VKQIZTIQVNZIKKQ~VY]M[MPIKWUM\QLWITIUXIZW
de este motivo de casacin formal.
4.9.5.4 bices procesales:

-`Q[\MV KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ Y]M QUXQLMV ]V XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W LM NWVLW LM TI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[
LML]KQLI[ MV R]QKQW XWZ UW\Q^W[ LM VI\]ZITMbI XZWKM[IT VW QVÎTQLIV KWUW \IT MT XZWKM[W
[MO]QLWI]VY]MWJTQOIVIY]MTI[MV\MVKQIKWV[QO]QMV\M[MTQUQ\MIN]VLIUMV\IZaLMKTIZIZ
TIM`Q[\MVKQILMT~JQKM[QVMV\ZIZKWUWLMKQUW[MVMTNWVLW+]IVLWM[\MKWZZMK\WWZLMVLM
XZWKMLMZ VW [M [QO]M W [M PIKM UIT TI [MV\MVKQI M[ [][KMX\QJTM LM ZMK]Z[W LM KI[IKQ~V XWZ
alguna de las siguientes circunstancias:
594

- Apartado 5.- Caducidad de la pretensin:
I *IRWM[\MMV]VKQILW[MQVKT]aMMVXZQUMZT]OIZTIKIL]KQLILLMTIIKKQ~VMV\WLW[
IY]MTTW[nUJQ\W[UI\MZQITM[MVY]MTITMaM[\QX]TI]VXTIbWNI\ITXIZIMTMRMZKQKQWLM
XZM\MV[QWVM[ZMTI\QÎ[I]VLM\MZUQVILWLMZMKPWW\y\]TWR]ZyLQKW . Pasado ese plazo
VWX]MLMVM`QOQZ[MR]LQKQITUMV\MM[W[LMZMKPW[
J -V[MO]VLWT]OIZTIT~OQKIaTI\ZI[KMVLMVKQILMTIQVNZIKKQ~VTTMÎIQVKT]QZ\IUJQuV
MV MT [MVW LM M[\M IXIZ\ILW TW[ KI[W[ LM KIL]KQLIL LM TI QV[\IVKQI MV MT Y]M MT
procedimiento paralizado por inactividad de la parte y no reanudado en los plazos
[]KQMV\MUMV\MPWTOILW[XZM^Q[\W[XWZMTIZ\+8+5TTMÎVI]VIXZM[]VKQ~V
LMIJIVLWVWLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VXWZMTLMUIVLIV\MY]MM[[WJZM\WLWY]QMVK]MV\II
\ITM[MNMK\W[;QVY]MX]MLIZMPIJQTQ\IZ[MaI[IT^WY]M[MIKZMLQ\IZITIKWVK]ZZMVKQI
LMN]MZbIUIaWZQUXMLQ\QÎXIZIIK\]IZIZ\+8+5TWY]MXWZKQMZ\WXWLZyI
KWV[\Q\]QZ R][\IUMV\M MT I[XMK\W KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW MV M[\M ZMK]Z[W Y]M XWZ TW LMUn[
X]MLMKWVWKMZLMTXZWJTMUILMTIKIL]KQLILLMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIVWLMKZM\ILIMV
IXMTIKQ~VWTIXZWL]KQLIaIM[\IVLWTIKI][IMV[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQI
- Apartado 6. Litispendencia y cosa juzgada:
:IbWVM[M[MVKQITM[LM[MO]ZQLILR]ZyLQKIaLMXZWPQJQKQ~V\IUJQuVMVMTXZWKM[WKQ^QTLMTnon
bis in idemLM\MZUQVIVY]M]VXZWKM[WM[QV\QTXMZWILMUn[VWX]MLMM`Q[\QZK]IVLWKWVuT
TWY]M[MXZM\MVLMM[LML]KQZTIUQ[UIXZM\MV[Q~VY]MaIPI[QLWWJRM\WLM]VXZQUMZXZWKM[W
[MIY]Mu[\MaIP]JQMZIVITQbILWXWZ[MV\MVKQIZUMMTTTIUILWMNMK\WVMOI\Q^WLMTIKW[I
R]bOILIIZ\XnZZINWXZQUMZW+8+5WITUMVW[[MP]JQMZIaIILUQ\QLWI\ZnUQ\MTI
LMUIVLIXZM^QITQ\Q[XMVLMVKQI
;~TWMVTIUMLQLIMVY]MX]MLIM[\IJTMKMZ[MMV\ZMIUJW[XZWKM[W[TIKWVWKQLIKWUW\ZQXTM
QLMV\QLIL []RM\W[! WJRM\W y causa MV\ZM IUJW[ XZWKM[W[ XWLZn IL]KQZ[M KWUW
M`KMXKQ~VXZWKM[ITaIPWZIKWUWUW\Q^WLMKI[IKQ~V
,MKWVK]ZZQZMV\ZMTW[LW[XZWKM[W[ITO]VI[LMM[I[QLMV\QLILM[XMZWVW\WLI[XWLZyIUW[
M[\IZ MV XZM[MVKQI Un[ JQMV LM ]V XZWJTMUI LM XZMR]LQKQITQLIL W \IUJQuV TTIUILW MNMK\W
XW[Q\Q^WLMTIKW[IR]bOILIUI\MZQIT^QVK]TIKQ~VLMTWZM[]MT\W[WJZMK]ITY]QMZW\ZWXZWKM[W
XW[\MZQWZ Y]M LMJI\I TW[ UQ[UW[ PMKPW[ M` IZ\ XnZZINW [MO]VLW +8+5 KWV[\Q\]\Q^W
\IUJQuV LM ]VI QVNZIKKQ~V XZWKM[IT KI[IJTM XWZ M[\M IXIZ\ILW [M`\W MT K]IT VW LQ[KZQUQVI
Y]u KTI[M W \QXW LM MNMK\W LM TI ZM[ Q]LQKI\I X]MLM PIJMZ[M QVNZQVOQLW [Q JQMV aI VW XWZ
TQ\Q[XMVLMVKQIY]M[QMUXZMM`QOMTI\ZQXTMQLMV\QLIL
,M M[\I yVLWTM MV\ZM W\ZW[ TW[ XTIbW[ XIZI MT MRMZKQKQWLM IKKQWVM[ KIUJQIZQI[ IZ\[ ! ! !
++WU#TI[LMW\ZI[KWV\ZI\IKQWVM[UMZKIV\QTM[IZ\[!!!!a++WU#WMTLMLyI[LMTIZ\
48-)<MVK]IV\WITIIKKQ~VKQ^QTLMLI}W[XWZIKKQLMV\MLM\ZnV[Q\WM\K
! )]VY]MKIUJQMTIXW[QKQ~VLMu[\W[LM]VTQ\QOQWIW\ZWVWQUXWZ\IVQ[QPIa[]KM[Q~VXZWKM[IT\IUXWKW
4I\]\MTIZMKTIUILIY]M[MM`\MZQWZQbIMVTIXM\QKQ~VVITLMTW[M[KZQ\W[LMUIVLIKWV\M[\IKQ~VaZMKWV^MVKQ~V
4W[ PMKPW[ R]ZyLQKIUMV\M ZMTMÎV\M[ Y]M N]VLIUMV\IV TI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ a LM\MZUQVIV MT \y\]TW R]ZyLQKW
correspondiente.
595

4.9.5.5 Infracciones de prueba:
- Apartado 10. Denegacin de prueba legalmente admisible:
) M[\M IXIZ\ILW LMJMV ZMKWVL]KQZ[M \WLI[ TI[ LMVMOIKQWVM[ IT MRMZKQKQW LMT LMZMKPW I TI
XZ]MJI \IV\W MV TI XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI KWUW MV IXMTIKQ~V ,M PMKPW PI LMJQLW [WTQKQ\IZ[M
IV\MMT\ZQJ]VITLM[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQITIXZnK\QKILMTIXZ]MJILMVMOILIXWZMT2]bOILWI[y
KWUW IY]MTTI Y]M VW [M X]LW IXWZ\IZ IV\M u[\M XWZY]M VW M`Q[\yI LWK]UMV\W[ W XWZY]M
ZM[]T\IJILM[KWVWKQLIM\KVW[ZMUQ\QUW[MVM[\MX]V\WITI[LQ^MZ[I[IT\MZVI\QÎ[M`X]M[\I[
[WJZM\WLWMTTWMVMTMXyOZINM)K\Q^QLILLMXZ]MJIMV[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQILMV\ZWLMT\MUI
LMTIIXMTIKQ~V
- Apartado 11. No haberse practicado un medio probatorio admitido en la
instancia:
7\ZW \IV\W KIJM LMKQZ LM M[\I W\ZI ^MZ\QMV\M LM QVLMNMV[Q~V XZWJI\WZQI KI][ILI VW XWZ []
QVILUQ[Q~V[QVWXWZTINIT\ILMXZnK\QKILMTUMLQWLMXZ]MJIXWZTWY]MVWPIXWLQLWNWZUIZ
XIZ\MLMTIZ[MVITLMKWV^QKKQ~VR]LQKQIT-[INIT\ILMXZnK\QKIX]MLMIZZIVKIZLM[LMTIXZQUMZI
QV[\IVKQIa[QM[I[yPILMJQLWXMLQZ[MITI+nUIZIY]M[MIKWZLIZI[]ZMITQbIKQ~VWJ\MVQMVLW
se entiende un resultado infructuoso de esa solicitud.
7 JQMV Y]M [M \ZI\M LM XZ]MJI V]MÎ Y]M VW X]LW XMLQZ[M IT 2]bOILW Y]M XWZ MTTW I[y [M
[WTQKQ\~MV[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQIaMT\ZQJ]VITLMIXMTIKQ~VTIILUQ\IXMZWLMRIVLWLMXZW^MMZ
LQTQOMV\MUMV\MI[]XZnK\QKI4IKWV[MK]MVKQIM[TIUQ[UI
- Apartado 12. Practicarse un medio de prueba ilcito:
+]IVLWQVOZM[IITW[I]\W[]VIXZ]MJIWJ\MVQLIKWVQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLMK]ITM[Y]QMZILM[][
NWZUITQLILM[TMOITM[WJQMVKWV^]TVMZIKQ~VLMTW[LMZMKPW[N]VLIUMV\ITM[XMZR]LQKIVLWI
W\ZI[XIZ\M[LQ[\QV\I[ITIXZWUW^MV\MLMTIXZ]MJI\IT[Q\]IKQ~VVWKWUXZWUM\MXZWXQIUMV\M
MTLMZMKPWITIXZ]MJIMV[][QOVQKILWM[\ZQK\WXMZW[yITIOIZIV\yILMTXZWKM[WLMJQLWI
]VIKWVKMXKQ~VTQUXQILMTI[ZMOTI[LMTR]MOWXZWKM[ITY]MXZWPyJMY]MX]MLIVÎTWZIZ[MMV
[MV\MVKQIUMLQW[LMXZ]MJIWJ\MVQLW[ITUIZOMVLMTITMaMVITO]VWLMTW[LW[OZILW[Y]M[M
PIVZMKWZLILWaY]MLM[KZQJMMTIZ\+8+5Y]MM[MTXZMKMX\WLQZMK\IUMV\MQVNZQVOQLW
MV\ITM[KI[W[MVZMTIKQ~VKWVIY]MTY]MXZM^MITI[ZMOTI[LMXZnK\QKILMTUMLQW[QTITQKQ\]L
deriva de ello.
9LFLRVGHODVHQWHQFLDFRPRDFWRSURFHVDO
- Apartado 14. Por infraccin de requisitos internos y externos de la sentencia:
AIQLMV\QKIUW[MVIXMTIKQ~VTILQIOVW[Q[LMM[\MXZWJTMUIY]MVWI\I}MITI\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMT
XZWKM[WVQ\IUXWKWITMVR]QKQIUQMV\WLMTIK]M[\Q~VLMNWVLWVWLM[LMTI~X\QKILMR]QKQW
QV\MTMK\Q^W LM IVnTQ[Q[ [MTMKKQ~V a RIKQ~V LM PMKPW[ VWZUI[ a MNMK\W[ R]ZyLQKW[ [QVW I TW[
ZMY]Q[Q\W[LMÎTQLMbLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQITY]MMV^]MT^M\ITLMKQ[Q~VOMVMZITUMV\M[MV\MVKQI
596

[QVL]LIXMZWM^MV\]ITUMV\M\IUJQuVI]\WY]MVWWT^QLMUW[ZM[]T\IMVWKI[QWVM[\IUJQuV
impugnable en esta sede casacional.
8WZZMY]Q[Q\W[internos[MZMMZMTITMa\IV\WITIQVNZIKKQ~VLMTI[ZMOTI[[WJZMKWVOZ]MVKQI
KWUWITI[VWZUI[I\MVLQJTM[XIZIITKIVbIZ]VILMKQ[Q~V\ZI\nVLW[MLM~ZOIVW[KWTMOQILW[
:M[XMK\WLMTIKWVOZ]MVKQIQVLQKIZIY]yY]MMTIZ\+8+5IXZW^MKPIXIZIMV]VKQIZ
MVVMOI\Q^WMTLMNMK\WTWY]MaIPIJyINWZU]TILWMVXW[Q\Q^WMTLMJMZMVMTIZ\ 0IaI[y
QVKWVOZ]MVKQIXWZ"PIJMZW\WZOILWMTR]MbUn[LMTWXMLQLWXWZMTIK\WZCQVKWVOZ]MVKQIultra
petitaEUMVW[LMTWZM[Q[\QLWXWZMTLMUIVLILWCQVKWVOZ]MVKQIinfra petitaEWKW[ILQ[\QV\ICM`\ZI
XM\Q\IEITI[WTQKQ\ILIXWZIUJI[XIZ\M[#WPIJMZWUQ\QLWZM[WT^MZITO]VILMTI[KI][I[LMXMLQZ
CQVKWVOZ]MVKQI WUQ[QÎE W ITO]VI K]M[\Q~V XZMR]LQKQIT W R]ZyLQKI C\IUJQuV QVKWVOZ]MVKQI
WUQ[QÎE)M[MMTMVKWLMJM[]UIZ[MWJ^QIUMV\M\IUJQuVTIQVKWVOZ]MVKQIWUQ[QÎZMNMZQLI
a uno de los petitum de la demanda o la reconvencin.
8WZ MT KWV\ZIZQW [WV ZMY]Q[Q\W[ externos TW[ Y]M I\I}MV I TI UW\QÎKQ~V LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V a I
TI NWZUI LM u[\I -T XZWXQW IXIZ\ILW XWVM KWUW MRMUXTW[ LM LMNMK\W[ LM UW\QÎKQ~V TI
WUQ[Q~VMVTIZMTIKQ~VLMPMKPW[XZWJILW[WLMN]VLIUMV\IKQ~VR]ZyLQKIWTIW[K]ZQLILMV
TIZMLIKKQ~VLMTNITTW6WKIJMKWVN]VLQZXWZTWLMUn[M[\W[LMNMK\W[KWV]VIQVKWVOZ]MVKQI
WUQ[QÎ"MVM[\IT\QUIMTX]V\WKWV\ZW^MZ\QLWVWPI[QLWMVR]QKQILWaXWZ\IV\WVWPIaUWLW
de reconocer un pronunciamiento positivo o negativo del mismo ni en los fundamentos ni en
MTNITTW-VTINIT\ILMUW\QÎKQ~V[yPIaM`XZM[Q~VLMTILMKQ[Q~VILWX\ILIMVTILQ[XW[Q\QÎLM
TIZM[WT]KQ~VWu[\I[MQVMZMLMT\ZI\IUQMV\WY]M[MPIKM[WJZMW\ZW[I[XMK\W[LMTIXZM\MV[Q~V
KWVMK\ILW[KWVIY]uTXMZWNIT\ITIVMKM[IZQIM`XTQKIKQ~VLMTZIbWVIUQMV\WR]LQKQITa[QVuTVW
M[XW[QJTMMV\MVLMZKIJITUMV\MTILMKQ[Q~VILWX\ILITWY]MTIPIKMQV^nTQLI
4.9.5.7 Vulneracin del derecho al recurso:

- Apartado 13. Por haberse declarado indebidamente la improcedencia de una
apelacin:
I -T XZM[MV\M UW\Q^W \ZI[T]KM MT K]QLILW LMT TMOQ[TILWZ XWZ M^Q\IZ Y]M [M XZWL]bKIV
[Q\]IKQWVM[ LM LMVMOIKQ~V LMT LMZMKPW I TI R][\QKQI LM [MO]VLI QV[\IVKQI TW Y]M
[QMUXZM PIa Y]M [IT]LIZ LMRIVLW KTIZW Y]M MT KWV\ZWT Y]M IY]y PI LM MNMK\]IZ[M
LM^QMVM M[\ZQK\IUMV\M NWZUITQ[\I -[ LMKQZ VW [M \ZI\I LM XZMR]bOIZ MT IKQMZ\W LMT
ZMK]Z[WLMTY]MXWZW\ZWTILWTI+WZ\M;]XZMUI[IT^WM`KMXKQWVM[\IUXWKWQJII
KWVWKMZIT[WKIQZMLMTILM[M[\QUIKQ~VLMM[\MUW\Q^W)Y]y[~TWKIJMMÌUQVIZMT
IKQMZ\WWVWLMT2]bOILWaMV\WLWKI[WLMT\ZQJ]VITLMIXMTIKQ~VXWZVWXMZUQ\QZMT
recurso ante este ltimo.
J 6WMVKWV\ZIUW[XZM^Q[Q~V[QVMUJIZOWXIZIMTKWV\ZWTXWZTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILMTI[
M^MV\]ITM[LMKQ[QWVM[QVKWZZMK\I[LMQVILUQ[Q~VLMZMK]Z[W[LMKI[IKQ~VILWX\ILI[
VWaIXWZTIXZWXQI+WZ\MK]IVLWZMKQJMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[KIJZyIZM^WKI\WZQI[QVWXWZ
TW[\ZQJ]VITM[LMIXMTIKQ~VMVTIXZQUMZINI[MLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WKI[IKQWVITY]Mu[\W[
\QMVMVI[QOVILI^MZMXyOZINM[QO]QMV\M4II][MVKQILMV\ZWLMT[Q[\MUIQUX]OVI\Q^W
LMTV]M^W+~LQOWXZWKM[ITKQ^QTLM]VUMKIVQ[UWLQZQOQLWIKWVWKMZM[XMKyKIa
597

XMZMV\WZQIUMV\MLMQVILUQ[QWVM[I\ZnUQ\MXZM[]V\IUMV\MQVKWZZMK\I[LMZMK]Z[W[
LM^WT]\Q^W[XIXMTY]MK]UXTMMVW\ZWWZLMVIUQMV\W[XWZMRMUXTWMTTTIUILWZMK]Z[W
LMY]MRITTMÎIY]yI]VÎKyWMTI]\WKWUW\ITVWM[ZMK]ZZQJTMIV\MTI+WZ\M
;]XZMUI MV IXMTIKQ~V XWZY]M VW M[\IUW[ MV MT []X]M[\W LMT IZ\ MT K]IT [M
P]JQMZIXWLQLWQV\MOZIZLMUIVMZI[MVKQTTIaM`XMLQ\IKWV]VZMK]Z[WKWUWMTLM
Y]MRI
0Wa XWZ PWa VW XIZMKM [M X]MLI WNZMKMZ W\ZI [WT]KQ~V I M[\M XZWJTMUI Y]M TI LM
XMZUQ\QZY]M[MIZ\QK]TM]VZMK]Z[WLMKI[IKQ~VKWVKZM\WKWV\ZIMTI]\WLMQVILUQ[Q~V
LM TI +nUIZI IXTQKIVLW XWZ IVITWOyI M[\M IXIZ\ILW LMKQUW\MZKMZW LMT IZ\
I]VY]MKWUWPMUW[^Q[\WMVuT[~TW[MPIKMZMNMZMVKQIITIQVLMJQLIQUXZWKMLMVKQI
de apelaciones,MM[\IUIVMZILIZnT]OIZI]V[MO]VLWZMK]Z[WLMKI[IKQ~VK]aW
M`KT][Q^WWJRM\WM[LQT]KQLIZ[QIY]MTaIQV\MZX]M[\WKIJyIWVWaMVKI[WXW[Q\Q^W
[MIK]MZLMI[yM[\QUIVLWM[\M[MO]VLWZMK]Z[WaWZLMVIVLWITI+nUIZIY]MMTM^M
TI[IK\]IKQWVM[LMTIKI[IKQ~VQVLMJQLIUMV\MQVILUQ\QLIXIZIXWLMZKWV\QV]IZ[]
[][\IVKQIKQ~V=VIN~ZU]TIKQMZ\IUMV\MIV\QMKWV~UQKIXMZWKWVTIY]M[MM^Q\ITI
vulneracin del derecho al recurso de la parte.
4W[ \ZnUQ\M[ XIZI MT ZMK]Z[W LM KI[IKQ~V [QO]MV ]VI [Q[\MUn\QKI VW U]a ITMRILI LM TI
Y]M ^MyIUW[ XIZI TI IXMTIKQ~V XMZW QVKT][W Un[ [QUXTM X]M[ IY]y VW KIJM XMLQZ Y]M [M
instrumente una fase probatoria: todas las infracciones de prueba cometidas por los rganos
QVNMZQWZM[ LM LMKTIZIZ[M KWV T]OIZ TTMÎZnV I ]VI ZM\ZWIKKQ~V LM TW[ I]\W[ I TI [MO]VLI
QV[\IVKQI ^MZ X]V\W [QO]QMV\M Y]M M[ LWVLM LMJMV []J[IVIZ[M 8WZ \IV\W MT XZWKM[W [M
KWVO]ZIMVZMITQLILKWV]VINI[MVQKILMITMOIKQWVM[ITIY]M[MO]QZnT]MOWTILMLMKQ[Q~V
XIZ\QLI[IUJI[XWZ]V\ZnUQ\MLMKWV\ZWTLMTI;ITIad quem sobre la admisin del recurso.
:M[]T\I ]V \IV\W K]ZQW[I TI QUXW[QKQ~V KWV Y]M [M IJZM MT IZ\QK]TILW LMLQKILW IT
XZWKMLQUQMV\W +IXy\]TW ;MO]VLW LMT UWLW LM XZWKMLMZ MV K]IV\W MT IZ\ +8+5
[M}ITIY]M"TI[VWZUI[[WJZMMTZMK]Z[WLMKI[IKQ~VLMJMZnVIXTQKIZ[MMVTINWZUIY]MUn[
NI^WZMbKITI]VQNWZUQLILLMTIR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQIKWUWUMLQWXIZII[MO]ZIZTIQO]ITLILIV\MTI
TMaI[yKWUWTI[MO]ZQLILaTIKMZ\QL]UJZMR]ZyLQKI,MRIVLWI]VTILWTIQVVMKM[IZQMLIL
LM LQ[\QVO]QZ MV\ZM LW[ \uZUQVW[ KTIZIUMV\M ]\QTQbILW[ KWUW [QV~VQUW[ TI [MO]ZQLIL a
KMZ\QL]UJZMTIK]M[\Q~VJn[QKIZILQKIMV[IJMZY]u]\QTQLILX]MLMZM^M[\QZITW[MNMK\W[LM
\ZIUQ\IZMTZMK]Z[WTIQV^WKIKQ~VLMTW[XZQVKQXQW[\MTMWT~OQKW[LMTIKI[IKQ~VKWUW[WVM[\W[
Y]MUMVKQWVIMTIZ\6WWJ[\IV\M[Q\MVMUW[MVK]MV\IY]MLMV\ZWLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\W
T~OQKIUMV\M \IUJQuV [M QVKIZLQVI TI NI[M LM [MV\MVKQI IY]MTTI XZM^Q[Q~V TMOIT ITKIVbI []
comprensin proyectada sobre ella. Veamos en todo caso cada una de las fases:
>MZ MV =Z]O]Ia IZ\[ +/8# a TW[ IZ\[ ! a ! LM TI 4-+ M[XI}WTI <IUJQuV KWUW NWZU]TIKQ~V
LWK\ZQVITTW[IZ\[+8+51
,M TW KWV\ZIZQW VW[ XIZMKM Un[ Y]M ZM\~ZQKW MT Y]M [M LQOI XWZ MRMUXTW Y]M MT ZMK]Z[W LMJM ILUQ\QZ[M W
QVILUQ\QZ[MMVTINWZUIY]MUn[NI^WZMbKITI]VQNWZUQLILLMTIR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI[IT^WY]M[MY]QMZIZMNMZQZI
TIXZWXQIR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQIM`Q[\MV\M[WJZMTIILUQ[Q~VLMTZMK]Z[WaI[y[]KM[QÎUMV\MMVK]IV\WITW[LMUn[IK\W[
LMTXZWKMLQUQMV\W8MZWM[M^QLMV\MY]MMTZMK]Z[W[MILUQ\MXWZY]MK]UXTMWXIZMKMK]UXTQZ\WLW[TW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[
598

8]M[JQMV\ITKWUWXZMûMT+~LQOWMV[]IZ\MTZMK]Z[WKWUMVbIZnXWZTIXZM[MV\IKQ~V
LM ]V M[KZQ\W LMJQLIUMV\M UW\QÎLW M[\W M[ MV MT K]IT ILMUn[ LM QLMV\QKIZ TW[ LI\W[
PIJQ\]ITM[ ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT ad quem VWUJZM LM TI XIZ\M ZMK]ZZMV\M QLMV\QKIKQ~V LM TI
ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT QUX]OVILI a WJRM\W LMT M[KZQ\W" IZ\ +8+5 [M LM[OTW[IZnV XWZ
separado:
I +ILI ]VW LM TW[ LQ[\QV\W[ UW\Q^W[ Y]M IZ\QK]TIV TI XZM\MV[Q~V QUX]OVI\WZQI IZ\
MUXMbIVLWXWZM`XWVMZ[MVWTWLQKMTITMaTWLQKMTI[Q[\MUn\QKIMTMUMV\IT
XWZTW[UW\Q^W[LMWZLMVXZWKM[ITLILW[]MNMK\WZM\ZWIK\Q^W[Q[MM[\QUI[MV<ZI[
u[\W[ a MV [] KI[W TW[ UW\Q^W[ LM NWVLW =V WZLMV QV^MZ[W LM M`XW[QKQ~V MV \WLW
KI[WVW[MZyI]VLMNMK\WKI][IV\MLMTIQVILUQ[Q~VLMTZMK]Z[WX]M[VILIQUXQLMI
TI+WZ\MZM[WT^MZTW[MVMTWZLMVY]MKWZZM[XWVLIITLQK\IZ[][MV\MVKQILMVQ\QÎ
J -VKILIUW\Q^WI[]^MbLMJMZnPIKMZ[MKQ\ILMTXZMKMX\WQVNZQVOQLWWTILWK\ZQVI
TMOIT QVWJ[MZÎLI IZ\ +8+5 -V XZQVKQXQW [M MV\QMVLM Y]M LMJMZyI
ZMLIK\IZ[M ]V UW\Q^W XWZ KILI XZMKMX\W QVNZQVOQLW a MV [] KI[W \IUJQuV XWZ TI
R]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI KWVKZM\IUMV\M Y]MJZIV\ILI NIKQTQ\IVLW I[y TI TIJWZ LM TMK\]ZI XWZ
TI+WZ\MLILWILMUn[Y]MKWVNZMK]MVKQIKILIXZMKMX\W\QMVM[]XZWXQILQVnUQKI
\IV\WLMQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VKWUWLMIXTQKIKQ~VI]VY]MX]MLIVKWV^MZOMZLW[WUn[I
TI[WT]KQ~VR]ZyLQKILMTNWVLWKWV\ZW^MZ\QLW
-[\I T\QUI M`QOMVKQI NWZUIT ]V UW\Q^W XWZ KILI XZMKMX\W QVNZQVOQLW M[ TW Y]M XIZMKM
XMLQZTITMaK]IVLW[M}ITIY]MMVMTM[KZQ\WPIJZnLMPIKMZ[MTIUMVKQ~VLMTI[VWZUI[LM
LMZMKPWY]M[MKWV[QLMZMVQVNZQVOQLI[ZIbWVnVLW[MMVXnZZINW[[MXIZILW[TIXMZ\QVMVKQIa
N]VLIUMV\IKQ~VLMTW[UW\Q^W[ITMOILW[AZMXZM[MV\ILM[LMT]MOWTI\uKVQKIUn[WZ\WLWÌ
y adecuada para construir la pretensin casacional. Ahora bien: el incumplimiento de este
ZMY]Q[Q\WVW\QMVMXWZY]uIKIZZMIZ[QMUXZMTIQVILUQ[Q~VLMTZMK]Z[W#VWMVKWVKZM\WK]IVLW
TIQVKWZZMKKQ~VZM[]T\IUMZIUMV\MNWZUITQ[\IaVW[][\IVKQIT"XWZMRMUXTWX]MLMIXIZMKMZ]V
M[KZQ\WMVMTY]MJIRW]VVQKWZ~\]TWLMQVNZIKKQ~VLMTMaIXIZMbKIVM[W[yLMJQLIUMV\M
\ZI\ILW[XWZ[MXIZILWTIQVNZIKKQ~VLMLW[WUn[XZMKMX\W[TMOITM[-[\WM[]V\MUIUMVWZ
aI]VY]MMTIJWOILWVW[MPIaIXZMWK]XILWLMMVKIJMbIZKILILMV]VKQILMTM[Q~VXWZ]V
Z~\]TW LM UW\Q^W XZQUMZWUW\Q^W [MO]VLW M\K [QMUXZM Y]M ZM[]T\M XMZNMK\IUMV\M
LQ[KZQUQVIJTMTIITMOIKQ~VLMKILIQVNZIKKQ~V[MZnM^QLMV\MY]MVW[PITTIZMUW[IV\M\IV\W[
motivos cuantas infracciones se invocan.
8WZMTKWV\ZIZQWKW[IQVLMJQLI[y[MZnY]M[MLML]bKIVUW\Q^W[OMVMZITM[QV^WKIVLW totum
revolutum TI QVNZIKKQ~V LM ]V KWVR]V\W LM VWZUI[ R]ZyLQKI[ LQ[\QV\I[ MV\ZM [y N]VLnVLW[M
TMOITM[aVILIUn[aY]M[MQVILUQ\MK]IVLWKIZMKMLMITO]VWaX]V\WVWMVI\MVKQ~VINIK\WZM[VITQ[\I[
ITMRILW[LMTKIZnK\MZMUQVMV\MUMV\MLQ[XW[Q\Q^WLMM[\MZMK]Z[WAY]MMTW\WZOIUQMV\WLM]VXTIbWITIXIZ\M
ZMK]ZZQLIXIZILMNMVLMZ[M[MQUXTMUMV\MI^QZ\]LLMTXZQVKQXQWLMLMNMV[IaKWV\ZILQKKQ~VZMKWOQLWMVMTIZ\
aVWITW[VM[LM]VQNWZUQLILR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQITM\K)PWZIJQMV[QKWVMK\IUW[TIUMV\ILIILUWVQKQ~VKWVTWY]M
LMJM[MZMTKWV\MVQLWLMTI[[MV\MVKQI[KI[IKQWVITM[aK~UWI\ZIû[LMMTTI[[M[I\Q[NIKMVTW[VM[Y]MV]\ZMVTI
QV[\Q\]KQ~VMV\WVKM[IY]MTMV]VKQILW[yY]MKWJZI\WLI[]XTMVQ\]L
599

MT UW\Q^W MV IZO]UMV\W[ KWU]VM[ a VW QVLQ^QL]ITQbILW[ XZM\MVLQMVLW KWV MTTW LW\IZ LM
KWV[Q[\MVKQI IT UW\Q^W I ^QZ\]L LM TI []X]M[\I OZI^MLIL Y]M KWVTTMÎ Y]M TI [MV\MVKQI
ZMK]ZZQLIPIaI^QWTILW\IV\I[VWZUI[ITI^Mb-VZMITQLIL\ITM[\ZI\MOQITWY]MXMZ[QO]MKI[Q
[QMUXZMM[[]XTQZTI[KIZMVKQI[LM]VZIbWVIUQMV\WQUX]OVI\Q^WY]MMVZMITQLILVW[M\QMVM
XZM\MVLQMVLWMVÎVWTTIUIZTII\MVKQ~VLMTI+WZ\MIXIJ]TTIVLWKWV]VILMV]VKQIUI[QÎ
e indiscriminada de dispositivos.
8WZW\ZWTILWKWVTIV]MÎLQKKQ~VLMTIZ\ +8+5[M[QUXTQKI]VXWKWMTNWZUITQ[UW
LMTM[KZQ\WLMQV\MZXW[QKQ~VY]M\ZIyIMTIZ\LMTI4MaLM+I[IKQ~VLM!K]IVLWM`QOyI
TI\ZQXTMM`XZM[Q~VLMTUW\Q^WMTXZMKMX\WQVNZQVOQLWaMTKWVKMX\WMVY]MTWPIaI[QLW6W
TWLMKQUW[LM[LMTIXMZ[XMK\QÎLMY]M\ITKWVKMX\WM[\WM[MTWZQOMVLMTIQVNZIKKQ~VVW
LMJI\ZI\IZ[M\IUJQuVIPWZILMV\ZWLMTIN]VLIUMV\IKQ~VLMTUW\Q^WKWUWMVMNMK\WPIaY]M
[MO]QZPIKQuVLWTWM`XTQKIVLWKWUWPMUW[LQKPW[QTIQVNZIKKQ~VLMZQÎLMVWIXTQKIZ[M]V
LM\MZUQVILWXZMKMX\WWXWZIXTQKIZTWLWVLMVWKIJyIWXWZQV\MZXZM\IZTWKWVMZZWZaMTXWZ
Y]uLMMTTW6Q\IUXWKWMVY]MVW\MVOIY]M[MO]QZM`Q[\QMVLWKWZZMTIKQ~VMV\ZMMTUW\Q^W
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[M}ITIZMVK]ITM[IZO]UMV\W[TI+nUIZI[MV\MVKQILWZIQV\MZXZM\~MZZ~VMIUMV\MTW[XZMKMX\W[TMOITM[[M}ITILW[
aK]ITLMJQ~[MZTIQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VKWZZMK\IZMJI\QMVLWTI[UW\QÎKQWVM[TMOITM[LMTNITTWaIY]M[QVZIbWVIZTI[
QVNZIKKQWVM[LMV]VKQILI[VWM`Q[\MNWZUITQbIKQ~VLMTZMK]Z[WX]M[M[\ILMJMPIKMZ[MMVNWZUIKTIZIaXZMKQ[I
^QVK]TIVLWMTKWV\MVQLWLMTI[VWZUI[Y]M[MKWV[QLMZMVQVNZQVOQLI[KWVMTUW\Q^WLMV]VKQILW[M}ITIVLW
KWUWK]IVLWaMVY]uNWZUI[MKWUM\Q~TIQVNZIKKQ~VLMKILI]VWLMTW[XZMKMX\W[KWV\MVQLW[MVTW[IZ\yK]TW[
[M}ITILW[";MV\MVKQILMTI;ITILMTW+Q^QTLM LM[MX\QMUJZMLM!LQK\ILIITI[PWZI[ZMNMZMVKQI
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-`XZM[IITZM[XMK\WTI+WZ\MKWVJI[MMVMTIZ\4+Y]M8IZIY]M]VZMK]Z[WLMKI[IKQ~V[MIILUQ[QJTMM[
XZMKQ[WY]MMTKWVKMX\WLMTIQVNZIKKQ~VLMTI[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[TMOITM[Y]M[MM[\QUIZMVQVNZQVOQLI[KWZZM[XWVLIIT
UW\Q^WLMV]VKQILW#[QM[IKWZZM[XWVLMVKQINIT\IMY]QÎTMIVWPIJMZ[MM`XZM[ILWLQKPWKWVKMX\W";MV\MVKQI
LMLMVW^QMUJZMLM LQK\ILIITI[!PWZI[ZMNMZMVKQI+-VM[\MKI[WMTZMK]Z[W[MLMKTIZ~
QVILUQ[QJTM \IV\W XWZ TI KWUQ[Q~V LM IY]MT LMNMK\W KWUW XWZY]M MT M[KZQ\W LM QV\MZXW[QKQ~V VQ [QY]QMZI [M
XZMWK]XIJILMNWZU]TIZ]VI\IY]MITI[MV\MVKQILMIXMTIKQ~VY]M[MZMK]ZZyI[QVWY]MMTUQ[UW[MTQUQ\IJI
MV]VM`\MV[WZMK]Z[WY]MKWV\QMVMV]M^MNWTQW[MVTW[K]ITM[VW\WZQIUMV\MM`XZM[I[]LQ[KWVNWZUQLILKWVTI
sentencia de primera instancia y enumera una larga serie de preceptos legales infringidos.
600

-TM[KZQ\W[MLML]KQZnMVMTXTIbWLMTW[LyI[[QO]QMV\M[ITIVW\QKIKQ~VLMTIZM[WT]KQ~V
Y]M [M QUX]OVI IZ\ IV\M MT \ZQJ]VIT LM IXMTIKQ~V Y]M PI LQK\ILW TI ZM[WT]KQ~V
ZMK]ZZQLI IZ\ j[\M TQUQ\IZn IT Un`QUW [][ XWLMZM[ LM KWV\ZWT I TI ^MZQKIKQ~V LM
TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ NWZUITM[ LMT ZMK]Z[W KWUW [WV" XTIbW KIZnK\MZ ZMK]ZZQJTM LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V
a IZUIKQ~V LM TI TMOQ\QUIKQ~V IK\QÎ LMT ZMK]ZZMV\M ZMKWZLMUW[ XWZ PIJMZ [QLW XIZ\M
MVTIQV[\IVKQIXZM^QIWIZUIZY]M\MVyILMZMKPWI[MZMUXTIbILWaVWTWN]MMT\ZQJ]VIT
LM IXMTIKQ~V VW MV\ZIZn I R]bOIZ [WJZM M[\W T\QUW VQ [WJZM MT OZIÎUMV" [] ZMITQLIL TI
LQT]KQLIZnTI+WZ\M
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\IUXWKWTW[VQMOIa[QITOV[MV\QLWPILM\MVMZY]M[MKWVNyMIT~ZOIVWQVNMZQWZMTZMKQJQZ
MT ZMK]Z[W a LIZTM KI]KM MV ^Mb LM PIJMZ LQ[X]M[\W Y]M MT ZMK]ZZMV\M X]LQMZI XZM[MV\IZ []
escrito de interposicin directamente ante el tribunal ad quem[M[]XWVMY]MM[XZMKQ[IUMV\M
XIZIY]MIY]uTKWUW~ZOIVWKWVWKMLWZLMTI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[[]JRM\QÎ[aWJRM\QÎ[LMV\ZW
LMTI[K]ITM[PIZMKIyLWTIZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILI[MPITTMMVXW[QKQ~VQL~VMIXIZIT\ZIZTW[
M[KZQ\W[ Y]M ILWTMKMV LM TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ WJRM\Q^W[ VMKM[IZQW[ ,M TW KWV\ZIZQW XIZI Y]u []
QV\MZUMLQIKQ~V';QMUXZMM[W[yMVTI~X\QKIM[\ZQK\IUMV\MNWZUITY]M[MPILM[KZQ\W
4.9.6.2 Admisin:
;]XWVQMVLW Y]M VW PIaI LQK]T\ILM[ KWV TW[ I[XMK\W[ NWZUITM[ LMT ZMK]Z[W MT \ZQJ]VIT LM
IXMTIKQ~V LQKM MT IZ\ ! +8+5 ZMUQ\QZn TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[ I TI ;ITI ad quem en los 3 das
[QO]QMV\M[VW\QKIVLWLMMTTWITI[XIZ\M[
=VI ^Mb ZMKQJQLW MT M`XMLQMV\M M[\I T\QUI KWV QV[\Z]KKQ~V LMT 8WVMV\M Y]M [M LM[QOVM
M[\]LQIZn a ZM[WT^MZn [WJZM TI ILUQ[Q~V LMT ZMK]Z[W KWV JI[M MV TI KWUXZWJIKQ~V LM
TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ NWZUITM[ aI UMVKQWVILW[ KIZnK\MZ ZMK]ZZQJTM LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V OZIÎUMV
TMOQ\QUIKQ~V IZUILI XTIbW [QV XZMR]bOIZ [WJZM MT IKQMZ\W LM TW[ UW\Q^W[ LML]KQLW[ -T
+~LQOW KWV J]MV KZQ\MZQW I V]M[\ZW XIZMKMZ VW ZMKWOM VQVO]VI KI][I LM QVILUQ[Q~V LMT
ZMK]Z[W Y]M X]LQMZI \ZIMZ KWV[QOW ]V MÌUMV XZMTQUQVIZ LM TW[ UW\Q^W[ QV\MZX]M[\W[ \IT
KWUW [M XZMû MV WKI[QWVM[ MV W\ZW[ WZLMVIUQMV\W[ KWV M[M V KTIZW TW Y]M ZML]VLI
MVTIQLMILMY]MMTKWV\ZWTMVM[\MM[\ILQWLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WPILM[MZM[\ZQK\IUMV\MNWZUIT
+I[WLMQVILUQ\QZMTZMK]Z[WKIJZnZMK]Z[WLMZM^WKI\WZQI
:M[]T\ILMM[\IO]Q[IXWZMRMUXTWTIKI][ILMQVILUQ[Q~VLMTZMK]Z[WM`\ZIWZLQVIZQWXWZQVNZIKKQ~VXZWKM[ITLMT
IZ\4-+[QMTZMK]Z[WKIZMKQMZMUIVQM[\IUMV\MLMN]VLIUMV\WWMTLMKI[IKQ~VLMTIZ\
4-+WVWM`Q[\QMZMQV\MZu[KI[IKQWVITXWZQVM`Q[\MVKQILMWXW[QKQ~VITILWK\ZQVIR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQITXWZNIT\ILM
R]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQIKWV\ZILQK\WZQIW[QTIVWZUIY]M[MXZM\MVLMQVNZQVOQLITTMÎ[M^QOMV\MUn[LMKQVKWI}W[WIR]QKQW
LMTI;ITIM`Q[\QM[MLWK\ZQVIR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQITLMT<ZQJ]VIT;]XZMUW[WJZMLQKPIVWZUIW[WJZMW\ZIIV\MZQWZLM
KWV\MVQLWQO]ITW[QUQTIZ6WPIKMNIT\IOZIVM[N]MZbWXIZIXMZKI\IZ[MY]MTILQT]KQLIKQ~VLMM[\I[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[
LMQVILUQ[Q~VMV\ZI}IVKI[Q[QMUXZMaM`KMX\WTW[KI[W[M`\ZMUW[MVY]MMTM[KZQ\WLMQV\MZXW[QKQ~VKIZMKMLM
IZO]UMV\W[I]VIVnTQ[Q[LMNWVLWLMTW[UW\Q^W[XZM[MV\ILW[M[LMKQZIILMTIV\IZI]VINI[MIV\MZQWZILUQ[Q~VI
TIY]MVI\]ZITUMV\MTMKWZZM[XWVLyI[MV\MVKQILMVQ\QÎTILMKQ[Q~V[WJZMTINIT\ILMZIb~VLMTZMK]Z[WLML]KQLW
601

4.9.6.3 Oposicin al recurso:
,MILUQ\QZMTZMK]Z[WTI+WZ\M[MIJZQZnXTIbWLM LyI[ITIXIZ\MZMK]ZZQLIXIZIY]MX]MLI
ITMOIZTWY]MLM[]XIZ\MKWV[QLMZMKWV^MVQMV\MIZ\+8+5TWY]MLMJMMV\MVLMZ[M
[M MNMK\]IZn XWZ M[KZQ\W VW WZITUMV\M 4I TMa VW PIJTI LM ^Q[\I VQ LM KQ\IKQ~V LM TI XIZ\M
ZMK]ZZQLII]VLyIaPWZILM\MZUQVILW[XIZINWZU]TIZITMOIKQWVM[[QVWLM]VXTIbWTWY]M
MV\uZUQVW[T~OQKW[VW[KWTWKIMVTIPQX~\M[Q[LMXZM[MV\IKQ~VLM]VM[KZQ\WKWV\ITKWV\MVQLW
,ILW Y]M VW KWV\MUXTI MT +~LQOW IY]y VQVO]VI O]ZI [MUMRIV\M I TI ILPM[Q~V LM TI
IXMTIKQ~V \ITM[ ITMOIKQWVM[ LM TI[ LQ[\QV\I[ XIZ\M[ IT UMVW[ TI[ Y]M X]MLMV MVOMVLZIZ ]V
deber de respuesta del tribunal ad quem[MMV\QMVLMY]M[~TWX]MLMV[MZTWXIZIWXWVMZ[MIT
ZMK]Z[WWZMK]Z[W[XTIV\MILW[<ZIV[K]ZZQLWMTXTIbWWXZM[MV\ILWM[KZQ\WZM[XMK\Q^WIV\M[
LM[]^MVKQUQMV\WXWZ\WLI[TI[XIZ\M[ZMK]ZZQLI[Y]MLIZnKWVKT][ITIKI][IXIZI[MV\MVKQI
4.9.7 Decisin del recurso: contenido y efectos:

4.9.7.1 Pautas para su enjuiciamiento:
+WVKIZnK\MZOMVMZITTI;MV\MVKQIY]MMV\ZMIZM[WT^MZ[WJZMTW[UW\Q^W[QV\MZX]M[\W[MV]V
ZMK]Z[WLMKI[IKQ~VKQ^QTLMJMZMOQZ[MXWZTW[\ZM[[QO]QMV\M[KnVWVM["
I -T LMJMZ LM KWVOZ]MVKQI K]IV\Q\I\Q^W W LM M`PI][\Q^QLIL Y]M LMJM LM K]UXTQZ
TI +WZ\M ;]XZMUI IT ZM[WT^MZ MT ZMK]Z[W [M M`\QMVLM XWZ WZLMV LM TI TMa IZ\
+8+5ITI\W\ITQLILLMTW[UW\Q^W[QV\MZX]M[\W[[QVY]MTILMKTIZIKQ~VKWVT]OIZ
LM]VWLMMTTW[ZMTM^MIT<ZQJ]VITLM\MVMZY]MKWV\M[\IZTW[LMUn[;M\ZI\Iu[\I
LM]VIQUXW[QKQ~VTMOITY]MVWWXMZIXIZITIIXMTIKQ~VaY]MITKIVbI[]^MZLILMZW
[MV\QLWI\MVLQMVLWITW[VM[XMK]TQIZM[aVQKW[LMM[\MZMK]Z[WM`\ZIWZLQVIZQW;M
trata de no hurtar a la Corte de la posibilidad de formular doctrina legal sobre
\WLW[ TW[ \MUI[ R]ZyLQKW[ [][KQ\ILW[ MV MT ZMK]Z[W Un[ ITTn LM [] ]\QTQLIL XIZI MT
[]X]M[\WTQ\QOQW[WKWVKZM\WXZMÎTMKQMVLWI[yMTQ][KWV[\Q\]\QWVQ[LMTIQV[\Q\]KQ~V
)PWZIJQMVMTIZ\VWX]MLMTMMZ[MLMUIVMZIIQ[TILI[QVWY]MPILMPIKMZ[M
MV KWVR]VKQ~V KWV MT XZMKMX\W Y]M TM [QO]M MT +8+5 Y]M IT \QMUXW LM RIZ
MT WZLMV KWZZMK\W LM TW[ XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[ LM TI [MV\MVKQI IL^QMZ\M Y]M TI UQ[UI
[~TW[MXZWV]VKQIZn[WJZMTW[CUW\Q^W[ELMNWVLW[QIY]MTTW[CTW[LMNWZUIEN]MZIV
LM[M[\QUILW[8WZ\IV\WMVX]ZQLILMTLMJMZLMM`PI][\Q^QLILY]MKWV[IOZIMTIZ\
TWM[VQKIUMV\MZM[XMK\WLMTIUQ[UIKI\MOWZyILMUW\Q^W[LMTZMK]Z[W#M[\WM[
K]IVLW[MLML]bKIVMVMTM[KZQ\WLMQV\MZXW[QKQ~VLW[WUn[UW\Q^W[LMNWZUILMT
IZ\MV\ZMu[\W[#WK]IVLW[MLML]bKIVLW[WUn[UW\Q^W[LMNWVLWLMTIZ\
MV\ZMu[\W[6WPIa\ITLMJMZLMM`PI][\Q^QLILXWZMTKWV\ZIZQWMVK]IV\WI\MVMZ
Y]MM[\I\]QZ[WJZMTW[UW\Q^W[LMNWVLW[Q[MPIIXZMKQILWITO]VWLMNWZUIXWZY]M
)Z\+8+5"-VTI[MV\MVKQIMT\ZQJ]VITLMKI[IKQ~VLMJMZnXZWV]VKQIZ[M[WJZM\WLW[TW[UW\Q^W[QV^WKILW[
XWZMTZMK]ZZMV\MIVK]IVLW[~TWN]MZMXZWKMLMV\MKI[IZTI[MV\MVKQIXWZ]VWLMMTTW[
602

TWXZWPyJM\IÌ\QÎUMV\MMT)]VY]MMV\WVKM[ZMXM\QUW[[yZM[WT^MZnTW[LMUn[
UW\Q^W[LMNWZUIY]MM^MV\]ITUMV\M[MP]JQMZMVQV^WKILW
J +WUW[MO]VLWKIVWVLMMVR]QKQIUQMV\WOMVMZITMT+~LQOWM[\IJTMKMMV[]IZ\
\ZI[QV[Q[\QZMVMTLMJMZLMKWVOZ]MVKQIK]IV\Q\I\Q^WTI^QOMVKQILMTXZQVKQXQWiura novit
curiaMVTW[\uZUQVW[[QO]QMV\M["MT\ZQJ]VITLMKI[IKQ~VM[\n^QVK]TILWITNITTIZXWZ
TW[UW\Q^W[QV^WKILW[aMVZIb~VLMTW[IZO]UMV\W[R]ZyLQKW[Y]MP]JQMZIXZM[MV\ILW
MTZMK]ZZMV\M#VWWJ[\IV\MLMV\ZWLMTW[IV\MZQWZM[XWLZnZM[WT^MZKWVIXTQKIKQ~VLM
W\ZI[VWZUI[aN]VLIUMV\W[R]ZyLQKW[Y]MM[\QUMXMZ\QVMV\M[I]VY]MVWKWQVKQLIV
con los del recurrente.
,MTWLM[KZQ\WXWZTIVWZUI[MLM[XZMVLMMVM[MVKQIY]MMT<ZQJ]VITLM+I[IKQ~V
ITLIZZM[X]M[\IITW[UW\Q^W[LMTZMK]Z[WXZM[MV\ILWUW\Q^W[Y]MKWV[Q[\MVMV]V
cuestionamiento de la interpretacin o aplicacin de la sentencia recurrida sobre uno
WUn[XZMKMX\W[R]ZyLQKW[PILMZMNMZQZ[MXWZN]MZbIIM[W[XZMKMX\W[aXIZ\QZLMTW[
IZO]UMV\W[LMTZMK]ZZMV\M[MIXIZILMKQZTMY]M[y[MIXIZILM[M[\QUIZTW[UW\Q^W[
;QVMUJIZOWXIZILIZ[]ZM[X]M[\IMT<ZQJ]VITLM+I[IKQ~VVWM[\n^QVK]TILWITW[
ZIbWVIUQMV\W[LMTZMK]ZZMV\M[QVWY]MX]MLMMTIJWZIZTW[[]aW[XZWXQW[X]M[XIZI
M[W KZMI LWK\ZQVI TMOIT a XIZI M[W MRMZKQ\I R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V XW[Q\QÎ a VW [WTIUMV\M
negativa.
)PWZI JQMV MT IZ\ +8+5 PIJTI KWUW PMUW[ ^Q[\W LM TI IXTQKIKQ~V XWZ MT
Tribunal de Casacin de otras normas y fundamentos jurdicosY]MM[\QUMXMZ\QVMV\M[
;M \ZI\IV XWZ \IV\W LM LW[ KW[I[ LQ[\QV\I[ Y]M VW LMJMV KWVN]VLQZ[M" ]VI [WV TI[
normas y otra los razonamientos sobre esas normas. Los razonamientos son
TQJZM[LMT<ZQJ]VIT#TI[VWZUI[[~TWIXIZ\QZLM]VLM\MZUQVILWX]V\W"IY]MTMVMT
Y]MMT<ZQJ]VITKI[MTI[MV\MVKQIQUX]OVILIXWZPIJMZKWUM\QLWu[\I]VIQVNZIKKQ~V
XZWKM[ITW[][\IV\QÎaLMJIKWTWKIZ[MMVMTLMJMZLMZM[WT^MZMTTIUQ[UI[WJZMMT
X]V\W KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW LM Y]M [M \ZI\M ;~TW K]IVLW TI ZM[WT]KQ~V ZMK]ZZQLI Y]MLI
anulada y el Tribunal de Casacin entra a sustituir al rgano de instancia en el
MVR]QKQIUQMV\WLMT\MUIXZWKM[ITW[][\IV\Q^WM[K]IVLWMT<ZQJ]VITLM+I[IKQ~V
ILY]QMZMMTXWLMZXTMVWLMTiura novit curia para fallar del modo como corresponda en
,MZMKPW[MIVWVWTW[XZMKMX\W[[WTQKQ\ILW[XWZMTZMK]ZZMV\MaM[W[yZM[XM\IVLWTW[
PMKPW[Y]MKWV[\Q\]aMVMT\y\]TWR]ZyLQKWTW[K]ITM[PIVLM[MZ[QMUXZMQV\ZWL]KQLW[
por las partes.
5QMV\ZI[M[WVWWK]ZZIWXWZUMRWZLMKQZ[QTIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQITQUX]OVILIVW[M
KI[IMTnUJQ\WLMIK\]IKQ~VLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUI[MPIJZnKWV\ZIyLWVQKIUMV\MI
^MZQKIZ[QTIQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VaIXTQKIKQ~VLMTI[VWZUI[[MTMKKQWVILI[XWZMT\ZQJ]VIT
inferior devino acertada o desacertada.
K
<MZKMZKIVWV"^WT^QMVLWW\ZI^MbITaIKQ\ILWIZ\+8+5a[Q\]nVLWTWMVM[\I
NI[MLMIK\]IKQ~VQV\MTMK\QÎTI+WZ\MQV\MV\IZn\IUJQuVIY]yaIPWZINI^WZMKMZTI
]VQNWZUQLIL LM TI R]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI MV K]IV\W QV[\Z]UMV\W LM TIQO]ITLIL IV\M TI
TMaTI[MO]ZQLILaTIKMZ\QL]UJZMR]ZyLQKI4WY]M\IV\W[QOVQKIKWUWY]MMT
603

<ZQJ]VITLM+I[IKQ~VLMJMZnM`\ZMUIZMTK]QLILWMVMTMUXTMWY]MPIOILM[]XZWXQI
LWK\ZQVIKILI^MbY]MZM[]MT^M]VZMK]Z[WM^Q\IVLWN]VLIUMV\IKQWVM[a[WT]KQWVM[
KWV\ZILQK\WZQI[MV\ZM[y#TIIUJQOMLILWMTW[K]ZMKQUQMV\WLMTW[I[MZ\W[LWVLM[M
KWV\MVOI TI LWK\ZQVI TMOIT# aW TI LQ[XIZQLIL LM \ZI\IUQMV\W MV\ZM LW[ R][\QKQIJTM[
K]aI [Q\]IKQ~V NnK\QKI M[ [QUQTIZ [IT^W Y]M KWVK]ZZIV ZIbWVM[ Y]M UW\Q^MV ]V
KIUJQW LM LWK\ZQVI a Y]M LM \IT O]Q[I LMJMZn M`XWVMZ[M -V LMVQ\QÎ P]QZn LM
la arbitrariedadLMTIR][\QKQILMKI[WVQKWLMT[MTMK\Q^Q[UWKIXZQKPW[WaTINIT\ILM
QO]ITLILR]LQKQIT
4.9.7.2 Orden de los pronunciamientos:

+WVNWZUMITIZ\+8+5TI+WZ\MLMJMZM[WT^MZXZQUMZIUMV\MTW[UW\Q^W[LMNWZUILMT
TQ[\ILWLMTIZ\aXI[IZT]MOWIIVITQbIZTW[UW\Q^W[LMNWVLW[IT^WY]MTIM[\QUIKQ~VLM
alguno de los anteriores impida a la Corte la revisin de los vicios in indicando por imponerse la
ZM\ZWIKKQ~VLMTW[I]\W[)[]^MbLMV\ZWLMKILI]VILMTI[KI\MOWZyI[LMUW\Q^W[KWV^MVLZyI
por una cuestin lgica en cuanto a la antigedad LM TI QVNZIKKQ~V ZM^Q[IZ MV TW[ XZWKM[ITM[
XZQUMZWTW[Y]MI\I}MVITINIT\ILMXZM[]X]M[\W[XZWKM[ITM[WY]MX]MLMVIKIZZMIZTIV]TQLIL
LM\WLWWXIZ\MLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WaLMRIZXIZITWT\QUWTW[^QKQW[LMTI[MV\MVKQIKWUWIK\W
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KIZOILMTIXZ]MJIWMV[]KI[WTIÎTWZIKQ~VLMTIXZ]MJIRIKQ~VLMPMKPW[aT]MOWMVTW[
MZZWZM[LMTWZLMVIUQMV\W[][\IV\Q^WVWITIQV^MZ[I
4.9.7.3 Sentencia desestimatoria:

Al tratar de los efectos de la sentencia de apelacin formulamos algunas consideraciones
[WJZMK~UWUMLQZTW[KWVKMX\W[LMM[\QUIKQ~VaLM[M[\QUIKQ~VLMTZMK]Z[WaMVMTXZQUMZ
I[XMK\W K]nVLW u[\I PI LM KWV[QLMZIZ[M M[\QUILI \W\IT W XIZKQITUMV\M +WV[QLMZIKQWVM[
Y]MZM[]T\IVXMZNMK\IUMV\M\ZI[TILIJTM[IM[\MnUJQ\WKI[IKQWVITXWZTWY]MTI[LIUW[XWZ
reproducidas.
)[y X]M[ MV\ZIVLW aI MV MT XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W LM[M[\QUI\WZQW LMT ZMK]Z[W LM KI[IKQ~V KIJM
QLMV\QKIZY]Mu[\M\MVLZnT]OIZK]IVLW[MZM^MTMTIQVI\MVLQJQTQLILLMTZMK]Z[WJQMVXWZY]M
[MIXZMKQI\IZLyIUMV\MITO]VIKI][ILMQVILUQ[Q~VY]M\MVyIY]MPIJMZ[MLMKZM\ILWIV\M[
a XI[~ LM[IXMZKQJQLI# JQMV XWZY]M MV\ZIVLW MV MT IVnTQ[Q[ LM TW[ UW\Q^W[ QV\MZX]M[\W[
\WLW[MTTW[[MZMKPIbIVXWZNIT\ILMZIb~V-V]VW]W\ZWKI[WTI[MV\MVKQI\ZIMZnKWV[QOWTI
KWVZUIKQ~VLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILIaY]MM[\IT\QUIITKIVKMZUMbIXWZLM^MVQZaI
QVQUX]OVIJTM-VM[MKI[W[MKWVLMVIZnMVKW[\I[ITZMK]ZZMV\MIZ\!+8+5
,M UIVMZI M[XMKyKI [M}ITI TI TMa Y]M MV MT []X]M[\W LM KI[IKQ~V [WJZM MT NWVLW I]V
IXZMKQnVLW[M KWUM\QLW XWZ TI [MV\MVKQI LM [MO]VLI QV[\IVKQI ]V MZZWZ R]ZyLQKW VW KIJZn
PIJTIZ LM M[\QUIKQ~V LMT ZMK]Z[W [QVW LM [] LM[M[\QUIKQ~V K]IVLW TI +WZ\M LM\MZUQVM
LM IK]MZLW I [] XZWXQW MVR]QKQIUQMV\W LMT WJRM\W TQ\QOQW[W Y]M TI LMKQ[Q~V LMT QVNMZQWZ M[
[W[\MVQJTM I]VY]M KWV W\ZI[ ZIbWVM[ a Y]M XWZ MVLM VW PI T]OIZ I UWLQKIZ MT NITTW IZ\
+8+5;Q\ITKW[I[]KMLMKQMZ\IUMV\MVW[MPITWOZILWMTVXIZIMTY]M[MQV\MZX][W
MT ZMK]Z[W LM[LM TI XMZ[XMK\QÎ LMT ZMK]ZZMV\M Y]M M[ IY]MT LM[LM TI K]IT PI LM UMLQZ[M MT
604

sentido de su pronunciamiento. La casacin no es un mecanismo de control abstracto de
TI TMOITQLIL [QVW KI]KM M[XMKQIT a M`\ZIWZLQVIZQW XMZW LM ZMXIZIKQ~V I V LM K]MV\I[ LMT
OZIÎUMVXZWL]KQLWXWZ]VIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQITJQMVY]M[I\Q[NIKQMVLW\IUJQuVKWVMTTWTW[
VM[LM]VQNWZUQLILR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQITaVWUWTI`QI
4.9.7.4 La sentencia estimatoria y sus efectos:

-T+~LQOW[MZMMZMITKWV\MVQLWLMLQKPI[MV\MVKQIMV[]IZ\ I]VY]MMUXQMbIXWZ
ZMNMZQZ[MITW[UW\Q^W[LMNWVLWaVWTW[LMNWZUI[QMVLWY]MMTWZLMVLMTW[XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[
LMJM [MZ MT QV^MZ[W M[ LMKQZ TI +WZ\M PIJZn LM ZM[WT^MZ XZQUMZW TW[ UW\Q^W[ LM KIZnK\MZ
XZWKM[IT-V\WLWKI[WIL^QMZ\MMTTMOQ[TILWZKWVJ]MVKZQ\MZQWY]MITPIKMZTWLMJMZnM[\IZ[MI
TIVI\]ZITMbILMTIQVNZIKKQ~VKWUM\QLIXIZI[IJMZ[QKIJMWVWTIZM\ZWIKKQ~VLMIK\]IKQWVM[
)[y MV XZQUMZ T]OIZ K]IVLW TI QVNZIKKQ~V INMK\I I ]V XZM[]X]M[\W LMT XZWKM[W TW Y]M
QUXTQKI VW [~TW Y]M \WLW TW IK\]ILW LM^QMVM KWV\ZIZQW I ,MZMKPW M QVMKIb [QVW Y]M MV
KI[Q \WLW[ TW[ KI[W[ MT XZWKM[W VW XWLZn ZMIV]LIZ[M MT +~LQOW [M}ITI IZ\ XnZZINW
XZQUMZW Y]M [~TW XZWKMLMZn TI IV]TIKQ~V TW Y]M [QOVQKI Y]M TI +WZ\M VW IKWZLIZn TI
ZM\ZWIKKQ~VLMIK\]IKQWVM[X]M[VWPIaVILIY]M[]J[IVIZVQY]MZMIV]LIZ+WUWMRMUXTW[
LM MTTW MT UQ[UW XZMKMX\W UMVKQWVI TI QVNZIKKQ~V LM TW[ XZM[]X]M[\W[ ZMTI\Q^W[ IT ~ZOIVW
R]LQKQIT R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V KWUXM\MVKQI a I TI MTMKKQ~V LM XZWKMLQUQMV\W ^yI R]LQKQIT
4I UQ[UI [WT]KQ~V KWV \WLW KIJM XZMLQKIZTI K]IVLW [M M[\QUM K]ITM[Y]QMZI LM TW[ Y]M
X]MLMV KITQKIZ[M KWUW QVNZIKKQ~V I TW[ XZM[]X]M[\W[ LMT XZWKM[W ^MZ IT ZM[XMK\W V]M[\ZI
KTI[QKIKQ~VMVMTTQ[\ILWLMUW\Q^W[LMTIZ\+8+5
-V [MO]VLW \uZUQVW [Q MT ^QKQW XZWKM[IT [M ZMMZM I TW[ IK\W[ LMT XZWKMLQUQMV\W W I
TI UMZUI LM OIZIV\yI[ XZWKM[ITM[ LM TI[ XIZ\M[ TI M[\QUIKQ~V KI[IKQWVIT TTMÎZn IXIZMRILI
KWV[QOWILMUn[LMTIV]TQLILLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILITIZM\ZWIKKQ~VLMTW[I]\W[X]M[
MT XZWKM[W KWUW \IT VW [M PI M`\QVO]QLW a \QMVM Y]M IK\QÎZ[M LM V]M^W Y]M M[ TW Y]M [M
KWVWKMKWUWKI[IKQ~VKWVZMMV^yW4IZM\ZWIKKQ~VITKIVbIZnPI[\IMTXZQUMZIK\WXZWKM[IT
KWV[QLMZILW V]TW Y]M M[ I XIZ\QZ LMT K]nT LMJM KMTMJZIZ[M TI ZMXM\QKQ~V LMT XZWKMLQUQMV\W
4I;MV\MVKQILMTI+WZ\MLMJMZnXZMKQ[IZMVKILIKI[WMTITKIVKMLMTIZM\ZWIKKQ~V-V\ITM[
[Q\]IKQWVM[ILMUn[\IUXWKWTI+WZ\MVWXWLZnIVITQbIZTW[UW\Q^W[LMNWVLWLMTZMK]Z[W[Q
[MP]JQMZMVQV\MZX]M[\WVQR]bOIZ[WJZMTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[LMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI
5MVKQ~VM[XMKyKILMV\ZWLMM[\M[MO]VLWOZ]XWLMQVNZIKKQWVM[LMNWZUIUMZMKMV
TI[ ZMNMZQLI[ I TI[ KI][ILI[ [WJZM MT LMZMKPW I TI XZ]MJI \IV\W K]IVLW [M IXZMKQI XWZ TI
+WZ\M;]XZMUITIQVILUQ[Q~VQVLMJQLIWTINIT\ILMXZnK\QKILMTIXZM^QIUMV\MILUQ\QLIW
]VIQVR][\QKILIVMOI\QÎITIIXWZ\IKQ~VWXZnK\QKILMXZ]MJIV]MÎ-[\IJTMKMMT+~LQOW
Y]M TI IXZMKQIKQ~V LM ]V UW\Q^W LM M[\M \QXW LM \IT UIVMZI Y]M TI XZ]MJI LMJM ILUQ\QZ[M
WXZIK\QKIZ[MXWZLM^MVQZXMZ\QVMV\Ma\QTKWUXWZ\IZnVMKM[IZQIUMV\MTILM^WT]KQ~VLMTI
KI][IIT\ZQJ]VITY]MKWUM\Q~MT^QKQWXIZIY]Mu[\M[MMVKIZO]MLMQVKWZXWZIZMTUMLQWLM
KWV^QKKQ~VaNWZU]TMLMV]M^WMTR]QKQWY]MKWZZM[XWVLI[WJZMTW[PMKPW[XZWJILW[ .
<M`\]ITUMV\MLQKMMTIZ\+8+5Y]MXZWKMLMZnLM^WT^MZTW[I]\W[IT\ZQJ]VITY]MKWUM\Q~MT^QKQWK]IVLW
[MKWV[QLMZIZMY]MTIXZ]MJIVWILUQ\QLIM[KIXIbLMQVKQLQZMVMTNITTW#aMV\ITKI[WLMJMZnXZWKMLMZ[MXWZLQKPW
605

-[ M^QLMV\M Y]M M[\I LQ[Y]Q[QKQ~V [WJZM [Q TI XZ]MJI QVKQLM W VW MV MT NITTW KWZZM[XWVLM
ZMITQbIZTW I TI +WZ\M KWUXWZ\nVLW[M LM \IT UWLW KWUW \ZQJ]VIT LM QV[\IVKQI IT \MVMZ
Y]M ÎTWZIZ [] XMZ\QVMVKQI a ]\QTQLIL I TI T]b LM TW[ PMKPW[ ITMOILW[ XWZ TI[ XIZ\M[ MV [][
XZM\MV[QWVM[QVQKQITM[LMUIVLIaKWV\M[\IKQ~V+W[ILQ[\QV\I[MZyI]VUW\Q^WLMKI[IKQ~VXWZ
QVNZIKKQ~VLMTI[ZMOTI[XIZI[]XZnK\QKILM\QMUXWT]OIZWNWZUIY]MRIY]MX]MLMZM[WT^MZ[M
UMLQIV\M]VR]QKQWLMTITMOITQLILXZWKM[ITUn[IJ[\ZIK\IWLM[KWVMK\ILILMTthema decidendi.
.QRuUWVW[ ILMUn[ Y]M TI VWZUI IZ\ T\QUW XnZZINW +8+5 M[ KTIZI" TI ZM\ZWIKKQ~V
VW[MTQUQ\IVMKM[IZQIUMV\MITIIXMTIKQ~V[QVWITIQV[\IVKQIMVTIY]M[MPIaIXZWL]KQLW
WZQOQVIZQIUMV\M TI LMVMOIKQ~V W NIT\I LM XZnK\QKI LM TI XZ]MJI ;Q MT XZWJTMUI IZZIVKI LM
]VIXZ]MJIXZWX]M[\IIT2]bOILWaZMKPIbILIQVLMJQLIUMV\MXWZu[\MTIZM\ZWIKKQ~VTW[MZn
de nuevo hasta esa primera instancia. Si por el contrario se trata de alguna de las hiptesis
LM XZ]MJI V]MÎ MV IXMTIKQ~V M` IZ\ [MZn MT \ZQJ]VIT LM [MO]VLI QV[\IVKQI VQKW
ZM[XWV[IJTM LM VW PIJMZ XMZUQ\QLW M[I XZ]MJI MT Y]M LMJMZn XZW^MMZ I [] IXWZ\IKQ~V W
XZnK\QKIaÎTWZIZ\WLI[TI[XZ]MJI[LMV]M^WaMV\IT[MV\QLWWJZIZnMTZMMV^yW
El no circunscribir por el legislador siempre la retroaccin en estos casos a la segunda
QV[\IVKQI X]MLM XIZMKMZ MV IXIZQMVKQI ]VI UMLQLI IV\QMKWV~UQKI ;QV MUJIZOW VW[
XIZMKM MV ZMITQLIL TI [WT]KQ~V Un[ [I\Q[NIK\WZQI XZQUMZW XWZY]M W\WZOI I KILI ~ZOIVW
R]LQKQIT TI ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL Y]M ZMITUMV\M TM KWZZM[XWVLM MV TI KI][IKQ~V LM TW[ PMKPW[ a
MV TI QVNZIKKQ~V LM XZ]MJI LM\MK\ILI# XMZW [WJZM \WLW XWZY]M I[y MT R][\QKQIJTM VW XQMZLM
]VI QV[\IVKQI KWUXTM\I MV TI ZM\ZWIKKQ~V K]IVLW MT ^QKQW LM XZ]MJI IZZIVKIJI MV WZQOMV
LMT 2]bOILW -[\M T\QUW MV \ITM[ KI[W[ LQK\IZn I[y TI [MV\MVKQI KWV IZZMOTW IT IZ[MVIT LM
KWV^QKKQ~V NnK\QKI Y]M ZM[]T\IJI KWZZMK\W a XZWKMLMV\M LM[LM MT KWUQMVbW XMZUQ\QMVLW
\WLI^yI Y]M TW[ M^MV\]ITM[ MZZWZM[ MV Y]M X]LQMZI QVK]ZZQZ TI V]MÎ LMKQ[Q~V [M MV\QMVLM
MZZWZM[ LM W\ZI M[XMKQM \ITM[ KWUW MV MT MVR]QKQIUQMV\W LMT NWVLW XMZUQ\QZnV [] LMV]VKQI
MVIXMTIKQ~VY]MM[ZMK]Z[WWZLQVIZQWaKWVXTMVQ\]LLMR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VZM^Q[WZIMVTW[\uZUQVW[
Y]M aI M`XTQKIUW[ MV MT \MUI IV\MZQWZ XWZ IY]MTTI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ I TI Y]M XMZR]LQY]M TI
sentencia de primera instancia.
8WZT\QUWMVMTnUJQ\WLMUW\Q^W[LMNWVLWKI[IKQWVITM[u[\W[X]MLMVINMK\IZ\IV\W
ITMZZWZMVTIÎTWZIKQ~VLMTIXZ]MJIKWUWITMZZWZMVMTUIVMRWaIXTQKIKQ~VLMTI[VWZUI[
sustantivas.
-UXMbIVLW XWZ MT MZZWZ MV TI ÎTWZIKQ~V LM TI XZ]MJI KWV^QMVM ZMKWZLIZ Y]M TI KI[IKQ~V
VW M[ ]VI \MZKMZI QV[\IVKQI IV\M TI Y]M [M X]MLM QV[\IZ LM TI +WZ\M ]VI V]MÎ IXZMKQIKQ~V
R]LQKQIT LMT UI\MZQIT LM PMKPW [QV W\ZW TMQ\ UW\Q^ Y]M TI XIZ\QK]TIZ KZMMVKQI LM TI XIZ\M
ZMK]ZZMV\MLMY]MIVLMV\ZWLMTWWXQVIJTMMTR]QKQWXZWJI\WZQWLMT\ZQJ]VITLMIXMTIKQ~V
VWPI[QLWMTUMRWZXW[QJTMTWY]MLM^MVLZyI[QVMUJIZOWZIb~VQV[]KQMV\MXIZIQV[\IZ[]
UWLQKIKQ~V+WUWM[\WM^QLMV\MUMV\MVWM[I[yMTIZ\+8+5LMJMTMMZ[MMVZMTIKQ~V
KWV IY]MTTI[ [Q\]IKQWVM[ MV Y]M X]MLM PIJTIZ[M LM TI LMV]VKQI LM ]V MZZWZ R]ZyLQKW LM TI
QVNZIKKQ~VWJRM\QÎLM]VXZMKMX\WTMOITZMO]TILWZLMTÎTWZLM]VUMLQWLMXZ]MJITWK]IT
abarca dos hiptesis concretas:
tribunal a su diligenciamiento.
606

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J
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apreciacin de las pruebas conforme a las reglas de la sana crtica. Se
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8WZW\ZWTILWLMJMUW[IKTIZIZY]MXM[MIY]MMTIZ\+8+5XIZMKMLIZ
un tratamiento comn a los casos de admisibilidad y a la valoracin de la
XZ]MJIMVK]IV\WITIVMKM[QLILLMY]MTI+WZ\MXWVLMZMTIQV]MVKQILMT
error en el fallo impugnado y en funcin de ello acuerde o no devolver los
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VQVO]VIM[XMKQITQLILMVK]IV\WITIM[\QUIKQ~VLMM[\M\QXWLMQVNZIKKQWVM[MVIXMTIKQ~VVQ
LM[LMTIXMZ[XMK\QÎLMTI[UWLITQLILM[QVNZIK\WZI[XW[QJTM[IXTQKIKQ~VQVLMJQLIQVIXTQKIKQ~V
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TI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[TMOITM[RIKQ~VLMTI[LMKTIZIKQWVM[aXZM[\IKQWVM[Y]MX]MLMVKWVKMLMZ[Ma
K]nTM[VW<WLWM[\WPILMIKWUM\MZTWTI+WZ\M;]XZMUI]VI^MbUn[K]IT[QLM]V\ZQJ]VIT
LMQV[\IVKQI[M\ZI\I[M)[y[MLM[XZMVLMLMTUMVKQWVILWIZ\QVKQ[WXZQUMZW+8+5IT
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607

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ZMK]Z[W TI +WZ\M MV]VKQI XZQVKQXQW[ W Un`QUI[ I\QVMV\M[ IT KWV\MVQLW a ITKIVKM LM TI[
VWZUI[R]ZyLQKI[MVM[\MKI[W[][\IV\QÎ[-[IXIZ\QZLMM[W[XZQVKQXQW[WUn`QUI[Y]M[M
KWV[\Z]aMVWZMTIKQWVIVI]V[]X]M[\WLMPMKPWXZWKM[ITWUI\MZQITKWVKZM\WMT[WUM\QLW
I [] R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V MV MT UIZKW LM KILI ZMK]Z[W KWV TW Y]M TWOZI KMZZIZ[M MT KyZK]TW LM
KWUXI\QJQTQLIL MV\ZM MT Q][ KWV[\Q\]\QWVQ[ VWUWTI`QI a ]VQNWZUQLIL R]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQIT a MT
ius litigatoris de las partes del recurso.
608
4.10 REVISIN DE SENTENCIAS FIRMES

;=5):17"1+WVKMX\WaZM[WT]KQWVM[ZMK]ZZQJTM[115W\Q^W[LMTIZM^Q[Q~V
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)LUQ[Q~VaITMOIKQWVM[>Q[\IWZIT1>,MKQ[Q~V

4.10.1.1 Concepto:
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R]bOILI UI\MZQIT LM ZM[WT]KQWVM[ R]LQKQITM[ ZUM[ IV\M TI KWVK]ZZMVKQI LM KQZK]V[\IVKQI[
OZI^M[ Y]M ^QKQIV TI ÎTQLMb LM TI LMKQ[Q~V a TTMÎV I TI TMa I XMZUQ\QZ TI ZMIXMZ\]ZI LM TI
KI][I -[\IUW[ IV\M ]VI LM TI[ VW^MLILM[ Un[ [QOVQKI\QÎ[ LMT V]M^W +~LQOW Y]M PI
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TI QVR][\QKQI a TI QVLMNMV[Q~V ZM[]T\IV XZMÎTMV\M[ NZMV\M IT XZQVKQXQW LM [MO]ZQLIL R]ZyLQKI
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interpone el recurso y con ese estatus se mantienen hasta la resolucin del ltimo recurso
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en algunos de sus preceptos ^MZ IZ\[ KWUM\M TI QUXZWXQMLIL QVWK]I XMZW
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LMUIVLI LM ZM^Q[Q~V XTIV\MI ]VI XZM\MV[Q~V U]a KWVKZM\I Y]M LM VQVOV UWLW KWV[Q[\M
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medida superado por los estudiosos.
609

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4.10.1.2 Resoluciones recurribles:

Tres cuestiones procede destacar en este punto:
I 4I XZQUMZI M[ Y]M TI TMa VQKIUMV\M KWV[QMV\M MT XZWKM[W LM ZM^Q[Q~V KWV\ZI
[MV\MVKQI[VWÎTMXIZIW\ZW\QXWLMZM[WT]KQWVM[R]LQKQITM[KWUWI[y[MM`XZM[IMVMT
IZ\+8+54IZIb~VPILMJ][KIZ[MMVMTI\ZQJ]\WLMTIKW[IR]bOILIUI\MZQIT
LMTIK]ITKIZMKMVTW[LMKZM\W[aI]\W[I]VY]Mu[\W[[yXZWaMK\IVKW[IR]bOILINWZUIT
8WZM[\IUQ[UIZIb~VY]MLIVM`KT]QLI[KWVNWZUMI}ILMMTUQ[UWXZMKMX\WIY]MTTI[
[MV\MVKQI[ZUM[KW[IR]bOILINWZUITY]MXWZLQ[XW[QKQ~VTMOITKIZMbKIVLMMNMK\W[
LM KW[I R]bOILI X]M[ XIZI MTTI[ MT KIUQVW QUX]OVI\WZQW Un[ [MVKQTTW M[ MT LM TI
incoacin de una nueva demanda en sede declarativa.
J ;M XZMLQKI TI ZM^Q[Q~V XWZ \IV\W LM [MV\MVKQI[ ZUM[ Y]M XZWL]KMV KW[I R]bOILI
material. Desde luego ello comprende a las recadas en los procesos regidos por el
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MV\MVLMUW[ Y]M QO]ITUMV\M LMJM XMZUQ\QZ[M TI ZM^Q[Q~V ZM[XMK\W LM IY]MTTI[
sentencias dictadas en materia de familia a LM relaciones laborales XIZI TI[ K]ITM[ MT
UQ[UWTMOQ[TILWZ[yPIXMZUQ\QLWZMK]Z[WLMKI[IKQ~V"LM]VTILWXWZY]M\IUXWKW
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QUX]VMVQVO]VIKWZ\IXQ[IX]MLMXWVMZ[MITPMKPWLMY]MTI[MV\MVKQIMV[]LyI[M
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luego veremos.
4.10.2 Motivos de la revisin:

,ILITIOZI^MLILY]MMV\ZI}ITIZ]X\]ZILMTIKW[IR]bOILIUI\MZQITY]M[MXZM\MVLMKWV
TIZM^Q[Q~VVWaILM[LMTIXMZ[XMK\QÎM[\ZQK\IUMV\MR]ZyLQKI[QVWLM[]ZMXMZK][Q~VMNMK\QÎ
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WJ^QW Y]M TI ZM^Q[Q~V [~TW X]MLM \WTMZIZ[M JIRW ZQO]ZW[W[ TyUQ\M[ TW[ K]ITM[ I\I}MV \IV\W IT
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Y]M I u[\W[ KWVKQMZVM TW[ UW\Q^W[ [M X]MLMV NWZU]TIZ ITO]VI[WJ[MZÎKQWVM[ IT PQTW LM []
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PRWLYRVJHQHUDOHVGHODUW&3&0HVWRVDVXYH]SXHGHQGLVWLQJXLUVH
en tres supuestos:
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condicionante para la aplicacin del motivo:
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puede rehabilitarse ex novo\ZI[TIZUMbILMTI[MV\MVKQIXIZIKWV[MV\QZ[]ZM^Q[Q~V
6WWJ[\IV\MVW[MPIKMLQ[KZQUQVIKQ~VITO]VIMV[]VI\]ZITMbIXWZTWY]MX]MLM
tratarse tanto de documentos pblicos como privados.
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obra de la parte en cuyo favor se hubiese dictado la sentencia.
611

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decisividad para resolver la controversia en cuanto al fondo. Estaramos ante la
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impugnada. El legislador no ha limitado su cobertura a los documentos materiales
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caducidad de la accin originaria deducida en la instancia. Son supuestos en todo
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XWZ ZIbWVM[ LM QUXW[QJQTQLIL UI\MZQIT WZI XWZ UIY]QVIKQWVM[ NZI]L]TMV\I[ LM TI
KWV\ZIXIZ\M LMT XZWKM[W XZM^QW XIZI WK]T\IZ MT LWK]UMV\W W VMOIZ Y]M TW \]^QMZI
MV[]XWLMZ-VM[\MT\QUWKI[W[MMV\QMVLMY]M\ITM[M[\ZI\IOMUI[[]Z\QMZWVu`Q\W
MVMTXZWKM[WXZM^QWMVMT[MV\QLWLMY]MTW[\ZQJ]VITM[Y]MKWVWKQMZWVLMTKI[WVW
TTMOIZWVIXMZKQJQZMTNZI]LMLMTIKWV\ZIXIZ\MN]M[MY]MTWLMV]VKQIZIWVWMTIPWZI
LMUIVLIV\MLMTIZM^Q[Q~V
,MPIJMZTWLM\MK\ILWMV\WVKM[TWT~OQKWM[Y]M[MP]JQMZIVX]M[\WMVUIZKPITW[
UMKIVQ[UW[XZWKM[ITM[XZM^Q[\W[XIZI[IVKQWVIZITTQ\QOIV\MLMUITINMITUIZOMV
LM[]M^MV\]ITZM[XWV[IJQTQLILXMVITaJMVMKQIZITXMZR]LQKILW363QVKT]aMVLW]VI
IXTQKIKQ~VM`QJTMLMTI[ZMOTI[[WJZMKIZOILMTIXZ]MJI
363 -VLQTQOMVKQI[XZMTQUQVIZM[ûI[MIZ\IXIZ\ILW[a+8+5#aIMV[MLMKWV\MVKQW[IIZ\[WJZMMT
LMJMZLMM`PQJQKQ~VLMLWK]UMV\W[
613

)DOVHGDG GH PHGLRV GH SUXHED YDORUDGRV FRPR UHOHYDQWHV DUW
\
-V[MO]VLWT]OIZMT+~LQOW[MZMMZMI]V[]X]M[\WQV^MZ[WITIV\MZQWZM[\WM[VWIXZ]MJI[
Y]M XWZ VW PITTIZ[M LQ[XWVQJTM[ VW X]LQMZWV \WUIZ[M MV K]MV\I XZM[]UQuVLW[M LMKQ[QÎ[
[QVWIXZ]MJI[Y]M[y[MIXZMKQIZWVaILMUn[KWVM[MKIZnK\MZTWY]M[QVMUJIZOWVWLMJQ~
WK]ZZQZ X]M[ ILWTMKyIV LM NIT[MLIL -V M[\M []X]M[\W MT TMOQ[TILWZ M[ Un[ IUXTQW M QVKT]aM
\IV\W LWK]UMV\W[ IZ\ KWUW XZ]MJI \M[\QKIT a XMZQKQIT IZ\ +8+5 XMZW
[]RM\I[]XZWKMLMVKQIIY]M[MIKZMLQ\MMTPMKPWLMTINIT[MLILXWZ]VILMKTIZIKQ~VR]LQKQIT
M`XZM[I-[\IT\QUIM`QOMVKQILM\MZUQVI"
'RFXPHQWRVIDOVRVDUW&3&0 364:

<ZI\nVLW[M LM LWK]UMV\W[ TI NIT[MLIL X]MLM ^MVQZ LMKTIZILI [MOV MT +~LQOW \IV\W MV
]VI[MV\MVKQIXMVITKWUWMV]VI[MV\MVKQILMW\ZWWZLMVR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITQVKT]aMVLWMTKQ^QT
;QMUXZMMV\WLWKI[WTI[MV\MVKQIY]M[MIXWZ\IXIZIN]VLIZMTUW\Q^WLMJM[MZZUMLMTW
KWV\ZIZQWXMVLQMV\M]VZMK]Z[W[WJZMMTTIa[QXZW[XMZI[MY]MLIZyIZM^WKILIMVTIXZWXQI^yI
LWVLM[MLQK\~XMVITM\KLMRIVLWMVM[MUWUMV\WITIZM^Q[Q~VKQ^QTaIZM[]MT\IWVWM[TW
LMUMVW[P]uZNIVILMXZM[]X]M[\W
;QMVLW [MV\MVKQI XMVIT X]M[ PI LM KWV[\IZ KWUW PMKPW XZWJILW TI XMZXM\ZIKQ~V LMT
LMTQ\W LM NIT[MLIL LWK]UMV\IT LM TW[ IZ\[ a [[ +8 MV ZMTIKQ~V XZMKQ[IUMV\M KWV M[M
LWK]UMV\W6WQUXWZ\IY]MP]JQMZMPIJQLWKWVLMVIWVW[WJZMMT[]RM\WZM[XWV[IJTMLMTI
NIT[MLIL"I]VY]MLM^QVQMZMIJ[WT]\WZQIXWZKQZK]V[\IVKQI[XMZ[WVITM[LMTIK][ILWIZ\[
+8WXWZXZM[KZQXKQ~VLMTLMTQ\WTWQUXWZ\IV\MM[Y]M[QMVMTTI[MM[\IJTMKMKWUWKQMZ\ITI
NIT[MLILLMM[MLWK]UMV\WaIM[\nKWV[\Q\]QLWMTUW\Q^WXIZITIZM^Q[Q~VKQ^QT
<IUJQuV XWLZyI \ZI\IZ[M I]VY]M KWV UMVW[ NZMK]MVKQI LM ]VI KI][I XMVIT MV TI Y]M
MT LWK]UMV\W ÎTWZILW XW[Q\QÎUMV\M XWZ TI [MV\MVKQI KQ^QT WJRM\W LM ZM^Q[Q~V P]JQMZM
QV\MV\ILW [MZ ]\QTQbILW \IUJQuV KWUW UMLQW LM XZ]MJI a MTTW [M P]JQMZM ZMKPIbILW IT
probarse dentro del mismo su falsedad.
-[\W T\QUW XWLZyI []KMLMZ QO]ITUMV\M MV ]V XZWKM[W VW XMVIT a I \IT MNMK\W MT IZ\
+8+5 \ZI[ PIJTIZ LM NIT[MLIL XMVIT UMVKQWVI TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM IY]MTTI W\ZI Y]M
N]MZILMKTIZILILM[X]u[-[QUXWZ\IV\MI\MVLMZIM[\IT\QUILQKKQ~VIVLMNWZU]TIZLW[
aclaraciones:
I ,M]VIXIZ\MMTMTMUMV\WKZWVWT~OQKWVWLMJM\WUIZ[Ma contrario sensuM[LMKQZVW
LMJM\WUIZ[MMVMT[MV\QLWLMY]MTINIT[MLILXMVIT[y[MPI\MVQLWY]MLMKTIZIZIV\M[
LM LQK\IZ[M TI [MV\MVKQI \ZIyLI I ZM^Q[Q~V UQMV\ZI[ Y]M MV TI NIT[MLIL VW XMVIT TI
LMKTIZIKQ~VPILMJQLW[MZXW[\MZQWZ-VZMITQLILZM[]T\IXMZNMK\IUMV\MXW[QJTMY]M
\IUJQuVTINIT[MLILXMVIT[MPIaILMKTIZILWLM[X]u[LMLQK\IZ[MTI[MV\MVKQIWJRM\W
+WVNWZUMIu[\MXZWKMLMTIZM^Q[Q~V";Q[MP]JQMZIXZWV]VKQILWMV^QZ\]LLMLWK]UMV\W[LMKTIZILW[NIT[W[
MVXZWKM[WXMVITWK]aINIT[MLILN]MZILMKTIZILILM[X]u[
614

LM ZM^Q[Q~V KQ^QT a KWUW M[ M^QLMV\M QVKT][W KWV Un[ ZIb~V XWZ TI OZI^MLIL Y]M
[]XWVM]VIKWVLMVIX]VQ\QÎVWX]MLMLM[KWVWKMZ[MMTXWLMZLMM[ILMKTIZIKQ~VLM
NIT[MLILXMVITXIZIXWLMZQV[\IZTIIKKQ~VLMTIZ\+8+5
J ) TW Y]M IX]V\I MT TMOQ[TILWZ VW M[ X]M[ I ]VI TQUQ\IKQ~V [WJZM TI LI\I LM TI
[MV\MVKQI XMVIT Y]M X]MLM [MZ IV\MZQWZ W XW[\MZQWZ I TI [MV\MVKQI LM ZM^Q[Q~V
VQKIUMV\MM[W[yY]MVWX]LQMZIIXWZ\IZ[MVQMVXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIVQMV[MO]VLI
MÌZ\+8+5[QVWITILI\ILMTIW\ZINIT[MLILTIVWXMVITLWVLM[y[MM`QOM
Y]MTI[MV\MVKQIY]MTILMKTIZIZM[]T\MXW[\MZQWZIIY]MTTILMTIY]M[MXQLMTIZM^Q[Q~V
-V M[\M T\QUW KI[W PIa Y]M QVKT]QZ \WLI[ TI[ IT\MZVI\QÎ[ LM ]VI M`KT][Q~V LMT
LWK]UMV\WLMW\ZW[XZWKM[W[KQ^QTM[WLMXZWKM[W[LMLQ[\QV\IyVLWTMTIJWZITM[LM
NIUQTQIKWV\MVKQW[WILUQVQ[\ZI\Q^W[R][\IUMV\MXWZY]M[MPIaIIKZMLQ\ILW[]NIT\I
LMI]\MV\QKQLILNIT\ILMI]\WZyIMVTW[\uZUQVW[[QMUXZMIXTQKIJTM[[]XTM\WZQIUMV\M
LMTW[IZ\[a +8+5
7HVWLJRV\SHULWRVDUW&3&0 365:

-T \MVWZ LMT +~LQOW M`QOM Y]M TW[ []RM\W[ INMK\ILW[ P]JQMZIV [QLW condenados por falso
\M[\QUWVQWLILWMVTI[LMKTIZIKQWVM[Y]M[QZ^QMZWVLMN]VLIUMV\WITI[MV\MVKQI8WZ\IV\W
QUXTQKIY]MTINIT[MLILM`QOQLI\QMVMY]M[MZTWXMVITXWZTIKWUQ[Q~VLMTLMTQ\WLMTIZ\
CP366 - QUXTQKI \IUJQuV Y]M TI KWVLMVI PI LM PIJMZ OQZILW R][\IUMV\M [WJZM TW[ UQ[UW[
PMKPW[ ÎTWZILW[ KWUW KQMZ\W[ XWZ TI [MV\MVKQI Y]M [M QUX]OVI MV ZM^Q[Q~V JQMV [MI XWZ
PIJMZ[MIJQMZ\WLQTQOMVKQI[XMVITM[IZIybLMTI[LMKTIZIKQWVM[LILI[XWZMT[]RM\WLMV\ZWLMT
KQ\ILWTQ\QOQWKQ^QTJQMV[MIXWZY]MM^MV\]ITUMV\MM[W[UQ[UW[PMKPW[TW[P]JQMZI^MZ\QLWMV
W\ZW\QXWLMXZWKM[W[XMZWY]MOZIKQI[IMTTW[MIJZQ~TIQV^M[\QOIKQ~VXMVITY]MITIXW[\ZM
culmina con la declaracin penal de falsedad de ese testimonio.
6W JI[\I XWZ \IV\W KWV IKZMLQ\IZ Y]M MT XMZQ\W W MT \M[\QOW KWVKZM\W PI [QLW \IKPILW LM
UMVLIbMVITOVXZWKM[WXMVIT]VIWUn[^MKM[0ILMPIJMZTW[QLWXWZTW[UQ[UW[PMKPW[
Y]MPIV[MZ^QLWXIZILQK\IZKWVM[MKWV\MVQLWaMNMK\W[TI[MV\MVKQITTMÎLIITIZM^Q[Q~V
)PWZI JQMV KWUW PMUW[ LQKPW MT IZ\ PIJTI LM KWVLMVI LIVLW XWZ [MV\ILW
Y]M TI RIKQ~V LM T[ NIT[MLIL Î I TTMÎZ IXIZMRILW Y]M [M M[\IJTMbKI TI ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL
LM TI XMZ[WVI a TI QUXW[QKQ~V LM ]VI XMVI" [QV MUJIZOW a LM UWLW QLuV\QKW I KWUW aI
:MbII[]^MbM[\MLQ[XW[Q\Q^W";Q[MP]JQMZIXZWV]VKQILWMV^QZ\]LLMXZ]MJI\M[\QKITWXMZQKQITaTW[\M[\QOW[
WXMZQ\W[P]JQMZIV[QLWKWVLMVILW[XWZNIT[W\M[\QUWVQWLILWMVTI[LMKTIZIKQWVM[Y]M[QZ^QMZWVLMN]VLIUMV\W
a la sentencia.
366 )Z\+8"-TY]MMVLMKTIZIKQ~VKWUW\M[\QOWIV\MI]\WZQLILKWUXM\MV\MIZUIZM]VINIT[MLILVMOIZMW
KITTIZMMV\WLWWMVXIZ\MTWY]M[]XQMZMIKMZKILMTW[PMKPW[aKQZK]V[\IVKQI[[WJZMTW[K]ITM[N]MZMQV\MZZWOILW
[MZn[IVKQWVILWKWVXZQ[Q~VLMLW[IKQVKWI}W[

-V TI UQ[UI [IVKQ~V QVK]ZZQZnV TW[ XMZQ\W[ QV\uZXZM\M[ \ZIL]K\WZM[ a I[M[WZM[ Y]M IK\]IVLW KWUW \ITM[ IV\M
I]\WZQLILIZUIZMV]VINIT[MLIL]WUQ\QMZMVTI^MZLILMV[][UIVQNM[\IKQWVM[

6WPIJZnT]OIZI[IVKQ~VXMVITK]IVLWMTPMKPWLM[KZQ\WMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[IV\MZQWZM[N]MZMMRMK]\ILWMVXZWKM[W
XMVIT MV NI^WZ LM ]V XZWKM[ILW XWZ I[KMVLQMV\M LM[KMVLQMV\M ILWX\IV\M ILWX\ILW PMZUIVW K~Va]OM W
KWV^Q^QMV\MWXMZ[WVIMVIVnTWOIZMTIKQ~VLMINMK\Q^QLILKWVIY]uT
615

IX]V\IUW[MVMT[]X]M[\WIV\MZQWZLMTINIT[MLILLWK]UMV\ITTWY]MQUXWZ\IIY]yVWM[[QMT
[]RM\WPI[QLWWVWKI[\QOILWLMUIVMZIMNMK\QÎ[QVW[Q[MM[\IJTMKQ~KWUWPMKPWXZWJILW
aZUMTINIT[MLILLM[]\M[\QUWVQW8]MLMPIJMZ[MV\MVKQIIJ[WT]\WZQIXWZIXZMKQIZ[M]VI
KI][I LM M`MVKQ~V LM ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL LM TW[ IZ\[ +8 W XWZ XZM[KZQXKQ~V LMT LMTQ\W
a [QV MUJIZOW [MZn []KQMV\M XIZI QV[\IZ TI ZM^Q[Q~V KQ^QT [Q \IT [MV\MVKQI LQW XWZ XZWJILI
TI NIT[MLIL ,M VW QV\MZXZM\IZ[M I[y I TI QVR][\QKQI UIVQM[\I WZQOQVIT NIT[MLIL [M ]VQZyI
]VI [MO]VLI QVR][\QKQI UIVQM[\I" TI LM VW XWLMZ IJZQZ[M TI ZM^Q[Q~V KQ^QT XWZ ]V NIK\WZ
KWUXTM\IUMV\MIRMVWITW[VM[Y]MTIQV[\Z]UMV\IV
6HQWHQFLDJDQDGDGHPDQHUDIUDXGXOHQWDDUW

A) Delimitacin subjetiva de la norma:
,MV\ZWLMM[\IKI\MOWZyI[Q[\MUI\QbIUW[TW[\ZM[[]X]M[\W[ITW[Y]MIT]LMTIVWZUIKQ\ILITI
LMTI[MV\MVKQIOIVILIXWZKWPMKPW^QWTMVKQIWNZI]LMKQZK]V[\IVKQI[Y]M^QKQIVOZI^MUMV\M
TI^WT]V\ILLM[]RM\W[Y]MLMJQLWITIXW[QKQ~VY]MLM\MV\IVMVTIKWV\QMVLIQV]aMVW[M
TM[PIKMQV]QZXWZIKKQ~V]WUQ[Q~VKWV[KQMV\MMV]VLM^MVQZ\WZKQLWLMTILMKQ[Q~VVIT
-[W[[]RM\W[X]MLMV[MZIV\M\WLWTW[Y]MQV\MOZIVMTXZWXQW~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT"MTR]MbWKWTMOQW
LM R]MKM[ UMLQIV\M TI[ LMKQ[QWVM[ Y]M ILWX\IV LMV\ZW LMT XZWKM[W Y]Qbn aI IV\M[ LM TI
[MV\MVKQI LMVQ\QÎ XZMKQ[IUMV\M XIZI XWLMZ UWTLMIZ T]MOW u[\I XWZ MRMUXTW M`KT]aMVLW
WQVKT]aMVLWXZ]MJI[LMUIVMZIQVLMJQLIaMV\WLWKI[WITLQK\IZM[\IT\QUI[IJQuVLWTI
QVR][\I
8MZW \IUJQuV XWZ ITOV N]VKQWVIZQW LMT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT Y]QMV LM \IT UWLW PI XWLQLW
UIVQX]TIZLM[\Z]QZWM`\ZI^QIZIK\]IKQWVM[LMTM`XMLQMV\M
8]MLMVQVK]ZZQZ\IUJQuVMVM[\I[KWVL]K\I[QUXZWXQI[[]RM\W[Y]MXZM[\IV[]Ia]LIWI]`QTQW
MV]VXZWKM[WKWUWTW[\M[\QOW[WXMZQ\W[)XZQWZQTINIT[MLILLM[]LMKTIZIKQ~VI]VY]M[MI
UW\QÎLIXWZXZMKQWWXWZ^QWTMVKQIY]MLI[]J[]UQLIMVMT[]X]M[\WIV\MZQWZLMTIZM^Q[Q~V
aVWMVu[\M
;QV MUJIZOW [y Y]M XWLZyI WK]ZZQZ Y]M M[W[ UQ[UW[ []RM\W[ X]LQMZIV XZM\MVLMZ LM[^QIZ W
UIVQX]TIZ TI I\MVKQ~V LMT \ZQJ]VIT UMLQIV\M W\ZW \QXW LM IZO]KQI[ IT\MZIVLW MT WJRM\W LM
TIXMZQKQIIXWZ\IVLWLI\W[MZZ~VMW[VWaI[WJZM[]XMZKMXKQ~VLMTW[PMKPW[TQ\QOQW[W[[QVW
[WJZMITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[M\K<ITM[IK\W[aIZUIKQWVM[LQZQOQLI[ITMVOI}W[y\MVLZyIV[]
cobertura en este motivo.
-V \MZKMZ T]OIZ TI XZM^Q[Q~V M[\n LQZQOQLI I TI KWV\ZIXIZ\M LM Y]QMV [WTQKQ\I TI ZM^Q[Q~V
K]IVLWu[\IPITQ\QOILWKWVUITINMXZWKM[ITWK]T\IVLWLI\W[XIZIXWVMZI[]KWV\ZIZQWMV
QVLMNMV[Q~VWXIZIPIKMZQVK]ZZQZITR]MbMVMZZWZ
367 )Z\ +8+5" 0IJZn T]OIZ I TI ZM^Q[Q~V LM ]VI [MV\MVKQI ZUM" ;Q MT KI[W [M P]JQMZI OIVILW
QVR][\IUMV\MXWZKWPMKPW^QWTMVKQIWNZI]LM
616

AXWZT\QUWIK]ITY]QMZ\MZKMZWY]M^QVK]TILWWVWKWVITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[XMZWWJZIVLW
XWZ ]V QV\MZu[ M[X]ZQW XZWXQW [M LQZQOMV I TW[ N]VKQWVIZQW[ LMT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT I V LM
WJ\MVMZ [] KWTIJWZIKQ~V LMTQK\QÎ TI UIY]QVIKQ~V NZI]L]TMV\I Y]M IL]T\MZM MT ZM[]T\ILW LM
la contienda.
B)Delimitacin objetiva del supuesto:
I -TKWPMKPW"
+WV^QMVMXZMKQ[IZY]MTI[\ZM[[Q\]IKQWVM[MV]VKQILI[XWZMTXZMKMX\WKQ\ILWM[\WM[
MTKWPMKPWTI^QWTMVKQIaMTNZI]LMVW[MPIKMVM[\ZQK\IUMV\MLM[LM]VIXMZ[XMK\QÎ
XMVITMVMT[MV\QLWLMY]MVWPIaZMUQ[Q~VM`XZM[IILM\MZUQVILI[O]ZI[LMTQK\QÎ[
previstas en el CP.
-[I ZMUQ[Q~V KWV \WLW [M \WZVI QVM^Q\IJTM IT UMVW[ MV TW Y]M I\I}M IT KWPMKPW
Y]MM[]VKWVKMX\WR]ZyLQKWXMVITLMKWV\MVQLWKWVKZM\W)[yK]IVLW[MITMO]M[]
KWUQ[Q~VI]VY]MVWTWQVLQY]MM`XZM[IUMV\MMTIZ\+8+5LMJMZnM`QOQZ[M]VI
[MV\MVKQILMKWVLMVIXMVITZUMXIZIY]MXZWKMLITIZM^Q[Q~VX]M[ZIbWVM[Jn[QKI[
LMXZMR]LQKQITQLILLM\MZUQVIVY]MVWX]MLMKWV[\Q\]QZWJRM\WLM]VIZM^Q[Q~VKQ^QT
MT\MVMZY]MLQT]KQLIZ[Q[MPIKWUM\QLWWVW]VLMTQ\W#M`\ZMUWu[\MY]M\QMVMY]M
PITTIZ[MaILM[XMRILWXIZIK]IVLW[MMV\IJTITILMUIVLILMZM^Q[Q~V
-T KWPMKPW MV [][ LW[ UWLITQLILM[ LM XZWXQW IZ\ +8368 M QUXZWXQW IZ\
331 CP! LM^QMVM IXTQKIJTM VQKIUMV\M I N]VKQWVIZQW[ XJTQKW[ 8WZ [] XIZ\M MT
KWPMKPWIK\Q^WLMTIZ\+8KWVKQMZVMITXIZ\QK]TIZY]MKWUXZITI^WT]V\ILLMT
N]VKQWVIZQWaKWVK]aIKWVLMVIY]MLIZyIIJQMZ\W\IUJQuVMTKIUQVWLMTIZM^Q[Q~V
KQ^QT[QMUXZMY]MTW[MIXWZTWZMITQbILWMVZMTIKQ~VIM[MXZWKM[WaITI[MV\MVKQI
Y]M[M\ZIMITIZM^Q[Q~V
5]aKMZKIVWITKWPMKPW[MMVK]MV\ZI\IUJQuVMTLMTQ\WLMXZMÎZQKI\WLMTIZ\
CP371MVMTY]MKWVNZMK]MVKQI[M[QV\M\QbI\WLITIOZI^MLILLM]VKWUXWZ\IUQMV\W
368 )Z\+8"-TN]VKQWVIZQWWMUXTMILWXJTQKWIOMV\MLMI]\WZQLILWI]\WZQLILXJTQKIY]MXWZ[yWXWZ
XMZ[WVIQV\MZX]M[\I[WTQKQ\IZMWZMKQJQMZM]VILnLQÎWK]ITY]QMZIW\ZI^MV\IRIQVLMJQLIWIKMX\IZMTIXZWUM[ILM
]VIZM\ZQJ]KQ~VLMTIUQ[UIVI\]ZITMbIXIZIZMITQbIZ]VIK\WKWV\ZIZQWI[][LMJMZM[WXIZIVWPIKMZWZM\IZLIZ
]VIK\WLMJQLWXZWXQWLM[][N]VKQWVM[[MZn[IVKQWVILWKWVXZQ[Q~VLM\ZM[I[MQ[I}W[MQVPIJQTQ\IKQ~VM[XMKQIT
del empleo o cargo por igual tiempo.
! )Z\+8"-TN]VKQWVIZQWWMUXTMILWXJTQKWIOMV\MLMI]\WZQLILWI]\WZQLILXJTQKIY]MXWZ[yWXWZ
XMZ[WVIQV\MZX]M[\I[WTQKQ\IZMWZMKQJQMZM]VILnLQÎWK]ITY]QMZIW\ZI^MV\IRIQVLMJQLIWIKMX\IZMTIXZWUM[ILM
]VIZM\ZQJ]KQ~VLMTIUQ[UIVI\]ZITMbIXIZIZMITQbIZ]VIK\WXZWXQWLM[][N]VKQWVM[WXWZ]VIK\WaIZMITQbILW
XZWXQWLM[]KIZOW[MZn[IVKQWVILWKWVXZQ[Q~VLMLW[IK]I\ZWI}W[MQVPIJQTQ\IKQ~VM[XMKQITLMTKIZOWWMUXTMW
por igual tiempo.
)Z\ +8" -T Y]M XWZ [y W XWZ QV\MZX]M[\I XMZ[WVI XZWUM\QMZM WNZMKQMZM W MV\ZMOIZM I ]V N]VKQWVIZQW W
MUXTMILW XJTQKW ]VI LnLQÎ W K]ITY]QMZI W\ZI ^MV\IRI QVLMJQLI XIZI Y]M MRMK]\IZM ]V IK\W KWV\ZIZQW I [][
LMJMZM[WKQITM[WXIZIY]MVWZMITQbIZMWZM\IZLIZM]VIK\WLMJQLW[MZn[IVKQWVILWKWVXZQ[Q~VLM[MQ[ILQMb
aos.

;QMTPMKPWKWV[Q[\QMZMMVY]MMRMK]\IZM]VIK\WXZWXQWLM[][N]VKQWVM[WKQITM[W[M\ZIMLM]VIK\WaIZMITQbILW
XZWXQWLM[]KIZOW[MZn[IVKQWVILWKWVXZQ[Q~VLMLW[IK]I\ZWI}W[
371 )Z\+8"-TR]MbY]MI[IJQMVLI[LQK\IZMZM[WT]KQ~VKWV\ZIZQIITITMaWN]VLILIMVPMKPW[NIT[W[XWZQV\MZu[
617

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esgrimirse la prohibicin de analoga o de interpretacin restrictiva del derecho
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sencillamente absurdo.
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determinado momento y en relacin con otras causas seguidas ante ese rgano
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igual tiempo.

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funciones o en algn otro.

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con prisin de dos a cuatro aos.
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sancionado con prisin de uno a tres aos.

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pena de prisin de dos a cuatro aos.
373 )Z\+8"-TY]MIUMVIbIZMIW\ZWKWVXZWL]KQZTMIuTWI[]NIUQTQI]VLI}WY]MKWV[\Q\]aMZMLMTQ\WMV[][
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)Z\+8"-VTW[KI[W[LMTW[LW[IZ\yK]TW[IV\MZQWZM[[MKWV[QLMZIZnVIOZIÎV\M[M[XMKQITM[[Q[MKWUM\QMZMV
con alguna de las circunstancias siguientes:

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618

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se articula en cuanto a su comisin en procesos penales6WXWZ\IV\WMVTW[
procesos cuyas sentencias permiten la revisin conforme al Ttulo Quinto del CPCM.
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su contrario.
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IV\M[LMQVQKQIZ[MIT\MZIZMIZ\QKQW[IUMV\MMTM[\ILWLMTW[T]OIZM[WTIXW[QKQ~VWKWVLQKQ~VLMTI[XMZ[WVI[LMTI[
KW[I[WLMTW[KILn^MZM[KWVMTVLMMVOI}IZMVMTIK\WLMTIQV[XMKKQ~VWZMKWV[\Z]KKQ~VR]LQKQITW[]XZQUQMZM
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sancionado con prisin de dos a diez aos.
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NZI]L]TMV\I[MV\uZUQVW[QLuV\QKW[ITLMZWOILWIZ\!LMTI4-+LM ;WJZM[]KWVK]ZZMVKQIM`XTQKI
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QVK]ZZMY]QMVMRMZKQ\I]VIIKKQ~VR]LQKQITK]IVLWWK]T\IMTLWUQKQTQWLMTIXMZ[WVIKWV\ZITIY]MM[\IJILQZQOQLI
ITMOIVLWY]MTWLM[KWVWKMXIZIQV\MZM[IZY]M[MTMMUXTIKMXWZMLQK\W[a[M[][\IVKQMMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WMVZMJMTLyI
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\MVMZMTMUXTIbIUQMV\WWKQ\IKQ~VXWZMLQK\W[LM\ITUIVMZIY]M[~TWKIJMIK]LQZIuTKWUWT\QUI[WT]KQ~V
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LMPIJQ\IKQ~V+WUWKWV[MK]MVKQILMMTTW[MPIMV\MVLQLWY]MVWKIJMXZM[KQVLQZLMTITTIUILIIR]QKQW
MVNWZUIXMZ[WVITK]IVLWM`Q[\M]VIXW[QJQTQLILLQZMK\IWQVLQZMK\ILMTWKITQbIZITQV\MZM[ILWaPIKMZTMTTMOIZ
MTKWV\MVQLWLMTIK\WLMKWU]VQKIKQ~VW[Q[M\ZI\ILMTMUXTIbIUQMV\WLMTW[PMZMLMZW[K]IVLWZM[]T\IXW[QJTM
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619

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ZM^Q[Q~V [MOV LM QVUMLQI\W IVITQbIZMUW[ M[ XZMKQ[IUMV\M TI LMT LMUIVLILW
ZMJMTLM Y]M TW M[ MV KWV\ZI LM [] ^WT]V\IL MV TW[ KI[W[ LMT IZ\ PMUW[ LM
IL^MZ\QZY]MVW[QMUXZMMTKIUQVWXIZITIZM^Q[Q~VLMTZMJMTLMPILM[MZM[\MT\QUW
[QVWY]MX]MLM[MZTW\IUJQuVI^QZ\]LLMTIUWLITQLILY]MIPWZIMÌUQVIUW[TI
de haber padecido el proceso inaudita parte a resultas de un fraude de su contrario.
+]IVLW Un[ IJIRW VW[ ZMZIUW[ I IY]uTTI W\ZI UIZKIZMUW[ TI[ LQNMZMVKQI[ LM
tratamiento.
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MVTIUWLITQLILLMNZI]LMLMTIZ\+8+5<IUJQuVX]MLM[MZTWZMXM\QUW[
K]ITY]QMZIUIVQWJZIM[X]ZQILMTIXIZ\MY]MMV\ZI}M]VQV\MV\WLMLM[O]ZIKQ~VLM
TW[PMKPW[TQ\QOQW[W[KWVMTVLMWK]T\IZ[]^MZLILMZW\ZI[NWVLW377.
4.10.2.4 Delimitacin temporal del supuesto:

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WMTNZI]LMZM[XMK\WLMTINMKPIMVY]M[MPILQK\ILWTI[MV\MVKQIQUX]OVILIMVZM^Q[Q~VVQ
\IUXWKWK]IVLW\]^WY]M[MZLM[K]JQMZ\I4IT~OQKIQVLQKIY]MXWZTWY]MPIKMITXZQUMZ
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XZWKMLQUQMV\WV -V[]UITIUIY]QVIKQ~VNZI]L]TMV\IKWV[Q[\MV\MMVTIWK]T\IKQ~VUITQKQW[ILMT
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WK]T\~[QVW\IUJQuVK]IVLWKWV[\IY]M\ITQVLMNMV[Q~V[MXZWL]RWXWZKI][IVWQUX]\IJTMITLMUIVLILW;;<;
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377 +WV\QV]IVLW KWV MT <; M[XI}WT TI ;MV\MVKQI V ! LM LM R]TQW ZMK]Z[W V ZM[]MT^M TI
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IZZMVLIUQMV\WLM^Q^QMVLIXWZVMKM[QLILXMZ[WVITLMTIZZMVLILWZ4IXIZ\MXZWUW^MV\MITI[Ib~VLMUIVLILI
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IZZMVLILWZ\]^QMZIXZM^Q[\WMTKWV\ZI\WLMXMZU]\IIT\QMUXWLMTILMUIVLICLMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIEaUMVW[
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I]VY]MMTUWUMV\WLMKQ[Q^WM[MTLMTITQ\Q[XMVLMVKQICILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MLMTILMUIVLILMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIE
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]VI[Q\]IKQ~VLQNMZMV\MLMTIZMITUMV\MXTIV\MILIMVMTXZWKM[WX]MLIQVKIZLQVIZ[MMVMTUW\Q^WK]IZ\WLMTIZ\
4-+AMTTWM[I[yXWZY]MTIUIY]QVIKQ~VNZI]L]TMV\I[IVKQWVILIMVTIVWZUITMOITKWV[Q[\MMVMTMUXTMW
LMIZLQLM[IZO]KQI[IZ\QT]OQW[WUIVQWJZI[IZ\QKQW[I[\MVLMV\M[IQUXMLQZLQK]T\IZ]WJ[\IK]TQbIZTILMNMV[I
LMTIL^MZ[IZQWXIZII[MO]ZIZMTu`Q\WLMTILMUIVLI6WPIPIJQLWMV\WVKM[IT\QMUXWLMKWV[\Q\]QZ[MTITQ\Q[
]VIIK\Q^QLILMVOI}W[INITIbaKWV\ZIZQIITI^MZLILXIZIWJ\MVMZMTZM[]T\ILWXZWKM[ITXZM\MVLQLW-TPMKPW
LMY]MXW[\MZQWZUMV\M[MKMTMJZIZIMTKWV\ZI\WIT]LQLWaVWTWX][QMZIMVKWVWKQUQMV\WLMT\ZQJ]VITVWKIUJQI
MTM[\ILWLMTI[KW[I[VQ\QMVMZMTMÎVKQIXIZIQV\MOZIZMTUW\Q^WLMZM^Q[Q~VaMTTWVW[WTWaIXWZMTUWUMV\W
XZWKM[ITMVY]M[MXZWL]KMXMZXM\]I\QWIK\QWVQ[[QVWILMUn[XWZY]MTIUMZIKMTMJZIKQ~VLMTKWV\ZI\WVW
[QOVQKIXMZ[MTIILY]Q[QKQ~VLM]VI^Q^QMVLIY]MX]LQMZIM`KT]QZTIIXTQKIKQ~VLMTIKI][IZM[WT]\WZQI\IV\WUn[
Y]MTIQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VaIXTQKIKQ~VLMTI[KI][I[LMZM^Q[Q~VLMJMV[MZWJRM\WLM]V\ZI\WZM[\ZQK\Q^WKWUW^QMVM
reiterando la doctrina de este Tribunal.
620

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VMKM[IZQIZMTIKQ~VKI][IMNMK\WMV\ZMTIQZZMO]TIZQLILaMT\MVWZLMTI[MV\MVKQI,MLI\IZ[M
el vicio a posterioriLMMTTIVWXWLZyILMKQZ[MY]MTI[MV\MVKQIPI[QLWOIVILIXWZKWPMKPW
violencia o fraude.
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MV TI KI][I PI[\I LM[X]u[ LM ZMKIMZ [MV\MVKQI XMZW aI N]MZI LM XTIbW XIZI QUX]OVIZTI
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Y]M TM QUXQLQMZWV KWUXIZMKMZ a LM[QOVIZ ]VI LMNMV[I MV R]QKQW XWLZn QV[\IZ IPWZI TI
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TWLMUn[QUXZMOVILI[LM[MV\QLWKWUV"
I .IT\ILMXMZ[WVIKQ~VXWZKI][ILMN]MZbIUIaWZQVQV\MZZ]UXQLIIXIZ\ILWLMTIZ\
+8+5!:
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TW[IZ\[ 4-+4ILQNMZMVKQIM[MVKQITMV\ZMIUJW[UWLMTW[M[Y]MMVTITTIUILIZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQI
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! )Z\ +8+5" -T LMUIVLILW Y]M P]JQMZI XMZUIVMKQLW MV ZMJMTLyI XWLZn [WTQKQ\IZ TI ZM^Q[Q~V LM TI
[MV\MVKQI" +]IVLW KWVK]ZZI N]MZbI UIaWZ QVQV\MZZ]UXQLI Y]M TM P]JQM[M QUXMLQLW KWUXIZMKMZ MV \WLW
UWUMV\WI]VY]MP]JQMZM\MVQLWKWVWKQUQMV\WLMTXZWKM[WXWZPIJuZ[MTMKWU]VQKILW
621

Un[ LM ]VI a I]VY]M P]JQMZM \MVQLW KWVWKQUQMV\W LMT XZWKM[W XWZ PIJuZ[MTW
comunicado. No se discute por tanto en este primer supuesto si se ignoraba o no la
M`Q[\MVKQILMTITQ\Q[[QVWTIQUXW[QJQTQLILLMKWVK]ZZQZIMTTI
+WZZM[XWVLMZn I TI +WZ\M ;]XZMUI IXZMKQIZ MV M[M [MV\QLW [Q PIa W VW N]MZbI
mayor de tal magnitud como para impedir fsicamente a la persona facultar a un
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[QMUXZM NnKQT Y]M KWVK]ZZI IT UMVW[ \ZI\nVLW[M LM UW\Q^W[ IV\I}W Un[ NIK\QJTM[
KWUW [WTyIV [MZ TI[ LQK]T\ILM[ LM KWU]VQKIKQ~V OMWOZnKI MV\ZM XWJTIKQWVM[ I
[IT^WKI\n[\ZWNM[VI\]ZITM[Y]MX]LQMZIVLMRIZIQ[TILI]VIKQ]LILWX]MJTWXWZU]KPW
\QMUXW
8MZW \IUJQuV XWLZyI KWVMK\IZ[M TI KQ\ILI QUXW[QJQTQLIL I ITOV XILMKQUQMV\W

X[yY]QKW W Ny[QKW QVÎTQLIV\M [WJZM MT LMUIVLILW Y]M P]JQMZM []NZQLW IV\M[ LM
XMZ[WVIZ[M a LMT Y]M VW P]JQMZI XWLQLW [ITQZ PI[\I LM[X]u[ LM LM^MVQZ ZUM
TI [MV\MVKQI QVKT][W XIZI NIK]T\IZ I ]V IJWOILW XIZI [] LMNMV[I -`\ZMUW Y]M
WJ^QIUMV\MZM[]T\IZnVMKM[IZQWLMIKZMLQ\IZ[MUMLQIV\MXZ]MJIMVXZQVKQXQWQVNWZUM
XMZQKQITIXZM[MV\IZKWVTILMUIVLILMZM^Q[Q~V
J .IT\I LM XMZ[WVIKQ~V XWZ LM[KWVWKQUQMV\W LMT XZWKM[W IXIZ\ILW LMT IZ\
+8+5381:
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TI XZnK\QKI X]MLM [MZ^QZTM IT ZMK]ZZMV\M [IJMZ LM IY]uTTI TI LMUIVLI [Q QOVWZI
[QTIUQ[UIPI[QLWXZM[MV\ILIaIV\MY]u~ZOIVWR]LQKQITa[WJZM\WLW[QPI[QLW
ILUQ\QLWI\ZnUQ\MaXWZ\IV\W[MPIIKMX\ILWKWVWKMZR]LQKQITUMV\MLMTIXZM\MV[Q~V
formulada en su contra.
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ITO]VIVW\QKIKQ~VLMTUQ[UWXWZ^yIQVKT][WVW\IZQITIQV[\IVKQILMTKWV\ZIZQWW
[MVKQTTIUMV\MXWZY]MTTMO]MVI[][WyLW[VW\QKQI[LMTXTMQ\WMV\IJTILWMV[]KWV\ZI
[MLQT]aMTIKI][IXIZI[WTQKQ\IZTIZM^Q[Q~VXWZY]MMV\WVKM[MZILM[]KIZOIMTPIJMZ
comparecido entonces.
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MV ZMJMTLyI [M PIaI [MO]QLW I [][ M[XITLI[ VW [~TW MV MT [MV\QLW NWZUIT M^QLMV\M LM[LM
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TII][MVKQILMTLMUIVLILWVWMZIQUXMLQ\QÎLMM[ILM[M[\QUIKQ~VLM[LMT]MOWaPI[\IZMK]ZZQLIMVKI[IKQ~V
WJ\MVQMVLWITIXW[\ZM]VZM[]T\ILWNI^WZIJTMMVM[IUQ[UIUMLQLIXMZR]LQKQITXIZIMTLMUIVLILWZMJMTLM
381 )Z\+8+5"+]IVLWLM[KWVWKQMZITILMUIVLIaMTXZWKM[WJQMVXWZY]M[MTMVW\QK~XWZM[Y]MTIY]M
VWTTMO~I[]XWLMZXWZKI][IY]MVWTM[MIQUX]\IJTMJQMVXWZY]MTIKWU]VQKIKQ~V[MP]JQMZIXZIK\QKILWXWZ
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LQKPIVW\QKIKQ~V[MP]JQMZIXZWL]KQLW
622

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^WT]V\ILLMTLMUIVLILWW
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LMU]M[\ZMY]MVWZM[QLQ~MVMT\MZZQ\WZQWVIKQWVITM[\WM[MTLMTT]OIZLMTXZWKM[W
W LM K]ITY]QMZ W\ZW LM TI :MXJTQKI \IUJQuV L]ZIV\M MT \QMUXW MV Y]M L]Z~ MT
proceso.
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M[\W[XIZ\QK]TIZM[MNMK\W[LMTIZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQIZUMLMTQUQ\IMTnUJQ\WM[XIKQIT
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0]MTOI LMKQZ Y]M I]VY]M TI LMUIVLI LM ZM^Q[Q~V [M ILUQ\I I \ZnUQ\M XWZ IXIZMKMZ
KWZZMK\IUMV\MIZO]UMV\ILWMTUW\Q^WLMTIZ\+8+5\MVLZnT]MOWTIXIZ\MLMUIVLILI
MVZM^Q[Q~VaIK\WZIMVMTXZWKM[WWZQOQVIZQWLM\ITO]Q[IQV\MZM[ILIMVY]MVW[MZM[KQVLI
TI[MV\MVKQITIXW[QJQTQLILLMXZWJIZLMV\ZWLMTXZWXQWXZWKM[WZM^Q[WZQWY]MMTLMUIVLILW
rebelde s conoci la pendencia del proceso en su contra.
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+8+5aVWXWZu[\ILMTIZ\+8+XWZLM[KWVWKQUQMV\WLMTXZWKM[W"
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PIJMZ XWLQLW ZMKQJQZ TI VW\QKIKQ~V R]LQKQIT LM TI LMUIVLI QV\MZX]M[\I MV [] KWV\ZI XWZ
UWZ LM ]VI UIY]QVIKQ~V NZI]L]TMV\I LM IY]uT a [M P]JQMZM PITTILW LMV\ZW LMT T]OIZ LMT
XZWKM[WWLMK]ITY]QMZW\ZWLMTI:MXJTQKIMVY]MLQKPIVW\QKIKQ~V[MP]JQMZIXZWL]KQLW
X]M[MV\WVKM[aIVWX]MLMIKWOMZ[MITUW\Q^WLMTIZ\+8+5
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a[QMUXZMY]MK]UXTIKWVTW[LMUn[ZMY]Q[Q\W[LMM[\MXZMKMX\W
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[WTIUMV\MMVTW[PMKPW[KWV[\Q\]\Q^W[LMTIZM^Q[Q~Va[]XZ]MJI[QVW\IUJQuVKWUWIPWZI
^MZMUW[MVTW[XTIbW[XIZIQV\MZXWVMZTILMUIVLILMZM^Q[Q~V
623
4.10.3 Plazos para el ejercicio de la accin:

-`Q[\MIM[\MZM[XMK\W]VXTIbWQVÎZQIJTMY]MWXMZIXIZI\WLIKI][ILMZM^Q[Q~VaR]V\WKWV
uT a LM UIVMZI KWVK]ZZMV\M QUXWVM TI TMa ILMUn[ ]V [MO]VLW XTIbW LM KIL]KQLIL K]aI
M`\MV[Q~VÎZyILMXMVLQMVLWLMTIKTI[MLMUW\Q^WY]MWZQOQVITIZM^Q[Q~V"
4.10.3.1 Plazo general:

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LM[X]u[LM\ZIV[K]ZZQLWMTXTIbWLMKIL]KQLILLMLW[I}W[KWV\ILW[LM[LMMTLyI[QO]QMV\M
ITLMTIVW\QKIKQ~VLMTI[MV\MVKQIY]M[MXZM\MVLIQUX]OVIZ
0ILM\MVMZ[MXZM[MV\MY]MK]IVLW[MPIJTIIY]yLMVW\QKIKQ~VLMTI[MV\MVKQITWM[XWZ
K]ITY]QMZI LM TW[ UWLW[ ILUQ\QLW[ XWZ TI TMa a IT Y]M LM PMKPW PIaI \MVQLW Y]M IK]LQZ[M
MV MT XZWKM[W LM Y]M [M \ZI\M 8WZ \IV\W VW VMKM[IZQIUMV\M TI VW\QKIKQ~V XMZ[WVIT a MV
U]KPW[ KI[W[ Y]Qbn I \ZIû[ LM M[\ZILW[ +]nTM[ [MIV TI[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ Y]M PIV XWLQLW
ZWLMIZ TI QUXW[QJTM VW\QKIKQ~V XMZ[WVIT LM TI [MV\MVKQI [MZn \MUI Un[ JQMV ^QVK]TILW IT
UW\Q^WLMTIZM^Q[Q~VXMZWVWIM[\MXZQUMZXTIbWOMVMZITY]MKWZZMNI\ITUMV\MXIZI\WLI[
TI[LMUIVLI[Y]M[MXZM[MV\MV
6W X]MLM XMZLMZ[M LM ^Q[\I Y]M TI ZM^Q[Q~V LM [MV\MVKQI ZUM M[ ]VI UMLQLI TMOQ[TI\QÎ
MV TI Y]M XIZ\QKQXI KWUW XZWJTMUI LM NWVLW TTIUILW I [MZ ZM[]MT\W KWV MTTI ]VI
KWTQ[Q~V MV\ZM MT LMZMKPW I TI LMNMV[I LM Y]QMV VW PI XWLQLW IK\]IZ MV MT XZWKM[W Y]M TM
KWVKMZVyI a MT XZQVKQXQW LM [MO]ZQLIL R]ZyLQKI MUIVILW LM TI ZUMbI LM TI [MV\MVKQI I[y
KWUW LM TI M[\IJQTQLIL LM TI[ [Q\]IKQWVM[ UI\MZQITM[ KZMILI[ XWZ MTTI -V M[M X]T[W MV
M[M KWVQK\W LM LMZMKPW[ a XZQVKQXQW[ R]ZyLQKW[ MT TMOQ[TILWZ IKMX\I QVKTQVIZ TI JITIVbI
LMV\ZW LM LM\MZUQVILI[ KWVLQKQWVM[ I NI^WZ LMT LMZMKPW LM LMNMV[I LMT R][\QKQIJTM 8MZW
VW TW PIKM QVKWVLQKQWVILIUMV\M VQ XMZUQ\QMVLW Y]M TI [MO]ZQLIL R]ZyLQKI VQ [QY]QMZI XWZ
^yI M`\ZIWZLQVIZQI Y]MLM []RM\I LM UIVMZI QVLMVQLI I ]VI XW[QJTM Z]X\]ZI 8WZ M[W MT
^MVKQUQMV\W W []XMZIKQ~V LM M[\M XTIbW OMVMZIT KWUXWZ\I Y]M KWV QVLMXMVLMVKQI LM Y]M
TI[ ZIbWVM[ LM TI QVLMNMV[Q~V [MIV KQMZ\I[ Y]M MT XZWUW^MV\M TM N]M QUXW[QJTM KWVWKMZ MT
XZWKM[WWIK]LQZIuTY]MMTLWK]UMV\WMVMTY]M[MJI[~LMKQ[QÎUMV\MTI[MV\MVKQIM[NIT[W
XMVITUMV\MM\KXM[MI\WLWMTTWIXIZ\QZLMTW[LW[I}W[XW[\MZQWZM[KWV\ILW[IXIZ\QZLMT
LyI [QO]QMV\M I TI VW\QKIKQ~V XWZ ITOV UMLQW XZM^Q[\W MV MT +~LQOW LM TI [MV\MVKQI MT
ÎTWZ [MO]ZQLIL R]ZyLQKI [M ZM[\IJTMKM aI LM UIVMZI IJ[WT]\I M QVY]MJZIV\IJTM a [Q \WLI^yI
VW[MPIQV\MZX]M[\WTILMUIVLILMZM^Q[Q~VaIVWXWLZnPIKMZ[MLM[X]u[
;QVW[MKWUXZMVLMM[\WY]MXWLZnXIZMKMZLQ[K]\QJTMMV]VILQZMKKQ~V]W\ZIXMZWY]M[M
MZQOM MV MT VMKM[IZQW KWV\ZIXM[W QV\ZWL]KQLW XWZ TI TMa ÔZ XWZ \WLW[ TW[ WZLMVIUQMV\W[
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TW LMUn[ ,QKPW KWV W\ZI[ XITIJZI[ \WLI^yI Un[ KWV\]VLMV\M[" XI[ILW MT XTIbW LMT IZ\
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KWV\ILW[ LM[LM MT LyI [QO]QMV\M I TI VW\QKIKQ~V LM TI [MV\MVKQI TI [MO]ZQLIL R]ZyLQKI M[ MT
nico valor considerado.
624

4.10.3.2 Plazos concurrentes:
3DUDORVPRWLYRVGHUHYLVLyQSRULQMXVWLFLDPDQLHVWDRWDPELpQ
OODPDGRVPRWLYRVJHQHUDOHV
-TIZ\LMT+~LQOWRIX]M[]V[MO]VLWXTIbWKWVK]ZZMV\MM[\WM[]VXTIbWY]MVQINMK\I
VQQV\MZZ]UXMVQ[][XMVLMMTLMTIZ\Y]MÎKWZZQMVLWXWZ[]K]MV\IQVLMNMK\QJTMUMV\M
MVTI[LMUIVLI[LMZM^Q[Q~VJI[ILI[MVTW[UW\Q^W[LMTIZ\+8+5XTIbWY]MM[LM\ZM[
UM[M[ \IUJQuV LM KIL]KQLIL KWV\ILW[ LM[LM MT LyI [QO]QMV\M I IY]uT MV Y]M [M P]JQMZIV
LM[K]JQMZ\WTW[LWK]UMV\W[LMKQ[Q^W[MTKWPMKPWTI^QWTMVKQIWMTNZI]LMWMVY]M[MP]JQM[M
reconocido o declarado la falsedad.
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VW [M KWUX]\I LM[LM Y]M MT PMKPW KI][IV\M LM TI ZM^Q[Q~V [M UI\MZQITQbI [QVW LM[LM TI
NMKPI MV Y]M TI XMZ[WVI Y]M XZWU]M^M TI LMUIVLI LM ZM^Q[Q~V PI \MVQLW KWVWKQUQMV\W LM
[] M`Q[\MVKQI +WVWKQUQMV\W Y]M VW X]MLM [MZ UMZIUMV\M []X]M[\W M[XMK]TI\Q^W W IXMVI[
IXZW`QUILW [QVW Y]M \QMVM Y]M [MZ MNMK\Q^W a ZMIT 5QMV\ZI[ \IV\W M[\M [MO]VLW XTIbW VW
X]MLM MUXMbIZ I KWZZMZ MV [] KWV\ZI -[ M^QLMV\M KTIZW Y]M \WLI[ M[\I[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[
PIV LM [MZ LM[KZQ\I[ XWZUMVWZQbILIUMV\M MV TI LMUIVLI LM ZM^Q[Q~V a Y]M [Q u[\I ZM[]T\I
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XZWJI\WZQIUMV\M 4W QUXWZ\IV\M a M[ TW Y]M IPWZI Y]MZMUW[ ZMKITKIZ M[ Y]M LIVLW XWZ
[MV\ILW Y]M TW Y]M [M LQKM M[ KQMZ\W MV K]IV\W I K]nVLW []XW MT LMUIVLIV\M LMT V]M^W
UMLQW LM XZ]MJI W LMT ^QKQW LM TI ^WT]V\IL Y]M KWV\IUQV~ TI [MV\MVKQI KQ^QT MT XTIbW LM
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-V MT KI[W LMT LMUIVLILW ZMJMTLM Y]M LM[KWVWKM TI M`Q[\MVKQI LMT XZWKM[W a N]VLI TI
ZM^Q[Q~V M` IZ\ +8+5 []XWVOIUW[ Y]M KWZZMK\IUMV\M TI LM\MZUQVIKQ~V LM TI
NMKPI LM KWVWKQUQMV\W MNMK\Q^W LM TI QVLMNMV[Q~V VW X]MLM M[\IJTMKMZ[M [QUXTMUMV\M XWZ
ZMNMZMVKQI IT LyI MV Y]M []XW MV Y]M [M PIJyI [MO]QLW ]V XZWKM[W MV [] KWV\ZI [QV Un[
W LM Y]M [M PIJyI LQK\ILW ]VI [MV\MVKQI Y]M TM KWVLMVIJI I ]VI XZM[\IKQ~V a X]V\W 6W
4IQVLMNMV[Q~VVWLMZQÎLMTUMZWPMKPWLM\ZIUQ\IZ[MMTXZWKM[WQVI]LQ\IXIZ\M[QVWITI
QVR][\QKIKQ~VLMM[IKQZK]V[\IVKQIAM[W[~TWM[XW[QJTM[IJMZTW]VI^MbY]MTIXMZ[WVIW
[] IJWOILW MV [] VWUJZM IKKMLM LQZMK\IUMV\M IT MÌUMV LMT M`XMLQMV\M XZM^QW XMLQZTW
IT KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT a I]\WZQbIZTW u[\M ;~TW MV \IT UWUMV\W LM MÌUMV LM
TI[IK\]IKQWVM[XWLZnKWV[\I\IZVWaI[QMTXZWKM[W[M[QO]Q~MV[]I][MVKQIITOWM^QLMV\M
[QVW MT XWZ Y]u LM MTTW Y]M M[ TW QUXWZ\IV\M ;Q TI VW\QKIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI \]^W T]OIZ
MVLMVQ\QÎXWZ]VIKI][IQUX]\IJTMITXZWXQWLMUIVLILWZMJMTLMaM[WM[TWY]MXWLZn
^MZQKIZ K]IVLW ^MI MT M`XMLQMV\M TI ZM^Q[Q~V VW XZWKMLM ;Q XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW TI NIT\I LM
VW\QKIKQ~V [M LMJM I ]VI UIY]QVIKQ~V LM [] KWV\ZIXIZ\M M[ LM[LM M[M UWUMV\W a VW
IV\M[Y]MTIXMZ[WVIKWVWKMTIUIOVQ\]LLMTW[]KMLQLWXZWKM[ITUMV\MaX]MLMZMIKKQWVIZ
XZMXIZIVLW ]VI LMUIVLI LM ZM^Q[Q~V -[ LM[LM MV\WVKM[ XWZ \IV\W Y]M XWLZn KWZZMZ MT
XTIbWTMOITXIZI[]MRMZKQKQW
+IJMXZMKQ[IZXWZT\QUWY]M\ZI\nVLW[MLMTILMKTIZIKQ~VR]LQKQITLMNIT[MLILLMTUMLQWLM
XZ]MJIMTXTIbW[MKWUX]\ILM[LMTIVW\QKIKQ~VXWZK]ITY]QMZUMLQWQVKT][WVWXMZ[WVIT
625

LMTI[MV\MVKQIY]MLMKTIZIKWUWPMKPWXZWJILWTINIT[MLILLMTUMLQWLMXZ]MJILWK]UMV\IT
\M[\QKITWXMZQKQIT-TIZ\+8+5QVVMVWPIJTIXZWXQIUMV\MLMTIVW\QKIKQ~VLMTI
[MV\MVKQI[QVWY]MXIZMKMZMNMZQZ[MITINMKPILMM[\IUQ[UIY]MM[stricto sensuK]IVLW[M
P]JQM[MZMKWVWKQLWWLMKTIZILWTINIT[MLIL[QVMUJIZOWUQMV\ZI[u[\IVW[MVW\QY]MLM
ITOVUWLWXMZUQ\QLWMVLMZMKPWaVWITKIVbIX]JTQKQLILVWX]MLM[MZN]MV\MZM^MTILWZI
LMVILIXWZTWY]MUITXWLZyILMNMVLMZ[MMTK~UX]\WLMTXTIbWLM[LMY]M[MZUI[QMVLW
todava desconocida por sus destinatarios.
4.10.3.2.2 Para los motivos de revisin al demandado rebelde:

8WZ[]TILWXIZIMTW\WZOIUQMV\WLMLMNMV[I\IZLyIITLMUIVLILWY]MPI[QLWKWVLMVILWMV
ZMJMTLyIMÌZ\+8+5MT+~LQOW[M}ITIMV[]IZ\+8+5]VXTIbWLMKIL]KQLIL
LM\ZM[UM[M[KWV\ILW[LM[LMMTLyI[QO]QMV\MITLMTIVW\QKIKQ~VLMTI[MV\MVKQI[Qu[\IVW
TWN]MXMZ[WVITUMV\M#WMVKI[WKWV\ZIZQWLM\ZMQV\ILyI[Y]M[MKWV\IZnVIXIZ\QZLMTLyI
[QO]QMV\MIIY]uTMVY]M[MVW\QK~LMUIVMZIXMZ[WVIT[M\ZI\MMVIUJW[KI[W[LM[MV\MVKQI
LMIXMTIKQ~VWKI[IKQ~V)Y]yVWQUXWZ\IK]nTPI[QLWTIKQZK]V[\IVKQIY]MPIXZWXQKQILWTI
QVLMNMV[Q~VMVTIUMLQLIMVY]MMTQV\MZM[ILW[MPIaIIKWOQLWITKI]KMLMTIZ\TW[XTIbW[
Y]MLIVRILW[VWXWZTINMKPIMVY]M\QMVMKWVWKQUQMV\WLMTXZWKM[WMVI][MVKQI[QVWLM
UIVMZIQVM`WZIJTMLM[LMTIVW\QKIKQ~VLMTI[MV\MVKQIZMKIyLIaLMTIY]M[MXZM\MVLM[]
revisin.
+WV\WLW\IV\WMTXTIbWLMTW[\ZM[UM[M[KWUWMV[]KI[WMTLM\ZMQV\ILyI[VWMUXMbIZnV
I KWV\IZ[M XIZI MT ZMJMTLM Y]M IL]bKI MT UW\Q^W LMT IZ\ +8+5 PI[\I \IV\W VW
LM[IXIZMbKI TI KQZK]V[\IVKQI LM N]MZbI UIaWZ Y]M TM QUXW[QJQTQ\~ KWUXIZMKMZ IT UMVW[
UQMV\ZI[VWLM[IXIZMbKIKWVTIQV\MV[QLIL[]KQMV\MKWUWXIZIXMZUQ\QZTMMRMZKQ\IZ[]LMZMKPW
ITIZM^Q[Q~V8WZ[QIKI[WaZMKWZLMUW[TWY]MaIPMUW[M`XTQKILW[WJZMMTXIZ\QK]TIZMT
UQ[UWXZMKMX\WIL^QMZ\MY]MTIXW[XW[QKQ~VLMTdies a quoXIZI\ITK~UX]\WTW[MZn[QVXMZR]QKQW
M[\WM[[QVINMK\IZMT\ZIV[K]Z[WLMTXTIbWOMVMZITLMTW[LW[I}W[LMTIZ\+8+5
4I XZM\MV[Q~V ZM^Q[WZI [M NWZUITQbI I \ZIû[ LM ]V M[KZQ\W LM LMUIVLI KWUW TW KITQKI
KWZZMK\IUMV\M MT IZ\ +8+5 LILW Y]M [M \ZI\I LMT M[KZQ\W QVQKQILWZ LM ]V XZWKM[W
I]\~VWUWaV]M^WVWLM]VZMK]Z[WMTK]ITLMJMZnI\MVMZ[MMV[]M[\Z]K\]ZIa[WJZM\WLWMV
[]KWV\MVQLWITW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[aNWZUITQLILM[XZM^Q[\W[XIZITILMUIVLIMVMTXZWKM[WKWUV
8WZ\IV\WMVTILMUIVLILMZM^Q[Q~VIXIZ\MLMQLMV\QKIZXMZNMK\IUMV\MTI[MV\MVKQIY]M[M
QUX]OVIPIJZnLMLM[OTW[IZ[MMTUW\Q^WLMTIZM^Q[Q~V\IV\WMVTIVIZZIKQ~VLMTW[PMKPW[
Y]MTWQV\MOZIVKWUWLM[]KITQKIKQ~VR]ZyLQKIMVMTMTMVKWLMIXIZ\ILW[LMTIZ\WLMT
#I[yKWUWTW[XTIbW[aTITMOQ\QUIKQ~VXIZIQV[\IZM[\IIKKQ~V
-V K]IV\W I M[\I T\QUI MT IZ\ XZWaMK\I TI TMOQ\QUIKQ~V IK\QÎ LM[LM TI KWVLQKQ~V LM
[]RM\W^QVK]TILWXWZTI[MV\MVKQIMVY]QMVILMUn[PILMKWVK]ZZQZMTQUXMZI\Q^WLMTOZIÎUMV
ZM[]T\IVLWI[yXMZR]LQKILWXWZTWZM[]MT\WMVIY]uTTI
626

2]V\WKWVTILMUIVLIPIJZnVLMIKWUXI}IZ[MTW[LWK]UMV\W[XZWKM[ITM[aUI\MZQITM[Y]M
N]VLMVTIIKKQ~VaM[WQUXTQKIZnMV[]KI[WTI[MV\MVKQIY]MLMKTIZITINIT[MLILLMTUMLQW
LM XZ]MJI W MT LWK]UMV\W LMT Y]M IPWZI [M PI XWLQLW LQ[XWVMZ a MV MT Y]M [M JI[I TI
LMUIVLI M\K XWZ \IV\W M[MVKQITUMV\M XZ]MJI LWK]UMV\IT W XZ]MJI[ XZMKWV[\Q\]QLI[ Y]M
VWVMKM[Q\IVLM]VI^Q[\IWZITXIZI[]MÌUMVIV\M[LMLMKQLQZ[MTIILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MLM
TI LMUIVLI QVNWZUM[ XMZQKQITM[ NW\WOZINyI[ OZIJIKQWVM[ I]LQW^Q[]ITM[ M\K [QMUXZM Y]M
WJ^QIUMV\MZM[]T\MVXMZ\QVMV\M[MVMTKWV\M`\WLMTUW\Q^WLMZM^Q[Q~VQV^WKILW
La demanda ha de interponerse directamente ante la Sala Civil de la Corte Suprema de
2][\QKQIVQKW~ZOIVWKWUXM\MV\MXWZTITMaXIZIKWVWKMZaLQK\IZ[MV\MVKQILMZM^Q[Q~VMVM[\M
nUJQ\WIZ\[ a+8+5ALQKPIQV\MZXW[QKQ~VVW\MVLZnMNMK\W[[][XMV[Q^W[[WJZMTI
[MV\MVKQIWJRM\WLMZM^Q[Q~VKWUWXZMKQ[IMTIZ\LMT+~LQOW[QVWMVTIPQX~\M[Q[LMTIZ\
M[\WM[K]IVLWKWVK]ZZIKI][IR][\QKILILMJQLIUMV\MITMOILIaIXZMKQILIKWUW\ITXWZ
MT\ZQJ]VITa[MXZM[\IKI]KQ~V[]KQMV\MXIZIZM[XWVLMZLMTW[LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[LMZQÎLW[
LMM[I[][XMV[Q~V
4.10.4.2. Admisin y alegaciones:

-T+~LQOWVW[M}ITIVILIMV\WZVWITINI[MLMILUQ[Q~VLMTILMUIVLIXZM[MV\ILIXMZWu[\I
[MIV\WRIQVMT]LQJTMaVWX]MLMZM[]T\IZ[QUJ~TQKIVQNIT\ILMKWV\ZWTM[
4I +WZ\M ;]XZMUI KWUW UyVQUW PI LM LMX]ZIZ ]VI ^Mb ZMKQJI MT M[KZQ\W a LWK]UMV\W[
IVM`W[ TI XZWKMLMVKQI NWZUIT LM TI IKKQ~V TW Y]M QVKT]aM TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM QVILUQ[Q~V I
\ZnUQ\MLMTILMUIVLILMZM^Q[Q~V"IK]IVLWTI[MV\MVKQIQUX]OVILIVWM[\uZUM#JK]IVLW
MTXZWXWVMV\MKIZMbKILMTMOQ\QUIKQ~VWLMOZIÎUMVXWZY]MTI[MV\MVKQIVWTM^QVK]TIW
XWZY]Mu[\IM[LMIJ[WT]KQ~VI[]NI^WZ#KXWZY]MVW[MQV^WY]M]VWLMTW[UW\Q^W[XZM^Q[\W[
MVTW[IZ\[WLMT+~LQOW#LW[MQV\MZXWVOITILMUIVLIN]MZILMTW[XTIbW[OMVMZITM[
WXIZ\QK]TIZM[aIKQ\ILW[#MWJQMVVW[MIKZMLQ\MTIZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VR]LQKQITaLMNMV[IVMKM[IZQI
8WZMTKWV\ZIZQWK]ITY]QMZIVnTQ[Q[XZMTQUQVIZ[WJZMTI[]KQMVKQILMTW[PMKPW[LM[KZQ\W[aW
MT MÌUMV LM NWVLW LM TI LWK]UMV\IT UI\MZQIT MV Y]M [M [][\MV\M MT UW\Q^W IXIZ\M LM TI
[MV\MVKQI WJRM\W LM ZM^Q[Q~V K]aW MÌUMV PI LM [MZ QVUMLQI\WI TW[ MNMK\W[ aI QVLQKILW[
PILMIXIZKIZ[MMVM[\INI[MLMTXZWKM[WM[LMKQZVWLMJMLIZT]OIZI]VIQVILUQ[Q~V[QVW
Y]MTILMUIVLILMJM[MO]QZ[]K]Z[WIZM[MZÎLMTIÎTWZIKQ~VVITY]MK]UXTITI+WZ\M
para resolver la revisin.
)[y X]M[ LQKM MT +~LQOW Y]M ]VI ^Mb ILUQ\QLW MT ZMK]Z[W TI ;ITI LM TW +Q^QT LM WKQW
ZMY]MZQZn IT \ZQJ]VIT LM XZWKMLMVKQI XIZI Y]M TM ZMUQ\I \WLW MT M`XMLQMV\M LMT XZWKM[W
LM Y]M [M \ZI\M IZ\ +8+5 MUXTIbIVLW I Y]QMVM[ N]MZWV XIZ\M MV uT IK\QÎ W
XI[QÎUMV\M IXIZ\M KTIZW LMT XZWUW^MV\M LM TI ZM^Q[Q~V TW Y]M VW M[ VMKM[IZQW W LM
[][ M^MV\]ITM[ KI][IPIJQMV\M[ UI\MZQITM[ Y]QMVM[ ]VI ^Mb XMZ[WVILW[ TW [MZnV \IUJQuV
XZWKM[ITM[ W\WZOnVLWTM[ ]V XTIbW LM KQVKW LyI[ I KILI ]VW KWV\ILW[ LM[LM MT [QO]QMV\M
I [] XMZ[WVIKQ~V XIZI NWZU]TIZ ITMOIKQWVM[ MV TW Y]M KWV^MVOI I [][ QV\MZM[M[ a [QMUXZM
ZMTIKQWVILW KWV TI XZM\MV[Q~V Y]M [M PI LML]KQLW TI K]IT KWV[\Q\]aM MT WJRM\W M`KT][Q^W a
M`KT]aMV\M LM M[\I KWV\QMVLI 6W KIJM XWZ MVLM MRMZKQ\IZ ZMKWV^MVKQWVM[ VQ XMLQZ W\ZW[
627

XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[ IXIZ\M LM TI[ KW[\I[ Y]M X]MLIV KI][IZ[M IY]y Y]M TI M[\QUIKQ~V W VW
de la demanda de revisin.
,M[LM M[I ~X\QKI PIJZnV Y]QMVM[ [M XMZ[WVMV XIZI LMNMVLMZ TI ÎTQLMb LM TI [MV\MVKQI
QUX]OVILIaW\ZW[XIZIIXWaIZXWZMTKWV\ZIZQW[]ZM[KQ[Q~VJQMVY]MMVM[\IT\QUIPQX~\M[Q[
^MVLZnV I [MZ UMZW[ KWILa]ÎV\M[ [QV XWLMZ LMKQ[WZQW ZMIT [WJZM TI LMUIVLI LM ZM^Q[Q~V
,MJMZnV\WLW[PIKMZTWXWZM[KZQ\WK]IT[Q[M\ZI\I[MLM]VIKWV\M[\IKQ~VITILMUIVLILMT
XZWKM[WKWUVKWVNWZUMITW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[aNWZUITQLILM[XZM^Q[\W[MVMTXZWKM[WKWUV
4.10.4.3 Vista oral:

+]UXTQLWMT\ZnUQ\MLMW\WZOIUQMV\WLM]VLMZMKPWLMITMOIKQWVM[ITIXIZ\MLMUIVLILI
MV ZM^Q[Q~V a XZM[MV\ILW[ TW[ M[KZQ\W[ W MV [] LMNMK\W ^MVKQLW MT XTIbW LQ[XWVM MT IZ\
Y]M [M LIZn I TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[ TI \ZIUQ\IKQ~V M[\IJTMKQLI XIZI MT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW 4I
ZMUQ[Q~VILQKPWXZWKMLQUQMV\WMV]VUWUMV\WMVMTY]MaI[MPIMÎK]ILW]VINI[MM[KZQ\I
LMITMOIKQWVM[QUXTQKIY]MTWY]MY]MLIXWZ[][\IVKQIZI^QZ\]LLM[]KI]KM[MTQUQ\IITI
KMTMJZIKQ~VLMTI^Q[\IWZITXZM^Q[\IKWVTIVITQLILLMTIZ\ LMT+~LQOW"M[\WM[VWaI
XIZIKWUXTM\IZ]VIZWVLILMITMOIKQWVM[Y]MKWUW\ITKIZMKMLM[MV\QLWIY]yX]M[\WLI[TI[
XIZ\M[LQ[X][QMZWVLMXTIbW[]KQMV\MXIZIXZM[MV\IZTILMUIVMZIM`PI][\QÎ[]KQMV\MaXWZ
M[KZQ\W#[QVWXIZIY]M\MVOIT]OIZTIXZnK\QKILMTW[UMLQW[LMKWV^QKKQ~VY]MKWV^MVOIITI
LMNMV[ILMKILI]VW[QM[MTLMUIVLIV\MXIZIY]MKWUXTMUMV\MITIXZ]MJILWK]UMV\ITM
QVNWZUM[XMZQKQITM[Y]MaIIXWZ\~KWV[]LMUIVLIaZM[]T\MVXMZ\QVMV\M[a\QTM[MV[]KI[W
UMLQIV\M[WTQKQ\]LXZM^QIXIZILQTQOMVKQIZKQ\IKQWVM[LMXMZQ\W[\M[\QOW[WXIZ\M[MÌZ\
inciso segundo CPCM.
=VI^MbXZIK\QKILITIXZ]MJI[MZ^QZn\IUJQuVTII]LQMVKQIXIZI]VIZMKIXQ\]TIKQ~VVIT
LM TW ITMOILW KWUW ZMKWOM MT IZ\ ! LMT +~LQOW [QV M`KT]QZ Y]M TW[ 5IOQ[\ZILW[ LM TI
+WZ\M Y]M XZM[MVKQMV MT IK\W X]MLIV ZMY]MZQZ I TW[ IJWOILW[ TI[ XZMO]V\I[ a IKTIZIKQWVM[
Y]MXZWKMLIVZM[XMK\WLMITO]VWLMTW[M`\ZMUW[LM[][M[KZQ\W[WITMOI\W[VITM[XZM^QW[
<MZUQVI M[\M IZ\ LMLQKILW IT XZWKMLQUQMV\W XZMKMX\]IVLW Y]M [Q [M [][KQ\IZMV
K]M[\QWVM[ XZMR]LQKQITM[ XMVITM[ L]ZIV\M TI \ZIUQ\IKQ~V LM TI ZM^Q[Q~V [M IXTQKIZnV TI[
normas generales establecidas en el presente cdigo. Con ello se hace referencia a toda
IY]MTTIXZMR]LQKQITQLILY]MM^MV\]ITUMV\MX]MLI[][KQ\IZ[MIT[WKIQZMLMITO]VWLMTW[LI\W[
ITMOILW[WLMTI[XZ]MJI[XZM[MV\ILI[XIZIIXWaIZTILMUIVLILMZM^Q[Q~V"IXWZMRMUXTW
Y]M TW[ PMKPW[ Y]M [M ITMOIV KWUW KWV[\Q\]\Q^W[ LMT NZI]LM LM TI KWV\ZIXIZ\M I MNMK\W[
LMT IZ\ +8+5 ZM[]T\MV I [] ^Mb ]VI KIT]UVQI a PIaIV LILW XQM XWZ LMV]VKQI
LMT WNMVLQLW I TI IXMZ\]ZI LM ]VI[ LQTQOMVKQI[ XMVITM[ LQZQOQLI[ I IKTIZIZ TI ZMITQLIL LMT
LMTQ\W LMT IZ\ +8" M[\W IJZQZyI ]VI XZMR]LQKQITQLIL XMVIT LMT IZ\ +8+5 I K]aI[
ZMOTI[ PIJZyI LM M[\IZ[M# J W Y]M MT LWK]UMV\W W LWK]UMV\W[ Y]M [M LQKMV ZMK]XMZILW[ a
Y]MZM[]T\IVIXIZMV\MUMV\MLMKQ[Q^W[MÌZ\+8+5[WVI[]^MbNIT[W[a[MQVKWIV
\IUJQuVIK\]IKQWVM[XMVITM[XWZMTTW0IaY]MM[XMZIZI[]ZM[WT]KQ~V
4W Y]M [QV MUJIZOW VW [QOVQKI M[M XZMKMX\W M[ Y]M X]MLI NWZUITQbIZ[M TI LMUIVLI LM
ZM^Q[Q~V [QV IXWZ\IZ[M TW[ MTMUMV\W[ LM KWV^QKKQ~V R][\QKI\Q^W[ LM MTTI KWV MT V LM Y]M
628

[MI ILUQ\QLI I \ZnUQ\M XWKW UMVW[ Y]M OZI\]Q\IUMV\M I TI M[XMZI LM XWLMZ XZWJIZ TI[
NIT[MLILM[XMVITM[Y]M[MM`QOMVXWZMRMUXTWMVMTIZ\+8+5XIZITQbIVLWMTXZWKM[W
LM ZM^Q[Q~V PI[\I \IV\W ZMKIQOI ]V XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W XMVIT IT ZM[XMK\W ÔZ PI[\I Y]M [M
LQT]KQLM [Q TI [MV\MVKQI WJRM\W LM ZM^Q[Q~V [M JI[~ MV ]VI XZ]MJI NIT[I W [M LQK\~ JIRW
KWPMKPWM\K6W[PITTIZyIUW[IV\M]VNZI]LMLMTMaXZWKM[ITY]MKWTIX[IZyITIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~V
LM TI +WZ\M MV M[\I [MLM ZM^Q[WZI TW Y]M [M ITMRIZyI LM K]ITY]QMZ QV\MVKQ~V TMOQ[TI\QÎ
ZIbWVIJTM 8WZ M[W QV[Q[\QUW[ MV Y]M TI XZMR]LQKQITQLIL Y]M PI LM \ZI\IZ[M [QMUXZM LM
UIVMZI ZQO]ZW[I a M`KMXKQWVIT \MVLZn XWZ WJRM\W MV [] KI[W ^MZQKIZ TI XW[QJTM QTQKQ\]L
XMVIT LM TI XZ]MJI Y]M [M WNZMKM KWUW LMUW[\ZI\QÎ LM TI KI][I LM ZM^Q[Q~V# XMZW VW TI
XZ]MJI XZWXQIUMV\M \IT LM TI ZM^Q[Q~V Y]M [IT^W TI LM KIZnK\MZ XMZ[WVIT \M[\QOW[ XMZQ\W[
Y]MX]LQMZIXZIK\QKIZ[MMVTI]T\MZQWZ^Q[\ILMJM[QMUXZMWNZMKMZ[MaMV\ZMOIZ[MITUWUMV\W
de deducirse la demanda de revisin.
4.10.5 Decisin:
,M TI [MV\MVKQI LM ZM^Q[Q~V [M WK]XI MT IZ\ ! LMT +~LQOW ZMO]TIVLW TW Y]M [M KWVWKM
KWUWMTR]QKQWZM[KQVLMV\MWLM[\Z]K\Q^WLMTIKW[IR]bOILIIKIZOWLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUI[QV
XZMR]bOIZTITMaI[]^MbTWY]MX]MLIWK]ZZQZLM[X]u[KWVTI[IT^MLILY]MIPWZI[MLQZn]VI
^MbY]M[QMVLWM[\QUI\WZQWMTNITTWLMZM^Q[Q~VTIKWV\QMVLITTMO]M]T\MZQWZUMV\MIZMIV]LIZ[M
MVMTOZILWR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITY]MKWZZM[XWVLI-[\M[MO]VLWMTTTIUILWR]QKQWZM[KQ[WZQWLM^QMVM
MVM[\MUWUMV\W\WLI^yIQVM`Q[\MV\MI]VY]MMVTIXZnK\QKIX]MLIXZMLMKQZ[MMVU]KPW[KI[W[
su lgico desenlace.
8]M[ JQMV" XIZI LQK\IZ [] [MV\MVKQI TI +WZ\M ;]XZMUI LM 2][\QKQI PIJZn LM ÎTWZIZ
MV\WVKM[ TI[ ITMOIKQWVM[ a XZ]MJI[ Y]M [M TM PIaIV XZM[MV\ILW [QV M[\IZ ^QVK]TILI XWZ
XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W ITO]VW LM TI [MV\MVKQI ZMK]ZZQLI I]VY]M [y XWZ TI[ [MV\MVKQI[ Y]M [M
P]JQMZIVLQK\ILWLMKTIZIVLWTI[NIT[MLILM[aWLMTQ\W[WJRM\WLMKWV\ZW^MZ[QI4I+WZ\MPI
LM LW\IZ LM KWV\MVQLW MV ZMTIKQ~V KWV TI [Q\]IKQ~V KWVKZM\I LMT LMUIVLIV\M LM ZM^Q[Q~V
[Q KWVK]ZZM W VW TI N]MZbI UIaWZ QVQV\MZZ]UXQLI W [] LM[KWVWKQUQMV\W VW VMOTQOMV\M VQ
K]TXIJTMLMTIXMVLMVKQILMTXZWKM[WW[Q[MLITIIK\]IKQ~VNZI]L]TMV\ILMTIKWV\ZIXIZ\M
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proceso correspondiente.
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u[\IVWINMK\IVLWITI[IV\MZQWZM[)[y"
629

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instancias precedentes383.
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revisin. Contra esta resolucin no cabe recurso alguno.
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y la admisin de los restantes.
630

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apelacin o casacin.
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puedan ser discutidas las declaraciones hechas en la sentencia de revisin.
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BIBLIOGRAFA:
):)/76-;-;8-,:7a/1;*-:<5):<)"La apelacin en los procesos civiles: antecedentes,
legislacin, doctrina, jurisprudencia y formularios <PWU[WV :M]\MZ[ )ZIVbILQ [MO]VLI MLQKQ~V
+Qb]Z5MVWZ #+)*)k);/):+)2]IV+IZTW["La Valoracin de las pruebas y su control
en el proceso civil: Estudio dogmtico y jurisprudencial<ZQ^Q]U5ILZQL!!#+)4)5)6,:-1
Piero: La casacin civil ^WT[ *QJTQWOZnKI )ZOMV\QVI *]MVW[ )QZM[ !# 48-B
;6+0-B2I^QMZ"-TQV\MZu[KI[IKQWVIT+Q^Q\I[5ILZQL#5):<6*:)k);+IZTW["
El recurso de casacin civil por infraccin de las normas que rigen los actos y garantas procesales; anlisis
de la doctrina del Tribunal Constitucional y del Supremo5K/ZI_0QTT5ILZQL!!#576<-:7
):7+)2]IVa.47:;5)<-;2W[u"El recurso de casacin civil: casacin e infraccin procesal
<QZIV\4W*TIVKP>ITMVKQI!#5=-:B)-;8):B)2]TQW2I^QMZ"El motivo 1 del artculo
1962 de la LEC de 1881 y su evolucin -=6;) 8IUXTWVI ! # ;1-::) /14 ,- 4)
+=-;<)1OVIKQWaW\ZW["Los recursos de casacin y extraordinario por infraccin procesal doctrina de
631

la Sala Primera del Tribunal Supremo sobre la nueva Ley de enjuiciamiento civil*W[KP*IZKMTWVI#
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LIBRO QUINTO
LA EJECUCIN FORZOSA
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Santiago Garderes
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Estado.
INTRODUCCIN: CARACTERSTICAS GENERALES DE LA EJECUCIN.

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determinada.
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633

tendientes a la localizacin de bienes del deudor. As resulta de un estudio presentado en el
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aumento de los poderes del tribunal.
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5.3 PRINCIPIOS DE LA EJECUCIN FORZOSA

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5.4 TTULOS DE EJECUCIN

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M[]VMTMUMV\WKWV[\Q\]\Q^WLMTIIKKQ~V41-*5)6#XIZIW\ZW[M[]VIKWVLQKQ~VZMY]MZQLI
XIZIMTMRMZKQKQWLMTIIKKQ~VB)6=++01#XIZIW\ZW[M[]VXZM[]X]M[\WLMXZWKMLQJQTQLIL
.=:67#XIZIW\ZW[M[TIXZ]MJILWK]UMV\ITLMTKZuLQ\W+):6-4=<<1
Sin pretender ahondar en el conocido debate acerca del elemento constitutivo del ttulo
LWK]UMV\W]WJTQOIKQ~VLWK]UMV\ILIX]MLMLMKQZ[MY]MMTVKTMWKWVKMX\]ITTWKWV[\Q\]aM
TIWJTQOIKQ~VI]VY]MLMJMM[\IZKWV\MVQLIMVITO]VWLMTW[LWK]UMV\W[XZM^Q[\W[MVTITMa
-[XZMKQ[WLQ[\QVO]QZKWVKMX\]ITUMV\MMT\y\]TWLMMRMK]KQ~VaMT\y\]TWMRMK]\Q^W#KWVKMX\W[
Y]MMVITO]VW[[Q[\MUI[TMOITM[\QMVMV]VUQ[UW[QOVQKILWMVTIUMLQLIY]MTIMRMK]KQ~V
LM [MV\MVKQI[ [M ZMITQbI UMLQIV\M MT R]QKQW MRMK]\Q^W Y]M KWUXZMVLM TI MRMK]KQ~V LM \y\]TW[
R]LQKQITM[[MV\MVKQI[aIK\W[MY]QXIZILW[a\y\]TW[M`\ZIR]LQKQITM[\y\]TW[ÎTWZM[XWZMRMUXTW
-VMTV]M^W+~LQOWMTXZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^W[MKWVKQJMKWUW]VXZWKM[WM[XMKQITLQ^MZ[WLMT
\ZnUQ\MXZM^Q[\WXIZITIMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[I#LMUWLWY]MTW[\y\]TW[MRMK]\Q^W[XZM^Q[\W[MVMT
IZ\LIVT]OIZITXZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^WaTW[\y\]TW[LMMRMK]KQ~VXZM^Q[\W[MVTW[IZ\[a
LIZnVT]OIZITIMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[I
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4I[[MV\MVKQI[R]LQKQITM[ZUM[
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4W[ IK]MZLW[ a \ZIV[IKKQWVM[ R]LQKQITM[ IXZWJILW[ a PWUWTWOILW[ XWZ MT R]Mb W
tribunal.
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[MV\MVKQIMRMK]\WZQILIY]MTIKWVLMVIITXIOW
+]ITM[Y]QMZI W\ZI[ ZM[WT]KQWVM[ R]LQKQITM[ Y]M KWVNWZUM IT +~LQOW ] W\ZI[ TMaM[
TTM^MVIXIZMRILIMRMK]KQ~V
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M`QOQJTMW]VIWJTQOIKQ~VLMPIKMZVWPIKMZWLIZKW[ILQ[\QV\ILMTLQVMZW
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MRMK]KQ~VTI[[MV\MVKQI[LMKTIZI\QÎ[aKWV[\Q\]\QÎ[IZ\!aIY]MMVM[W[KI[W[TIMKIKQI
LM TI \]\MTI R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT [M WJ\QMVM KWV TI [MV\MVKQI [QV VMKM[QLIL LM ]T\MZQWZ IK\Q^QLIL
coactiva sobre la parte vencida.
643

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LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW ! TW[ I]\W[ LMVQ\Q^W[ a TI[ [MV\MVKQI[ ILY]QMZMV ZUMbI MV TW[
siguientes casos:
+]IVLW TW[ ZMK]Z[W[ QV\MZX]M[\W[ P]JQMZIV [QLW ZM[]MT\W[ a VW M`Q[\QMZMV W\ZW[
disponibles en el caso.
+]IVLWTI[XIZ\M[TW[KWV[QV\QMZIVM`XZM[IUMV\M
+]IVLW[MP]JQMZILMRILWY]M\ZIV[K]ZZQMZIMTXTIbWLMQUX]OVIKQ~V[QVQV\MZXWVMZ
el correspondiente recurso.
:M[XMK\WLMTW[ZMK]Z[W[KWZZM[XWVLMIX]V\IZY]MTI[MV\MVKQI[MZMX]\IZUMIVK]IVLW
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MNMK\WTIZM^Q[Q~VXZWKMLMKWV\ZITI[[MV\MVKQI[ZUM[IZ\LMUWLWY]MTIXMVLMVKQILMT
XTIbWXZM^Q[\WXIZIQV\MZXWVMZM[MZMK]Z[WVWWJ[\IITIZUMbILMTNITTWY]MMVKWV[MK]MVKQI
[MZnMRMK]\IJTM)TWY]M[MIOZMOIY]MMTXZWKM[WLMZM^Q[Q~VVW[][XMVLMMVXZQVKQXQWMT
\ZnUQ\MLMTIMRMK]KQ~VIZ\
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VMKM[IZQIUMV\MTIZUMbILMTNITTWaIY]M[MILUQ\MTIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVITLM[MV\MVKQI[
ZMK]ZZQLI[UQMV\ZI[[M[][\IVKQIVTW[ZMK]Z[W[KWVIZZMOTWITWLQ[X]M[\WMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[!
a[[K]M[\Q~VITIY]MPIZMUW[ZMNMZMVKQIUn[ILMTIV\M+WUW^QUW[TI[[MV\MVKQI[XIZI
[MZMRMK]\IJTM[LMJMVKWV\MVMZ]VIKWVLMVIY]MLIVLWM`KT]QLI[LMTZuOQUMVLMMRMK]KQ~V
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LMY]M[MIVQV[KZQ\I[WIVW\ILI[MV:MOQ[\ZW[8JTQKW[K]IVLWXWZ[]KWV\MVQLWTWZMY]QMZIV
IZ\
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ZUMK]IVLWTIIXMTIKQ~VVWZMMZMI\WLW[TW[X]V\W[LMTIKWVLMVI#IUWLWLMMRMUXTW
[QTI[MV\MVKQILQ[XWVMTIKWVLMVIITXIOWLMLQ[\QV\W[Z]JZW[QVLMUVQbI\WZQW[T]KZWKM[IV\M
LI}W UWZIT a TI XIZ\M LMUIVLILI IXMTI M`KT][QÎUMV\M TI KWVLMVI IT ZM[IZKQUQMV\W LMT
LI}W UWZIT XWLZyI MRMK]\IZ[M TI [MV\MVKQI MV IY]MTTI XWZKQ~V Y]M PI Y]MLILW ZUM M[
LMKQZa[QO]QMVLWMTMRMUXTWMVTWZMTI\Q^WITIKWVLMVIIQVLMUVQbIZMTT]KZWKM[IV\MX]M[
MV M[M X]V\W VW XWLZn [MZ UWLQKILI MV [MO]VLI QV[\IVKQI )]VY]M VW M`Q[\M KWV[MV[W
R]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQIT[WJZMMT\MUI[MPIILUQ\QLWMVITOVKI[WTIMRMK]KQ~VMVM[W[\uZUQVW[
Como lo ha sealado URIARTEMVZMTIKQ~VITLMZMKPW]Z]O]IaW[M\ZI\ILMIY]MTTW[
KI[W[ MV TW[ Y]M [M ZMK]ZZM aI [MI XWZ MT IK\WZ aI XWZ MT LMUIVLILW [WTW ITO]VW[ LM TW[
=ZQIZ\M/WVbITW>yILMIXZMUQW)TO]VW[\y\]TW[aXZMXIZIKQ~VLMTIUQ[UIMV-[\]LQW[[WJZMMTXZWKM[WLM
MRMK]KQ~V-VPWUMVIRMI-VZQY]M-<IZQOW.]VLIKQ~VLM+]T\]ZI=VQ^MZ[Q\IZQI5WV\M^QLMWX[a
ss.
644

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):4);[MQVKTQVIJIXWZ[W[\MVMZY]MXWLyIMRMK]\IZ[MTIXIZ\MVWIXMTILILMTI[MV\MVKQI
[M}ITIVLW"TITMaVWM`QOMY]M\WLITI[MV\MVKQIPIaIXI[ILWMVI]\WZQLILLMKW[IR]bOILI
aXIZMKMY]MVWM`Q[\MVQVOVWJ[\nK]TWXIZIY]MTIMRMK]KQ~V[MI[WTIUMV\MXIZKQITK]IVLW
[WTW]VIXIZ\MLMTI[MV\MVKQIPIaIILY]QZQLWIY]MTTIKITQLIL
8TIV\MILW MT X]V\W IV\M MT <ZQJ]VIT LM )XMTIKQWVM[ MV TW +Q^QT LM \]ZVW TW[ ,ZM[ >IV
:WUXIMa a :WKP~V [QO]QMVLW TI WXQVQ~V LM )ZTI[ IKMX\IZWV TI MRMK]KQ~V XZWV]VKQnVLW[M
LQ[KWZLMTI,ZI8ZM[I[M}ITIVLWY]MI[]KZQ\MZQWMTNITTWM[]VI]VQLILLMZM[WT]KQ~VaY]M
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7\ZIK]M[\Q~VLMQV\MZu[Y]M[MPIXTIV\MILWMVTILWK\ZQVIaR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI]Z]O]IaIZMMZM
I TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM MRMK]\IZ XIZKQITUMV\M TI [MV\MVKQI K]IVLW TI KWVLMVI M[ XIZKQITUMV\M
TyY]QLI +WUW ^MZMUW[ IT KWUMV\IZ TI MRMK]KQ~V LQVMZIZQI [M ZMY]QMZM Y]M TI KWVLMVI [MI
TyY]QLIa[QVWTWN]MZILMJMZnTQY]QLIZ[MXZM^QIUMV\MLMIK]MZLWITWXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\!#
XMZW[QTIKWVLMVIN]MZIXIZKQITUMV\MTyY]QLIXWLZyIMRMK]\IZ[MMVM[IXIZ\M[QV\MVMZY]M
IO]IZLIZTITQY]QLIKQ~VLMTIXIZ\MQTyY]QLI)[yTWPI[W[\MVQLWKITQKILILWK\ZQVIMVMTUIZKW
normativo uruguayo.
4I VWZUI KWUMV\ILI IZ\ QVK ZMMZM I TI[ [MV\MVKQI[ R]LQKQITM[ ZUM[ TW Y]M
XMZUQ\M KWV[QLMZIZ KWUXZMVLQLI[ MV M[M nUJQ\W I TI[ [MV\MVKQI[ LQK\ILI[ MV K]ITY]QMZ
XZWKM[WLMKTIZI\Q^WITQO]ITY]MMV]VXZWKM[WM[XMKQIT[QMUXZMY]M[MMVK]MV\ZMVZUM[
)]VY]MLM[LM]VIXMZ[XMK\QÎ\uKVQKITIQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VLMTIVWZUIX]MLMXTIV\MIZL]LI[
MV ZMTIKQ~V KWV ITO]VI[ ZM[WT]KQWVM[ R]LQKQITM[ I V LM M[\IJTMKMZ [Q KWV[\Q\]aMV \y\]TW[ LM
MRMK]KQ~VKWUXZMVLQLW[MVMTQVKQ[WLMTKQ\ILWIZ\#VW[ZMNMZQUW[KWVKZM\IUMV\MITI[
ZM[WT]KQWVM[LQK\ILI[MVMTXZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^WaMVTW[XZWKM[W[UWVQ\WZQW[,M\WLW[UWLW[VW
KIJMVL]LI[IKMZKILMTIXW[QJQTQLILLMMRMK]\IZTI[MV\MVKQILQK\ILIMVMTXZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^W
aI[MIXWZNIT\ILMWXW[QKQ~VLMTLMUIVLILWIZ\WTIY]MLM[M[\QUMTIWXW[QKQ~VIZ\
#aZM[XMK\WLMTXZWKM[WUWVQ\WZQWTIMRMK]KQ~VLMTUIVLI\WLMXIOWWLMK]UXTQUQMV\W
LMTIWJTQOIKQ~VM[\nXZM^Q[\IM`XZM[IUMV\MMVTW[IZ\[!a!-V\WLWKI[WIV[Q[M
MV\MVLQMZI Y]M M[I[ ZM[WT]KQWVM[ VW QVOZM[IV MV TI XZM^Q[Q~V LMT QVKQ[W LMT IZ\yK]TW
M[\IZyIVKWUXZMVLQLI[MVTIZMNMZMVKQIVITLMTIZ\MVK]IV\WLQ[XWVMY]M[WV\y\]TW[
LMMRMK]KQ~VK]ITM[Y]QMZIW\ZI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[R]LQKQITM[Y]MKWVNWZUMIM[\M+~LQOW]W\ZI[
TMaM[TTM^MVIXIZMRILITIMRMK]KQ~V
+WZZM[XWVLMUMVKQWVIZILMUn[TIXW[QJQTQLILLMMRMK]\IZTI[XZW^QLMVKQI[KI]\MTIZM[KWV
IZZMOTW I TW XZM^Q[\W MV MT IZ\ # [WT]KQ~V Y]M XZWK]ZI I[MO]ZIZ TI MKIKQI LM TI \]\MTI
KI]\MTIZMV\uZUQVW[[QUQTIZM[ITW[XZM^Q[\W[MVTI4-+M[XI}WTI
<IUJQuV[WV\y\]TW[LMMRMK]KQ~VTW[TI]LW[IZJQ\ZITM[ZUM[KWVNWZUMTWLQ[XWVMMTQVKQ[W
LMTIZ\yK]TW-TTI]LWIZJQ\ZIT\QMVMTIUQ[UIMKIKQIY]MTI[MV\MVKQIaI[yZM[]T\ILMTW
LQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TWLMTI4MaLM5MLQIKQ~V+WVKQTQIKQ~Va)ZJQ\ZIRMKWVNWZUMITK]IT
MTTI]LWIZJQ\ZITZUM\QMVMTIUQ[UIN]MZbIaÎTQLMbLM]VI[MV\MVKQIR]LQKQITMRMK]\WZQILI
aXI[ILIMVI]\WZQLILLMKW[IR]bOILI
645

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PWUWTWOILW[XWZMTR]MbW\ZQJ]VIT+WVIZZMOTWITWXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TWLMT+8+5
TI[XIZ\M[XWLZnVZMITQbIZ]VI\ZIV[IKKQ~VR]LQKQITTTMOIVLWI]VIK]MZLWWKWV^MVQW[WJZM
TIXZM\MV[Q~VXZWKM[ITaLQKPWIK]MZLWWKWV^MVQW[MZnPWUWTWOILWXWZMT\ZQJ]VITY]MM[\u
KWVWKQMVLWLMTTQ\QOQWITY]M[MXZM\MVLIXWVMZVa\MVLZnMNMK\WLMKW[IR]bOILI
-TQVKQ[WQVKT]aMKWUW\y\]TW[LMMRMK]KQ~VTI[U]T\I[XZWKM[ITM[;M\ZI\ILMZM[WT]KQWVM[
R]LQKQITM[ Y]M QUXWVMV U]T\I[ I TI[ XIZ\M[ W I \MZKMZW[ KWV MT V LM [IVKQWVIZ TI NIT\I LM
KWTIJWZIKQ~VXZWKM[ITMVLQ^MZ[I[PQX~\M[Q[KWV\MUXTILI[MVTITMaOMVMZITUMV\MMVZMTIKQ~V
KWV TI IK\Q^QLIL XZWJI\WZQI )[y KIJM UMVKQWVIZ I ^yI LM MRMUXTW TI[ U]T\I[ XZM^Q[\I[ MV
TW[ IZ\yK]TW[ WJTQOIKQ~V LM KWTIJWZIZ MUXTIbIUQMV\W XWZ MLQK\W[ VMOI\QÎ
LMT ZMY]MZQLW I IXWZ\IZ LWK]UMV\W[ LMJMZ LM M`PQJQKQ~V LM LWK]UMV\W[
QVKWUXIZMKMVKQIQVR][\QKILILMT\M[\QOW QVKWUXIZMKMVKQIQVR][\QKILILMTXMZQ\WM\K
+WVNWZUM I TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT QVKQ[W LMT IZ\ \IUJQuV [WV \y\]TW[ LM MRMK]KQ~V TI[
XTIVQTTI[LMKW[\I[R]LQKQITM[^Q[ILI[XWZMTR]MbZM[XMK\Q^WKWV\ZITIXIZ\MY]MTI[PIKI][ILW
a\IUJQuVKWV\ZITIKWV\ZIZQI[Q[MXZM[MV\IZMVMV]VQ~VLMTI[MV\MVKQIMRMK]\WZQILIY]MTI
condena al pago.
4W[ \y\]TW[ LM MRMK]KQ~V M`\ZIVRMZW[ M[\nV XZM^Q[\W[ MV MT IZ\yK]TW a KWUXZMVLMV TI[
[MV\MVKQI[aW\ZI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[R]LQKQITM[M`\ZIVRMZI[Y]MXWVOIVVI]VXZWKM[WaTW[TI]LW[
IZJQ\ZITM[M`\ZIVRMZW[ZMKWVWKQLW[MV-T;ITÎLWZ
;MM[\IZnMVXZQUMZ\uZUQVWITWY]MLQ[XWVOIVTW[\ZI\ILW[QV\MZVIKQWVITM[U]T\QTI\MZITM[
TI[VWZUI[LMKWWXMZIKQ~VR]ZyLQKIQV\MZVIKQWVITWTW[\ZI\ILW[KMTMJZILW[KWVMTXIy[LMTY]M
XZW^MVOIVTW[\y\]TW[LMMRMK]KQ~V
4IMRMK]KQ~VLM[MV\MVKQI[aTI]LW[IZJQ\ZITM[M`\ZIVRMZW[ZMY]QMZMMTXZM^QWZMKWVWKQUQMV\W
LMT\y\]TWY]M[MZMITQbIZnKWVIZZMOTWITWLQ[X]M[\WMVTW[\ZI\ILW[WVWZUI[QV\MZVIKQWVITM[
IXTQKIJTM[aMV[]LMNMK\W[MOVTWLQ[X]M[\WMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[a LMT+8+5
Se trata del denominado exequaturM`XZM[Q~VZMNMZQLIITXZWKMLQUQMV\WLMZMKWVWKQUQMV\WLM
[MV\MVKQI[M`\ZIVRMZI[XZM^QWI[]MRMK]KQ~V4IKWUXM\MVKQIXIZIMTZMKWVWKQUQMV\WLMTI[
[MV\MVKQI[aTI]LW[IZJQ\ZITM[M`\ZIVRMZW[KWZZM[XWVLMM`KT][QÎUMV\MITI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM
2][KQ\QIIZ\aMTXZWKMLQUQMV\W[MZnMTXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW LMT+8+5"
-T ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W LMJMZn [MZ XMLQLW XWZ TI XIZ\M I TI Y]M TM QV\MZM[M UMLQIV\M [WTQKQ\]L
M[KZQ\IXZM[MV\ILIIV\MTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM2][\QKQI,MM[\I[WTQKQ\]L[MLIZnI]LQMVKQIITI
XIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIMUXTIbnVLWTIIV\MTI+WZ\MXIZIY]MX]MLINWZU]TIZITMOIKQWVM[[WJZMTW[
ZMY]Q[Q\W[M[\IJTMKQLW[XIZIY]MXZWKMLIMTZMKWVWKQUQMV\WLM\y\]TW[M`\ZIVRMZW[INIT\ILM
\ZI\ILW[QV\MZVIKQWVITM[aXZWXWVMZXZ]MJI[MVMTXTIbWLMLQMbLyI[+]IVLWVW[MP]JQMZIV
NWZU]TILW ITMOIKQWVM[ W VW [M XZIK\QKIZI XZ]MJI TI +WZ\M LQK\IZn [MV\MVKQI PIKQMVLW
ZMKWVWKQUQMV\WLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VM`\ZIVRMZIaW\WZOnVLWTMXTMVW[MNMK\W[WLMVMOIVLWLQKPW
ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W MV MT XTIbW LM LQMb LyI[ KWV LM^WT]KQ~V LM TI MRMK]\WZQI I Y]QMV P]JQMZI
promovido el procedimiento.
646

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[MV\MVKQIMVTW[\uZUQVW[LMTQVKQ[WIV\MZQWZ+WV\ZITI[[MV\MVKQI[LMTI+WZ\MVWXZWKMLMZn
recurso alguno.
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LMTWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\Y]M[MZnLMIXTQKIKQ~VINIT\ILM\ZI\ILWWVWZUIQV\MZVIKQWVIT
)M[W[MNMK\W[[MM[\IJTMKMVTW[[QO]QMV\M[ZMY]Q[Q\W["
9]M TI [MV\MVKQI KWV I]\WZQLIL LM KW[I R]bOILI MV MT -[\ILW MV Y]M [M PI
XZWV]VKQILW MUIVM LMT \ZQJ]VIT KWUXM\MV\M [MOV TI[ VWZUI[ [ITÎLWZM}I[ LM
R]ZQ[LQKKQ~VQV\MZVIKQWVIT
9]MTIXIZ\MLMUIVLILIKWV\ZITIY]M[MXZM\MVLMZMITQbIZTIMRMK]KQ~VP]JQM[M
[QLW TMOITUMV\M MUXTIbILI I]VY]M N]MZI LMKTIZILI ZMJMTLM [QMUXZM Y]M [M
TM P]JQMZI OIZIV\QbILW TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM MRMZKMZ [] LMNMV[I a Y]M [M TM P]JQM[M
VW\QKILWTMOITUMV\MTIZM[WT]KQ~V
9]MTI[MV\MVKQIZMVITW[MTMUMV\W[VMKM[IZQW[XIZI[MZKWV[QLMZILIKWUW\ITMV
MTT]OIZLWVLM[MLQK\~I[yKWUWTI[KWVLQKQWVM[LMI]\MV\QKQLILM`QOQLI[XWZTITMa
nacional.
9]M TI [MV\MVKQI VW INMK\M TW[ XZQVKQXQW[ KWV[\Q\]KQWVITM[ W LM WZLMV XJTQKW LMT
LMZMKPW[ITÎLWZM}WaY]MMTK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTIWJTQOIKQ~VY]MKWV\MVOI[MITyKQ\W
en El Salvador.
9]MVWM`Q[\IMV-T;ITÎLWZ]VXZWKM[WMV\ZnUQ\MVQ]VI[MV\MVKQIMRMK]\WZQILI
XWZ]V\ZQJ]VIT[ITÎLWZM}WY]MXZWL]bKIKW[IR]bOILI
5.5 COMPETENCIA
-TKIXy\]TWZMNMZQLWITIKWUXM\MVKQIXIZITIMRMK]KQ~V[MWZOIVQbIMVN]VKQ~VLMTIN]MV\M
VIKQWVITWM`\ZIVRMZILMT\y\]TW
+WVNWZUM TW LQ[XWVM MT IZ\yK]TW ZMNMZQLW I TW[ \y\]TW[ LM MRMK]KQ~V VIKQWVITM[ TI
KWUXM\MVKQI XIZI KWVWKMZ LM TI MRMK]KQ~V NWZbW[I LM TI [MV\MVKQI KWZZM[XWVLM IT R]Mb Y]M
TIP]JQM[MLQK\ILWMVXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIQVLMXMVLQMV\MUMV\MLMK]IT[MIMT\ZQJ]VITY]MTI
LMKTIZ~ZUM#TIKWUXM\MVKQIXIZIKWVWKMZLMTIMRMK]KQ~VLMTW[IK]MZLW[a\ZIV[IKKQWVM[
R]LQKQITM[ LMJQLIUMV\M IXZWJILW[ a PWUWTWOILW[ TM KWZZM[XWVLMZn IT R]Mb IV\M MT Y]M [M
P]JQMZMXZWL]KQLWMTIK]MZLWW\ZIV[IKKQ~VaK]IVLWTW[IK]MZLW[W\ZIV[IKKQWVM[[MLMVMV
[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQIWMVKI[IKQ~V[MZnVMRMK]\ILW[XWZMTR]MbY]MKWVWKQ~MVXZQUMZI#XIZI
TIMRMK]KQ~VLMTW[TI]LW[IZJQ\ZITM[[MZnKWUXM\MV\MMTR]MbLMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIY]MLMJQ~
KWVWKMZ LM TI KWV\ZW^MZ[QI [QVW P]JQMZI PIJQLW IZJQ\ZIRM# TI MRMK]KQ~V LM W\ZI[ ZM[WT]KQWVM[
R]LQKQITM[ Y]M TMOITUMV\M \MVOIV TI KI\MOWZyI LM \y\]TW[ LM MRMK]KQ~V [MZn KWUXM\MVKQI LMT
R]Mb Y]M TI[ P]JQMZI LQK\ILW# XIZI TI MRMK]KQ~V LMT IK]MZLW KMTMJZILW MV KWVKQTQIKQ~V [MZn
647

KWUXM\MV\M MT R]Mb LM XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI LM TI KQZK]V[KZQXKQ~V MV Y]M [M KMTMJZ~ [MOV TW
LQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW
8IZI TI MRMK]KQ~V LM TW[ \y\]TW[ M`\ZIVRMZW[ ZMKWVWKQLW[ \MVLZn KWUXM\MVKQI MT R]bOILW LM
XZQUMZIQV[\IVKQILMTLWUQKQTQWLMTMRMK]\ILWW[Qu[\MVWZM[QLQMZMMVTI:MXJTQKITW[LM
XZQUMZIQV[\IVKQILMTT]OIZMVY]M[MMVK]MV\ZMTIKW[IY]MLMJIMV\ZMOIZ[MWMTY]MLM[QOVM
MT MRMK]\IV\M XWZ MVKWV\ZIZ[M MV M[M T]OIZ TW[ JQMVM[ Y]M P]JQMZIV LM [MZ MUJIZOILW[ IZ\
+WUW ^QUW[ MT ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W LMT \y\]TW M`\ZIVRMZW KWUW \y\]TW LM MRMK]KQ~V M[ LM
KWUXM\MVKQIM`KT][QÎLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM2][\QKQI
5.6 LAS PARTES EN LA EJECUCIN

-VXZQVKQXQW[WVXIZ\M[MVTIMRMK]KQ~VMTMRMK]\IV\MaMTMRMK]\ILWI]VY]MXWLZnVQV\MZ^MVQZ
\IUJQuV\MZKMZW[ XIZITI LMNMV[I LM[][ LMZMKPW[ M QV\MZM[M[K]IVLW[][ JQMVM[ WLMZMKPW[
ZM[]T\MVINMK\ILW[XWZTIMRMK]KQ~V
4IKWVLQKQ~VLMXIZ\MMRMK]\IV\MZM[]T\ILMTI[WTQKQ\]LLMMRMK]KQ~VaLMJMZnM[\IZN]VLILI
MV MT \y\]TW LMT Y]M LMJMZn ZM[]T\IZ TI TMOQ\QUIKQ~V ZM[XMK\QÎ KITQLIL LM IKZMMLWZ LM TI
XZM[\IKQ~VK]aIMRMK]KQ~V[MZMKTIUI,MTUQ[UWUWLWTIKITQLILLMXIZ\MMRMK]\ILIZM[]T\I
LMTIKWVLQKQ~VLM[]RM\WKWV\ZIMTK]IT[MLQZQOMTI[WTQKQ\]LLMMRMK]KQ~VaLMJMZnZM[]T\IZ
LMT\y\]TWMVMTY]MPIJZnLMO]ZIZKWUWWJTQOILWITK]UXTQUQMV\W
4I MRMK]KQ~V XWLZn XMLQZ[M XWZ MT []KM[WZ LMT IKZMMLWZ [MOV MT \y\]TW W KWV\ZI MT []KM[WZ
LM Y]QMV MV LQKPW \y\]TW IXIZMbKI KWUW LM]LWZ IZ\ -V M[M KI[W TI []KM[Q~V LMJMZn
IKZMLQ\IZ[MMVNWZUILWK]UMV\ITaNMPIKQMV\MIV\MMTR]MbY]MPIJZnLMLM[XIKPIZTIMVTI
NWZUI[WTQKQ\ILI[QM[\QUI[]KQMV\M[TW[LWK]UMV\W[XZM[MV\ILW[-VW\ZWKI[WKWV^WKIZnI
\WLW[TW[QUXTQKILW[I]VIKWUXIZMKMVKQIMVTIY]MT]MOWLMWyZTW[LMKQLQZnTWY]MXZWKMLI
XIZITW[M`KT][Q^W[MNMK\W[LMTIMRMK]KQ~VaXWZMVLM[QVMKIKQIXZMR]LQKQIT
<ZI\nVLW[M LM WJTQOIKQWVM[ [WTQLIZQI[ MT IZ\yK]TW LQ[XWVM Y]M TI MRMK]KQ~V XWLZn
LQZQOQZ[MKWV\ZIK]ITY]QMZILMTW[LM]LWZM[[WTQLIZQW[[QMUXZMY]MO]ZMM`XZM[IUMV\MKWUW
KWVLMVILW MV MT \y\]TW Y]M [M XZM\MVLM MRMK]\IZ XWZ PIJMZ [QLW XIZ\M MV MT XZWKM[W MV Y]M
[M LQK\~ TI [MV\MVKQI# TW K]IT ZM[]T\I ZML]VLIV\M X]M[\W Y]M MV M[M KI[W [M \ZI\I LMT []RM\W
KWVLMVILWa[]KWVLQKQ~VLMXIZ\MMVTIMRMK]KQ~VaIZM[]T\ILMTIZ\yK]TW
+WV\WLWTI[WT]KQ~VWNZMKMUIaWZM[OIZIV\yI[Y]MTIXZM^Q[\IMVMT+~LQOW5WLMTWaMVMT
+/8]Z]O]IaWY]MXMZUQ\MVLQZQOQZTIMRMK]KQ~VKWV\ZIMTWJTQOILW[WTQLIZQWIVK]IVLW
VWPIaI[QLWXIZ\MMVMTXZWKM[WLMKWVWKQUQMV\WWLMKTIZI\Q^WTWY]MX]MLMOMVMZIZ]VI
clara indefensin.
<IUJQuV XWLZnV QV\MZ^MVQZ MV TI MRMK]KQ~V XIZI TI LMNMV[I LM [][ LMZMKPW[ M QV\MZM[M[
IY]MTTW[ \MZKMZW[ K]aW[ JQMVM[ W LMZMKPW[ P]JQMZIV ZM[]T\ILW INMK\IJTM[ XWZ TI MRMK]KQ~V
IV K]IVLW VW [MIV XIZ\M MRMK]\IV\M VQ MRMK]\ILI -V M[M KI[W TI QV\MZ^MVKQ~V ITKIVbIZn
ITMRMZKQKQWLM\WLW[TW[LMZMKPW[aXW[QJQTQLILM[Y]MKWVKMLIMTWZLMVIUQMV\WR]ZyLQKWXIZI
TIUMVKQWVILILMNMV[IY]MLIVLW[]RM\W[TW[Y]MTIMRMZbIVITI[WJTQOIKQWVM[aKIZOI[Y]M
648

IY]uTLM\MZUQVM#TIVWZUIIT]LMKWVKZM\IUMV\MITI\MZKMZyILMLWUQVQWaITI\MZKMZyILM
XZMNMZMVKQILMXIOWZMO]TILI[MVMTnUJQ\WLMTIMRMK]KQ~VLQVMZIZQI
5.7 SOLICITUD DE EJECUCIN, DESPACHO DE EJECUCIN Y NOTIFICACIN

AL EJECUTADO. TRMITE DE LA EJECUCIN FORZOSA
-T\ZnUQ\MLMTIMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[I[MMVK]MV\ZIXZM^Q[\WMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[a[[[QVXMZR]QKQW
LM TI[ XIZ\QK]TIZQLILM[ Y]M I[]UM MV N]VKQ~V LM TI[ LQ[\QV\I[ UWLITQLILM[ LM MRMK]KQ~V
MRMK]KQ~VLQVMZIZQIMRMK]KQ~VLMWJTQOIKQWVM[LMPIKMZVWPIKMZaLIZ
+WVIZZMOTWITWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\TIMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[I[~TWXWLZnQVQKQIZ[MIQV[\IVKQI
LM XIZ\M MRMK]\IV\M Y]M TI [WTQKQ\IZn XWZ UMLQW LM ]V M[KZQ\W MV MT Y]M LMJMZn KWV[\IZ TI
QLMV\QKIKQ~V[]KQMV\MLMTIXMZ[WVIKWV\ZITIY]M[MXZM\MVLILQKPIMRMK]KQ~VMT\y\]TWMV
Y]M[MN]VLMTWY]M[MJ][KIWJ\MVMZa TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[ MRMK]\QÎ[Y]M[M[WTQKQ\IV#aMVMT
KI[WLMMRMK]KQ~VMVLQVMZW[MLMJMZnQVLQKIZTIKIV\QLILY]M[MXZM\MVLMTIK]ITXWLZn[MZ
QVKZMUMV\ILIPI[\IMV]VI\MZKMZIXIZ\MXIZIK]JZQZMTXIOWLMTW[QV\MZM[M[Y]M[MLM^MVO]MV
aTI[KW[\I[Y]M[MWKI[QWVMVL]ZIV\MTIMRMK]KQ~V[QVXMZR]QKQWLMTITQY]QLIKQ~VXW[\MZQWZ
4IVWZUIKWV[IOZIMTXZQVKQXQWLQ[XW[Q\Q^WMVMTnUJQ\WLMTIMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[ILMUWLWY]M
VWXWLZnQVQKQIZ[MLMWKQWXWZMTR]MbMVVQVOVKI[W
+WUW TW QVLQKI MT IZ\yK]TW MV TI [WTQKQ\]L [M XWLZn PIKMZ UMVKQ~V LM TW[ JQMVM[ LMT
MRMK]\ILWY]MXWLZyIV[MZINMK\IJTM[XWZTIMRMK]KQ~V[QN]MZIVKWVWKQLW[XWZMTMRMK]\IV\M#[Q
u[\MVWKWVWKQMZIJQMVM[WTW[Y]MKWVWKQMZIVWN]M[MV[]KQMV\M[\MVLZnVLMZMKPWI[WTQKQ\IZ
LMT \ZQJ]VIT TI[ UMLQLI[ LM TWKITQbIKQ~V LM JQMVM[ XZM^Q[\I[ MV M[\M K~LQOW Y]M [WV TI[
ZMO]TILI[MVMT\y\]TWZMNMZQLWITIMRMK]KQ~VLQVMZIZQIMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[a[[4IZMNMZMVKQII
TW[JQMVM[Y]MXWLZnUMVKQWVIZMTMRMK]\IV\M[M^QVK]TIKWVTI[WTQKQ\]LLMMUJIZOWY]MX]MLM
NWZU]TIZMVTIMRMK]KQ~VaY]M[MMVK]MV\ZIZMO]TILWKWVLM\ITTMMVTIMRMK]KQ~VLQVMZIZQI
+WUWTWQVLQKIMTIZ\yK]TWITI[WTQKQ\]LLMMRMK]KQ~VPIJZnLMIKWUXI}IZ[MMT\y\]TW
[IT^WY]M[M\ZI\MLMZM[WT]KQ~VLQK\ILIXWZMTXZWXQWR]MbIY]QMV[MLQZQRIWLM]VIK]MZLWW
\ZIV[IKKQ~VIXZWJILW]PWUWTWOILIXWZuTMVK]aWKI[WJI[\IZn[M}ITIZMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WLMT
Y]MLMZQ^M-VITO]VW[KI[W[[MZnVMKM[IZQWIKWUXI}IZW\ZW[LWK]UMV\W[ITI[WTQKQ\]LLM
MRMK]KQ~V#I^yILMMRMUXTW[QTIMRMK]KQ~V[MLQZQOMKWV\ZITW[[]KM[WZM[LMTLM]LWZLMJMZnMT
[WTQKQ\IV\MIKWUXI}IZTILWK]UMV\IKQ~VY]MIKZMLQ\MM[IKWVLQKQ~VMVTW[\uZUQVW[XZM^Q[\W[
MVMTIZ\yK]TW
-TIZ\yK]TWXMZUQ\MTIIK]U]TIKQ~VLMMRMK]KQWVM[ZMUQ\QMVLWMVM[M[MV\QLWITWLQ[X]M[\W
MVMTIZ\yK]TW!IK]aWKWUMV\IZQWZMUQ\QUW[
+WVIZZMOTWITWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TWXZM[MV\ILITI[WTQKQ\]LMTR]MbLQK\IZnI]\WLM
LM[XIKPWLMMRMK]KQ~V[QKWVK]ZZMVTW[XZM[]X]M[\W[XZWKM[ITM[M[\IJTMKQLW[MVMT+~LQOW[QMT
\y\]TWVWXZM[MV\IVQVO]VIQZZMO]TIZQLILa[QTI[IK\]IKQWVM[Y]M[M[WTQKQ\IV[WVKWVOZ]MV\M[
KWVMT\y\]TWM[\MI]\WVWILUQ\QZnZMK]Z[W4IQUX]OVIKQ~VLMTLM[XIKPWLMMRMK]KQ~VXWLZn
PIKMZ[MUMLQIV\MTIWXW[QKQ~VNWZU]TILIXWZMTMRMK]\ILW[MOV^MZMUW[
649

-T KWV\MVQLW LMT LM[XIKPW LM MRMK]KQ~V M[\n ZMO]TILW MV MT IZ\yK]TW " MT LM[XIKPW LM
MRMK]KQ~V LM\MZUQVIZn KWV XZMKQ[Q~V TI XMZ[WVI KWV\ZI TI Y]M [M LQZQOM TI KIV\QLIL XWZ TI
Y]M[M[QO]MTI[IK\]IKQWVM[Y]M[MWZLMVIVQVKT]QLWMTMUJIZOWLMJQMVM[aTI[UMLQLI[LM
localizacin de elementos patrimoniales del deudor.
-[M LMKZM\W LM[XIKPW LM MRMK]KQ~V [MZn VW\QKILW IT LM]LWZ KWV IZZMOTW I TW LQ[X]M[\W
MV MT IZ\yK]TW " MT LM[XIKPW LM TI MRMK]KQ~V R]V\W KWV ]VI KWXQI LM TI [WTQKQ\]L a LM
[][ LWK]UMV\W[ [M VW\QKIZn IT MRMK]\ILW [QV KQ\IKQ~V VQ MUXTIbIUQMV\W XIZI Y]M X]MLI
KWUXIZMKMZMVK]ITY]QMZUWUMV\Wa[MMV\QMVLIVKWVuTTI[[]KM[QÎ[IK\]IKQWVM[-TLM]LWZ
LQ[XWVMLM]VXTIbWLMKQVKWLyI[[QO]QMV\M[ITLMTIVW\QKIKQ~VLMTLM[XIKPWLMMRMK]KQ~V
para formular oposicin.
4IVW\QKIKQ~VLMTLM[XIKPWLMMRMK]KQ~VITLM]LWZ\QMVMTW[MNMK\W[XZM^Q[\W[MVMTIZ\ "
[]XWVMTIWZLMVR]LQKQITY]MTMQUXQLMLQ[XWVMZLM[][JQMVM[aLMZMKPW[TQUQ\IZTW[WOZIÎZTW[
[QV I]\WZQbIKQ~V R]LQKQIT TW Y]M LMJMZn I[MO]ZIZ[M UMLQIV\M TI IVW\IKQ~V MV TW[ ZMOQ[\ZW[
XJTQKW[KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M[[QIMTTWP]JQMZMT]OIZ4IVWZUIIKTIZIY]M]VI^MbK]UXTQLITI
WJTQOIKQ~VLMUIVQNM[\IKQ~VLMJQMVM[[]KQMV\M[IZ\[MITbIZnTIXZWPQJQKQ~VOMVMZITLM
LQ[XWVMZ#aMVKI[WLMVWM`Q[\QZJQMVM[[]KQMV\M[[MZnVV]TW[\WLW[TW[IK\W[LMLQ[XW[QKQ~V
W ZMV]VKQI MNMK\]ILW[ XWZ MT MRMK]\ILW LM[LM MT UWUMV\W MV Y]M [M [WTQKQ\M MT QVQKQW LM TI
MRMK]KQ~V
>MVKQLW MT XTIbW XZM^Q[\W XIZI TI WXW[QKQ~V TI MRMK]KQ~V KWV\QV]IZn KWV IZZMOTW I TW
LQ[X]M[\WMVTW[ZM[XMK\Q^W[KIXy\]TW[[MOV[M\ZI\MLMMRMK]KQ~VLQVMZIZQIWLMMRMK]KQ~VLM
WJTQOIKQWVM[LMPIKMZVWPIKMZWLIZKW[ILM\MZUQVILI,MNWZU]TIZWXW[QKQ~VMTLM]LWZ[M
[MO]QZnMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WXZM^Q[\WMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[ a[[[QV[][XMV[Q~VLMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[
8]MLM WK]ZZQZ XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW Y]M XZM[MV\ILI TI [WTQKQ\]L LM MRMK]KQ~V MT R]Mb TI ZMKPIKM
QVTQUQVMXWZVWIR][\IZ[MITW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[LMNWVLWXZM^Q[\W[MVMTIZ\yK]TW-VM[MKI[W
LM IK]MZLW I TW XZM^Q[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW LMJMZn PIKMZTW UMLQIV\M I]\W M`XZM[IUMV\M
UW\QÎLWY]M[MZn[][KMX\QJTMLMZMK]Z[WLMIXMTIKQ~V;QTI[WTQKQ\]LKWV\]^QMZILMNMK\W[a
u[\W[N]MZIV[]J[IVIJTM[MTR]MbLMJMZnW\WZOIZXTIbWY]MVWM`KMLMZnLMKQVKWLyI[XIZIY]M
MTMRMK]\IV\MTW[[]J[IVM#a]VI^Mb[]J[IVILW[[MLQK\IZnI]\WLMLM[XIKPWLMTIMRMK]KQ~V,M
TWKWV\ZIZQW[QVWP]JQMZIXZWKMLQLWITI[]J[IVIKQ~VMTR]MbKWVZUIZnMTI]\WLMZMKPIbW
a la solicitud.
5.8 OPOSICIN A LA EJECUCIN

-T KIXy\]TW [M`\W ZMO]TI TI WXW[QKQ~V I TI MRMK]KQ~V MV \uZUQVW[ Y]M ZM^MTIV ]V ZIbWVIJTM
MY]QTQJZQWMV\ZMTI[M`QOMVKQI[LMKMTMZQLILXZWXQI[LMTIMRMK]KQ~VaTI[OIZIV\yI[LMLMNMV[I
Y]MLMJMVIKWZLIZ[MITMRMK]\ILW
-TMRMK]\ILWLQ[XWVMLM]VXTIbWLMKQVKWLyI[[QO]QMV\M[ITLMTIVW\QKIKQ~VLMTLM[XIKPWLM
MRMK]KQ~VXIZIKWUXIZMKMZNWZU]TIVLWWXW[QKQ~VITIMRMK]KQ~VXWZTW[UW\Q^W[QVLQKILW[MV
MTIZ\yK]TW!"NIT\ILMKIZnK\MZWKITQLILLMTMRMK]\IV\MWLMTMRMK]\ILWWLMZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V
LMTW[UQ[UW[#NIT\ILMZMY]Q[Q\W[TMOITM[MVMT\y\]TW#XIOWWK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTIWJTQOIKQ~V
650

R][\QKILW LWK]UMV\ITUMV\M# XWZ PIJMZ XZM[KZQ\W TI XZM\MV[Q~V LM MRMK]KQ~V# W XWZ TI
\ZIV[IKKQ~VWIK]MZLWLMTI[XIZ\M[Y]MKWV[\MVMVQV[\Z]UMV\WXJTQKW
<IUJQuVXWLZnITMOIZMVTIUQ[UIWXWZ\]VQLILTIM`Q[\MVKQILMLMNMK\W[XZWKM[ITM[[MOV
ZM[]T\ILMTWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW
4W[ UW\Q^W[ LM WXW[QKQ~V [M MVK]MV\ZIV ZMO]TILW[ MV \uZUQVW[ Un[ ZIbWVIJTM[ Y]M TW[
XZM^Q[\W[MVMT+~LQOW5WLMTWY]MTQUQ\ITI[LMNMV[I[ITI[LMXIOWMQVPIJQTQLILLMT\y\]TW
XWZNIT\ILMTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[M[MVKQITM[XIZI[]ÎTQLMbOMVMZIVLWMV[Q[\MUI[Y]MPIVZMKWOQLW
M[MUWLMTW+/8]Z]O]IaWKWV\QV]W[LMJI\M[MV\WZVWITKZQ\MZQWIUXTQWWZM[\ZQK\Q^WKWVY]M
LMJMQV\MZXZM\IZ[MM[ITQUQ\IKQ~VY]MLMIK]MZLWITIWXQVQ~VUn[LQN]VLQLIWJ[\IITXTIV\MW
de defensas como la prescripcin as como la alegacin de defectos procesales.
-VMT[Q[\MUILMT+8+5TI[LMNMV[I[WUW\Q^W[LMWXW[QKQ~VM[\nVTQUQ\ILW[XMZWXMZUQ\MV
]VILMK]ILWMRMZKQKQWLMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[I\MVQMVLWXZM[MV\MY]MMTLMJI\MMVM[\IM\IXI
debe limitarse a cuestiones referidas al ttulo o al procedimiento.
;MM[\IJTMKMVILMUn[TyUQ\M[ITIXZ]MJIY]MX]MLMIXWZ\IZMTMRMK]\ILWXIZIIKZMLQ\IZTW[
PMKPW[ MV Y]M [M N]VLIV ITO]VW[ UW\Q^W[ LM WXW[QKQ~V KWUW MT XIOW W K]UXTQUQMV\W LM
TI WJTQOIKQ~V Y]M LMJMZnV R][\QKIZ[M LWK]UMV\ITUMV\M W TI \ZIV[IKKQ~V W IK]MZLW Y]M
LMJMZnVKWV[\IZMVQV[\Z]UMV\WXJTQKWIZ\!
-T IZ\yK]TW KWV[IOZI MT MNMK\W VW [][XMV[Q^W LM TI WXW[QKQ~V ZM[XMK\W LMT \ZnUQ\M LM
TI MRMK]KQ~V NWZbW[I LQ[XWVQMVLW Y]M TI WXW[QKQ~V [M [][\IVKQIZn [QV [][XMV[Q~V LM TI[
IK\]IKQWVM[ MV ]VI I]LQMVKQI I TI Y]M [MZnV KQ\ILI[ \WLI[ TI[ XIZ\M[ XMZ[WVILI[ XIZI Y]M
IK]LIVKWVTW[UMLQW[LMXZ]MJILMY]MQV\MV\MÎTMZ[MaY]MLMJMZnKMTMJZIZ[MLMV\ZWLM
TW[KQVKWLyI[[QO]QMV\M[ITLMTIVW\QKIKQ~V4IZMOTILMVW[][XMV[Q~VLMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[
ZM[]T\IKWV^MVQMV\MXIZIXZM^MVQZTIWXW[QKQ~VKWVVM[UMZIUMV\MLQTI\WZQW[[Q\]IKQ~VY]M
[M WJ[MZÎ KWV NZMK]MVKQI MV [Q[\MUI[ Y]M KWUW MT ^QOMV\M MV =Z]O]Ia VW KWV\QMVMV ]VI
regla similar.
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KQ\IKQ~VTWY]MXMZUQ\MI[MO]ZIZ]V\ZnUQ\MaLMKQ[Q~VnOQT4I[XIZ\M[LMJMZnVIK]LQZKWV
TW[UMLQW[LMXZ]MJILMY]MQV\MV\MVÎTMZ[MI]VY]MMVV]M[\ZIWXQVQ~VTW[LWK]UMV\W[
Y]MR][\QY]MVTW[UW\Q^W[LMWXW[QKQ~VKWUWMTXIOWWK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTIWJTQOIKQ~VWTI
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4I QVKWUXIZMKMVKQI QVR][\QKILI LMT MRMK]\IV\M I TI I]LQMVKQI LM\MZUQVIZn Y]M [M LMKQLI
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Y]MPILM[Q[\QLWLMTIWXW[QKQ~VLQ[XWVQuVLW[MTI[UMLQLI[XMZ\QVMV\M[XIZIKWV\QV]IZKWVTI
MRMK]KQ~VKWVLMVnVLWTMITI[KW[\I[XZWKM[ITM[KI][ILI[aIQVLMUVQbIZXWZLI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[
ITLMUIVLIV\M[Qu[\MTW[WTQKQ\IZIaTW[IKZMLQ\IZIIZ\
4II]LQMVKQIKWUMVbIZnKWVTIM`XW[QKQ~VLMTLMUIVLIV\M[WJZMTW[LMNMK\W[XZWKM[ITM[Y]M
[M P]JQMZIV ITMOILW KWUW UW\Q^W LM WXW[QKQ~V LMJQuVLW[M XZIK\QKIZ TI XZ]MJI Y]M MV MT
651

UWUMV\W[MILUQ\ILQK\nVLW[MXW[\MZQWZUMV\MTIKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MZM[WT]KQ~V;QTW[LMNMK\W[
N]MZIV[]J[IVIJTM[[MKWVKMLMZnITMRMK]\IV\M]VXTIbWLMKQVKWLyI[XIZITI[]J[IVIKQ~V#[Q
VWN]MZIV[]J[IVIJTM[W[MWUQ\QMZI[]J[IVIZTW[MVMTXTIbWKWVKMLQLW[MLQK\IZnI]\WLMRIVLW
[QVMNMK\WTIMRMK]KQ~VITbIVLWTI[UMLQLI[ILWX\ILI[KWV\ZIMTXI\ZQUWVQWLMTMRMK]\ILWa
KWVLMVIVLWMVKW[\I[ITMRMK]\IV\MI[yKWUWITIQVLMUVQbIKQ~VXWZLI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[
Si los motivos de oposicin procesal fueran desestimados o fueran subsanados los defectos en
MTXTIbWKWVKMLQLW[MXI[IZnITMÌUMVLMTIWXW[QKQ~VXWZUW\Q^W[LMNWVLW[IT^WY]MVW
[M P]JQMZI IZ\QK]TILW \IT WXW[QKQ~V MV K]aW KI[W [M LQK\IZn I]\W WZLMVIVLW KWV\QV]IZ KWV
TIMRMK]KQ~V#I]VY]MKWUW^QUW[TIWXW[QKQ~VVW[][XMVLMTIMRMK]KQ~VLMUWLWY]Mu[\I
LMJMZyI KWV\QV]IZ MV \WLW KI[W I]V L]ZIV\M TI [][\IVKQIKQ~V LM TI WXW[QKQ~V XWZ UW\Q^W[
procesales o de fondo.
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ITMOIKQWVM[Y]MM[\QUMVWXWZ\]VI[aXZIK\QKIZTIXZ]MJIY]MILUQ\IMTR]MbMVMTUWUMV\W
+WUW^QUW[TIITMOIKQ~VLMTW[UW\Q^W[LMWXW[QKQ~VLMJMMNMK\]IZ[MXWZM[KZQ\WMVMTXTIbW
LMKQVKWLyI[XW[\MZQWZM[ITLMTIVW\QKIKQ~VLMTLM[XIKPWLMTIMRMK]KQ~VLMUWLWY]MMVTI
I]LQMVKQIKWZZM[XWVLMZnWyZMVXZQUMZ\uZUQVWITMRMK]\IV\MTI[XIZ\M[\WUIZnVTIXITIJZI
XWZ[]WZLMVLQ[XWVMMTIZ\ [WJZMTW[UW\Q^W[LMWXW[QKQ~VITMOILW[XWZMTMRMK]\ILW
Y]QMV[MZnWyLWXW[\MZQWZUMV\M]VI^MbKWVKT]QLITIM`XW[QKQ~VLMTMRMK]\IV\M
4W[UMLQW[LMXZ]MJIXWLZnV[MZXZWX]M[\W[MVTII]LQMVKQII]VY]MKWV[QLMZIUW[Y]MTW[
LWK]UMV\W[Y]MR][\QY]MVTIWXW[QKQ~VLMTMRMK]\ILWLMJMZnV[MZIXWZ\ILW[KWVMTM[KZQ\W
de oposicin.
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LM[M[\QUITIWXW[QKQ~VLMNWVLWMTR]MbUIVLIZnXWZI]\WY]MKWV\QVMILMTIV\MTIMRMK]KQ~V
KWVLMVIVLWITMRMK]\ILWMVTI[KW[\I[LMTIWXW[QKQ~V-TIZ\yK]TW VWKWV\QMVMVQVO]VI
ZMNMZMVKQIITINWZUIaZMY]Q[Q\W[LMTI[MV\MVKQIXWZTWY]MVWZM[]T\IKTIZW[QTI[MV\MVKQI[M
LQK\IZnMVI]LQMVKQIMVNWZUIWZIT#MV\WLWKI[WLMJMZnM[\IZ[MITWXZM^Q[\WMVTIZMO]TIKQ~V
OMVMZITLMTI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[R]LQKQITM[\MVQMVLWM[XMKQITUMV\MMVK]MV\ITI[ZMOTI[LMTIZ\yK]TW
I[yKWUWTW[IZ\yK]TW[a
4I LMKQ[Q~V [WJZM TI WXW[QKQ~V ILUQ\M ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V KWV IZZMOTW I TW LQ[X]M[\W
MV MT IZ\yK]TW " KWV\ZI MT I]\W Y]M LM[M[\QUM TW[ UW\Q^W[ LM WXW[QKQ~V ITMOILW[ XWLZn
QV\MZXWVMZ[MZMK]Z[WLMIXMTIKQ~VY]MVW[][XMVLMZnMTK]Z[WLMTIMRMK]KQ~V#KWV\ZIMTI]\W
Y]M M[\QUM TW[ UW\Q^W[ LM WXW[QKQ~V ITMOILW[ [M XWLZn QV\MZXWVMZ ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V# a
L]ZIV\MTI[][\IVKQIKQ~VMT[WTQKQ\IV\M\MVLZnLMZMKPWIXMLQZY]M[MUIV\MVOIVTI[UMLQLI[
MRMK]\QÎ[ILWX\ILI[MVZMTIKQ~VKWVMTXI\ZQUWVQWLMTMRMK]\ILWTWY]M[MZnIKWZLILW[QMT
MRMK]\IV\MXZM[\IKI]KQ~V[]KQMV\M
-T IZ\yK]TW ZMO]TI M[XMKQITUMV\M TI WXW[QKQ~V N]VLILI MV TI NIT\I LM KWUXM\MVKQI
\MZZQ\WZQITY]MLMJMZnXTIV\MIZ[MLMV\ZWLMTW[KQVKWLyI[[QO]QMV\M[ITLMTIVW\QKIKQ~VLMT
LM[XIKPW LM TI MRMK]KQ~V a [M [][\IVKQIZn KWVNWZUM I TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT TQJZW XZQUMZW LMT
Cdigo.
652

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KWV\ZILQOIVMT\y\]TWWQVNZQVRIVTITMa-VM[MKI[WMTMRMK]\ILWXWLZnQV\MZXWVMZMTZMK]Z[W
LMZM^WKI\WZQIWMTLMIXMTIKQ~VK]IVLWTWM[\IJTMbKIM`XZM[IUMV\MMT+~LQOW
5.9 SUSPENSIN DE LA EJECUCIN

4IZMOTIMVTIUI\MZQIM[Y]MTIWXW[QKQ~VLMTMRMK]\ILWVW[][XMVLMMT\ZnUQ\MLMTIMRMK]KQ~V
NWZbW[I[MOVTWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW LMTV]M^W+~LQOW;QVMUJIZOWTIMRMK]KQ~V
XWLZn[][XMVLMZ[MM`KMXKQWVITUMV\MMVTW[KI[W[XZM^Q[\W[MVM[\MKIXy\]TW[WJZM[][XMV[Q~V
LMTIMRMK]KQ~VIZ\[ a[[
-T KIZnK\MZ M`KMXKQWVIT LM TI [][XMV[Q~V ZM[]T\I KTIZIUMV\M LMT \M`\W LMT IZ\yK]TW IT
LQ[XWVMZY]MTIMRMK]KQ~V[~TWXWLZn[][XMVLMZ[MMVTW[KI[W[ITTyXZM^Q[\W[
4IXZQUMZIPQX~\M[Q[LM[][XMV[Q~VZMO]TILIMVMTIZ\yK]TW ZMMZMITIK]MZLWLMXIZ\M["TI
MRMK]KQ~VXWLZn[][XMVLMZ[MK]IVLWTW[WTQKQ\MV\WLI[TI[XIZ\M[XMZ[WVILI[<IUJQuVXWLZn
[][XMVLMZ[MK]IVLWTWWZLMVMM`XZM[IUMV\MTITMa-V\WLWKI[W[MUIV\MVLZnVTI[UMLQLI[
VMKM[IZQI[XIZIOIZIV\QbIZTI[IK\]IKQWVM[MRMK]\QÎ[ILWX\ILI[#a[QVW[MP]JQMZIVK]UXTQLW
IV[MK]UXTQZnVTI[UMLQLI[MRMK]\QÎ[ILWX\ILI[
-V K]IV\W I TW[ ZMK]Z[W[ XZM^Q[\W[ KWV\ZI TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[ MRMK]\QÎ[ TI ZMOTI M[ Y]M VW
[][XMVLMV MT K]Z[W LM TI MRMK]KQ~V# I]VY]M M`KMXKQWVITUMV\M MT R]Mb XWLZn IKWZLIZ TI
[][XMV[Q~VIXMLQLWLMTMRMK]\ILWK]IVLWIKZMLQ\MY]MMTVW[][XMVLMZTITMIKIZZMIZnLI}W[
LMLQNyKQTZMXIZIKQ~Va[QMUXZMY]MXZM[\MKI]KQ~V[]KQMV\M
-TZMK]Z[WLMZM^Q[Q~VVW[][XMVLMKWUWZMOTITIMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[IKWVNWZUMITWLQ[X]M[\W
MVMTIZ\yK]TW aMVMTIZ\yK]TW6WWJ[\IV\MMT\ZQJ]VIT\QMVMNIK]T\ILXIZIIKWZLIZTI
[][XMV[Q~VK]IVLWI[yTW[WTQKQ\IZMMTMRMK]\ILW[QKWVK]ZZMKI][IR][\QKI\QÎ[]KQMV\MMVMT
KI[WKWVKZM\WaY]M[MXZM[\MKI]KQ~VJI[\IV\MXIZIZM[XWVLMZLMTW[LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[Y]M[M
X]MLIVKI][IZITMRMK]\IV\M;QTILMUIVLILMZM^Q[Q~VN]MZILM[M[\QUILIMVK]IV\W[M\MVOI
KWVWKQUQMV\WLMM[\MPMKPW[MITbIZnTI[][XMV[Q~Va[MWZLMVIZnY]MKWV\QVMTIMRMK]KQ~V
-T IZ\yK]TW KWV\QMVM ]VI ZMOTI M[XMKQIT MV KI[W LM ZM^Q[Q~V LM TI [MV\MVKQI LQK\ILI MV
ZMJMTLyI#MVM[MKI[WMTIZKPQ^WLMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[[~TWXZWKMLMZnK]IVLW[MP]JQM[MM[\QUILW
TIZM^Q[Q~VaP]JQMZI[MV\MVKQINI^WZIJTMMVMTXZWKM[WXW[\MZQWZY]M[M[QOIKWVI]LQMVKQILMT
demandado.
.QVITUMV\MMTIZ\yK]TW !ZMO]TITI[][XMV[Q~VMVKI[WLMXZMR]LQKQITQLILXMVITLQ[XWVQMVLW
Y]M[Q[MQVQKQIZI]VXZWKM[WXMVITXWZPMKPW[LMTQK\Q^W[ZMTIKQWVILW[KWVMT\y\]TWWKWVMT
LM[XIKPWLMMRMK]KQ~V[MXWLZnLMKZM\IZTI[][XMV[Q~VLMu[\IXZM^QII]LQMVKQILM\WLI[TI[
XIZ\M[aLMT.Q[KIT/MVMZITLMTI:MXJTQKII]VY]MMTMRMK]\IV\MXWLZnM^Q\IZTI[][XMV[Q~V
XZM[\IVLWKI]KQ~V[]KQMV\M
+IJM UMVKQWVIZ ]VI [Q\]IKQ~V Y]M X]MLM QVKQLQZ MV MT \ZnUQ\M LM TI MRMK]KQ~V NWZbW[I
LM\MZUQVIVLW]VI[WTQKQ\]LLM[][XMV[Q~V6W[ZMNMZQUW[ITXZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^WY]MKWVNWZUM
653

ITWXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\ILUQ\M]VXZWKM[WXW[\MZQWZXIZIKWV\ZW^MZ\QZTIWJTQOIKQ~VY]M
KI][~TIMRMK]KQ~V#LMUWLWY]MMVM[MKI[WMTLM]LWZXWLZyIXZWUW^MZ]VV]M^WXZWKM[W
M^MV\]ITUMV\M [QU]T\nVMW I TI MRMK]KQ~V NWZbW[I \ZIUQ\ILI XWZ MT IKZMMLWZ -V =Z]O]Ia
KWV ]V UIZKW VWZUI\Q^W [QUQTIZ MV TW ZMTI\Q^W I TI MKIKQI LM TI [MV\MVKQI MV MT XZWKM[W
MRMK]\Q^W[MPIXTIV\MILWTIXW[QJQTQLILLMY]MMTLM]LWZ[WTQKQ\MTI[][XMV[Q~VLMTIMRMK]KQ~V
LMUW[\ZIVLWY]MM[\nMV\ZnUQ\M]VXZWKM[WXW[\MZQWZITMRMK]\Q^WKWVMTWJRM\WLMZM^Q[IZTW
ZM[]MT\WMVLQKPWXZWKM[W-VOMVMZITTIR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQIPIVMOILWM[IXW[QJQTQLILI]VY]MMV
ITO]VIWKI[Q~VTIILUQ\Q~KWUWUMLQLILMVWQVVWÎZ\MVLQMV\MIM^Q\IZTW[XMZR]QKQW[Y]M
[]XWVLZyIKWV\QV]IZKWVTIMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[I[QMUXZMaK]IVLW[MIKZMLQ\M[]KQMV\MUMV\MTI
IXIZQMVKQILMJ]MVLMZMKPWLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VMRMZKQLIXWZMTMRMK]\ILW\MVLQMV\MIKWV\ZW^MZ\QZ
TIM`Q[\MVKQILMTIWJTQOIKQ~V
5.10 EJECUCIN CONTRA EL ESTADO

4IMRMK]KQ~VKWV\ZIMT-[\ILW[MZMO]TIMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[!a!ZMNMZQLW[ITXZWKMLQUQMV\W
aITITMOQ\QUIKQ~VZM[XMK\QÎUMV\M
-[NZMK]MV\MWJ[MZÎZMVLMZMKPWKWUXIZILW]V[Q[\MUII]\~VWUWLMMRMK]KQ~VLM[MV\MVKQI[
KWV\ZIMT-[\ILWJI[ILWMV]VIXZMUQ[IKWUVILQ^MZ[I[TMOQ[TIKQWVM["TIQVMUJIZOIJQTQLIL
WQVMRMK]\IJQTQLILLMTW[JQMVM[LMT-[\ILWTWY]MI[]^MbQUXQLMLQ[M}IZ]VXZWKMLQUQMV\W
LMMRMK]KQ~VJI[ILWMVMTMUJIZOWaZMUI\MLMTW[JQMVM[M[\I\ITM[
+WV \WLW M[ XZMKQ[W ZMM`QWVIZ IKMZKI LM TI[ KIZIK\MZy[\QKI[ LMT [Q[\MUI LM MRMK]KQ~V LM
[MV\MVKQI[KWV\ZIMT-[\ILWXIZIZMIZUIZTIVMKM[QLILLM[WT]KQWVM[KWIK\QÎ[Y]MI[MO]ZMV
MTIKZMMLWZMTLMZMKPWN]VLIUMV\ITITIMRMK]KQ~VLMTI[[MV\MVKQI[)UWLWLMMRMUXTWMV
=Z]O]Ia[MPIM[\IJTMKQLWTMOITUMV\MTIQVMUJIZOIJQTQLILIJ[WT]\ILMTW[JQMVM[LMT-[\ILW
[QV TyUQ\M[ VQ M`KMXKQWVM[ a MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W LM MRMK]KQ~V KWV\ZI MT -[\ILW [M TQUQ\I I TI
VW\QKIKQ~V R]LQKQIT MNMK\]ILI IT ~ZOIVW M[\I\IT KWVLMVILW XIZI Y]M XZWKMLI IT XIOW MV
MTXTIbWLMLyI[#XMZWVW[MM[\IJTMKMVW\ZI[UMLQLI[Y]MXMZUQ\IVI[MO]ZIZMTMNMK\Q^W
K]UXTQUQMV\W LM TI KWVLMVI MV MT XTIbW [M}ITILW \WLI ^Mb Y]M MT IKZMMLWZ VW LQ[XWVM LM
UMLQLI[KWIK\QÎ[Y]MX]MLIQUXWVMZMTR]MbIT~ZOIVWM[\I\ITXIZIWJ\MVMZ\ITK]UXTQUQMV\W
;M LQ[K]\M QVKT][W [Q M[ XW[QJTM QUXWVMZ IT -[\ILW U]T\I[ W I[\ZMQV\M[ MV MT XZWKM[W LM
MRMK]KQ~VKWUWUMLQLIKWMZKQ\QÎY]MX]MLMIXTQKIZ[MIK]ITY]QMZW\ZW[]RM\WKWVLMVILW#
M`Q[\QMVLW]VIQUXWZ\IV\MKWZZQMV\MR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQITY]MVQMOI\ITXW[QJQTQLIL
-VK]IV\WITXZWKMLQUQMV\WXZM^Q[\WMVMT+8+5XIZITIMRMK]KQ~VLM[MV\MVKQI[KWV\ZIMT
-[\ILWM[\nZMO]TILWKWUW^QUW[MVMTIZ\yK]TW!+]IVLW[MXQLITIMRMK]KQ~VLM]VI
[MV\MVKQIY]MKWVLMVMIT-[\ILWI]VU]VQKQXQWWI]VIQV[\Q\]KQ~VWKQITI]\~VWUIITXIOW
LMKIV\QLILM[TyY]QLI[MTR]MbZMUQ\QZnMTI]\WLMLM[XIKPWLMTIMRMK]KQ~VITN]VKQWVIZQWY]M
KWZZM[XWVLII[yKWUWIK]ITY]QMZW\ZWY]MQVLQY]MTITMaLMTIUI\MZQIIVLMY]MTQJZMV
y autoricen las rdenes de pago con cargo a las partidas correspondientes del presupuesto
OMVMZIT ^QOMV\M ;Q VW N]MZM XW[QJTM KIZOIZ TI WZLMV LM XIOW IT XZM[]X]M[\W ^QOMV\M MT
N]VKQWVIZQW Y]M KWZZM[XWVLI XZWXWVLZn Y]M MV MT XZM[]X]M[\W OMVMZIT LM OI[\W[ LMT I}W
siguiente se incluyan las asignaciones o partidas necesarias para el pago de lo ordenado en la
[MV\MVKQIMRMK]\WZQILI-TQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTWXZM[KZQ\WMVM[\MIZ\yK]TW[MZnZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL
654

XMZ[WVITLMTN]VKQWVIZQWQVNZIK\WZ)LMUn[TIINMK\ILIXWLZnLML]KQZIV\MTW[\ZQJ]VITM[M
instancias competentes la ilegalidad de la omisin.
+WUW X]MLM ^MZ[M MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W LM MRMK]KQ~V KWV\ZI MT -[\ILW VW KWV\MUXTI
M`XZM[IUMV\M TI ]\QTQbIKQ~V LM UMLQLI[ KWMZKQ\QÎ[ XIZI NWZbIZ TI ^WT]V\IL LMT WJTQOILW
Un[ITTnLMTIM^MV\]ITZM[XWV[IJQTQLILXMZ[WVITLMTN]VKQWVIZQWQVNZIK\WZXWZTIWUQ[Q~VMV
proceder segn lo dispuesto en el citado artculo.
-VK]IV\WITITMOQ\QUIKQ~VXIZIQV\MZ^MVQZMVMTXZWKM[WLMMRMK]KQ~VMTIZ\!LQ[XWVM
Y]M [Q TI [MV\MVKQI N]M XZWV]VKQILI KWV\ZI MT -[\ILW QV\MZ^MVLZn MT .Q[KIT /MVMZIT LM TI
:MXJTQKIXWZUMLQWLMITOVLMTMOILWY]MLnVLWTMM`XMLQ\WMV\WLWUWUMV\WMTLMZMKPW
de allanarse u oponerse segn se considere procedente. Cuando se trata de los municipios o
LMTI[QV[\Q\]KQWVM[WKQITM[I]\~VWUI[QV\MZ^MVLZnTIXMZ[WVIY]QMVKWVNWZUMITITMaMRMZbI
la representacin de los mismos.
655
5. 11 LA EJECUCIN PROVISIONAL
Santiago Garderes
;=5):17"11V\ZWL]KKQ~V"KIZIK\MZM[OMVMZITM[LMTIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT11
.]VLIUMV\W[LMTIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT111:MY]Q[Q\W[LMTIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT
1> <y\]TW[ XZW^Q[QWVITUMV\M MRMK]\IJTM[ > 8ZWKMLQUQMV\W LM TI MRMK]KQ~V
XZW^Q[QWVIT+WUXM\MVKQI;WTQKQ\]LLMMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT,M[XIKPWLM
TIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT7XW[QKQ~VITIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT;][\IVKQIKQ~V
y decisin sobre la oposicin. VI. Revocacin de la sentencia provisionalmente
MRMK]\ILI
5.11.1 Introduccin: caractersticas generales de la ejecucin

provisional.
-T\y\]TW[MO]VLWM[\nLM[\QVILWITIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVITLM[MV\MVKQI[Y]MKWUWTWQVLQKI
TIM`XZM[Q~VKIZMKMVLMTIVW\ILMZUMbIY]MKIZIK\MZQbITIMRMK]KQ~VLMVQ\QÎXWZM[\IZ
sometidas a recurso.
-T KIZnK\MZ XZW^Q[QWVIT LM TI MRMK]KQ~V LMZQÎ XZMKQ[IUMV\M LM TI KWVLQKQ~V I TI Y]M M[\n
[]RM\ITIMRMK]KQ~VX]M[MVKI[WLMZM^WKIKQ~VLMTI[MV\MVKQIXZW^Q[QWVITUMV\MMRMK]\ILI[M
LMJMZnXZWK]ZIZZM[\IJTMKMZTI[KW[I[ITM[\ILWIV\MZQWZITIMRMK]KQ~V
-TV]M^W+~LQOWILUQ\MTIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVITLM[MV\MVKQI[LMKWVLMVI[]RM\I[IZMK]Z[W
a I]VY]M VW TW IKTIZI M`XZM[IUMV\M [M ZMMZM \IV\W I TI[ [MV\MVKQI[ IXMTILI[ KWUW I TI[
[MV\MVKQI[[]RM\I[IZMK]Z[WLMKI[IKQ~V
+WUW^MZMUW[TIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVITXZWKMLMZM[XMK\WLM[MV\MVKQI[LMKWVLMVII]VY]M
\IUJQuVXWLZnMRMK]\IZ[MXZW^Q[QWVITUMV\MTW[XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[LMKWVLMVIKWV\MVQLW[MV
sentencias constitutivas o meramente declarativas.
;M\ZI\ILM]VILMTI[XZQVKQXITM[QVVWÎKQWVM[LMT+8+5Y]M\QMVMMVM[\MX]V\WKWUW
MVTIZMO]TIKQ~VOMVMZITLMTIMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[IITI4MaLM-VR]QKQIUQMV\W+Q^QTM[XI}WTI
KWUWXZQVKQXITIV\MKMLMV\M-TQV[\Q\]\WLMTIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT[MMVK]MV\ZI\IUJQuVMV
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8ZM[MV\IKQ~VLMT)V\MXZWaMK\WLM+~LQOW8ZWKM[IT+Q^QTa5MZKIV\QTKIXy\]TWQV\ZWL]K\WZQWLMT)V\MXZWaMK\W
LM +~LQOW 8ZWKM[IT +Q^QT a 5MZKIV\QT LM TI :MXJTQKI LM -T ;ITÎLWZ ;MKKQ~V LM 8]JTQKIKQWVM[ LM TI +WZ\M
;]XZMUILM2][\QKQI;IV;ITÎLWZX[``Qâ[[
660
5.11.3 Requisitos de la ejecucin provisional

-T XZQUMZW LM TW[ XZM[]X]M[\W[ LM TI MRMK]KQ~V XZW^Q[QWVIT M[ TI M`Q[\MVKQI LM ]V \y\]TW
XZW^Q[QWVITUMV\M MRMK]\IJTM LM IY]MTTW[ XZM^Q[\W[ MV MT IZ\yK]TW !" [MV\MVKQI LM KWVLMVI
recurrida.
-T[MO]VLWZMY]Q[Q\WM[TIQVQKQI\QÎLMXIZ\M4IMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT[~TWXZWKMLMI[WTQKQ\]L
LMTIXIZ\MY]MP]JQMZIWJ\MVQLW]VXZWV]VKQIUQMV\WNI^WZIJTM4I[WTQKQ\]LXWLZnMNMK\]IZ[M
MVK]ITY]QMZUWUMV\WLM[LMY]MKWV[\MTIXMVLMVKQILM]VZMK]Z[WaIV\M[LMY]M[MLQK\M
[MV\MVKQIMVuTIZ\!6ILIWJ[\IMVV]M[\ZIWXQVQ~VIY]MTIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT[MI
[WTQKQ\ILIXWZTIXZWXQIXIZ\MIXMTIV\MK]IVLWTI[MV\MVKQIP]JQMZIM[\QUILWXIZKQITUMV\M[]
LMUIVLI[WT]KQ~VY]MKWV]VUIZKWVWZUI\Q^W[QUQTIZMVK]IV\WITW[XZM[]X]M[\W[LMTI
MRMK]KQ~VXZQ^Q[QWVITPI[QLWILUQ\QLIXWZTILWK\ZQVIaR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI]Z]O]IaI
+WUW ZMOTI VW [M M`QOM TI XZM[\IKQ~V LM KI]KQ~V W OIZIV\yI KWVNWZUM TW LQ[XWVM MT IZ\
!6WWJ[\IV\MITI^Q[\ILMTIKIXIKQLILMKWV~UQKILMT[WTQKQ\IV\MLMMRMK]KQ~VMTR]Mb
LMKQLQZnI\MVLQLI[TI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[LMTKI[W[QLMJMXZM[\IZOIZIV\yIXZM^QIITQVQKQWLMTI
MRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVITMVY]uNWZUIXWLZnPIKMZTWaMVY]uK]IV\yI4IK]IV\yIY]M[MRM
[MZnXZWXWZKQWVITITIKIXIKQLILMKWV~UQKILMT[WTQKQ\IV\M
4I[WT]KQ~VXZWK]ZII[MO]ZIZTIQO]ITLILLMIKKM[WITIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVITM`KT]aMVLWTI
M`QOMVKQILMXZM[\IKQ~VLMOIZIV\yIMVTW[KI[W[MVY]MTIKIXIKQLILMKWV~UQKILMT[WTQKQ\IV\M
VW TM XMZUQ\I K]UXTQZ KWV M[M ZMY]Q[Q\W 5n[ ITTn LM TI N~ZU]TI TMOIT Y]M X]MLM OMVMZIZ
L]LI[QV\MZXZM\I\QÎ[ITUWUMV\WLMM[\IJTMKMZMVY]uKI[W[XWLZnMTR]MbM`QOQZTIXZM[\IKQ~V
LMKI]KQ~VLMJM\MVMZ[MXZM[MV\MTIZMOTIMV]VKQILIMVMTKQ\ILWIZ\yK]TWLMUWLWY]MTI
M`QOMVKQILMKI]KQ~VLMJM[MZM`KMXKQWVITaMVKI[WLML]LILMJMZnXZMNMZQZ[MTI[WT]KQ~V
contraria.
-VTI8ZM[MV\IKQ~VLMT)V\MXZWaMK\W[MIZUIY]M[MPI\MVQLWMVK]MV\IY]MPIaKI[W[
MV TW[ Y]M MT MRMK]\IV\M XZW^Q[QWVIT \QMVM ]VI [WT^MVKQI MKWV~UQKI QUXWZ\IV\M a XWZ MTTW
[MPIXW[QJQTQ\ILWY]MMTR]MbX]MLIRIZ]VIOIZIV\yIWKI]KQ~VI\MVLQMVLWITIKIXIKQLIL
MKWV~UQKILMT[WTQKQ\IV\MaXZWXWZKQWVILIIMTTI-[\IVWZUIXQMV[I[WJZM\WLWMVIY]MTTW[
MRMK]\IV\M[[WT^MV\M[Y]MX]MLMV[QVLQK]T\IL[WUM\MZ[MIITOVOuVMZWLMZM[\ZQKKQWVM[ITI
MRMK]KQ~VIKWZLMKWVTIZM^WKIJQTQLILLMT\y\]TWY]M[MXZM\MVLMMRMK]\IZY]MM[[QMUXZM]VI
M[XILILM,IUWKTM[Y]MXMVLM[WJZMTIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT
5.11.4 Ttulos provisionalmente ejecutables

4IMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVITXZWKMLMZM[XMK\WLMTW[\y\]TW[XZM^Q[\W[MVMTIZ\yK]TW!"[MV\MVKQI[
LM KWVLMVI LQK\ILI[ XWZ \ZQJ]VITM[ LM TI :MXJTQKI MV TW[ XZWKM[W[ KQ^QTM[ a UMZKIV\QTM[
[IT^WIY]MTTI[Y]MQUXWVOIVZMITQbIZ]VILMKTIZIKQ~VLM^WT]V\IL:M[XMK\WLMTIM`KT][Q~V
4IZMO]TIKQ~VLMTUWUMV\WXIZI[WTQKQ\IZTIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT[MNWZU]TIMV\uZUQVW[IUXTQW[TWY]MNI^WZMKM
TI ]\QTQbIKQ~V LM M[\M UMKIVQ[UW -V MT +/8 ]Z]O]IaW TI [WTQKQ\]L LM MRMK]KQ~V XZW^Q[QWVIT LMJM MNMK\]IZ[M
dentro del plazo para evacuar el traslado del recurso de apelacin.
661

LMTI[[MV\MVKQI[Y]MQUXWVOIV]VILMKTIZIKQ~VLM^WT]V\IL[MPI[M}ITILWY]MM[\IUW[
ante una opcin legislativa a favor de no sustituir provisionalmente una conducta de hacer
XMZ[WVITy[QUI a XWZ \IV\W QVN]VOQJTM IKTIZnVLW[M Y]M MT KI[W Un[ NZMK]MV\M M[ MT LM TI
KWVLMVI I W\WZOIZ ]VI M[KZQ\]ZI XJTQKI VWZUITUMV\M LM KWUXZI^MV\I El C.P.C.M.
ZMO]TI TI MRMK]KQ~V LM [MV\MVKQI[ Y]M QUXWVMV ZMITQbIZ ]VI LMKTIZIKQ~V LM ^WT]V\IL MV MT
IZ\yK]TW LMV\ZWLMTIMRMK]KQ~VLMWJTQOIKQWVM[LMPIKMZ
)LUQ\MVMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT\IV\WTI[[MV\MVKQI[Y]MKWVLMVIVITXIOWLM]VIKIV\QLIL
LMLQVMZWTyY]QLIKWUWIY]MTTI[Y]MM[\IJTMKMV]VIKWVLMVIIPIKMZVWPIKMZWLIZKW[I
determinada.
,MJM \ZI\IZ[M LM [MV\MVKQI[ ZMK]ZZQLI[ X]M[ LM TW KWV\ZIZQW ILY]QMZMV ZUMbI a X]MLMV
MRMK]\IZ[M MV NWZUI LMVQ\QÎ )]VY]M TI VWZUI VW TW IKTIZM [WV XI[QJTM[ LM MRMK]KQ~V
XZW^Q[QWVIT\IV\WTI[[MV\MVKQI[LMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI[]RM\I[IZMK]Z[WLMIXMTIKQ~VKWUWTI[
LM[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQIY]MPIV[QLWQUX]OVILI[UMLQIV\MMTZMK]Z[WLMKI[IKQ~V
;~TWILUQ\MVMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVITTI[[MV\MVKQI[LMKWVLMVIZMOTIY]M\IUJQuV[MIXTQKIITI
MRMK]KQ~VLMVQ\QÎ)]VY]MX]MLM[WTQKQ\IZ[MTIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVITLMTW[XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[
de condena contenidos en sentencias constitutivas o meramente declarativas.
4I[ [MV\MVKQI[ M`\ZIVRMZI[ Y]M VW P]JQMZIV ITKIVbILW NQZUMbI [M XWLZnV MRMK]\IZ
XZW^Q[QWVITUMV\MK]IVLWI[yTWLQ[XWVOIMT\ZI\ILWQV\MZVIKQWVITIXTQKIJTMITKI[WIZ\!
5.11.5 Procedimiento de la ejecucin provisional

4IMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT[QO]MTW[UQ[UW[\ZnUQ\M[LMTIMRMK]KQ~VLM[MV\MVKQI[ZUM[KWV
IZZMOTWITWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW!
5.11.5.1 Competencia
;MZn KWUXM\MV\M XIZI TI MRMK]KQ~V XZW^Q[QWVIT LM TI [MV\MVKQI MT \ZQJ]VIT IV\M MT Y]M [M
tramit la primera instancia en el proceso respectivo.
-TIZ\yK]TW!QVLQKIY]MTIMRMK]KQ~V[MTTMÎZnIMNMK\Wpor el juez que hubiere resuelto en primera
instancia, cualquiera que sea la instancia o grado en que se halle el proceso I]VY]M M[ KTIZW Y]M TI
VWZUIVWZMMZMM[XMKyKIUMV\MITR]MbY]MLQK\~TI[MV\MVKQIX]M[u[\MX]MLMPIJMZ[QLW
\ZI[TILILWW[][\Q\]QLW[QVWIT\ZQJ]VITIV\MMTK]IT[M\ZIUQ\~TIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI
5.115.2 Solicitud de ejecucin provisional

4I [WTQKQ\]L XWLZn NWZU]TIZ[M MV K]ITY]QMZ UWUMV\W LM[LM Y]M KWV[\M TI XMVLMVKQI LM ]V
ZMK]Z[WaIV\M[LMY]M[MLQK\M[MV\MVKQIMVuT
8QK~12]VWa2WIVWJKQ\X
662

-TIZ\yK]TW!M[\IJTMKMY]MTIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT[~TW[MQVQKQIZnXWZ[WTQKQ\]LLMTIXIZ\M
Y]MP]JQMZMWJ\MVQLW]VXZWV]VKQIUQMV\WNI^WZIJTM+WUWZMOTI[MZn[]KWV\ZIXIZ\MY]QMV
PIaI ZMK]ZZQLW TI [MV\MVKQI LM\MZUQVIVLW MT QV\MZu[ LMT IKZMMLWZ XWZ [WTQKQ\IZ TI MRMK]KQ~V
XZW^Q[QWVIT#XMZWX]MLMWK]ZZQZY]M\ZI\nVLW[MLM]VI[MV\MVKQIXIZKQITUMV\MNI^WZIJTMIT
LMUIVLIV\Mu[\MIXMTMXWZTIXIZ\MLM[M[\QUILILM[]LMUIVLIMVK]aWKI[WKWV[QLMZIUW[
Y]MM[\IZyIQO]ITUMV\MTMOQ\QUILWXIZIXZWUW^MZTIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVITLMTI[MV\MVKQIMV
lo relativo a la condena estimatoria de la demanda.
+WVNWZUMTWLQ[XWVMTIVWZUIKQ\ILIK]IVLW[M[WTQKQ\MTIMRMK]KQ~VaTW[I]\W[[MMVK]MV\ZMV
IV\M W\ZW \ZQJ]VIT [M ZMKIJIZn LM u[\M KMZ\QKIKQ~V LM TW VMKM[IZQW XIZI TTMÎZTI I MNMK\W
IKWUXI}IVLW MT XMLQLW I TI [WTQKQ\]L ;Q [M [WTQKQ\I IV\M[ LM Y]M TW[ I]\W[ XI[MV I W\ZW
\ZQJ]VITY]MLIZnMVMTR]bOILWKMZ\QKIKQ~VLMTWVMKM[IZQWXIZIXZWKMLMZITIMRMK]KQ~V
4I[WTQKQ\]LLMJMZnILMK]IZ[MIT\QXWLMMRMK]KQ~VLMY]M[M\ZI\MLMIK]MZLWITKWV\MVQLW
LMTIKWVLMVIaI[M\ZI\MLMKWVLMVILQVMZIZQIWLMKWVLMVIIPIKMZVWPIKMZWLIZKW[I
LM\MZUQVILI#[QO]QuVLW[MKWUWPMUW[IX]V\ILWMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WXZM^Q[\WXIZITIMRMK]KQ~V
LM[MV\MVKQI[ZUM[
6WM[VMKM[IZQWMVXZQVKQXQWY]MMT[WTQKQ\IV\MXZM[\MOIZIV\yI[]KQMV\MXIZIZM[XWVLMZXWZ
TW[XMZR]QKQW[Y]MTIMRMK]KQ~VX]LQMZIKI][IZITIKWV\ZIXIZ\M[QTI[MV\MVKQIXZW^Q[QWVITUMV\M
MRMK]\ILIN]MZIVITUMV\MZM^WKILI+WUW^QUW[TIZMOTIXZM^Q[\IMVMTIZ\yK]TW!M`KT]aM
M[MZMY]Q[Q\WI]VY]MMTR]MbI\MVLQLI[TI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[LMTKI[WXWLZnM`QOQZTIXZM[\IKQ~V
LMOIZIV\yIIT[WTQKQ\IV\MXZM^QWITLM[XIKPWLMTIMRMK]KQ~V
-T [Q[\MUI LM MRMK]KQ~V XZW^Q[QWVIT LMT +8+5 VW M`QOM TI QV^WKIKQ~V LM UW\Q^W[ Y]M
R][\QY]MV TI [WTQKQ\]L LM MRMK]KQ~V XZW^Q[QWVIT [QMVLW []KQMV\M N]VLIUMV\W TI [MV\MVKQI
LMKWVLMVIaTIXMVLMVKQILMTZMK]Z[WQV\MZX]M[\WXWZTIKWV\ZIXIZ\M+WUW[MM`XZM[IMV
TI 8ZM[MV\IKQ~V LMT )V\MXZWaMK\W LM +8+5 [M M[\IJTMKM TI MRMK]KQ~V XZW^Q[QWVIT LM
NWZUIKI[QI]\WUn\QKIX]M[MT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITLMJMLM[XIKPIZTI[IT^WY]MTI[MV\MVKQIVW[MI
KWVLMVI\WZQI,MUWLWY]MMVTI[WTQKQ\]LVW[MZnVMKM[IZQWQV^WKIZVQVOVN]VLIUMV\W
KI]\MTIZZMNMZQLWITXW\MVKQITZQM[OWLMQVMRMK]KQ~VLMTI[MV\MVKQIXWZTILMUWZILMTI[MO]VLI
instancia.
5.11.5.3 Despacho de la ejecucin provisional

8ZM[MV\ILI TI [WTQKQ\]L LM MRMK]KQ~V XZW^Q[QWVIT MT R]Mb LQK\IZn I]\W LM LM[XIKPW LM TI
MRMK]KQ~V[Qu[\IN]M[WTQKQ\ILIMV\QMUXWa[MXZM[\~TIOIZIV\yIRILIMV[]KI[WIZ\!
-TKWV\ZWTR]LQKQIT[MTQUQ\IITW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[XZM^Q[\W[MVTW[IZ\yK]TW[!a!,MUWLWMT
R]MbY]MLMJMZnKWV\ZWTIZMVXZQUMZ\uZUQVW[QTI[MV\MVKQIZMVMTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[LMTIZ\yK]TW
!XIZI[MZ]V\y\]TWXZW^Q[QWVITUMV\MMRMK]\IJTM"Y]M[M\ZI\MLM]VI[MV\MVKQILMKWVLMVI
o de un pronunciamiento de condena contenido en una sentencia constitutiva o meramente
LMKTIZI\QÎ#Y]MVW[M\ZI\MLM]VIKWVLMVIIZMITQbIZ]VILMKTIZIKQ~VLM^WT]V\IL#Y]MTI
[MV\MVKQIPIaI[QLWLQK\ILIXWZ]V\ZQJ]VITLMTI:MXJTQKIMV]VXZWKM[WKQ^QTWUMZKIV\QT
[IT^W Y]M \ZI\nVLW[M LM [MV\MVKQI M`\ZIVRMZI MT \ZI\ILW QV\MZVIKQWVIT IXTQKIJTM IT KI[W
663

I]\WZQKMTIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT#Y]MM[\uXMVLQMV\M]VZMK]Z[WQV\MZX]M[\WKWV\ZITI[MV\MVKQI
aY]MIVVWPIaI[QLWZM[]MT\W-V[MO]VLW\uZUQVWa[Q[MP]JQMZIM`QOQLWTIXZM[\IKQ~VLM
OIZIV\yII\MVLQLI[TI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[LMTKI[WMTR]MbLMJMZnKWV\ZWTIZTIMNMK\QÎXZM[\IKQ~V
LMM[IOIZIV\yIXZM^QWILQ[XWVMZMTLM[XIKPWLMMRMK]KQ~V
;Q [M K]UXTMV TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ UMVKQWVILW[ LQK\IZn LM[XIKPW LM MRMK]KQ~V XZW^Q[QWVIT K]aW
KWV\MVQLWLMXMVLMZnLMTIUWLITQLILLMMRMK]KQ~VLMY]M[M\ZI\M[MOVTIXZM[\IKQ~VXZM^Q[\I
MVTIKWVLMVIXIOIZ]VI[]UILMLQVMZWPIKMZWVWPIKMZITOWLIZKW[ILM\MZUQVILI
+WV\ZI MT LMKZM\W Y]M WZLMVM TI MRMK]KQ~V XZW^Q[QWVIT VW XZWKMLMZn ZMK]Z[W ITO]VW [QV
XMZR]QKQW LM TI WXW[QKQ~V Y]M XWLZn NWZU]TIZ MT MRMK]\ILW 4I ZM[WT]KQ~V LMVMOI\WZQI LM TI
MRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVITILUQ\QZnZMK]Z[WLMIXMTIKQ~V
5.11.5.4 Oposicin a la ejecucin provisional

-T MRMK]\ILW XWLZn NWZU]TIZ WXW[QKQ~V I TI MRMK]KQ~V XZW^Q[QWVIT W I KWVKZM\W[ IK\W[ LM
MRMK]KQ~V MV MT XTIbW LM KQVKW LyI[ KWV\ILW[ LM[LM MT [QO]QMV\M IT LM TI VW\QKIKQ~V LMT
LM[XIKPWLMTIMRMK]KQ~VWLMTIKWVKZM\IIK\Q^QLILMRMK]\QÎ
4I WXW[QKQ~V XWLZn N]VLIZ[M MV MT QVK]UXTQUQMV\W LM TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ TMOITM[ LM TI MRMK]KQ~V
XZW^Q[QWVIT -T MRMK]\ILW \IUJQuV XWLZn ITMOIZ KWUW UW\Q^W LM WXW[QKQ~V TI M`\ZMUI
LQK]T\ILWTIQUXW[QJQTQLILLMLM^WT^MZTI[KW[I[ITM[\ILWMVY]M[MMVKWV\ZIJIVIV\M[LM
TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[ MRMK]\QÎ[ W XMLQZ Y]M [M TM I[MO]ZM TI QVLMUVQbIKQ~V [Q TI [MV\MVKQI N]MZI
ZM^WKILI)]VY]MMTIZ\yK]TW!VWTWQVLQY]MM`XZM[IUMV\M\IUJQuVXWLZnVQV^WKIZ[MTW[
UW\Q^W[LMWXW[QKQ~VXZM^Q[\W[MVMTIZ\yK]TW!XIZITIMRMK]KQ~VLM[MV\MVKQI[ZUM[KWUW
el pago o cumplimiento de la sentencia.
+WV IZZMOTW I TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\ ! [Q TI KWVLMVI N]MZI LQVMZIZQI TI WXW[QKQ~V VW
XWLZnLQZQOQZ[MKWV\ZITI\W\ITQLILLMTIMRMK]KQ~V[QVWY]MLMJMM[\IZZMNMZQLIIIK\]IKQWVM[
MRMK]\QÎ[KWVKZM\I[LMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WK]IVLWMTMRMK]\ILWKWV[QLMZMY]MLQKPI[IK\]IKQWVM[
pueden causar una situacin imposible de revertir o de compensar econmicamente mediante
MTZM[IZKQUQMV\WLMLI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[-VM[\MKI[WMTMRMK]\ILWLMJMZn[M}ITIZMVMTM[KZQ\W
LMWXW[QKQ~VUMLQLI[IT\MZVI\QÎ[Y]MZM[]T\MVXW[QJTM[aVWXZW^MMV[Q\]IKQWVM[[QUQTIZM[I
TI[Y]MKI][IZyII[]R]QKQWTIIK\]IKQ~VWUMLQLIITIY]M[MWXWVM
8WZW\ZIXIZ\MMTMRMK]\ILWXWLZn[WTQKQ\IZTIQV\MZZ]XKQ~VLMTIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVITLMTI
KWVLMVILQVMZIZQIKWV[QOVIVLWMTXZQVKQXITUn[TW[QV\MZM[M[aKW[\I[LM^MVOILW[WY]M[M
X]LQMZIVLM^MVOIZPI[\ITIZUMbILMTI[MV\MVKQIMVK]aWKI[WMTR]MbLMJMZnLM\MVMZTI
MRMK]KQ~VLMIK]MZLWITWXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW
5.11.5.5 Sustanciacin y decisin sobre la oposicin

,MTM[KZQ\WLMWXW[QKQ~V[MLIZnI]LQMVKQIITMRMK]\IV\Ma[MKQ\IZnI\WLI[TI[XIZ\M[I]VI
I]LQMVKQIY]M[MKMTMJZIZnLMV\ZWLMTW[KQVKWLyI[[QO]QMV\M[ITLMTIVW\QKIKQ~VaITIY]M
LMJMVIK]LQZKWVTW[UMLQW[LMXZ]MJILMY]MQV\MV\MVÎTMZ[M
664

-VTII]LQMVKQITI[XIZ\M[ITMOIZnVTWY]MKWV[QLMZMVXMZ\QVMV\MaXZIK\QKIZnVTIXZ]MJIY]M
MVMTIK\WIXWZ\MVaY]MMTR]MbILUQ\ILMJQuVLW[MLQK\IZIKWV\QV]IKQ~VTIZM[WT]KQ~VY]M
resulte procedente.
4W[ MNMK\W[ LM TI LMKQ[Q~V [WJZM TI WXW[QKQ~V M[\nV XZM^Q[\W[ MV MT IZ\ !!" [Q [M LM[M[\QUI
TIWXW[QKQ~VKWV\QV]IZnILMTIV\MTIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT#[Q[MM[\QUITIWXW[QKQ~VXWZM[\IZ
QVLMJQLIUMV\MKWVKMLQLITIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVITu[\I[MLMKTIZIZnQUXZWXWVQJTMKWVWZLMV
LM IZKPQÎZ TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[ MRMK]\QÎ[ TMÎV\nVLW[M \WLI[ TI[UMLQLI[ ILWX\ILI[ KWV\ZI MT
XI\ZQUWVQW LMT MRMK]\ILW# [Q [M M[\QUI TI WXW[QKQ~V XWZ ZIbWVM[ LM NWVLW [M [][XMVLMZn TI
MRMK]KQ~VUIV\MVQuVLW[MTI[UMLQLI[\WUILI[[WJZMMTXI\ZQUWVQWLMTMRMK]\ILW#[QM[\QUI
TIWXW[QKQ~VZMNMZQLII]VIKWVKZM\IIK\]IKQ~VMRMK]\QÎ[MXZWKMLMZnKWVNWZUMITIUMLQLI
IT\MZVI\QÎ Y]M IKMX\M MT R]Mb a [Q VW [M IKMX\I TI UMLQLI IT\MZVI\QÎ MT MRMK]\ILW LMJMZn
KWV[\Q\]QZ OIZIV\yI a TI MRMK]KQ~V XZW^Q[QWVIT [MO]QZn ILMTIV\M [QV ZMITQbIZ TI IK\]IKQ~V
KWVKZM\IXIZITIY]MP]JWWXW[QKQ~V
4I WXW[QKQ~V XWZ ZIbWVM[ LM NWVLW I TI Y]M IT]LM MT IZ\yK]TW !! M[\n ZMNMZQLI I TI KI][IT
XZM^Q[\I MV MT IZ\yK]TW ! QVKQ[W Y]M XMZUQ\M QV^WKIZ KWUW UW\Q^W LM WXW[QKQ~V TI
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IV\M[LMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[MRMK]\QÎ[WXMLQZY]M[MTMI[MO]ZMTIQVLMUVQbIKQ~V[QTI[MV\MVKQI
N]MZI ZM^WKILI# TW Y]M M`XTQKI Y]M [Q [M M[\QUI TI WXW[QKQ~V [M [][XMVLI TI MRMK]KQ~V
UIV\MVQuVLW[MTI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[ILWX\ILI[
5.11.6 Revocacin de la sentencia provisionalmente ejecutada

-T KIZnK\MZ XZW^Q[QWVIT LM TI MRMK]KQ~V LM\MZUQVI Y]M [Q TI [MV\MVKQI MRMK]\ILI N]MZI
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) MTTW ZMMZMV TW[ IZ\yK]TW[ a [QO]QMV\M[ LMT +8+5 -T IZ\ XZMû TI PQX~\M[Q[ LM
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665

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IT][Q~VITIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVITLMWJTQOIKQWVM[LMPIKMZXZM^QMVLWI[QUQ[UWTIZM[\Q\]KQ~V
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666
5.12 LA EJECUCIN DINERARIA

Santiago Garderes
SUMARIO: I. mbito de aplicacin. II. Procedimiento. III. Cumplimiento
LMT MRMK]\ILW 1> ,M\MZUQVIKQ~V LMT XI\ZQUWVQW LMT MRMK]\ILW > -UJIZOW
VI. Terceras. 1. Tercera de dominio. 2. Tercera de preferencia de pago. VII.
Realizacin y subasta de los bienes embargados.
5.12.1 mbito de aplicacin.

+WV IZZMOTW I TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\ LMT +8+5 TI[ LQ[XW[QKQWVM[ LM TI MRMK]KQ~V
LQVMZIZQI [MZnV IXTQKIJTM[ I \WLW[ TW[ ZMKTIUW[ LMZQÎLW[ LM TI M`Q[\MVKQI LM ]V \y\]TW LM
MRMK]KQ~VK]IVLWTIWJTQOIKQ~VKWV\MVQLIMVMTUQ[UW[MITyY]QLIKWV[QLMZnVLW[MTyY]QLI
\WLIKIV\QLILLMLQVMZWLM\MZUQVILIM`XZM[ILIMVMT\y\]TWKWVTM\ZI[KQNZI[WO]IZQ[UW[
KWUXZMV[QJTM[XZMÎTMKQMVLWTIY]MKWV[\MKWVTM\ZI[[QP]JQMZILQ[KWVNWZUQLIL
4IVWZUIIKTIZIY]MITMNMK\WLMWZLMVIZTIMRMK]KQ~VTIKIV\QLILY]MMTMRMK]\IV\M[WTQKQ\M
XWZ TW[ QV\MZM[M[ Y]M [M X]LQMZIV LM^MVOIZ L]ZIV\M TI MRMK]KQ~V a XWZ TI[ KW[\I[ Y]M u[\I
WZQOQVMVW\MVLZnY]M[MZTyY]QLI
;M\ZI\ILMTIUWLITQLILLMMRMK]KQ~VY]MTILWK\ZQVIKTn[QKIPILMVWUQVILWM`XZWXQI\QÎXWZ
MT[Q[\MUIXZM^Q[\WXIZITI[I\Q[NIKKQ~VLMTQV\MZu[LMTIKZMMLWZY]M[MKWVKZM\IMVTIINMK\IKQ~V
LMJQMVM[LMTLM]LWZUMLQIV\MMUJIZOWXIZI[]XW[\MZQWZZMUI\MaMV\ZMOILMTXZWL]KQLWIT
IKZMMLWZPI[\ITIKWUXTM\I[I\Q[NIKKQ~VLM[]KZuLQ\WQV\MZM[M[aKW[\I[
<IUJQuV XWLZn \ZIUQ\IZ[M TI MRMK]KQ~V LQVMZIZQI K]IVLW XWZ TW[ UW\Q^W[ XZM^Q[\W[ MV TW[
ZM[XMK\Q^W[KIXy\]TW[VW[MIXW[QJTMTIMRMK]KQ~VQVVI\]ZILMTI[WJTQOIKQWVM[LMPIKMZVW
PIKMZWLIZKW[ILM\MZUQVILIMVK]aWKI[WXWLZnVMRMK]\IZ[MXWZ[]MY]QÎTMV\MLQVMZIZQW
-T V]M^W +~LQOW QV[XQZILW MV MT [Q[\MUI LM MRMK]KQ~V LM TI 4Ma LM -VR]QKQIUQMV\W +Q^QT
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[QVLM[UMLZWLMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[ILMTMRMK]\ILW
+WUW^MZMUW[[MM[\IJTMKMVUMLQW[XIZITILM\MZUQVIKQ~VLMTXI\ZQUWVQWLMTLM]LWZa[M
ZMO]TIKWV^MVQMV\MUMV\MMT[Q[\MUILMZMITQbIKQ~VLMTW[JQMVM[MUJIZOILW[Y]MVW[MTQUQ\I
al remate.
4W[XZM[]X]M[\W[XIZI\ZIUQ\IZTIMRMK]KQ~VLQVMZIZQIZM[]T\IVLMTWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW
a[MKWVKZM\IVMVTIM`Q[\MVKQILM]V\y\]TWLMMRMK]KQ~VLMTY]MZM[]T\MTIWJTQOIKQ~VLM
XIOIZ]VIKIV\QLILLMLQVMZWTyY]QLIaM`QOQJTMKWVKMX\W[Y]MTIXZWXQIVWZUILM\MZUQVI
4IWJTQOIKQ~VXWLZnZM[]T\IZLMK]ITY]QMZILMTW[\y\]TW[XZM^Q[\W[MVMTIZ\yK]TWWJQMV
LM ]VI [MV\MVKQI LM KWVLMVI M`\ZIVRMZI [QMUXZM Y]M MV M[M KI[W [M P]JQMZI \ZIUQ\ILW []
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667

;Q TI KIV\QLIL XZM^Q[\I MV MT \y\]TW VW N]MZI TyY]QLI LMJMZn XZWKMLMZ[M XZM^QIUMV\M I []
TQY]QLIKQ~VKWVIZZMOTWITWXZM^Q[\WMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[!TQY]QLIKQ~VLMLI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[
W ! TQY]QLIKQ~V LM NZ]\W[ W ZMV\I[ I K]aW KWUMV\IZQW ZMUQ\QUW[ =VI ^Mb IXZWJILI TI
TQY]QLIKQ~V[MKWV\QV]IZnTIMRMK]KQ~VLMIK]MZLWKWVTWLQ[X]M[\WXIZITI[WJTQOIKQWVM[LM
pago de dinero.
4IKIV\QLILXWZTIY]M[MLM[XIKPITIMRMK]KQ~VXWLZn[MZIUXTQILIMVTW[[]X]M[\W[XZM^Q[\W[
MVTW[IZ\yK]TW[a[QO]QMV\M[Y]MIT]LMVIT^MVKQUQMV\WLM]VV]M^WXTIbWLMTIWJTQOIKQ~V
KWV\MVQLIMVMT\y\]TWTWY]MXWLZnLM\MZUQVIZTIIUXTQIKQ~VLMTIMRMK]KQ~VPI[\IMTQUXWZ\M
LMTW[V]M^W[^MVKQUQMV\W[TWY]MXWLZnXMLQZ[MMVTI[WTQKQ\]LLMMRMK]KQ~VWXW[\MZQWZUMV\M
5.12.2 Procedimiento
-TXZWKMLQUQMV\WLMTIMRMK]KQ~VLQVMZIZQILMJMQV\MOZIZ[MKWVTI[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[OMVMZITM[LM
TIMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[IKWV\MVQLI[MVTW[IZ\yK]TW[a[QO]QMV\M[MVXIZ\QK]TIZTW[IZ\yK]TW[
ZMNMZQLW[ITI[WTQKQ\]LLMMRMK]KQ~VaITXZWKMLQUQMV\W#KWVIZZMOTWITI[K]ITM[XZM[MV\ILWMT
\y\]TWa^MZQKILWMTK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[TMOITM[[MLQK\IZnLM[XIKPWLMMRMK]KQ~V
KWVMTKWV\MVQLWXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TWVW\QKnVLW[MITMRMK]\ILWY]QMVXWLZnNWZU]TIZ
WXW[QKQ~VXWZTW[UW\Q^W[XZM^Q[\W[MVMTIZ\yK]TW!LMV\ZWLMTXTIbWLMKQVKWLyI[
4I [WTQKQ\]L LM MRMK]KQ~V LMJMZn MNMK\]IZ[M LM IK]MZLW KWV TW XZM^Q[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW
XWZUMLQWLM]VM[KZQ\WMVMTY]MLMJMZnKWV[\IZTIQLMV\QKIKQ~V[]KQMV\MLMTIXMZ[WVI
KWV\ZITIY]M[MXZM\MVLILQKPIMRMK]KQ~VMT\y\]TWMVY]M[MN]VLMTWY]M[MJ][KIWJ\MVMZ
aTI[IK\]IKQWVM[MRMK]\QÎ[Y]M[M[WTQKQ\IV#aMVMTKI[WLMMRMK]KQ~VMVLQVMZW[MLMJMZn
QVLQKIZTIKIV\QLILY]M[MXZM\MVLMTIK]ITXWLZn[MZQVKZMUMV\ILIPI[\IMV]VI\MZKMZIXIZ\M
XIZIK]JZQZMTXIOWLMTW[QV\MZM[M[Y]M[MLM^MVO]MVaTI[KW[\I[Y]M[MWKI[QWVMVL]ZIV\MTI
MRMK]KQ~V[QVXMZR]QKQWLMTITQY]QLIKQ~VXW[\MZQWZ
+WUW TW QVLQKI MT IZ\yK]TW MV TI [WTQKQ\]L [M XWLZn PIKMZ UMVKQ~V LM TW[ JQMVM[ LMT
MRMK]\ILWY]MXWLZyIV[MZINMK\IJTM[XWZTIMRMK]KQ~V[QN]MZIVKWVWKQLW[XWZMTMRMK]\IV\M#
[Q u[\M VW KWVWKQMZI JQMVM[ W TW[ Y]M KWVWKQMZI VW N]M[MV []KQMV\M[ \MVLZnV LMZMKPW I
[WTQKQ\IZ LMT \ZQJ]VIT TI[ UMLQLI[ LM TWKITQbIKQ~V LM JQMVM[ XZM^Q[\I[ MV M[\M K~LQOW Y]M
[WVTI[ZMO]TILI[MVTW[IZ\yK]TW[a[[4IZMNMZMVKQIITW[JQMVM[Y]MXWLZnUMVKQWVIZMT
MRMK]\IV\M[M^QVK]TIKWVTI[WTQKQ\]LLMMUJIZOWKIZIK\MZy[\QKILMTIMRMK]KQ~VLQVMZIZQI
-T KWV\MVQLW LMT LM[XIKPW LM MRMK]KQ~V ZM[]T\I LM TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW I K]aW
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TIZM[WT]KQ~V[MLM\MZUQVIZnKWVXZMKQ[Q~VTIXMZ[WVIKWV\ZITIY]M[MLQZQOMTIMRMK]KQ~VTI
KIV\QLILXWZTIY]M[M[QO]MTI[IK\]IKQWVM[Y]M[MWZLMVIVQVKT]QLWMTMUJIZOWLMJQMVM[
aTI[UMLQLI[LMTWKITQbIKQ~VLMMTMUMV\W[XI\ZQUWVQITM[LMTLM]LWZI[XMK\WITY]MPIZMUW[
ZMNMZMVKQIUn[ILMTIV\M
4IMRMK]KQ~V[MLMKZM\IZnXWZTIKIV\QLILY]MQVLQY]MMTMRMK]\IV\MMVTI[WTQKQ\]LMVKWVKMX\W
LM XZQVKQXIT M QV\MZM[M[ ^MVKQLW[ PI[\I TI NMKPI MV Y]M [M XZM[MV\I LM KWVNWZUQLIL KWV TW
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668

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aKW[\I[WZQOQVILI[XWZu[\I[QVY]MM[\IKIV\QLILX]MLIM`KMLMZLM]VI\MZKMZIXIZ\MLMTI
[M}ITILIMVMTXZQUMZQVKQ[WLMTIZ\yK]TW XZQVKQXITMQV\MZM[M[^MVKQLW[PI[\ITINMKPILMTI
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TI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[LMTKI[W+WUWTWQVLQKITIVWZUIKQ\ILITIMRMK]KQ~VXWZM[\I[KIV\QLILM[
[MMV\QMVLM[QVXMZR]QKQWLMTIXW[\MZQWZTQY]QLIKQ~V
-[M LMKZM\W LM[XIKPW LM MRMK]KQ~V [MZn VW\QKILW IT LM]LWZ KWV IZZMOTW I TW LQ[X]M[\W
MV MT IZ\yK]TW " MT LM[XIKPW LM TI MRMK]KQ~V R]V\W KWV ]VI KWXQI LM TI [WTQKQ\]L a LM
[][ LWK]UMV\W[ [M VW\QKIZn IT MRMK]\ILW [QV KQ\IKQ~V VQ MUXTIbIUQMV\W XIZI Y]M X]MLI
KWUXIZMKMZMVK]ITY]QMZUWUMV\Wa[MMV\QMVLIVKWVuTTI[[]KM[QÎ[IK\]IKQWVM[-TLM]LWZ
LQ[XWVLZnLM]VXTIbWLMKQVKWLyI[[QO]QMV\M[ITLMTIVW\QKIKQ~VLMTLM[XIKPWLMMRMK]KQ~V
para formular oposicin.
4IVW\QKIKQ~VLMTLM[XIKPWLMMRMK]KQ~VITLM]LWZ\QMVMTW[MNMK\W[XZM^Q[\W[MVMTIZ\ "
[]XWVMTIWZLMVR]LQKQITY]MTMQUXQLMLQ[XWVMZLM[][JQMVM[aLMZMKPW[TQUQ\IZTW[WOZIÎZTW[
[QV I]\WZQbIKQ~V R]LQKQIT TW Y]M LMJMZn I[MO]ZIZ[M UMLQIV\M TI IVW\IKQ~V MV TW[ ZMOQ[\ZW[
XJTQKW[KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M[[QIMTTWP]JQMZMT]OIZ4IVWZUIIKTIZIY]M]VI^MbK]UXTQLITI
WJTQOIKQ~VLMUIVQNM[\IKQ~VLMJQMVM[[]KQMV\M[IZ\[MITbIZnTIXZWPQJQKQ~VOMVMZITLM
LQ[XWVMZ#aMVKI[WLMVWM`Q[\QZJQMVM[[]KQMV\M[[MZnVV]TW[\WLW[TW[IK\W[LMLQ[XW[QKQ~V
W ZMV]VKQI MNMK\]ILW[ XWZ MT MRMK]\ILW LM[LM MT UWUMV\W MV Y]M [M [WTQKQ\M MT QVQKQW LM TI
MRMK]KQ~V
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LQ[X]M[\WMVMTKIXy\]TW[uX\QUW[WJZMZMITQbIKQ~Va[]JI[\ILMTW[JQMVM[MUJIZOILW[;QMT
LM]LWZNWZU]TIWXW[QKQ~V[M[MO]QZnMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WXZM^Q[\WMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[ a[[[QV
suspensin de las actuaciones. Los motivos de oposicin se encuentran previstos en el artculo
!ILUQ\QuVLW[MI[QUQ[UWTIITMOIKQ~VLMLMNMK\W[XZWKM[ITM[
4IKWUXM\MVKQIXIZITIMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[I[MZQOMXWZTI[ZMOTI[OMVMZITM[IZ\KWVNWZUM
ITI[K]ITM[[MZnKWUXM\MV\MXIZITIMRMK]KQ~VLMTI[MV\MVKQI[MTR]MbY]MTIP]JQM[MLQK\ILW
MV XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI# [Q MT \y\]TW N]MZI ]V IK]MZLW W \ZIV[IKKQ~V [MZn KWUXM\MV\M XIZI
[] MRMK]KQ~V MT R]Mb LM XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI Y]M KWVWKQMZI LMT XZWKM[W MV MT Y]M [M P]JQMZI
XZWL]KQLWMTIK]MZLWW\ZIV[IKKQ~V#\ZI\nVLW[MLM]VTI]LWIZJQ\ZITTIKWUXM\MVKQIXIZI[]
MRMK]KQ~VKWZZM[XWVLMZnITR]MbLMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIY]MLMJQ~KWVWKMZLMTIKWV\ZW^MZ[QI[Q
VWP]JQMZIPIJQLWIZJQ\ZIRM
5.12.3 Cumplimiento del ejecutado.

4I MRMK]KQ~V NWZbILI XZM[]XWVM TI VMOI\QÎ W ZM[Q[\MVKQI LMT LM]LWZ IT K]UXTQUQMV\W
^WT]V\IZQWLMTIWJTQOIKQ~VKWV\MVQLIMVMT\y\]TWLMMRMK]KQ~V#LMUWLWY]M[QMUXZMXWLZn
M^Q\IZ[MTIMRMK]KQ~V[QMTLM]LWZXIOIMTQUXWZ\MILM]LILWTWY]MXWLZnPIKMZMVK]ITY]QMZ
UWUMV\WXWVQMVLWILQ[XW[QKQ~VLMTIKZMMLWZMT\W\ITLMTI[KIV\QLILM[ILM]LILI[UMLQIV\M
KWV[QOVIKQ~VLMTI[UQ[UI[MVMT\ZQJ]VITY]MLMJMZnM`\MVLMZKWUXZWJIV\MITLM]LWZ#a\ZI[
669

TITQY]QLIKQ~VLMTI[KW[\I[[MLIZnXWZKMZZILITIMRMK]KQ~VIZ\!-TLM]LWZ\IUJQuV
XWLZnITTIVIZ[M[QVUn[ITXIOWLMTI[]UILMJQLI\ZI[ZMKQJQZTIVW\QKIKQ~VLMTIMRMK]KQ~V
XZWKMLQuVLW[MMVTINWZUIaIQVLQKILI
-V XZQVKQXQW [MZnV LM KIZOW LMT MRMK]\ILW TI[ KW[\I[ LM TI MRMK]KQ~V [IT^W [Q IKZMLQ\I ]V
QUXMLQUMV\WXWZKI][IY]MVWTM[MIQUX]\IJTM
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IT ZM[XMK\W QV[I\Q[NIKKQ~V ITO]VI XZW^MVQMV\M LMT IKZMMLWZ MV K]aW KI[W MT R]Mb ILUQ\QZn
TIKWV[QOVIKQ~VaZMUQ\QZnITIK]MV\ILM.WVLW[)RMVW[MV+][\WLQITIKIV\QLILLMLQVMZW
LM Y]M [M \ZI\M Y]MLIVLW LM XTIVW M`\QVO]QLI TI WJTQOIKQ~V ;Q MT XIOW N]MZI XIZKQIT [M
MV\MVLMZn Y]M TI LM]LI Y]MLI M`\QVO]QLI MV TI K]IV\yI XIOILI W X]M[\I I LQ[XW[QKQ~V LMT
IKZMMLWZaKWV\QV]IZnTIMRMK]KQ~VXWZMTZM[\W
5.12.4 Determinacin del patrimonio del ejecutado.

+WUW ZM[]T\I LMT IZ\yK]TW MV TI [WTQKQ\]L LM MRMK]KQ~V [M XWLZnV [WTQKQ\IZ UMLQLI[ LM
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5.12.5 Embargo
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mediante el embargo.
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conocimiento.
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resultante de su eventual realizacin se destine a la satisfaccin del derecho del acreedor. Pero
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tales bienes representan.
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ss.
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sea embargable.!
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diversos tipos de embargo previstos en el Cdigo. La referencia debe complementarse con
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inembargables los siguientes bienes:
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con independencia del principal.
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disposicin legal o por Tratado Internacional.
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dependen puedan atender a su subsistencia con razonable dignidad.
El fundamento alimentario de la inembargabilidad resulta evidente en esta
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los bienes necesarios para atender con razonable diginidad a la subsistencia del
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gastos necesarios para su realizacin. Elementales razones de economa tornan
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vigentes.
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La inembargabilidad del salario se complementa con la siguiente referencia: Sobre las
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embargo de acuerdo con la siguiente proporcin:
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mnimo;
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salario mnimo;
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salario mnimo;
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General de la Repblica.
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5.12.6 Terceras
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y a la tercera de preferencia de pago.
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el fenmeno de las terceras se produce cuando en un proceso determinado se incorporan
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5.12.6.1 Tercera de dominio

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conociendo del proceso. La oportunidad para plantearla resulta de lo dispuesto en el artculo
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demanda.
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del tercerista.
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XW[MIKIXIKQLILMKWV~UQKIXIZIXZM[\IZTIKI]KQ~VWK]IVLW[]LMZMKPWZM[]T\M^MZW[yUQTI
partir del principio de prueba aportado con la demanda.
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679

5.12.6.2 Tercera de preferencia de pago
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680
5.12.7 Realizacin y subasta de los bienes embargados.

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formulada.
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cotizables en el mercado.
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representar una solucin inconveniente.
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de bienes.
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realizacin si no se ha resuelto an la tercera.
681

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pruebas pertinentes.
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682

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Santiago Garderes
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o de una prestacin de condena contenida en una sentencia constitutiva o meramente
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5.13.2 Ejecucin de obligaciones de hacer

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declaraciones de voluntad.
5.13.2.1 Obligaciones de hacer no personalsimas.

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cumplidas por un tercero en caso de resistencia del obligado. Se distinguen de las obligaciones
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teniendo en cuenta las caractersticas de esa prestacin.
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artstica en contra de su libre voluntad.
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por un tercero.
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5.13.2.2 Obligaciones de hacer personalsimas.

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continuacin.
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\MVOIXWZKWV^MVQMV\M[WJZMMTKIZnK\MZXMZ[WVITy[QUWWVWXMZ[WVITy[QUWLMTIXZM[\IKQ~V
LMJQLIIZ\
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MTLMZMKPWITIMRMK]KQ~V
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LMV\ZWLMTXTIbWLMKQVKWLyI[LM[LMTIVW\QKIKQ~VLMTZMY]MZQUQMV\WWLM[XIKPWLMMRMK]KQ~V
K]aWZuOQUMV[MMVK]MV\ZIXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW!aY]MXWLZnM[\IZZMNMZQLIXWZMRMUXTW
IT K]UXTQUQMV\W LM TI WJTQOIKQ~V I TI NIT\I LM ZMY]Q[Q\W[ LMT \y\]TW I TI XZM[KZQXKQ~V LM TI
XZM\MV[Q~VLMMRMK]KQ~VM\K
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MRMK]\ILWK]UXTITIWJTQOIKQ~VVQXZM[MV\MITMOIKQWVM[MTMRMK]\IV\MXWLZnWX\IZMV\ZM
XMLQZY]MTIMRMK]KQ~V[MKWVKZM\MMVTIMV\ZMOILM]VMY]QÎTMV\MMVLQVMZWY]MQVKT]aI
TIZMXIZIKQ~VLMLI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[W[MO]QZPI[\IWJ\MVMZMTK]UXTQUQMV\W
688

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IZ\yK]TW![QO]QuVLW[MMVTW[]KM[Q^WMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WLMTIMRMK]KQ~VLQVMZIZQI#TIVWZUI
LQ[XWVMY]MMTR]MbQUXWVLZnILMUn[]VIU]T\IITMRMK]\ILW
;QMTMRMK]\IV\MWX\IXWZTIMRMK]KQ~VM[XMKyKILMTIWJTQOIKQ~V[MQUXWVLZnITMRMK]\ILW
]VIU]T\IXWZKILIUM[Y]MLMUWZMMVK]UXTQZTIWJTQOIKQ~VY]MXWLZnI[KMVLMZIT
LMTXZMKQWWLMTIKWV\ZIXZM[\IKQ~V QV[I\Q[NMKPIWLMTÎTWZY]M[MI\ZQJ]aIOMVMZITUMV\MI
TI WJTQOIKQ~V ,M XMZ[Q[\QZ MV MT QVK]UXTQUQMV\W \ZIV[K]ZZQLW ]V I}W MT R]Mb WZLMVIZn I
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LM K]ITY]QMZ UMLQLI M[MVKQITUMV\M IVnTWOI Y]M ZM[]T\M ILMK]ILI XIZI TI [I\Q[NIKKQ~V LMT
MRMK]\IV\M
5.13.2.3 Obligaciones de efectuar declaraciones de voluntad.

4I[MKKQ~V\MZKMZI[MLM[\QVIIZMO]TIZTIMRMK]KQ~VLMWJTQOIKQWVM[LMMNMK\]IZLMKTIZIKQWVM[
LM ^WT]V\IL 4I ÎZQIV\M MV MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W ZM[]T\I VI\]ZITUMV\M LMT KWV\MVQLW LM TI
XZM[\IKQ~V K]aW K]UXTQUQMV\W [M ZMKTIUI OMVMZITUMV\M ZMNMZQLW IT W\WZOIUQMV\W LM ]V
KWV\ZI\WWIK\WR]ZyLQKW
4IMRMK]KQ~V[MKWVKZM\IMVM[\MKI[WITZMY]MZQUQMV\WR]LQKQITLMK]UXTQUQMV\WUMLQIV\M
TIMUQ[Q~VLMTILMKTIZIKQ~VLM^WT]V\ILLMJQLILMV\ZWLMTXTIbWY]MMTR]Mb[M}ITMY]MVW
XWLZnM`KMLMZLMY]QVKMLyI[,M[LM]VIXMZ[XMK\QÎ[Q[\MUn\QKIM[MZMY]MZQUQMV\WKWV[\Q\]aM
MTLM[XIKPWLMMRMK]KQ~VXWZTWY]MIXIZ\QZLM[]VW\QKIKQ~VMTMRMK]\ILWLQ[XWVLZnLM]V
XTIbWLMKQVKWLyI[XIZINWZU]TIZWXW[QKQ~VLMIK]MZLWKWVTWXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW!
+WVNWZUMITWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW [QMTWJTQOILWLM[I\MVLQMZIMTZMY]MZQUQMV\WW
MNMK\]IZITILMKTIZIKQ~VLM^WT]V\ILKWV\ZI^QVQMVLWMT\MVWZLMTIWJTQOIKQ~VMTR]MbTI\MVLZn
XWZZMITQbILI[QMUXZMY]MM[\uVRILW[TW[MTMUMV\W[M[MVKQITM[LMTIK\WWKWV\ZI\W
a TI ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT \MVLZn XTMVI ÎTQLMb a MKIKQI KWUW [Q P]JQMZI [QLW PMKPI XWZ MT
MRMK]\ILW
-VW\ZWKI[W[QNIT\I[MVMTMUMV\W[VWM[MVKQITM[LMTIK\WWKWV\ZI\W[WJZMMTY]MLMJMZMKIMZ
TILMKTIZIKQ~VLM^WT]V\IZMTR]MbTW[LM\MZUQVIZnMVTIXZWXQIZM[WT]KQ~VMVY]M\MVOIXWZ
emitida la declaracin. Si la indeterminacin afectase a elementos esenciales del acto
W KWV\ZI\W [WJZM MT Y]M LMJI ZMKIMZ TI LMKTIZIKQ~V LM ^WT]V\IL TI MRMK]KQ~V [M [MO]QZn
XIZITIZMXIZIKQ~VLMTW[LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[KI][ILW[ITMRMK]\IV\MXZWKMLQuVLW[MI
K]IV\QKIZTW[KWVNWZUM[MXZM^QMVMXIZITITQY]QLIKQ~VLMKIV\QLILM[
5.13.3 Ejecucin de obligaciones de no hacer.

-[\I UWLITQLIL LM MRMK]KQ~V NWZbW[I []XWVM Y]M MT MRMK]\ILW QVK]UXTQMVLW TI WJTQOIKQ~V
KWV\MVQLI MV MT \y\]TW PIOI ITOW XZWPQJQLW# XWZ TW Y]M TI MRMK]KQ~V \MVLZn XWZ VITQLIL
LM[PIKMZTWPMKPWMVKWV\ZI^MVKQ~VLMT\y\]TW[QMTTWN]MZMXW[QJTMWXZWKMLMZITIZMXIZIKQ~V
LMTW[LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[MVKI[WKWV\ZIZQWMRMK]KQ~VXWZMY]QÎTMV\M
689

;Q N]MZI XW[QJTM LM[PIKMZ TW PMKPW MV KWV\ZI^MVKQ~V LM TI WJTQOIKQ~V I[y [M TM WZLMVIZn IT
MRMK]\ILWI[WTQKQ\]LLMTMRMK]\IV\MWZLMVnVLW[MILMUn[Y]M[MIJ[\MVOILMPIKMZTWLMV]M^W
KWV IL^MZ\MVKQI LM Y]M XWLZyI QVK]ZZQZ MV LMTQ\W LM LM[WJMLQMVKQI ;M LMJMZnV ZMXIZIZ
ILMUn[ TW[ LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ KI][ILW[ XWZ MT QVK]UXTQUQMV\W LM TI WJTQOIKQ~V Y]M [M
TQY]QLIZnV[MOVTWLQ[X]M[\WXIZITITQY]QLIKQ~VLMKIV\QLILM[MVMTIZ\yK]TW!-TIZ\yK]TW
VWQVLQKIMTXTIbWLMTZMY]MZQUQMV\WI]VY]M[MQVMZMLMTIZ\yK]TW !Y]MMTMRMK]\ILW
LMJMZnXZWKMLMZILM[PIKMZTWPMKPWMVKWV\ZI^MVKQ~VMVNWZUIQVUMLQI\I
4IWZLMVLMLM[PIKMZTWPMKPWMVKWV\ZI^MVKQ~VLMTIWJTQOIKQ~VKWV[\Q\]aMMTLM[XIKPWLM
TIMRMK]KQ~VZMQ\MZIVLWMVM[M[MV\QLWTWM`X]M[\WITKWUMV\IZTI[IV\MZQWZM[UWLITQLILM[LM
MRMK]KQ~VMVK]IV\WITLMZMKPWLMTMRMK]\ILWLMNWZU]TIZWXW[QKQ~VLMV\ZWLMTXTIbWLMKQVKW
LyI[LMVW\QKILWXWZTW[UW\Q^W[XZM^Q[\W[MVMTIZ\yK]TW!
6W\QKILI TI WZLMV X]MLM WK]ZZQZ Y]M MT MRMK]\ILW TI K]UXTI XZWKMLQMVLW I LM[PIKMZ TW
PMKPW MV KWV\ZI^MVKQ~V MV K]aW KI[W TI MRMK]KQ~V KIZMKMZn MV TW []KM[Q^W LM WJRM\W [IT^W
MVTWZMTI\Q^WITIZMXIZIKQ~VLMTW[XMZR]QKQW[KI][ILW[ITMRMK]\IV\M;QXWZMTKWV\ZIZQWMT
MRMK]\ILWVWK]UXTMKWVTWWZLMVILWMVNWZUIQVUMLQI\IKWZZM[XWVLMZnLM\MZUQVIZ[QIV
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!
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XMVITY]MX]MLIZM[]T\IZLM\ITKWVL]K\I
5.13.4 Ejecucin de obligaciones de dar no dinerarias

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[WJZMMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[IKWVTIXIZ\QK]TIZQLILLMTKWV\MVQLWLMTIWJTQOIKQ~VMVTW[\uZUQVW[
aIM`X]M[\W[
-TXZWKMLQUQMV\WXWLZnXZM[MV\IZXIZ\QK]TIZQLILM[MVZMTIKQ~VITJQMVY]MLMJI[MZMV\ZMOILW
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LMMV\ZMOILMKW[I[OMVuZQKI[WQVLM\MZUQVILI[IZ\!TIWJTQOIKQ~VLMMV\ZMOILMKW[I[
U]MJTM[LM\MZUQVILI[IZ\!aTIWJTQOIKQ~VLMMV\ZMOILMQVU]MJTM[IZ\[!a!
-TLM[XIKPWLMMRMK]KQ~VKWV\MVLZnMVM[\MKI[WTIWZLMVLMMV\ZMOILMTJQMVLMJQLW[QMT
MRMK]\IV\MVWWX\IXWZTIMRMK]KQ~VLQVMZIZQIXWZMY]QÎTMV\M#a[MZnVW\QKILIITLM]LWZY]M
I]VY]MTIVWZUIVWTWIKTIZMMVM[\MKIXy\]TWXWLZnNWZU]TIZWXW[QKQ~VLMV\ZWLMTXTIbW
690

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MRMK]KQ~V
<ZI\nVLW[MLMKW[I[OMVuZQKI[WQVLM\MZUQVILI[MTMRMK]\IV\MXWLZnWX\IZMV\ZMXMLQZY]M
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Y]MKWV[QLMZMVMKM[IZQW[-V[]KI[W[MWZLMVIZnTIQV[KZQXKQ~VLMTI\ZIV[NMZMVKQIMVTW[
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R]Mb M[\n NIK]T\ILW XIZI ]\QTQbIZ TW[ UMLQW[ LM QV^M[\QOIKQ~V Y]M LMKTIZM XMZ\QVMV\M[ [Q [M
desconociera el lugar donde estuviere la cosa o no se encontrare la misma.
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LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[,MJMIX]V\IZ[MY]M[QVXMZR]QKQWLMTIWXKQ~VVITXWZTIZMXIZIKQ~VLMTW[
XMZR]QKQW[LMJMXZMNMZQZ[M[QMUXZMTIMRMK]KQ~VM[XMKyKILMTIWJTQOIKQ~VXWZTWY]MLMJMZnV
IOW\IZ[MTW[UMLQW[LQ[XWVQJTM[XIZIWJ\MVMZTIMV\ZMOILMTJQMVLMJQLWXZM^QWILQ[XWVMZTI
[][\Q\]KQ~VXWZTIMRMK]KQ~VLQVMZIZQI
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MTIZ\yK]TW!"ILUQ\QLITI[WTQKQ\]LMTR]MbWZLMVIZnY]M[MXWVOIMVXW[M[Q~VLMTUQ[UW
ITMRMK]\IV\MKWVTI[WXWZ\]VI[ILMK]IKQWVM[ZMOQ[\ZITM[M`\MVLQuVLW[MLQTQOMVKQIKWVTI[
constancias previstas en dicha norma.
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XZWKMLQUQMV\WXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW!"[MTM[VW\QKIZnTIM`Q[\MVKQILMTIMRMK]KQ~VXIZI
Y]MMVMTXTIbWLMLQMbLyI[XZM[MV\MVMVMTR]bOILWTW[\y\]TW[Y]MR][\QY]MV[]WK]XIKQ~V
XZWKMLQuVLW[MLMQVUMLQI\WITTIVbIUQMV\W[QKIZMKQMZIVLM\y\]TWW[Qu[\MN]MZIQV[]KQMV\M
ITQO]ITY]M[QMTQVU]MJTMM[\]^QMZIWK]XILWXWZMTMRMK]\ILWWXWZY]QMVM[LMuTLMXMVLIV
;MXZM^QMVMMVMTKQ\ILWIZ\yK]TWY]M[QMTQVU]MJTMN]MZITI^Q^QMVLIPIJQ\]ITLMTMRMK]\ILW
[MTMLIZn]VXTIbWLM]VUM[XIZILM[ITWRIZTWXZWKMLQuVLW[MITQVUMLQI\WTIVbIUQMV\W
una vez vencido dicho plazo.
5.13.5 Liquidacin de cantidades

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TW[IZ\yK]TW[!a[[
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LQVMZIZQIM[XZMKQ[WY]MTIWJTQOIKQ~V[MITyY]QLI
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\IUJQuV I TI LM\MZUQVIKQ~V LMT MY]QÎTMV\M LQVMZIZQW LM ]VI WJTQOIKQ~V VW LQVMZIZQI LM
691

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XWZNZ]\W[IXTQKIJTM\IUJQuVITIWJTQOIKQ~VLMZMVLQZK]MV\I[
+WZZM[XWVLMIKTIZIZY]MM[\MXZWKM[WLMTQY]QLIKQ~VLMKIV\QLILM[[MIXTQKIVQKIUMV\MI
TW[[]X]M[\W[MVY]MLMJIXZWKMLMZ[MILM\MZUQVIZMVTIMRMK]KQ~VTIKIV\QLILLMJQLIXWZ
LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[WNZ]\W[#VW[M\ZI\IX]M[LM]VXZWKM[WIXTQKIJTMITILM\MZUQVIKQ~VLM
M[I[KIV\QLILM[MVXZWKM[W[LMKTIZI\Q^W[Y]MKWZZM[XWVLMVITnUJQ\WLMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW
IZ\
4ITQY]QLIKQ~VLMLI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[MVTIMRMK]KQ~V[MNWZU]TILMIK]MZLWKWVTWXZM^Q[\W
MV MT IZ\yK]TW !" MT MRMK]\IV\M XZM[MV\IZn TI [WTQKQ\]L IKWUXI}ILI LM ]VI ZMTIKQ~V
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[MLIZnI]LQMVKQIITWJTQOILWXWZ]VXTIbWLM[MQ[LyI[#[QMTLM]LWZIKMX\IM`XZM[IUMV\MTI
TQY]QLIKQ~V MT R]Mb TI IXZWJIZn KWV\QV]nVLW[M TI MRMK]KQ~V XWZ MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W XZM^Q[\W
XIZIMRMK]KQ~VLQVMZIZQI#[MMV\MVLMZnY]MM`Q[\MIKMX\IKQ~V\nKQ\I[QMTLM]LWZVWKWV\M[\IMV
XTIbWWVWKWVKZM\I[]WXW[QKQ~VITITQY]QLIKQ~V#[QMTLM]LWZNWZU]TIWXW[QKQ~VUW\QÎLIMV
MTXTIbWTMOIT[MLIZnI]LQMVKQIITIKZMMLWZ[][\IVKQnVLW[MMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WXWZTW[\ZnUQ\M[
LMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWY]MVITQbIZnXWZUMLQWLMI]\WMVMTY]M[MRIZnTIKIV\QLILLMJQLI
6W[MIKTIZI[QM[MI]\WILUQ\MZMK]Z[WLMIXMTIKQ~VI]VY]MTIZMNMZMVKQIITIVITQbIKQ~VLMT
XZWKM[WXWZUMLQWLMI]\Wa[]KWV\QV]IKQ~VXWZMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WLMTIMRMK]KQ~VLQVMZIZQI
puede fundar la conclusin contraria a esa posibilidad.
;QP]JQMZMLMXZWKMLMZ[MILM\MZUQVIZMVTIMRMK]KQ~VTIKIV\QLILLMJQLIMVKWVKMX\WLM
NZ]\W[ZMV\I[]\QTQLILM[WXZWL]K\W[LMK]ITY]QMZKTI[M[MZMY]MZQZnITLM]LWZXIZI
Y]M LMV\ZW LMT XTIbW LM LQMb LyI[ XZM[MV\M TI TQY]QLIKQ~V LM KWVNWZUQLIL KWV TI[ JI[M[
KWV\MVQLI[MVMT\y\]TW;QMTLM]LWZXZM[MV\ITITQY]QLIKQ~VaWyLWMTIKZMMLWZ[MUW[\ZIZI
KWVNWZUMKWVTITQY]QLIKQ~VMTR]MbTIIXZWJIZnKWV\QV]nVLW[MTIMRMK]KQ~VLMIK]MZLWKWV
TWLQ[X]M[\WXIZITI[WJTQOIKQWVM[LMXIOWLMLQVMZW;QMTIKZMMLWZ[MWXWVMITITQY]QLIKQ~V
[M[][\IVKQIZnMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WXWZTW[\ZnUQ\M[LMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWY]MVITQbIZn
XWZUMLQWLMI]\WMVMTY]M[MRIZnTIKIV\QLILY]MLMJIIJWVIZ[MIT[WTQKQ\IV\M)NIT\ILM
XZM[MV\IKQ~VLMTITQY]QLIKQ~VXWZMTLM]LWZ[MZMY]MZQZnITIKZMMLWZXIZIY]MTIXZM[MV\M
LnVLW[MI]LQMVKQILMMTTIITMRMK]\ILWXZW[QO]QMVLWTI[IK\]IKQWVM[XWZTW[\ZnUQ\M[LMT
proceso abreviado.
8IZI VITQbIZ MT IZ\yK]TW !! ZMO]TI TI MRMK]KQ~V LM TI KWVLMVI I ZMVLQZ K]MV\I[ LM ]VI
ILUQVQ[\ZIKQ~VY]M[MZMOQZnXWZTWLQ[X]M[\WXIZITITQY]QLIKQ~VXWZNZ]\W[
692
LIBRO SEXTO
DISPOSICIONES FINALES
;=5):17")+<=)41B)+16,-+=)6<);,-4);5=4<);
,-:7/)<7:1);,1;87;1+16<:)6;1<7:1)
6.1 ACTUALIZACIN DE CUANTAS

4I V]MÎ TMOQ[TIKQ~V XZWKM[IT KQ^QT a UMZKIV\QT VW XWLyI Y]MLIZ ZMTMOILI MV MT [Q[\MUI LM
IK\]ITQbIKQ~VLMK]IV\yI[KWUWPI[]KMLQLWITINMKPIMVW\ZW[K]MZXW[VWZUI\Q^W[MV\ZM
M[\W[ MT ZMKQuV LMZWOILW +8+ Y]M ]VI ^Mb [M IXZWJIJI TI VWZUI XZWKM[IT Y]M
ZMO]TIJI K]IV\yI# TI UQ[UI Y]MLIJI XM\ZQKILI MV MT \QMUXW I[y [M TTMO~ IT XZWJTMUI LM
KWM`Q[\QZMVMTWZLMVIUQMV\WR]ZyLQKWK]IV\yI[VWIKWZLM[KWVTIZMITQLILMKWV~UQKIVIKQWVIT
siendo en determinados casos hasta risibles.
8]V\]ITUMV\M M[I[ KIV\QLILM[ RILI[ MV MT +8+ KWV\IJIV KWV MNMK\W[ UT\QXTM[ KWUW
MT LM\MZUQVIZ TI MTMKKQ~V LMT \QXW LM XZWKM[W TI KWUXM\MVKQI R]LQKQIT WJRM\QÎ a MT ZMK]Z[W
R]LQKQIT I QV\MZXWVMZ ,M IPy TI QUXWZ\IVKQI LM KWV\IZ KWV ]V [Q[\MUI TMOIT LM K]IV\yI[
acorde con las necesidades econmicas de los tiempos.
)K\]ITUMV\M KWV TI MV\ZILI MV ^QOMVKQI LMT +8+5 MT M[\IJTMKQUQMV\W LMT [Q[\MUI
LM K]IV\yI IV XW[MM ]V IT\W VQ^MT LM QUXWZ\IVKQI I]VY]M [~TW Y]MLW XIZI TW[ MNMK\W[
LM LM\MZUQVIZ TI KWUXM\MVKQI R]LQKQIT a TI MTMKKQ~V LMT \QXW LM XZWKM[W[ LMKTIZI\Q^W[ I
XZWUW^MZ )[y \MVMUW[ Y]M MV [] WXWZ\]VQLIL [M LQRW Y]M IT ]\QTQbIZ KWUW KZQ\MZQW TI
K]IV\yI TI TyVMI LQ^Q[WZQI MV\ZM MT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW a MT XZWKM[W KWUV Y]ML~ RILI MV
TIKIV\QLILLM^MQV\QKQVKWUQTKWTWVM[W[]MY]QÎTMV\MMVL~TIZM[LMTW[-[\ILW[=VQLW[LM
)UuZQKILMIK]MZLWITWLWK]UMV\ILWMVTW[IZ\[!a+8+5
)PWZI[MKWUXZMVLMTIM`Q[\MVKQILM]VIKTn][]TIY]MLQ[X][QMZITIVMKM[QLILLMIK\]ITQbIZ
KILI KQVKW I}W[ \WLI[ TI[ K]IV\yI[ M[\IJTMKQLI[ MV MT K~LQOW XZM^QW QVNWZUM LM TI +WZ\M
;]XZMUILM2][\QKQI[MOVMTIZ\+8+54IUMV\IJTMUMV\MTIZMLIKKQ~VLMTIVWZUI
KQ\ILIXW[MM]VI^WT]V\IL[]OM[\QÎVWQUXMZI\QÎ
6.2 DE LAS MULTAS

8IZI TI QUXW[QKQ~V LM TI[ U]T\I[ W LMVWUQVILI[ \IUJQuV KWUW XMVI[ XMK]VQIZQI[ I
KWV[MK]MVKQILMTIKWUQ[Q~VLMNIT\I[M`KM[WWXWZKWV\ZI^MVQZITWWZLMVILWMVMTK~LQOW
MVMTIZ\[MXZWXWVM]VXZWKMLQUQMV\WIXTQKIJTMMV\ITM[[Q\]IKQWVM[-RMUXTW[LMU]T\I[
[WVÎZQILW[XIZI]VIUMRWZQT][\ZIKQ~V[MKQ\IVTW[[]X]M[\W[[QO]QMV\M[")\WLIXMZ[WVIW
I]\WZQLILXWZVMOIZ[MIKWTIJWZIZKWVTIR][\QKQIIZ\#XWZIZUIKQ~VNIT[ILMTIXIZ\MMV
QOVWZIZTILQZMKKQ~VLMTLMUIVLILWIZ\ QVKQ[W#-TQVK]UXTQUQMV\WITUIVLI\WR]LQKQIT
693

LMM`PQJQZTW[LWK]UMV\W[Y]M[MMVK]MV\ZMVMVXWLMZLMTI[XIZ\M[IZ\QVKQ[W#4IVW
KWUXIZMKMVKQIQVR][\QKILILMT\M[\QOWaXMZQ\WR]LQKQITITII]LQMVKQIZM[XMK\QÎIZ\[
a #a-TQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTXTIbWXIZILQK\IZ[MV\MVKQIIZ\QVKQ[WMV\ZMW\ZW[
*I[\I KWV TW[ []X]M[\W[ IZZQJI MV]VKQILW[ XIZI \MVMZ KTIZW TI M`Q[\MVKQI LM TI[ U]T\I[
PIKQI K]ITY]QMZ XMZ[WVI W []RM\W XZWKM[IT 6W JI[\I LM[KZQJQZ TI KWVL]K\I ZMXZWKPIJTM a
[IVKQWVIJTM XMK]VQIZQIUMV\M ILMUn[ [M QUXTMUMV\I ]V XZWKMLQUQMV\W R]LQKQIT XIZI TI
QUXW[QKQ~VLMTI[U]T\I[MTK]ITXMZUQ\ITIOZIL]ITQLILLMTI[UQ[UI[aXMZUQ\QZIT[]X]M[\W
infractor el derecho a la defensa.
El procedimiento de imposicin de multas pecuniarias del cdigo se estructura dependiendo
LM Y]QuV [MI MT QVNZIK\WZ LQ[\QVO]QMVLW XWZ ]V TILW I TI[ XIZ\M[ I]\WZQLILM[ a []RM\W[
XZWKM[ITM[# XWZ W\ZW MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W IXTQKIJTM I TW[ N]VKQWVIZQW[# I]VY]M MV M[MVKQI [M
LQ[\QVO]M VQKIUMV\M XWZ MT \ZQJ]VIT KWUXM\MV\M [MOV MT IZ\ +8+5 >MIUW[ TI
estructura procedimental de la siguiente manera:
I
)]LQMVKQIIT[]X]M[\WQVNZIK\WZXWZMT\uZUQVWLMK]IZMV\IaWKPWPWZI[XIZIY]M
R][\QY]M[]KWVL]K\IQVNZIK\WZI
J
>MVKQLW MT XTIbW KWV TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V W [QV MTTI MT R]Mb W \ZQJ]VIT IV\M Y]QuV [M
KWUM\Q~TIQVNZIKKQ~V[MXZWV]VKQIZn[WJZMTIQUXW[QKQ~VWVWTIU]T\IXMK]VQIZQI
K
4IKMZ\QKIKQ~VLMTWIK\]ILWKWV[\Q\]QZn\y\]TWMRMK]\Q^W
4I[ÎZQIV\M[LMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WIV\MZQWZKWUW[MLQRW[M\ZI\IVK]IVLWMTQVNZIK\WZM[]V
N]VKQWVIZQW R]LQKQIT M[\I[ KWV[Q[\MV\M MV Y]M K]ITY]QMZI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ XWLZn LQZQOQZ[M IT
\ZQJ]VIT[]XMZQWZMOZILWXIZIY]MIXTQY]MMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WIV\MZQWZ
.QVITUMV\MMVKI[WLMKWVZUIZ[MTIKWVL]K\IQVNZIK\WZILMTN]VKQWVIZQWTIU]T\I[MPIZn
MNMK\QÎXWZMT[Q[\MUILMZM\MV[Q~VUMLQIV\MMTLM[K]MV\WIXTQKILWIT[ITIZQWXWZTIWKQVI
de pagadura respectiva.
6.3 DEROGATORIAS
4I ^QOMVKQI LMT V]M^W +8+5 LMRI N]MZI LMT WZLMVIUQMV\W R]ZyLQKW [ITÎLWZM}W ]VI
KIV\QLIL KWV[QLMZIJTM LM VWZUI[ XZWKM[ITM[ -V XZQUMZ T]OIZ [M QLMV\QKI KWUW VWZUI[
LMZWOILI[ M`XZM[IUMV\M MT +~LQOW LM 8ZWKMLQUQMV\W[ +Q^QTM[ ^QOMV\M LM # 4I 4Ma LM
8ZWKMLQUQMV\W[ 5MZKIV\QTM[ LM !# TI[ VWZUI[ XZWKM[ITM[ LM TI 4Ma LM 1VY]QTQVI\W LM
! a[][ZMNWZUI[XW[\MZQWZM[+WVTIIV\MZQWZTMOQ[TIKQ~VVWM`Q[\MUIaWZLQK]T\IL[WJZM
QVIXTQKIJQTQLILXWZLMZWOIKQ~VM`XZM[IIT[MZKTIZIUMV\MQLMV\QKILI[
4I IXIZMV\M LQK]T\IL X]MLM OMVMZIZ[M MV TI LMZWOI\WZQI \nKQ\I LM K]MZXW[ VWZUI\Q^W[
ZMNMZQLW[ I TI[ UI\MZQI[ Y]M ZMO]TI MT V]M^W K~LQOW -[\I TIJWZ QV\MZXZM\I\QÎ LM[KIV[IZn
[WJZMTI[M[XITLI[LMTIKWU]VQLILR]ZyLQKIIT^MZ[MMVTIVMKM[QLILLMXWVMZ[WJZMTIUM[I
para cuestionar la vigencia o no de cierta ley procesal.
694

2]V\W I TI VWZUI OMVMZIT LM LMZWOI\WZQI KWV\MVQLI MV MT IZ\ +8+5 [M X]MLMV
IKWUXI}IZ W\ZI[ LQ[XW[QKQWVM[ LMT UQ[UW K]MZXW VWZUI\Q^W Y]M X]MLMV [MZ LM ]\QTQLIL IT
QV\uZXZM\MITJZQVLIZTMITO]VW[KZQ\MZQW[WZQMV\ILWZM[MV\ZMM[\I["
I
-T nUJQ\W UI\MZQIT LM IXTQKIKQ~V LMT K~LQOW MV MT IZ\ QVKQ[W VW[ JZQVLI
TI [WT]KQ~V MV K]IV\W I TI[ LQTQOMVKQI[ R]LQKQITM[ VW KWV\MVKQW[I[ LQTQOMVKQI[ LM
R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V ^WT]V\IZQI MV KI[W LM VW M`Q[\QZ XZWKMLQUQMV\W[ [M IXTQKIZnV TI[
LQ[XW[QKQWVM[LMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWMVTWY]MN]MZMVIXTQKIJTM[
J
-V ]VI QVVQLIL LM TMaM[ M[XMKQITM[ Y]M KWV\QMVMV VWZUI[ XZWKM[ITM[ Y]M XIZI
aplicar procedimientos aislados para decidir controversias de los derechos y
obligaciones remiten al C.P.C. derogado. Para resolver el inconveniente se dispone
LMTIIXTQKIKQ~V[]XTM\WZQILMTK~LQOW[MOVMTIZ\
K
+]IVLWMVTMaM[M[XMKQITM[aIVW[M\QMVMV^MZLILMZI[M[\Z]K\]ZI[XZWKM[ITM[XIZI
ZM[WT^MZ [][ KWVQK\W[# MV ^QZ\]L LM PIJMZ[M LMZWOILW KWV TI ^QOMVKQI LMT V]M^W
K~LQOW#[QMVLWTWUn[][]ITTIZMUQ[Q~VLMTITMaM[XMKQITITI]\QTQbIKQ~VLMTR]QKQW
[]UIZQW LMZWOILW 8IZI M[\M XZWJTMUI [M K]MV\I KWV TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\ !
C.P.C.M.
6.4 DISPOSICIN TRANSITORIA

8WZ M[MVKQI TI[ LQ[XW[QKQWVM[ \ZIV[Q\WZQI[ ZMKWVWKMV TI KWM`Q[\MVKQI LM IXTQKIKQ~V LM TMaM[
LMZWOILI[KWVTMaM[^QOMV\M[\ITM[MTKI[WLMT+8+ KWM`Q[\MR]V\WIT+8+5
,MVQVO]VIUIVMZILMJMMV\MVLMZ[MY]MIXIZ\QZLMTI^QOMVKQILM]VIV]MÎTMaXZWKM[IT
[M IXTQKIZn I TW[ XZWKM[W[ R]LQKQITM[ QVQKQILW[ KWV IV\MZQWZQLIL \WLW TW KWV\ZIZQW IY]MTTW[
XZWKM[W[ KWV\MVKQW[W[ XZWKMLQUQMV\W[ ÎZQW[ a LQTQOMVKQI[ R]LQKQITM[ VW KWV\MVKQW[I[ [M TM[
KWV\QV]IZnIXTQKIVLWTITMaXZWKM[ITLMZWOILIKWVTIK]ITKWUMVbIZWVI\ZIUQ\IZ[MPI[\I[]
KWVKT][Q~VLMIK]MZLWITIZ\+8+5)M[\IQV[\Q\]KQ~VXZWKM[IT[MTMQLMV\QKIKWUW
el efecto ulterior de la ley procesal.
-TKZQ\MZQWM[XMKQKWXIZILM\MZUQVIZK]nVLW[MIXTQKIZnTIV]MÎTMaXZWKM[ITLMXMVLMLMTI
NMKPILMQV\MZXW[QKQ~VLMTILMUIVLI[WTQKQ\]LWZMY]MZQUQMV\WIV\MMTR]bOILWKWUXM\MV\M
LMVQVO]VIUIVMZI[M\WUIZnMVK]MV\IXIZITW[MNMK\W[XZWKM[ITM[KWUMV\ILW[MTUWUMV\W
MV Y]M [M LQW MT QVK]UXTQUQMV\W Y]M OMVMZ~ MT KWVQK\W M[ LMKQZ Y]M TI IXTQKIKQ~V LM TI
V]MÎTMaXZWKM[ITVWLMXMVLMLMTW[MNMK\W[LMTI[ZMTIKQWVM[R]ZyLQKI[[][\IV\QÎ[
8IZIKWVKT]QZM[\W[KWUMV\IZQW[M[KWV^MVQMV\MXZMKQ[IZY]M[MMV\QMVLMXWZTIKWVKT][Q~V
LM TW[ XZWKM[W[ KWV TI VWZUI\QÎ Y]M QVQKQIZWV MT K]IT OMVMZITUMV\M M[ JIRW MT QUXMZQW
LMT +~LQOW LM 8ZWKMLQUQMV\W[ +Q^QTM[ 4I M`XZM[Q~V IV\M[ KQ\IL a ]\QTQbILI XWZ MT IZ\
+8+5)Y]y[MQVKT]aMVW[~TWPI[\IMTXZWV]VKQIUQMV\WLMTI[MV\MVKQILMVQ\QÎ[QVW
PI[\IMTIOW\IUQMV\WLMTW[ZMK]Z[W[R]LQKQITM[Y]MXZWKMLIVKWV\ZITIZM[WT]KQ~VLMIK]MZLW
IT\QXWLMR]QKQWWJQMVPI[\IY]MTILMKQ[Q~VY]MLMZUMXWZLMRIZ\ZIV[K]ZZQZTW[XTIbW[LM
impugnacin.
695
LIBRO SEPTIMO
ANEXOS
7.1 TABLA DE CONCORDANCIAS
Advertencias
-V KILI QV[\Q\]KQ~V IXIZMKM M[KZQ\W MT VUMZW Y]M KWZZM[XWVLM I TI VWZUI\QÎ LMT +~LQOW
8ZWKM[IT+Q^QTa5MZKIV\QTaMT[QO]QMV\MVUMZWKWZZM[XWVLMITIVWZUI\QÎXZW^MVQMV\M
del Cdigo de Procedimientos Civiles/1882.
4W[\uZUQVW[Y]MIXIZMKMVM[KZQ\W[MVMTTQ[\ILWY]M[MWNZMKMIKWV\QV]IKQ~V[WVXZWXQW[LMT
+~LQOW8ZWKM[IT+Q^QTa5MZKIV\QTTW[K]ITM[XW[MMVKWVKWZLIVKQIKWVMT+~LQOWLM
Procedimientos Civiles/1882.
;MWUQ\MV]VI[MZQMLM\uZUQVW[MVMTTQ[\ILWY]M[MWNZMKMIKWV\QV]IKQ~VLMJQLWIY]M]VI
KIV\QLIL[QOVQKI\QÎY]MIXIZMKMVMVMT+~LQOW8ZWKM[IT+Q^QTa5MZKIV\QTVWXW[MMV
un elemento comn en el derogado Cdigo de Procedimientos Civiles/1882.
Disposiciones
CPCM/2010
Disposiciones
CPC/1882
)Z\
Art. 1182
Acto de conciliacin.
)Z\
)Z\
Acumulacin de procesos.
)Z\
)Z\
Institucin
Abstencin.
)LUQ[Q~VLMTILMUIVLIMRMK]\QÎ
)Z\
)Z\!
Allanamiento a la demanda.
Art. 131
)Z\
Anticipo de prueba.
Art. 326
Art. 162
Aportacin de los escritos inciales.
Art. 288
)Z\a
Caducidad de la Instancia.
Art. 133
)Z\)
Capacidad procesal.
)Z\!
Art. 16
+IZnK\MZLMTI[VWZUI[[WJZMXZWKMLQUQMV\WILMK]ILW
)Z\
)Z\
Carga de la prueba.
Art. 321
Art. 237
+MZ\QKIKQ~VLMM`XMLQMV\M[
Art. 166
)Z\!
Cese de la representacin.
Art. 73
)Z\
Clases de resoluciones.
Art. 212
)Z\
Comisiones procesales.
)Z\
Art. 27
Competencia de grado.
)Z\!
)Z\!
Competencia de grado cuando sea parte el Estado.
)Z\!
)Z\!
696

Competencia en el acto de conciliacin.
Competencia territorial.
)Z\
Art. 166
)Z\
)Z\
Cmputo de plazos.
)Z\
Art. 212
+WVQK\WLMKWUXM\MVKQI
)Z\
)Z\
Congruencia de la sentencia.
Art. 218
)Z\
Constancia de recepcin de escritos.
Art. 161
)Z\!
+WV\MVQLWLMTIK\ILMZMKWVWKQUQMV\WR]LQKQIT
)Z\!
)Z\!
Contestacin a la demanda.
)Z\
)Z\
Convalidacin del acto viciado.
Art. 236
)Z\
+WWXMZIKQ~VR]LQKQITQV\MZVIKQWVIT
)Z\!
Art. 261
Copias de escritos e instrumentos.
Art. 162
)Z\!
Costas procesales.
Art. 271
)Z\!
De las multas.
)Z\
Art. 1268
Deberes del procurador.
Art. 71
)Z\
Decisin sobre la infraccin procesal en sentencia de apelacin.
)Z\
)Z\!
Decisin sobre los hechos probados y sobre el derecho.
)Z\
)Z\!
Declaracin de parte.
)Z\
Art. 371
Declaratoria de nulidad en recurso.
Art. 238
)Z\!
Declinatoria.
)Z\
)Z\
,MNMK\W[LMKIXIKQLILZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VWXW[\]TIKQ~V
)Z\
)Z\
Deliberacin de sentencia.
)Z\!
)Z\
Demanda.
Art. 276
)Z\!
Desercin de la apelacin.
)Z\
)Z\
Desistimiento de la instancia.
)Z\
)Z\
Desistimiento de los recursos.
)Z\
)Z\
,yI[aPWZI[PnJQTM[
)Z\
Art. 1277
Dictamen de perito.
Art. 386
Art. 363
Diligencia preliminares.
)Z\
)Z\
Diligenciamiento de emplazamiento.
Art. 183
)Z\
Efecto suspensivo de la apelacin.
)Z\!
)Z\!
Efectos de abstencin y recusacin.
)Z\
Art. 1173
-KIKQILMTI[MV\MVKQILMTXZWKM[W[MRMK]\Q^W
)Z\
)Z\!!
-KIKQILMTW[I]\W[[QUXTM[
Art. 228
)Z\
-KIKQILMTW[LMKZM\W[
Art. 227
)Z\
-RMK]KQ~VKWV\ZIMT-[\ILW
)Z\!
)Z\
-RMK]KQ~VNWZbW[I
)Z\
)Z\
Embargo preventivo.
)Z\
Art. 612
-UXTIbIUQMV\WLM]VIXMZ[WVIR]ZyLQKI
)Z\ !
)Z\
697

Emplazamiento del demandado.
Art. 283
)Z\
-UXTIbIUQMV\WMVKI[WLMLMUIVLILWM[Y]Q^W
Art. 187
)Z\
-UXTIbIUQMV\WMVXZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^W
)Z\
)Z\!
Emplazamiento por apoderado.
)Z\
)Z\!
Emplazamientos.
Art. 181
)Z\
-`KMXKQWVM[
)Z\
)Z\
.QZUMbILMTI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[LMVQ\QÎ[
)Z\!
)Z\
.]VKQWVM[LMTUIOQ[\ZILWXZM[QLMV\M
)Z\!
)Z\
Improponibilidad de la demanda.
Art. 277
)Z\!
Impugnacin de la autenticidad.
Art. 338
Art. 287
Impugnacin de la declaracin de caducidad por error en el

cmputo.
)Z\!
)Z\.
Impugnacin de la declaracin de caducidad por fuerza mayor.
Art. 138
)Z\.
Instrumentos privados.
Art. 332
Art. 262
Instrumentos pblicos.
Art. 331
)Z\
Interposicin del recurso de apelacin.
)Z\
)Z\!
Interrogatorio de testigos.
)Z\
)Z\!
Jurisdiccin.
Art. 21
)Z\
Litispendencia.
)Z\!
Art. 222
5I\MZQI[M`KT]QLI[LMTIKWVKQTQIKQ~V
)Z\
)Z\
Medios probatorios.
)Z\
)Z\
5WLQKIKQ~VLMTILMUIVLI
Art. 282
)Z\
Modos de otorgar el apoderamiento.
Art. 68
)Z\!
6W\QKIKQ~VVW\IZQIT
)Z\
Art. 27
6W\QKIKQ~VXMZ[WVIT
Art. 177
)Z\
6W\QKIKQ~VXWZ\IJTMZW
Art. 171
)Z\
6W\QKIKQWVM[
)Z\!
)Z\
Nulidad de actuaciones procesal.
Art. 232
)Z\
Obligacin de colaborar.
Art. 12
Art. 1261
Partes del proceso.
)Z\
Art. 11
Pertinencia de la prueba.
Art. 318
)Z\
Poder especial.
)Z\!
Art. 113
Poder general.
)Z\!
Art. 111
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Art. 111
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Presunciones legales.
)Z\
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Art. 232
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Principio de trascendencia.
Art. 233
)Z\
698

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Art. 13
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Principio dispositivo.
Art. 7
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Procesos posesorios.
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Art. 778
8ZWK]ZIKQ~VMVKI[WLMXT]ZITQLILLM[]RM\W[
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Proposicin de prueba.
Art. 317
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Proposicin y presentacin de los instrumentos pblicos o

privados.
)Z\
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Prueba documental.
Art. 331
)Z\
Prueba pericial.
)Z\
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Plazo de interposicin del recurso de apelacin.
)Z\
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Rebelda del demandado.
Art. 287
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Reconocimiento Judicial.
)Z\!
Art. 366
Reconvencin.
)Z\
Art. 232
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proceso.
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Recurso de apelacin.
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Recurso de revocatoria.
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)Z\
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Remisin de procesos.
)Z\
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Art. 168
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:MY]Q[Q\W[LMTI[MV\MVKQI
Art. 217
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Resoluciones recurribles en apelacin.
)Z\
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Secuestro de bienes muebles.
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Sentencia.
)Z\
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Sentencia de apelacin.
)Z\
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)Z\!
;MV\MVKQILQK\ILIXWZ]VI+nUIZILM;MO]VLI1V[\IVKQIWXWZ
Sala de lo Civil. Deliberacin.
)Z\!
)Z\
Subasta de bienes embargados.
)Z\
Art. 633
Subsanacin de la omisin de pronunciamientos.
Art. 226
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Sucesin procesal por muerte.
)Z\
Art. 1276
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Art. 32
Suscripcin de escritos.
)Z\
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Sustitucin y delegacin del poder.
Art. 72
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Tercera de dominio.
Art. 636
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Valoracin de la prueba.
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Voto.
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699
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CODIGO PROCESAL

PLENO DEL CONSEJO

CDIGO PROCESAL CIVIL

Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura

El Titulo Preliminar. Principios del Proceso y Aplicacin de las

LOS PROCESOS DECLARATIVOS

Titulo Primero. Disposiciones Comunes

Ttulo Cuarto. Las Medidas Cautelares

LOS MEDIOS DE IMPUGNACION

Titulo Primero. El Proceso Ejecutivo

Titulo Primero. Disposiciones Generales

Titulo Primero. Disposiciones Generales

Cuantas de las multas

Tabla de Concordancias (para bsqueda rpida del lector de

Revista Uruguaya de Derecho Procesal

Cdigo Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado

1.2 EL TTULO PRELIMINAR, CONTENIDO Y FINALIDAD

Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura

1.3 DERECHOS BSICOS DE LOS JUSTICIABLES

1.3.1.1 Derecho a la proteccin jurisdiccional (Art. 1):

Cdigo Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado

Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura

1.3.1.3 Principio de gratuidad de la justicia (art. 16):

Cdigo Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado

1.3.2 Sujecin del proceso a la Constitucin y las leyes:

Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura

1.3.2.2 Principio de legalidad (art. 3):

Cdigo Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado

1.3.3 Actuacin de las partes dentro del proceso:

1.3.3.2 Principio de igualdad procesal (art. 5):

Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura

1.4 PRINCIPIOS QUE GARANTIZAN EL CARCTER ROGADO DEL ORDEN

Cdigo Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado

1.4.2 Principio de aportacin (art. 7):

Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura

1.5 PRINCIPIOS RELATIVOS A LAS OBLIGACIONES DE LOS SUJETOS:

Cdigo Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado

1.5.2 Principio de veracidad, lealtad, buena fe y probidad procesal (art. 13):

Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura

1.6 PRINCIPIOS DEL PROCEDIMIENTO:

Cdigo Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado

1.6.2 Principio de publicidad (art. 9):

Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura

1.6.3 Principio de inmediacin (art. 10):

Cdigo Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado

1.6.4 Principio de concentracin (art. 11):

1.6.5 Principio de direccin y ordenacin del proceso (art. 14):

Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura

Cdigo Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado

Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura

1.7 REGLAS PARA LA APLICACIN DE LAS NORMAS PROCESALES

1.7.1 mbito material de aplicacin del cdigo:

Cdigo Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado

1.8 INTERPRETACIN DE LAS DISPOSICIONES PROCESALES:

1.9 INTEGRACIN DE LAS NORMAS PROCESALES:

Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura

1.10 APLICACIN SUPLETORIA DEL CDIGO:

Cdigo Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado

1.11 JURISDICCIN Y COMPETENCIA DE LOS TRIBUNALES

Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura

1.11.1 Supuestos de jurisdiccin salvadorea

1.11.1.1 Supuestos litigiosos de carcter exclusivo y absoluto.

Cdigo Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado

1.11.1.2. Supuestos litigiosos de carcter relativo

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478-B:74,)625Competencia Judicial en Materia Civil.))>>XXa