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Calcha-Potos 1992
Potosinos. 1980

Calcheos (Potos) con charango carnaval 1992

Calcheo. Potos 1992.


312

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Orureos. 1980

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Basilia Condori. Calcha - Potos

Grupo Nuevo Nacer Khonkhota. Provincia Dalence - Oruro


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Khonkhoteros
Charanguistas originarios. Potos

Alberto Arteaga y su charango. Norte Potos


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Charanguista originario. Oruro

Charanguistas y khonkhoteros. Oruro


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Tercer Festival del Charango en Pars. Mayo 2010. De izquierda a derecha:


Guillermo Cuiza, Antonio Prez, Florindo Alvis, Ernesto Cavour, Melian Sangueza,
Pascuala Porco, Nicolasa Castro y dos bailarines cuerpo de danza

Luzmila Carpio: Embajadora del charango y de la cancin originaria de Bolivia


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Anuncio de la presentacin de la artista. Peridico El Diario. 1957

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y Feria del Charango. Aiquile,
Cochabamba 2007
364

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Jorge Castro y Csar Espada. La Paz 2000


365

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