Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Tipos de Computacion Paralela
Tipos de Computacion Paralela
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
ESCUELA DE FORMACIN
m
PROFESIONAL
DE
m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
m
m
m
mmmm
m mmm
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmm
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
mm
mm
m
mmm mmm
m
m
mm
m
mm
mm
m
m
mm
m
m
mm
m
m
m
m
mm mm
m
m
m
mmmm
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
mm mm
m!mm
mmm mm
m&mm
m
m m m 'm
m m m m m 'm m m !m m
m%
m
mm m'm
mm'
m
5 mm% mm m mm
mm!
m m
mm m%
m
% m!m
m
mmmm
m mmm)
mmm
m !m m m >m
m !m
m $ m m m
m m
m m m
% m m m !m m
m m
m m m m
m m
m m
m
m
m
m
m
m
" m
m5
mm
mm!
mm5 mm% mmm mmmm
m m
m !m m m m
m m %$ m ! m m
m m
' m
m m
m m &m m m %
m !m
m m 'm m &m m m
mm
m%$ m!m
m
m!mm%
mm
mmm
redes de interconexin
m m
m m m !m
& m m
m m " m m
m ($ m m m '
m m
m m m m m
m
m
m
m m
m m m )
m m m m
m %
m !m
mm
mm
m
m %
m m
m m m
m m m !m m %$ m
%
'mm m&m
m
#m m m mmmm mm
m
mmm m mm% mm
mm
m!m m m m %
m
mm
mm(
mm
m m%$ mm
mm9& m!mm
m mm%mm
m&m mm%mm
mm mm mm
m
m( m
m
m m m
mm
m !m m
m
m&
m
m m m
m m %$ m m m
m !
m m m
m m m m
%$ m m 9& m m
m m m $ m m m m m m m %
m
m !m
m
m 'm !
m
$ m m m
m
mmm%$ m!m% m m
mm
m
mm!m
mmmm
$ m
m
!
5m m m m m
m m
# m m
m m m
m m m !
m m ?m ' m * m "
m m
m m
m %
m m
@ m 5
m m
m :5 @ m $ m m #m m entral Processing Unit), &m m
m!mm
m!m mm mm
m
mm
mm" m
m mm
m m ) m m m
m !m
m m ) m m m
m m m m
m m
m ((> m Single Instruction Stream, Single Data Stream :) m %m m
m) m%mm
Am@ m
$ m
mm
m m:> m<888Am
"m m m ' m * m
m m
m m m 'm m $ m m m
m &m m 'm m
% m m %$ m
m 5 @m &m m m m
m
m mm
m &m m
m
$ mm( m m m m
m m
'
m m m !
m m
m m m m m
m m
m m
m m m m m m
$ m (pipelining). m segmentacin de instrucciones
m m
mmmmm
mm
$ m
mm m!mm
m
m" m)
m
A
m
m
"m
m !m m
m m m m ! m m
$ m m m m m &m
mmmm'$ m m
m#'mm9m<7 m mm!mm
m m
$ m
m m m m m m
(5m o educed Instruction Set Computer)m m m
m m
$ +m 9m :)!m m m
$ A m >m :%$ m m m
$ m &m
m m m
A m"Dm: m
#
A mC"Cm:
B
mB mAm&mEm:
m mm
Am
m
m
m
m m'
m!m mm
$ mm m!mmm mm$ mm m
'm
$ m m mmm m !mm
$ m mm mm: mm
m
A mm
mmm!m mmmmmm &mm$ mm m
$ m>m
m % m &m m m m m m m
$ m :
m
m &m
A m m
m
mmm m m
mmmm! m m
m
( m mmm!mm
$ mm m
mmm
' mm mm
m
m )m &m m
m m m m
m m
m
m m $ m m m
$ m
mmmmmm!'
m m
m"
mmmm!mm
mm$ m
m m
$ m mm
$ m' m
mm'm%
+m
m
mm!m&m!mm mm mm
mmm mm
mmmm
%$ m
m
m
m$ mm
mm
mmm
$ mmm &m ' m
mmm
m
m
m "m m m m !m m m m %$ m m
m m
m m m m m
%m mmm!m
mm
m m
mmm$ m
m
m
m
m
#'m !m m
$ m m
m m <38m m
m !m m !'
m
mm4<0m mmm!m
mm
m mm!mmm
m38m m&m&m
!m m m
m m m m m m m
m 0m m "
m m m !m m
mm
'm mmmmm m
mm'mm$ m
m
m
m
m m m
$ m
# m
m m m mm
m m '
m mm
!
mm
m mm'mm
% mmm
mm )mm
m m
m
m m
m m
# m m m m m memoria entrelazada m
intercalada (memory interleaving), &m
m m'm m m m! mm m mm
mm9m<3m
m
m!
m m mm
%m %$ mmm
m m m
m
m %m m m m
m m 'm m
m m
%$ m m m memoria cache. C
m
m
m m
m m m m m
A
m mm
mAm m mm
m&mmm
m
"
m m m
mmm
m ((> m
m
m
mm
mm
m
m m m
m m m m m m m
m m m m m
m
m #
m $m m m m m !2m )m m m m m m m
m
m m m
m m
m ' m m
m )
m m m
m
%m &m m m @ m m
m m
m ' m m m
m mmm m
m!mm
m m% m m m
m m
m
&m
m( m mmm
%m m&m$ mm m
m m% m
m m
m
'm m m &m m !m m m
m m m
m m m
m m m m !m m m "m %
m
m m m
$ m m m
m m m m "
m m m m m m m m m
m m
m
mm&m m%mm
mm
mmmmm
&m
m
m m %
m "'
m m m
m
$m m
#mmmm
m((>m
m$ mmm
mm&m! m
m)
m
# mm
mmm
& m m
m 'm
m
"!#$!!
" m ./33m 9& m m m %$ m
m m m
m
m m
m m
%mm
m&mm%mm
m!m mmmm(m
mm%mostream) m
m m
m m
m m m
m m m
m m m %$ m m 9& m m m
+m
m
.m ((>m oSingle Instruction, Single Datu),
$ m ) m
m ) m 5m &m m $m m m
($ m
m m
m m m m m &m m m
m m m
mm
mm
m
mm m
mm mm
mm
$ m:
$ m Am@ m
m((>mm
mmm m mmm
m mm
mm
mmm
mm m) m mm
mm9m</m
m
mm
m
<m(C>moSingle Instruction, Multiple Data),
$ m) m
m)
m"
mmm
m
mm9m</m" m
mmm
) mmm
m mm!
m'm m
m
m
m m %m m
m
m m
m m m
$ m
m m m ) m m m
m "
m
m
m m
m
m #m m m m m $ m m m
m 5m m m
m
m m
!
mm
mm5mm&mmonnection Machine.
C(>m (Multiple Instruction, Single Data),
m )
m
m ) m "
m
m m
$ mm
mmm
mm 'm mm
mm m
m
m
$ m%
mmmmm%mm
m" m
m
m mm m m
$ mmm
m
m&m!m
mmmm x mm %m
m
mm>m m
mm'
m
m m mmC(>mm!
m
m &m Em
&m !m m % m
m m ) m %m m
m &m )
m
m !m
m ! m
m m ) m
m m m m
!
m m
m m %m m
m m
m m m
m&m m) m%mm
m mm!mm mmm
m
mmC(>m>m
m m m !
m
$m
# m m m m C(>m "
m !
m
m
m
mm9m</m
m
mm5mmmm
m
mm!
m
m
mm
+mCray-2, ZBMm &mNIVAC .m
m m
m %$ m m m !m m !
m m m m
m m
m
+m(C>m&mCC>m(
mm mm
m mmm mmm
m
Modelo SIMD:
m
" m m m (C>m m m
m m
m
m m m $ m m )
m
mm m
m m
m m mm ' m m m m m m&m m m
)m
m m m m
#
F$m m m m m
m @ m m m
m
m m m m m m m m
m m m &m m
m m m
m m 5m m
m m m
$ m m m
m
m%
m
m
" m mm(C> mm
mm
m%m mm &m m
$ m
)mm
mmm
m mmm
$ m>mm!mm%
m
m mmmm
mmmm m
)mm m!m
mmmm
m m mmmm m
m
m%m:
m m$ mm
m
Am mm mmm
m
mmm$ m
mm
mmmm
mm mmm ' m m
m
mmmopixels) m m mm m m mm(mm
m m
m
m m !m m m m m m m m
m m
m m
'
m m
m m mmm
m
m"mm
m m m) m mm
m
m m %m
m m m m m
m 5m m m m ! m (C>m
mm m!2m
mmmm&m mm $ m m m$ m
m!m
m )m m m
m
mm mm mm'
mm
m m
m
m m m m
m
m m
m hipercubo, !m m
m m m
5
m&m!m m m
m%mm mm
mmm mmm
m mm $ m
"m m m m ! m (C>m m m onnection Machine : m m m $ m .3Am
%mmThinking Machines orporation m./10 m%mm30043mmm m m
=&
mmmm! m
m
m%mm'm mmm
m mm
9m <.8m m ! m (C>m m m m m
m m m m m m m
&mmm
m mm
mmm
mm$ m mm!mm mm
$ m mm m$ m %
mm m
m m m
m!mm
mm
m m $ m m m
m $ m m
m m !m m m m m
m"
m
mm
mm l n m
m mn mm )m m m m
m m m %m m m (C>m m 'm !m m m )
m 2m m
m
mm
m&m
m&mm
m
G Modelo MIMD:
m
" m m m CC>m m m
)m m %m
m
m @ m m 'm
m mm m
m
% m
m
m m
m m
m
m
m m m m %m m
m "
m m m !m m m descomposicin de
control, m m !m m m m
m
m m m
m Cm m
mmm descomposicin de datos, mm!mm
mmmm
m
mm
m
m&m
m
mmmmmm
mm
m!mmmmm"
m
$ mmmCC>mm mm
( C>m (Single Program, Multiple Data), m ) m m )
m
m "m
m
'm m % m m m m (C>m " m m
m ( C>m
m m m
m m
m m m
m m !m m !m
m m m $m
m >m
m
m mmm
m
m$m
m!mm
mm
m mm
m
m "m
m m %$ m
m m m m
m m !m m
m
m
omparacin de los sistemas SIMD y MIMD
m
"'
mm
m(C>m
m m6m!mmCC> m&m!m$m! m m
mm
m &mm
m mm&m!m$mm m m mmm
m m$ mm
mCC>m m mmm m mm m&m
m m m %
6m m m m m m m m
m
'm m
m m m
m(C>m
m m
mm mmm m
m mmm
!m m
% m
m
m m m m &m
m
#m !m
m
% m m m m m m :'#m m m :> m <888AAm "'
m m
'
mmm
m(C>mm!m m m
m%
m
m mmmmm
m m !m m m m m m !m m
m CC>m
m m
m &m
mmm(C> m
m m m mm
m>m m !mm
mCC>m m
m
m m m $
m m m %m m m '
m $m m m
$ m m m m &m m m m m
m !m m !
m (C>m m
m m
m
m % m m m !m m
m m $ m m m &m m m !m
mm>m mm mm
mm m
m(C>mmm2m%
m
5 m
mm&m mmm mm mm!
mCC>m m
m m
m m!m
m
m(C>m&m % m &m
m&m m m mm m mm
!m m !m m
m m m
m
m m m
m (C> m m m
m!
mCC>m!m mmmm
m mm(C>m
mm
$ mm hardware m mmm
m
mm
m mm>>m&mm5CF0m
mm
m
m mm'm!mm
mCC>m mm m &m
%m m m m
m
mm
m%
mm
mCC>m
m
%!&'! !
"m
mm %$ m
mm mm
mm
m!mm
m
mm
m
mm
m m 'm%$ mmm!
mm +m
m
Sistemas de memoria compartida o multiprocesadores.
Sistemas de memoria distribuida o multicomputadores.m
m
" m
m ($ m m
m m %m m m !
m m
m m
m
m
a) Sistemas de memoria compartida o multiprocesadores.
m
m mmm
m mm
mm
mm
m%
mm
mm m
m mmmmm m@ m'm
m mmm m
mmmm
mm!m
m" m m m
m!
mmm
m
mmm
mmm m
'#mmm red de interconexin. m 9m<..m
mm!mmmm!
mmm
mmm mmm
mm
m!
m
mmmNY Ultracomputer.
m
m
" m
m
m m m !m m m m
$ m m
m m m %m m
m m
%
mm
m!m
mm
m+mmlatencia de red &m mancho de
banda. m
mm'm mm
% mm
m
m
mmm
m
m"mmm % mmm
m!mm
m m 'm m m m
'#m mmm m
$ mm
m m
m! m m
m
mm% mmancho de banda mm
)mm
m!mm m 'mm mm
m
m
mm%mm
m!
mm%
m!mm mm mm' m&m!m
mmmm
$ mmmm
mm m mm m
'#mmmmm
$ m "
m m m m m m
m m m !m m
m m
m m m
m m
m!mmm'm
m mmm" mm!
mmm
mm
%m !m m latencia de red m m &m m ancho de banda
m slo si m m
m 'm
m
mmmmm
mmm
$ mm
msimultneamente. m
m m &m
m m m m m m m )m m m m
m
m m
mmm!2m &m m!
m m) m mm $ m mmm bus, mmm
m
m
m &m m m
m m m
m m m m m m m m
m&mmmm!m mm
m m'mm
mm mm
m
m m m &m m mm
m m
m m mm mm
m m 5 m se
m m m m %
m m m m m m
%$ m mmm mmm!m m mm%!mm'mm m'm
m m m m m m m 'm
m &m !m m
m m m
m ( m m
m
m %
m !m
m m m !
m @C+m m escalabilidad. m
m m m %
m %
m m m
m m >m %m #m m
m
m m m m
m m m m
m m m m m )m m
m " m m m m m m m m !m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m
m m m m m m m 'm m ( m m m m
%
mmm
mm $ mmm mmm m&m mmm'm
m
m
m m m
m m
$ m m !m m m m m !m m
m mm m mm
mm
mmm %mm mm
m m m
$ m m !
m
m m m
m m m m
)m m m m
m
m
m m m
m m m m
m
m m m m m m m m m m
m !m
m "
m m
m
m
m m ncore Multimax m ncore Computer Corporation !m
m m
mmm mmm$ m%m mmNanobus. "
m
mm'mm!m
m
mm mm m mmmm m'
m
m
$ mm
mm
m
mm
'm m mm mmmmmm
mm
mm
mm
m"
m!
m
m mmm<03m=&
m m m
mm
msnoopy
mmm"m
m
m m
mm
$ mmmm
m
m&m m
mm mmmm m
mm '$ m!mm m mm
5
m m
m mm
m Power hallenge
m mm
m!m
mm5 @mm
m mmm m"
m m m POW path-2, m mmm<03m
m &m
m
m mm mm. <-&
Bm5m5 @m
mm mmm
m&m
mm
m
m
"
m
m
m m
(5m m
m C (m
1888m m m
m m 488m C%m
!m m m m m m
m m m m 'm m !m m m m m m
7788m m
mm7m'mm# m
m mmm mStreaming ache m.3m
C&
m m m !m m
m m m
%m m m m m m m
m Power
hallenge mmm
m m, mm%m m cluster mm
m
&mm Cm m C mmm
m m
m"
m $ mm Power hallenge m m
SGI Power hallenge Array. @ m
m m m
m m m m m 'm m <3 Gm
-%m m.<1m m" m mm
m@Cm
m m . m
m
m m m m m m m *
m m m
m m )m
mmm
m
m.3m&m4<m m
mmmSun l mm
m
37mm m!
m@Cm" m
m
mmm mm m Gigaplane-XB.
"m mm mm m
m m m&m m crossbar m
m&m
m m mm
m m m m -&
m "
m
m %
m !m m
m m m
m 37m
mm
m
( m m mm mm
mmmmm mm m mm
!mm mm$m!mm
m
m mmm&m!m
m!m m
m!m
m
m m m
m m & m m
m m m m m m C
m
m
mm'
mmmm
'#mmmmm
$ m m m)!m
m$m&m
m mm!mmm%mm
m"
m%$ mmm!
mm
mmm
m mm m %mmm&mm
m mm9m<.4m
m m
m
m!m &m mm
m!m m m
m mm m
mm&m mmm
mm% m mmmm % m@C m
&m m % m *@Cm " m m m m
m m m m m m m m m !m
m
m !m m m m %m m m
m m
m m m
m m
m m %m m
# m mm
mm memoria compartida distribuida, >(Cm
(Distributed Shared Memory). m m m
m m m
m m 'm m
m
m
mm!mmm
m) mm m
m&mmm
m m
m9m<.4 mm&m mm
mmm m mmm m&m %mm
Am!
mmm
m mm m %mmm
AmCm
m mm m %mmm$m mmm
m
"m
m KS - m
m
m !m %m m m !m
m m m
6m"
m
m m
m &m!mm
m m m 9m <.7 m m m*@Cm
:*@Cm m m 6A m &m
# m m m m
m #
m
m(F(C m(Scalable Symmetric Multi-Processors) .
mm m
m
mmStandford m
mmm!mse m
mmm< Origin <888 m
m mmm /8m m9m <.0m
mm
mm
m
m" mm
mm&m
mm
mm m!
mmm
m m*@C mmmm
m
mT-2, Standford Dash &mmBlue Mountain de (-H m!m
m mm mm
m m
m m m m m m
m !
m m &m m m m @Cm *m m
2m
m
m m0.<m mm m
m m<871m m
m
m
" m mm!mmm!
m*@Cm m!mmmm mm!m
m !m
m m m
m m
m
m m m m m m "m
m m mm) mm m&m!mmmmm mm mm
m m m m m m '
m !m %
m m m "
m m m
$ m m m m m m ray T. "'
m m m !
m *@Cm m
mm
$ mm mm%
m"m m2m! mm!mmm'm
mm) mm m m 'm$mm!m
m
m
m m 'm% mm
mmmm m m m m!mm
m %mm m
mmm m
mm '
m mm
mm $ m
m mmmm
'#mm
mm
!m m %m
m m m m !m m
m m % m m
m m m m m
$ m mm
mm
mmmm
m'
m&m! m !mm
)m m m
m %m &m %m m m m m m
m 'm m m %m
%
m m %m
m m
m m m
m m
m m m m $m m
m m %$ m
m m m m m m !
m *@Cm m
%m m m +m *@Cm &m 5Cm oCache-Only Memory Access). " m m
m
*@Cmm m
m m$ mmmm
mm
mm 'm
mm
m
m m m m m m m ! m m m m
m
' m m
m !m $m
m m ) m m m m 'm m m m m m m m
m
m
m
m "
m
m %m m m
m m
m
m m m m m
m snoopy. " m m m m m
m m m m 'm
m m m m m m m &m m
m m 'm
m
m
m m m) m m mhome, !mm mm!mm
mm
m
m
m'$ m
mmm'm
m mmmm' m
m m m mm
mm 'mm
mmm!m
mmmmm
m
" m m m m m m & m m m m !m $m m m m
m
%$ m m m m m ) m m m m 5Cm @ m m m
m
m m m
mKS -I. m
m mmmm!
m5Cmmmmmmmm mm
m
m m %m m m m
m m
m
% m m
m m m m m % $ m m m
mm$m m$ m"
mmm m m mmmm m
m m
m m!mm mmm m m
)mm m &mm
m mm mmmm
m m m m !'
m m m m m (m m m
m !m m
m m m $ m m m !m m
m m m m
m m m m m
m m
m%
m
m
mm mmm
m'
mm m
mmm m mm m!m$ mmmm
mmmm
mm mmm mm) m"
m
m%
m
mm$ m
m
mm
m $ m
m m m m m m m m m
'#m m m m crossbar F
!
mmm
m m mm mm/38mC&
mm m
m
m
m
m m
'#m m m !m m m oCoherent Toroidal Interconnect), !m m m m m m m
granularidad de las comunicaciones. m mm mmm mm
m
mm )mm m&mmm
2m"'
m !mm
m #m
mmm
m(C> m
# mmmm
mCC>m m $ mm
m
CC>m m!
mmmm mmm mmmulticomputadores.
m
A
"!mmm!
m
mAm"mmCm( F<m
m
m
m mm
m m
m m m m' mm m) m
m
m)
m5 @m mm m bus m
mo m)
m
mm m mm
m m mm mmm
$ mmm mm
" m m m m m m m procesadores masivamente paralelos :C m C'&m m
A m m m 9
m m HCm ( <m m (-Hm T &m m m m m m m %m
#m m cluster. @ m cluster, m 'm m m m $ m m
m m
m m 5m
m
m ) m
m m m m m " m m
m
m m
!
mmm
m m mm%mm mcluster,
mm!m
m +m
m
mm
mm
m:*E m*
6;mof E;
Am
mm 5m:* 5 m*
6;m%m 5Am
5
mm
mm
m:5E m5
m%mE;
Am
5
mm 5m:5 5 m5
m%m 5Am
m
m m %$ m
m m clusters m m m m
m m m m m
mmcluster
mm m'
mmm#m(mm mmmm m cluster mm
# m
m&m6%mm % m &mm
m
m"m
# m6%m
$mm
*(m m m m m m &
m !m
m
m m m m m m m
%m m
mm
m!m Im m mm6%m m m.//7 m m.3m
m713m>D7m
m m%mmm m. <0m-%m"m
# m mmmm
m
# m 6%m m m 'm m m m &m '
m m
m m m
m
m m m m m:mm5
mm
Cm 5m m m m 2Am m
m m '
m m m
m 6%m m m
9
9
9
9
9
9
@ m
m 6%m m
m m nodos minimalistas4
m m m m m
$ m
m mm!m m
m mmmmm 2m m'm m
m m
m%m
5m mm m6%mmm'
mmmm
m
" m m m m
m m
m :*EAm m
m m switch
m m m m
m
m !m m m Beowulf m m m m
+m m
mmmmm
?F70mm
m $ m m m Beowulf m %
m
m m m !
m &m m m
mmmm m
m m m Beowulf m m m m 2m m m m m m ' m
$m mm m
mm m&mm
m%
m
>m
m %m m '
m m hardware m m m m m %
m m
m m
software &m m
m m m m " m m m !m m m m &m !m m m
m
m
b)m Comparacin de los sistemas de memoria compartida y distribuida:
m
m !
m *@Cm &m
m m m m m
$ m m m m m
% m m m m m m !m m *@Cm !m m 6m %m m m
m &m
m mmmmm
m m
m!m mmm
mm m
mm
m
m m
5mm' mm
m
m m!
m
m m m m m
m
m m!
mmm
m mmm )mmm mm
m m
'mmm m m m m m
m m m
m
m &m m m m m
m m m m 'm m m
m m m m m m !m m
m mm mm!mmm mmm
m
m
m m
m m
m m m
m m
m m m m m
m m
m !m m $ m m m
m
m &m !m m m m m m m
m
m m m 'm &m m m m 9m <.1m
m 'm m m
!
m@Cm m m !mm m mm m
m
m'
mmm
m
mm
mm m m mm!mmm mm m m
m
m
m
( m mm!
m
m
m m'
m!m m
m m
m
" m m m m m m ) m m !m m m
m m
%mm
m!mmm mmm m m $ m m
m
m&m
!m m m m m
m !m
m m m m m $ m m m
m "
m
mm#mm
mm'm%
mm +mm
$ mm mmm
m m m m m
m
m m m
m m m m m
m
mmm m mmmmmm
m m mm m
m &m m m m m % m m m !m m
m m
m m 'm %m "
m )
m
m m m false sharing :
m %
Am m m '
m m m
' m
m
m
m
mmm!
m *@Cm m!m
m
m m
m m m
m m &m m m
m m
m !m m m m m m m &m !m m m m
m m m m m m !m m m m m m
m "m 2m m
m
m m
! m m m m 2m m
m m m
m m m m m
% m m
m!
mm mm%mm mmm&mmmm mm" m
m
m
m m m m
m m ) m m m
m &m
m
m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m
m
mmmmmm
m"
mm
mmsoftware m
m
m
mm mm) mm $ m m
mmm
mmm
mmmmmm m
m!mm!
m*@Cmm m m m
m ) m m m m
m :m
Am m
m m !
m
m
m m !
m m m
m m m m m m 5
Im 4"m
# mm) m
m
$ mmmmmmmm
mm mmmm mm
mm
mm! m*@Cm
"mmmm mm#m mm
m mm!
mmm
m
m!m
mmm m
m mm%m
m
mmmm
mm
m ( m m m %
m m m
m m m
m m m !m m
m )
m m m
m m
m m se m m m m m m m m
m
>m m
m m '
m m m $ m m
m m m
m m m m
m !m m m m
m " m m m
m m m m
m m
'mm$ m mm$m .mm
mm$m m
m!m mm
m mm
m
mm m
m m
m m m
m m %
'
m m m !m m m m
mmm 'mm mm mmm
m
m
m
m
#)
m
m
" mmm) mm%$ mm9& mm mm%mm
m&mm%mm
m!m
m m m m m m
m m m 'm m
m (C>m (Single
Instruction, Multiple Data) &mCC>m (Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data), &m!mm((>m (Single
Instruction, Single Data) m mm &m mC(>m (Multiple Instruction, Single Data) m
m
#m
m m m m m
m m
m m m m $ m m m m
mm mm
mCC>mm' m m
mmm
m m m
m m m $ m m CC>m &m m
m m m m multiprocesadores
simtricos :(C m Symmetric Multiprocessors),
m!m m m $ mm
mCC>m m
!
mmmm mmm mm
multicomputadores. "
m )
m m m procesadores masivamente paralelos :C m
Massively Parallel Processors)
m m ) m
m m )
m 5 @m m
m mbus m
mo cluster %mm)
m
mm m mmm m
mm mmm
$ mm m mm m)
mm clusters mmmm
A
#)
m
m%$ m m&m
mm
' m mm m%
'm>m m
mm
m%
m m m
m
mm'
mm mm
m%
mm
m m
m m !
m m m
m m m m m
m m
mm
mmm&m mmm
mmm
$ m"
mm
mm m'm&m m&m mm%m mm+mestticas &mdinmicas. m
m m
m
# m m
m m
m !m m $ m m m
m m
m
mmm"
mmm m
m m m!
mmmm
m&m m m m
m mm5
mmmm!
m
m m m m mm
& m mswitches, hubs m mm $ m!mm
m
mm
m m
mmm &m m mmm"
m
m
# m m
m mm
mmm
mm m
m
m
m$ m m m mm5
mmm
m
mm
m
>m
m
m m '
m m
m m m % m ) m m
m &m m )m m m
m !m m
& m m
m %
m m m m granularidad de procesador. (m m
m m m &m
mm m!m m
m m m m (coarse-grain),
m!mm mmm m
mm mm m% m(fine-grain). m
m m m m
m ray Y-MP m m m m &m !m
m m 1m m
mm mm'm-%m m
m MasPar MP-1
mmm
mm
m
m m'
mm m% m"
mmm
mmmm
m m m m m
m nUB <m &m Paragon XP/S !m
m m m m
mm mm
mmm
mm
m>m 'mm m mm mm
mm
mm mm mmmm!mmm m% m&m m&m!mm
m m m m m m % m m 'm
m &m m
m m %$ m m
m m
m 5m &m m $m
m m
m m m m
m m m
m
m m
m !m m m m $ m m m
$ m &m m
m !m m m m $ m m m m m m m
5 m
m
m m !2m
m
m m m
m m
m !m
m
m %
m &m
m m m m m m m
m !m m
m m m
m m
m
m
mmmm
nCB <m&mm Paragon XP/S mm m
m!m
mmmT-2
mmKS -I mm m%
m
*
)
m
m m m m m $ m m m
m m m '
m &m !m m m m
m m m
&m m m
m m
m !m m
m m
m m
mmm
mm %$ m
mm!mm
mm
m m
m m
m m m m %$ m
m m
m m m m m
$ m m m %
m
%
mmm% mm
m
" m mm
m!mmmm
$ mm%mm$
m mmmmmm
m
m!m m
mmmmm
$ mmmmm
$ m5 mm
m m m m
m m
m m m m m m m
m m m
m m m m m m m m m
$ m m m m m m m !m m m
$ m m
m
m m m &m 'm m m %m : m m m m m Am
mmm F
m"
m
# m$mm%mmm
mm %$ m m 'mm'm
&Bmm%
$ m mm
mm
% mm&m m!mmm
$ m
m m m
m m
m
m
m " m m
$ m m !
m m m 'm m m m !m m
%$ mse
m m%mm!
m m m m m
m'
mm m
mmm
mm m
m !m
m
# mmm $ mm
mm
mm% $ mm
$ m
m
m %
'
mm 'mm$ mmm
"m
m%
mmm control de flujo m" mmm
mm
$mm
# m
m
m m %m store-and-forwards, m
m m m m m m m " m
m
m
m!
mm m
m mm m
m
m mm 'mm
m
mmm
m mmm m
m m mm
m
$mmmm
mm
m
m m m m m !m m
m m m m
m m " m ./G/ m
Kermani &mK~einrock
mm
# mm
mm%mvirtual cut-through (control de flujo
segmentado). " m m m m m m %$ m
m
m routers, m
phit, m m 'm m
m router, m m m
m m !
m m m
m
mm m!mm m
m
mmm
mmmm
m
m
$m m m m m
m m 'm m
m m m !m m
m m
mm %
'
m5 mm m mmm!mmmm
mm% m
m pit, m m!mm!
mm
mm%mm m wormhole. 5m%
mm
m %m m m m 'm phits. 5 m wormhole m m m m m
m
m mm mm m) m%
m m
m mm6mmm mm
m
m%mm
m mm
m
m
"m
m%
mmm
mm
mm mm#
m
mmmm m
mm m &m
mm mmm m &m
m m%m m
m
m"
m
* +,%!!!
(m
m m m m m m m
$ m
m
m m 'm
m &m
mm5mmm' mmmm mm mm
m
m m m m m m 5@"B< m m m m m m m <8m
m m m m m
m m 'm !m m m m m m m m $ m m m $ m m
m
m
m
m
(
mm
mm
m%
mm m
m m m
m
"mCray T3 mm
mmm m $ mm m%mm
m
m!m
$m mmCray T3D. m mm
$ m mm
mm m
m4F>m5m mm
m
m%mm m>"5mm<..37 m <m-&
mm m mrouter m $ m&m m
$mm
m5mmmmmmm
mmmm m mm
P
Myrinet m mm m
$ mm m*Em (Network Of Workstations) m mm*m
m
m
mmm
$ m m*Emmm(virtual cut-through). 5
mmm
m+mmm&mm
mm
mm m mm'm%m
%
m
m m @ m m m m m m
m m %m m
m
# m Myrinet. m (m
m m m m
%m
%m m m m m !2m
-
.
m '
m m m m
m m
m m m m !m m m m
'mm %m m m
m
m '
m m mm$ m mm m
m m m m
'm m m hardware m
m m m m m
m m m m
m &m m software
m m m m
m m m
m
m m
m
m m % m )
m 'm m
m m $ m >m m
m m
'
mmhardware,
mmmm#
m mmm
mm$ mmm
m m
m m m mm #
m m m mm
m m %$ m m
mm
m m
m m % $ m m m m m %
' m m m !m m
$ m
m m m m m %m
m m
m m hardware
m
5 m mmm m m
mm mm
m m mmm
hardware. 5mm' mm % mmsoftware &mmhardware m
mm%m
m( m m
mm
mm mm
m%m"m
mm$ m
m m
mm m m mmm!
mm&mm )mmm
mmm m m m
mm m m'm
mm m !
m
m m 5 m m % m m
m &m 'm m
m m m !
m m
m
m m
mm
m %
'm" m
m($ mm
m!m!m
m mm
mm!
mm mm
mm$ morun time), meficiencia, ... ( m
m
m
m
m %m m ) m
m
m m !
m m m
m mm!
mm mm m
$ m
m"
mm m
m
m
m mm
mmmm!
m
" m m
m m m
m m $ m t,, ' m m m m
m
m
m !m
mm
m
m!m% m mmm m
mm% mm
m
m $ m m tp , m m
m
m m !m m m m m
m
!m% mm$ m m
mmmm
mmm
mm
m!m mmm m m
m mm
m mm
m
m m m m
m
mmm% mmspeedup, Sup, mm
m
mm
m
m
&mm'm
m
mm&m.m" mmm m< p &m
m .m
m
" mm
mmm
m' m
mmm
mm
mm$ mm&m
m )m m m
m m m m !m ' m m m m
m
m m m
m m
m#'m!m m
# mm% +m
m
m
m
"m mm% mmm
m
mm
m m&mmm
(m
m !m m
m m
m
m $
m m m
m m
m m m
m m
m m $ m m m
m m m m " m
# m m
% m m
m m m
m $
m
m m % m m m m . m &m !m m m
m
m
m .m&mm "m mm tp x p ts .m . "m
m m$ m
mmm%
mm mmm mm$mm'mm
m
mm
m m mm
$ m m m
mm m $ m n m m '
m m
m !
m m m p m m m m m m
m m 'm m p !m
m!m mp mm nip %mm m m mm m m!mm mm
mm
mmm m%
m
m mm2mmm
mm
m
!m m
mtamao del problema m
m m%m
' mm mm@ m
m mm
mm m% $ mm
2mmm
mm
mm mm
m m m $ m m m
m m
m m
m m m
m ( m m
m
m
mm'
mm!mm
$ mm
2mmmm%
mm
mm m mmmm
2mm m
mm m
m mm
m
m$ mmmmm
m!mm m
m!mmm
m@ mmm
m
2mmmmm
m!mmmm
2mm mm
mmmm
m
mm'm
m
mmm% mm
2mmm m% $ mm )m
mm mm!m m
mm'm" m
mm
2mm mtam, m% mmm )mm
m
mmmm
m m" m mm
2m m m m m m m !m m m !m m m
m MMm
!m m m m m
m5 m mm
2m mmmmm
m m$ m
mmm
m mm
5m &m m $m
m m
m m m % m m % m m m
m
m
m mm mmm mm
m %$ m
mm m mm!m
m!m m
mmm m$
mm% mm mmm
m
%
m m>m
mmm% mm% $ moverhead, to, mm
m
mmm
m
5m m ' m m % $ m overhead m
m m
2m m m )m m
m to to (tam,p) . #'m !m m m
2m m m m
m &m m
)mmm
m
mmoverhead
m5m&mmm m mmm
mmmoverhead mm $ m
mm (mmm
m m
&m
m m
m!mmspeedup ' mm+m
m
m
&m
m m
m!mmspeedup ' mm+m
m
m
m
$ mm
m$ mm
m#'m!mmm
2mmmm
m
m &mm )m m m
mm overhead
m &mm% m &m (mm
m
m m speedups m
m p m m !m m
2m m m m
m
m !m m m m
m m 5m m 'm m m
"$ m
m % m m
m m m 'm
m m m
m to tam m
m m
m m
m m %m m
m m m m
m m
#
m !m
m
m
'
m m m m m m
m m m
'm
mmm% m m mm"$ m m
+mm
m
m
&mK "B:Fm) m
mm m% mm
m
"
m% $ mm mmfuncin de isoeficiencia, m mm %m!m m
m
m m
m m % m
m & m m
m m m m
m speedups
m
m mm
mmm@ m'm!2mmm% $ mm
% m m !m m
m m
m m
m !m m 'm m 2m !m m
mm( m m
m m
m %mm
m% $ m m mmm m m
)m
m m m m
m tam, m )m m mm!m mm
m m
m$
mmtam, &m!mmm
m
'm
>mm mmm
2mmmm m mm mmOop>" mm )m
m m m
m m )m mmm&m!mm
2m m m &m
m!m
# mm mm
m'm
m
'm mm m
mmm m
m
mm m moverhead mm% m mmmmm
'
*m m 'm !m m % $ m m % m $m m % m m m
m m !m m
m m m m&m!mmm
m mm mmm
m
mm
% m m
m m )m m m m
m !m m m m
m m
2m
m
m
mm
mm% mm
2mmmmm
$
mm m
m
mm
(p) , mmS~(p)2 mm
m %m
$
mmm% $ mm% m
m
m% $ mm% m mm
mm
mm
mm m
mmm
!
mmmmm@ m'mmm mm
m% $ m m m
m
m m m m m m )m !2m m m &m m m
mm m )m& m mm!mm
mm ' m m m
m m
m m m m
m m m
m m m m m &m
# m m
%
mm mm
mm m
mm
mm mm
mm
6 mmm'mmmmm m'mmm m
m $ m m
#m m m !m m
m
m m
2m m m &m m % $ m overhead.
#m!m m
mmmm
m$
mmm
m
mm )mmm&m
m
mm$ mmm mm
mm$ mmm
m .m
m m) m mm+m
m
m
+m
m
m
m
5mm'mmm
m
mm% $ moverhead mm
m
m!m
m m m
m m &m !m m m % $ m overead
m m
m m
$ m m m speedup, m % m &m m
m m m m % $ m m )m m
m&mm
2mmm
m )
m m m
#m m
m !m
m 'm m "m m m m m m
m m m $ m tFin, !m m m m m m
m m $ m m m m
m m m!mm )mmmm'm
( m!mm% $ m tp (tam,p) m% mm
m mm$ mm
m
' m
mmp:m
/
" m
m5
mm m
mm
mmmm
$ mm" mmmm
m m m
m %
m m $ m m m m
m &m m m
m m
'm
$m m
$ m m
m m m !
m
mmm
mmm
mm
(
m m m
m m %$ m !m
m m
m m &m m m
%
m!m
mm'm m&m m m
mm
'm
mmm
m mm
mm
mm9& m&m mm
m
m
m m % m m m
m m m 'm m
m m m
!
m m
$ m m % m m m
m m '
m &m % +m m
$ mmmm mmm5 mmm mm'$ mmm!
m
m m m
m +m Sistemas de memoria compartida o multiprocesadores Sistemas de
memoria distribuida o multicomputadores. (m
mm
m%
mmm mm mm
m
m&mm
m&m
m
m m %
'm >
m m m m m m m m m %
m
m
mm
mm
m&m m m%$ mmmm mmm
$ mm
m
m
mm%$ mm mmgranularidad de procesador, &m
mmmm
$ m
m(m m
mm%
m!m %& m
mmmm
$ m&mm
mm
mmm mmm m
m m m )
m m m m
m
m m m
m m m
m
mmmm mmm
m&mm m mm
mm%mm m
mmm'm mm
@ m'm
mm
m%
mmm!
mm mm
m5
mm
m m% mm
mmm
m m
m% m m
m
m&m
m