Está en la página 1de 7

@>MQRIL 1+ >JFKL@FALP V BKI>@B MBMQAF@L

Dao[f ko_ i]oll_ ]ih inl[m jlijc_^[^_m( _f ]igjiln[gc_hni z]c^i)\[m_ ^_


f[m jlin_|h[m p[ [ _mn[l ]ih^c]cih[^i jil fim alojim cihct[\f_m ^_ f[m ][^_h[m
f[n_l[f_m*
G[cgjiln[h]c[\cif~ac][^__mnimalojim`oh]cih[f_m l[^c][_hmojimc\cfc^[^
^_ j[lnc]cj[l_h f[m l_[]]cih_m _htcgznc][m g_^c[hn_ ^im jli]_mim ^c`_l_hn_m* @h
jlcg_l foa[l( _mnim [gchiz]c^im jo_^_h []no[l ]igi []_jnil_m i ^[^il_m ^_
jlinih_m_h]c_ln[ml_[]]cih_mko|gc][m*<^_gzm( fimz]c^imjo_^_h []no[l]igi
l_[]ncpim ho]f_i`|fc]im s f[m \[m_m ]igi l_[]ncpim _f_]nli`|fc]im _h l_[]]cih_m ^_
lojnol[ s `ilg[]c~h ^_ _hf[]_m* Kil _mn_ gincpi _mnim [gchiz]c^im m_ _h]o_h
nl[h ]ih `l_]o_h]c[ _h fim ]_hnlim []ncpim ^_ hog_lim[m _htcg[m( ]igi m_ p_lz
_h _f ][j|nofi *

32

Y ^ d h Zfbghy\b]hl \hg \Z]^gZl


eZm^kZe^l \hg \Zky\m^k y\b]h h [ylb\h
]^l^fi^|Zg ng iZi^e _ng]Zf^gmZe
^g eZ \Zmyeblbl ^gsbfymb\Z)

I]o lnklea`]`ao `a h]o _]`aj]o h]pan]hao `apaniej]j


h]o ejpan]__ekjao jk _kr]hajpao
@f [hzfcmcm ^_f[m ][l[]n_l|mnc][m_mnlo]nol[f_ms f[jl_m_h]c[^_]c_lnimalojim`oh
]cih[f_m j_lgcn_h _hn_h^_l f[m l_f[]cih_m ko_ m_ jo_^_h _mn[\f_]_l _hnl_ ^cmnch
n[mj[ln_m ^_f[gcmg[gif{]of[i _hnl_f[jlin_|h[sinl[m gif{]of[m*
Bb]kh_h[b\b]Z]
>igi jo_^_ i\m_lp[lm_ _h f[ `caol[ 0).( go]bim [gchiz]c^im jl_m_hn[h oh[
][^_h[ f[n_l[f nin[fg_hn_ [jif[l* O_hc_h^i _h ]o_hn[ ko_ f[m jlin_|h[m mo_f_h
_h]ihnl[lm_ _h oh _hnilhi []oimi( f[m ][^_h[m f[n_l[f_m [jif[l_m nc_h^_h [[alo
j[lm_ ]igi ]ihm_]o_h]c[ ^_f `_h~g_hi ^_ l_jofmc~h ^_`chc^i ]igi _`_]ni bc)
^li`~\c]i $p{[m_ ][j|nofi % jf_azh^im_ _h oh[ _mnlo]nol[ nlc^cg_hmcih[f _h f[
ko_mo_f_h ko_^[l`ilg[h^i ohh]f_i bc^li`~\c]i $Aca* 0)5[%*
@n^ksZl ]^ PZg ]^kQZZel
@hf[m ][^_h[mf[n_l[f_m ^_fim [gchiz]c^im [jif[l_m m_jo_^_h ]l_[l^cjifimchm
n[hnzh_im ko_ jo_^_h ]l_[l `o_lt[m ^_ [nl[]]c~h chn_lgif_]of[l_m g os ^{\cf_m
j_li ko_( _h ]ihdohni( jo_^_h n_h_l oh _`_]ni cgjiln[hn_ _h f[ ^_n_lgch[]c~h
^_f[_mnlo]nol[nlc^cg_hmcih[f ^_f[mjlin_|h[m $Aca* 0)5\%*

}_e` k c hq p]i je_k

K _hak d e` nk b ^ e_k

Mqajpa `a
de` n cajk
_kj ]cq]
Roej]
%_& Fj pa n]__ek j a o a ha _pnk op} pe_] o

Cecqn] 1*6+ Fj pa n]__ek j a o jk _k r ] ha j pa o aj pna h]o _] ` a j ] o h] pa n] ha o `a hko ]i ej k } _e` k o) %]& Bj qj ajpknjk ]_qkok) hko ]iejk}_e`ko _kj _]`a
j] h]pan]h ]lkh]n oa _kj_ajpn]j aj h] vkj] _ajpn]h bkni ]j`k qj j_hak de`nkb^e_k+ %^& > qj] `apani ej]`] `eop]j_e]) oa lqa`aj _na]n `elkhko
pailkn]hao ajpna hko }pkiko `a aop]o _]`aj]o ]lkh]nao mqa d]_aj mqa oa aop]^hav_]j kpnk pelk `a ejpan]__ekjao jk _kr]hajpa7 h]o bqanv]o `a S]j
`an T]]ho+ %_& I]o _]`aj]o h]pan]hao ekjev]^hao lqa`aj lnaoajp]n _]nc] ] lE beoekhce_k+ Bopk laniepa mqa oa aop]^hav_]j bqanv]o `a ]pn]__ej aha_
pnkop}pe_] ajpna cnqlko bqj_ekj]hao _kj _]nc] klqaop] u bqanv]o `a nalqhoej ajpna cnqlko _kj h] ieoi] _]nc]+

33

PB@@FK F+ ILP J>QBOF>IBP AB I> @zIRI>

M q ajpa `a de`ncajk

I ,Bf beb

I
E

Qun
A k j ] ` k n `a E

Qun
> _a l pk n `a E

Cecqn] 1*.-+ M q ajpao `a de` ncajk aj h]


Q u n+ Iko lqajpao `a de`ncajk okj iqu d]
^epq]hao ajpna hko }pkiko `a _eanp]o _]`aj]o
h]pan]hao+ I] Qun lqa`a l]npe_el]n aj h] bkn
i]_ej `a aopko lqajpao `a de`ncajk ]_
pq]j`k _kik `kj]`kn k _kik ]_alpkn `ah
}pkik `a de`ncajk+

@hkfZ\b}g ]^ in^gm^l ]^ ab]k}`^gh


<faoh[m][^_h[mf[n_l[f_mjo_^_h`ilg[lchn_l[]]cih_mhi ]ip[f_hn_m^__mn_ncji
jo^c_h^i []no[l]igi ^ih[^il_m i ]igi []_jnil_m ^_bc^l~a_hi* @h _fjlcg_l
][mi m_ _h]o_hnl[h f[m ][^_h[m f[n_l[f_m ^_ fim [gchiz]c^im N_l( Osl( Obl( Olj(
Bfh(<mh( Ccms>sm* @h ni^im fim ][mim( _rcmn_ oh znigi ^_ bc^l~a_hi ohc^i [
oh znigi gzm _f_]nlih_a[ncpi ko_b[]_ko_m_ ]l__ oh[^_hmc^[^ ^_ ][la[jimc
ncp[_h _f znigi ^_ bc^l~a_hi* <oh jC \[di( f[m ][^_h[m ^_<mj sBfo _mn[lzh
jlinih[^[msn[g\c{hjo_^_h []no[l]igi ^ih[^il_m ^_ C*
G[m ][^_h[m f[n_l[f_m ko_ jim__h alojim `oh]cih[f_m ]ih znigim ]ih ^_hmc
^[^ ^_ ][la[ h_a[ncp[ ko_ jo_^_h []no[l ]igi []_jnil_m _h f[ `ilg[]c~h ^_
jo_hn_m ^_bc^l~a_hi mih6 Osl( Bfo(<mj( N_l( Obl(<mh( Bfh( Ccms( _h i][mci
h_m( f[>sm*
>igi jo_^_ i\m_lp[lm_ _h f[ `caol[ 0)-,( f[m ][^_h[m f[n_l[f_m ^_ [faohim
[gchiz]c^imjo_^_h []no[l]igi ^ih[^il_ms]igi []_jnil_m*
Cgm^kZ\\bhg^l ^e^\mkhlmymb\Zl

\ F bgm^kZ\\bhg^l gh \hoZe^gm^l
]^m^kfbgZg eZ ^lmkn\mnkZ mkb]bf^g
lbhgZe ]^ eZl \Z]^gZl ihebi^im{]b\Zlr
in^]^g l^k fh]b_b\Z]Zl ihk \Zf[bhl
^g ^e f^]bh)

G[m ][^_h[m f[n_l[f_m ^_ [faohim [gchiz]c^im jl_m_hn[h alojim `oh]cih[f_m ]ih


][lz]n_l z]c^i i \zmc]i ko_( ]igi ]ihm_]o_h]c[( jo_^_h _mn[l cihct[^im [ ^_n_l
gch[^imp[fil_m ^_jC* G[m ][^_h[m f[n_l[f_m ^_ Gsm(<la_ Ccmjo_^_hjl_m_hn[l
][la[jimcncp[sf[m^_Bfos<mj][la[h_a[ncp[* ?[^iko_][la[m^_mcahimijo_m
nim m_[nl[_h( m_jo_^_h ]l_[lchn_l[]]cih_mhi ]ip[f_hn_m _hnl_f[m ][^_h[mf[n_l[
f_m ^_ _mnim [gchiz]c^im ko_( jil mo m_g_d[ht[ [f[m chn_l[]]cih_m c~hc][m ko_ m_
^[h _h f[m m[f_m( m_ ^_higch[h ]ih `l_]o_h]c[jo_hn_m m[fchim $p{[m_ Aca* 0)5]%*
@mn[mchn_l[]]cih_m n[g\c{hm_^[h _hnl_jlin_|h[m $]ih ][^_h[mf[n_l[f_m]ih
][la[jimcncp[% s _f ?I<$]ihf[m ][la[m h_a[ncp[m ^_fim alojim `im`[ni%*
>igi m_ ^_^o]_ ^_f ]igjiln[gc_hni ^_ fim alojim `oh]cih[f_m ^_ _mn_ ncji
^_ l_mc^oim( _mn[m chn_l[]]cih_m jo_^_h p_lm_ [fn_l[^[m jil gi^c`c][]cih_m ^_f
jCsjilf[[^c]c~h^_m[f_m*

Rjej `a ahaiajpko iap}he_ko


\ F \Z]^gZl eZm^kZe^l ]^ Zfbghy
\b]hl \hfh eZ Bbl in^]^g _hkfZk
^geZ\^l \hoZe^gm^l \hhk]bgZ]hl \hg
\Zmbhg^l f^myeb\hl)
@LL*

Cecqn] 1*..+ R jej `a qj }pki k `a deannk


aj

h]

i k h~ _q h]

`a

kt ed a i k c hk ^ ej ] + I]

qjej oa aop]^ha_a lkn h] bkni]_ej `a qj]


ajpe`]` `a _kkn`ej]_ej aj h] mqa l]npe_el]j
}pkiko `ah cnqlk lnkop~pe_k u `a h]o _]`a
j]o h]pan]hao `a `ko naoe`qko `a Eeo `a h]
lnkpaj]+

G[ohc~h ]ip[f_hn_ [jlin_|h[m ^_ ][ncih_m ^cp[f_hn_m $H a.'( >[.'( Uh.'% s[fao


him g_n[f_m ^_ nl[hmc]c~h $A_( >o( Ic( _n]*% _m l_f[ncp[g_hn_ `l_]o_hn_ _h go
]b[m _htcg[m s_h inl[m jlin_|h[m ]igi f[b_giafi\ch[* G[ ohc~h ^_ _mnim _f_
g_hnim g_nzfc]im nc_h_ oh[ al[h cgjiln[h]c[_h f[ `oh]c~h ^_ f[jlin_|h[( j_l
gcnc_h^i( _h [faoh[m i][mcih_m( mo j[lnc]cj[]c~h ^cl_]n[ _h ]c_ln[m l_[]]cih_m
ko|gc][m i( mcgjf_g_hn_( _mn[\cfct[h^i mo _mnlo]nol[ nlc^cg_hmcih[f* @mnim g_
n[f_m m_ oh_h `ilg[h^i _hnc^[^_m ^_ ]iil^ch[]c~h( ko_ _mnzh ]igjo_mn[m jil
oh znigi ]_hnl[f $_h _mn_ ][mi _f g_n[f% ko_ m_ _h]o_hnl[ ohc^i [ oh ]ihdohni
^_ znigim ^_higch[^im fca[h^im* @mnim ]igjf_dim m_ `ilg[h ]ih f[m ][^_h[m
f[n_l[f_m ^_ [gchiz]c^im ]igi Ccm( Osl( >sm( H_n( <mj s Bfo* @h _f aloji
WT\ ^ ^_f[b_giafi\ch[ _h f[ ohc~h [f A_.' j[lnc]cj[h( n[hni znigim ^_f aloji
WT\ ^ ]igi[gchiz]c^im^_f[jlin_|h[`ilg[h^iohnin[f^_m_cm _hf[]_m* >igi
m_ i\m_lp[_h f[ `caol[0)--( _f A_.' _mn[\f_]_ ]o[nli ^_ mom _hf[]_m ]ih fim zni
gim ^_I ^_f [hcffi ^_jil`clch[^_f aloji WT\^' @f kochni _hf[]_m_ `ilg[]ih
_f I ^_f aloji cgc^[tif ^_ oh[ bcmnc^ch[ $^_higch[^[ Ccm jlircg[f%* @f m_rni
m~fi m_ `ilg[]o[h^i f[ gif{]of[`cd[oh[gif{]of[^_ .( ko_ m_ mcn[_hnl_ _f
A_.'s f[][^_h[f[n_l[f ^_inl[Ccm $Ccm ^cmn[f%*
G[ ch]iljil[]c~h ^_ _mnim _f_g_hnim g_nzfc]im [og_hn[f[m jimc\cfc^[^_m ^_
f[m jlin_|h[m j[l[j[lnc]cj[l_h ]c_ln[m l_[]]cih_m( ]igi i]oll_ _h f[m l_[]]cih_m
^_nl[hm`_l_h]c[^__f_]nlih_m*
Gim [gchiz]c^im ]ih ][^_h[m f[n_l[f_m cihct[\f_m n[g\c{h jo_^_h _mn[\f_]_l
chn_l[]]cih_m]ih_f_g_hnimg_nzfc]imj_li( _h_mn_][mi( g_^c[hn_chn_l[]]cih_m
hi ]ip[f_hn_m c~hc][m* Ph _d_gjfi m_l|[ f[ `cd[]c~h ^_ >[.' _h f[m jlin_|h[m ]ih
l_mc^oim ^_<mjsBfo*
Jnl[ go_mnl[ ^_ chn_l[]]c~h ^_ jlin_|h[m ]ih > [.' m_ ^[ _h oh ncji ^_ jli
n_|h[m ^_ [^b_mc~h _hnl_ ]{fof[m6 f[m ][^b_lch[m* @mn[m jlin_|h[m jim__h oh[jil
]c~h _rnl[]_fof[l ]ih ]ch]i ^igchcim* G[ ohc~h ^_f >[.' _h foa[l_m _mj_]|`c]im
^_ _mnim ^igchcim f_ ]ih`c_l_ [ f[ jlin_|h[ f[ lcac^_t h_]_m[lc[ j[l[ l_[fct[l mo
`oh]c~h*

  


@>MQRIL 1+ >JFKL@FALP V BKI>@B MBMQAF@L

I]o _]`aj]o h]pan]hao lqa`aj aop]^ha_an ajh]_ao _kr]hajpao


>c_lnim l_mc^oim nc_h_h _h mo ][^_h[ f[n_l[f alojim `oh]cih[f_m ko_ j_lgcn_h f[
`ilg[]c~h ^_ _hf[]_m ]ip[f_hn_m ko_ jo_^_h _mn[\f_]_lm_ _hnl_ ^im [gchiz]c^im
i _hnl_ ]c_lnim [gchiz]c^ims alojim `oh]cih[f_m ^_ inl[m gif{]of[m*

@--

K (E 0* @

@hkfZ\b}g ]^ in^gm^l ]blne_nkh

D
D

@E)

PE

PE

?im l_mc^oim ^_ >sm jo_^_h ohclm_ ]ip[f_hn_g_hn_ g_^c[hn_ f[ `ilg[]c~h ^_


oh _hf[]_ ^cmof`oli g_^c[hn_ oh jli]_mi ^_ irc^[]c~h !;XV& ,%)*"& @mn_ ncji ^_
_hnl_]lot[gc_hnim_jo_^_^[l_hnl_^im>sm^_f[gcmg[jlin_|h[ !X]caPRPcT]P%
aX^b" i _hnl_ ^im >sm ^_ ][^_h[m ^c`_l_hn_m !X]cTaRPcT]PaX^b"&
G[ l_[]]c~h l_koc_l_ oh [g\c_hn_ irc^[hn_( jil fi ko_ _mnim _hf[]_m hi mih
b[\cno[f_m _h f[m jlin_|h[m chnl[]_fof[l_m ko_ m_ _h]o_hnl[h _h _f [g\c_hn_ l_
^o]nil ^_f ]cnimif* Nch _g\[lai( _mnim _hf[]_m mih `l_]o_hn_m _h f[m jlin_|h[m
_rnl[]_fof[l_mko_mihm_]l_n[^[mjilf[m]{fof[m* @hfim ila[hcmgim_o][lcin[m( f[
`ilg[]c~h ^__mnim _hf[]_m m_jli^o]__h_f fog_h ^_f l_n|]ofi _h^ijfzmgc]i( _f
jlcg_l]igj[lncg_hni ^_f[p|[m_]l_nilc[*
@mnim _hf[]_m _mn[\cfct[h f[ _mnlo]nol[ nlc^cg_hmcih[f ^_ f[m jlin_|h[m( ko_ m_
g[hnc_h_ al[]c[m [ f[m chn_l[]]cih_m hi ]ip[f_hn_m( b[]c{h^if[m g_him mom]_jnc
\f_m[f[^_al[^[]c~h* @h[faoh[mjlin_|h[mko__mnzh`ilg[^[mjilp[lc[mohc^[
^_m _rcmn_h jo_hn_m ^cmof`oli chn_l][n_h[lcim ko_ g[hnc_h_h ohc^[m f[m ^cmnchn[m
][^_h[m* G[ gif{]of[ ^_ chgohiafi\ofch[ B mclp_ ]igi _d_gjfi !;XV& ,%)+"&

@--y
K(E) * @ * E

@E/

'
D
D
E *@ *K E G
D
@E)

@L@*

`ko _eopanj]o
i a`ek na ` q _pk n

34

D
D
@E/
D
E *@ *K E [
D
P

@LL

qj] _eopej]
i a` ek kte`]perk

Cecqn] 1*./+ C k ni ]_e j `a qj l qajpa `e


oq hbq nk

a j pna `ko _] ` a j ] o h] pa n] ha o `a

`ko naoe` q k o `a @uo+ Iko cnqlko oqhbde`nehk


`a `ko ikh~_qh]o `a @uo) aj _kj`e_ekjao
kte`]per]o na]__ekj]j bkni ]j`k qj ajh]_a
_kr]hajpa `ajkiej]`k lqajpa `eoqhbqnk+ I]
qjej `a `ko @uo `] hqc]n ] qj] ikh~_qh]
`ajkiej]`] _eopej]+

@hl_hkbeZ\b}g
G[m ][^_h[m f[n_l[f_m ^_fim [gchiz]c^im N_l(Obls Osljo_^_h mo`lclohjli]_
mi ^_ `im`ilcf[]c~h jil f[ ohc~h [ mo aloji bc^lircfi $JC% ^_ oh[ gif{]of[
^_ `im`[ni chilazhc]i $K7%* @h f[h[nol[f_t[f[ `ilg[]c~h ^_ _mn_ ncji ^_ _hf[]_m
_mnz][n[fct[^[jiloh[]f[m_^__htcg[m ^_higch[^[m`dX]PbPb& G[`im`ilcf[]c~h
_m l_p_lmc\f_s _f aloji `im`[ni _m _fcgch[^i al[]c[m [ f[ []]c~h ^_ inl[ ]f[m_ ^_
_htcg[m6 f[mU^bUPcPbPb&
G[ `im`ilcf[]c~h ^_ jlin_|h[m _m oh jli]_mi ko_ nc_h_ oh j[j_f ^_mn[][^i _h
go]bim jli]_mim \cif~ac]im mc_h^i oh g_^ci g os ]igh ^_ l_aof[]c~h ^_ f[
[]ncpc^[^jlin_c][* G[chnli^o]]c~h ^_ oh aloji `im`[ni ]ih ][la[h_a[ncp[b[]_
ko_ m_ jli^ot][h ][g\cim ]ih`ilg[]cih[f_m _h f[ jlin_|h[( ko_ nc_h_h ]igi
]ihm_]o_h]c[ oh[ gi^c`c][]c~h _h mo []ncpc^[^* @h _f ][mi
^_ f[m _htcg[m( f[ `im`ilcf[]c~h jo_^_ b[]_l ko_ m_ j[m_ ^_
oh[ `ilg[ []ncp[ [ oh[ ch[]ncp[ i pc]_p_lm[* @f ko_ m_ [^c
]cih_h i m_ _m]ch^[h alojim `im`[ni m_ jli^o]_ ]ih `l_
]o_h]c[]igi l_mjo_mn[[m_}[f_m_mj_]|`c][m*

Hnf^khlZl ikhm^{gZl \Zf[bZg

ln Z\mbob]Z] ]^[b]h Z ng \Zf[bh ]^


\hg_hkfZ\b}g ikh]n\b]h ihk ng
ikh\^lh ]^ ngb}g h ^l\blb}g ]^ ng
`knih _hl_Zmh)

Aen\hlbeZ\b}g
@hf[m ]{fof[m _o][lcin[m fim [t][l_m m_jo_^_h ohcl^_ `il
g[ ]ip[f_hn_ [ f[m jlin_|h[m g_^c[hn_ f[ `ilg[]c~h ^_ oh
_hf[]_ J)afo]im|^c]i( mc _f ][l\ihi [hig{lc]i ^_f [t][l
l_[]]cih[ ]ih _f aloji bc^lircfi ^_ oh[ N_l i oh[ Obl*
O[g\c{h m_ jo_^_ `ilg[l oh _hf[]_ <Y)afo]im|^c]i mc f[
ohc~h m_ l_[fct[]ih _f aloji [gchi ^_ f[ ][^_h[ f[n_l[f ^_
f[<mh $Aca* ,%),"&

I] aopanakmqie_] `a h]o _]`aj]o h]pan]hao ao


bqj`]iajp]h l]n] _kilnaj`an h] aopnq_pqn]
pne`eiajoekj]h `a h]o lnkpaj]o
<^_gzm ^_ f[m ][l[]n_l|mnc][m ko|gc][m ^cm]onc^[m _h fim
[j[ln[^im [hn_lcil_m( f[a_ig_nl|[s ^cmnlc\o]c~h _mj[]c[f^_
fim _hf[]_m ^_ fim znigim ko_ `ilg[h f[m ][^_h[m f[n_l[f_m
n[g\c{h p[ n_h_l oh[ al[h cgjiln[h]c[ [ f[ bil[ ^_ ^_n_l
gch[l _f jf_a[gc_hni ^_ f[m jlin_|h[m s mom l_f[]cih_m ]ih
inl[m gif{]of[m* @f n[g[}is f[`ilg[^_f[m ][^_h[mf[n_l[)

Cec q n] 1*.0+ M q aj pao ` eoq hbq nk aj h] ej i q j k c hk ^ q hej ] D %FcD &+


I] i kh~_qh] `a FcD lnaoajp] lqajpao `eoqhbqnk `a `ko pelko+ Iko
ejpn]_]paj]neko oa aop]^ha_aj ajpna naoe`qko `a @uo `a h] ieoi]
_]`aj] %aj ]vqh& u hko ejpan_]paj]neko ajpna naoe`qko `a @uo `a h]o
`ko _]`aj]o `ebanajpao %aj nkfk&+

  


35

PB@@FK F+ ILP J>QBOF>IBP AB I> @zIRI>

@E)LE

KE)

),
S
E8

LE

@ E /* @

@LLE

F
E

k *c hq _ko` e_k _kj Pan


@E)LE

*E
LE

@E

/*

@LLE

KE
.

j*
FF
L

KE*
$ S KE
E8

KE)

f_m ]ih^c]cih[ _f ncji ^_ chn_l[]]cih_m ko_ jo_^_h ^[lm_ ]ih inlim alojim `oh
]cih[f_m( n_hc_h^i _h ]o_hn[ mom l[^cim ^_ Q[h ^_l R[[fm* @h f[m ][^_h[m [fc`znc)
][m( f[ moj_l`c]c_ ^_ f[ ][^_h[ f[n_l[f ko_ ko_^[ _rjo_mn[ b[]c[ _f _rn_lcil p[ [
ch`focl mi\l_ f[ bc^li`i\c]c^[^ a_h_l[f ^_f l_mc^oi* @h mcno[]cih_m ^_ al[h jlirc
gc^[^ _h f[ _mnlo]nol[ nlc^cg_hmcih[f( _f n[g[}i ^_ f[ ][^_h[ f[n_l[f jo_^_
]ih^c]cih[l f[ mcno[]c~h ^_ fim l_mc^oim _h f[ m_]o_h]c[ ^_ [gchiz]c^im( ]igi
i]oll_ _h f[m ][^_h[m P ^_f ]ifza_hi ]ih fim l_mc^oim ^_ Bfs $p{[m_ ][j|nofi 1%*
Gim znigim ^_ ]o[fkoc_l ][^_h[ f[n_l[f gzm f[la[ ko_ f[ <f[ nc_h_h f[ jimc\c
fc^[^ ^_ ^cmjih_lm_ _h _f _mj[]ci [^ijn[h^i ^c`_l_hn_m jimc]cih_m l_f[ncp[m i
R^]U^a\PRX^]Tb ^_\c^i [ f[m jimc\cfc^[^_m ^_ lin[]c~h ^_ fim _hf[]_m6 [fn_lh[ s
[fch_[^[* N_b[ji^c^i ]igjli\[lko_f[^cmjimc]c~h[fn_lh[_m f[gzm`[pil[\f_
^_m^_ _f johni ^_ pcmn[ _h_la{nc]i* @h _mn[ ]ih`ilg[]c~h( fim momncnos_hn_m ^_
oh znigi ^_ ][l\ihi m_ mcn[h _h f[jimc]c~h ko_ ^_d[h fim ^_f znigi mcaoc_h
n_( ]igi jo_^_ p_lm_ mc m_ i\m_lp[ f[ gif{]of[ [ fi f[lai ^_f _d_ ^_ lin[]c~h
!;XV& ,%)-"&

Jk`ebe_]_ekjao mqie_]o `a hko ]iejk}_e`ko aj h]o lnkpaj]o

@E0
s *chq_ko`e_k _kj >oj
Cecqn] 1*.1+ R jej _ k r ] ha j pa `a de` n]pk o
`a _] n^ k j k i a` e] j pa a j h] _a o k*chq_ko`e
_k u K *chq_ko`e_k+ Rjej `a qj ikjko]_}
ne`k ] qj naoe`qk `a Pan %lk`n] oa p]i^e~j
] qj naoe`qk `a Qdn& ia`e]jpa qj ajh]_a
k*chq_ko`e_k+ Bh ajh]_a ,r*chq_ko`e_k oa ao
p]^ha_a _kj ah cnqlk ]ie`k `a h] >oj+

<^_gzm ^_fimp_chn_ [gchiz]c^im ^_n_lgch[^im jil_f ]~^cai a_h{nc]i( _rcmn_h


inlim [gchiz]c^im ko_ mo`l_h gi^c`c][]cih_m ^_mjo{m ^_ _mn[l ch]iljil[^im _h
f[ ][^_h[ jifcj_jn|^c][* @mnim [gchiz]c^im hi _mnzh^[l_m [ p_]_m nc_h_h oh
j[j_f \cif~ac]i cgjiln[hn_*
@h f[ gif{]of[ ^_ ]ifza_hi _rcmn_h ^im ^_ _mnim [gchiz]c^im6 f[ ,%WXSa^gX%
_a^[X]Psf[-%WXSa^gX[XbX]P !;XV& ,%)."& @h [g\im ][mim f[gi^c`c][]c~h ]ihmcm
n_ _h f[ [^c]c~h ^_ oh aloji bc^lircfi s ][^[ l_[]]c~h _mn[ ][n[fct[^[ jil oh[
_htcg[ _mj_]|`c][* @rcmn_h ][g\cim gzm ]igjf_dim ]igi f[ `ilg[]c~h ^_ STb%
\^bX]P_hf[_f[mnch[[j[lncl^_ ]o[nli l_mc^oim ^_Gsm !;XV& ,%)."&
<faohim [gchiz]c^im ^_ f[m jlin_|h[m ko_ `ilg[h ]igjf_dim ]ih fim z]c^im
ho]f_c]im n[g\c{h _mnzh gi^c`c][^im* G[m jlin_|h[m ^_ fim ]ligimig[m( f[m WXb%
c^]Pb$ jo_^_h n_h_lalojim g_ncfi( []_ncfi i `im`[ni _mj_]|`c]im*
@fz]c^ihRPaQ^gXV[dcm\XR^$ jli^o]c^i jiloh[gi^c`c][]c~hjimnl[^o]]ci)
h[f ^_j_h^c_hn_ ^_pcn[gch[F( m__h]o_hnl[_h f[jlinlig\ch[( oh[^_f[m jli
n_|h[m ko_ chn_lpc_h_h _h f[ ]i[aof[]c~h ^_ f[ m[hal_( s _h inlim `[]nil_m ^_
]i[aof[]c~h* >ih ^im alojim ][l\ircfi( nc_h_ oh[ al[h ][j[]c^[^ j[l[ `cd[l ][
ncih_m >[.'*

>iejk}_e`ko jk lnaoajpao aj h]o lnkpaj]o


<^_gzm ^_ mo j[j_f ]igi ]igjih_hn_m _mnlo]nol[f_m ^_ f[m jlin_|h[m _rcmn_h
inlim [gchiz]c^im ko_ ]ogjf_h inl[m cgjiln[hn_m `oh]cih_m \cif~ac][m* @m `l_
]o_hn_ ko_ [faohim ]igjo_mnim ^_lcp[^im ^_ [gchiz]c^im `oh]cih_h ]igi
g_hm[d_lim ko|gc]im* Ph _d_gjfi ^_ _mn[ `oh]c~h mih fim h_olinl[hmgcmil_m
]igi _f <676 $z]c^is)[gchi\on|lc]i%( ko_m_jli^o]_jilf[^_m][l\ircf[]c~h
^_f afon[g[ni s _m oh h_olinl[hmgcmil ]ih `oh]c~h chbc\cnilc[* @f l_]_jnil ^_f
B<=< _m oh \f[h]i `l_]o_hn_ ^_ `zlg[]im ko_ l_^o]_h f[ [hmc_^[^ ]igi fim
\[l\cnlc]im* G[ S^_P\X]P$ oh ^_lcp[^i ^_ f[Osl( _m oh h_olinl[hmgcmil l_f[)

%]&

> hej a ] ` ]

> hpa nj ]

Cecqn] 1*.2+ Bop] ^ ehe` ] ` `a h]o _k j bk ni ] _ek j a o ] hej a ] ` ] o u ] hpa nj ] ` ] o+ I] `eolkoe_ej ]hpanj]`] ao ajanc~pe_]iajpa i}o b]rkn]^ha mqa h] ]he
ja]`]) `a^e`k ] hko aba_pko aop~ne_ko mqa oa _na]j aj h] hpei] lkn h] i]ukn lnkteie`]` `a oqo }pkiko) %]& Seop] `a h] ikh~_qh] `a ap]jk ] hk
h]nck `ah afa @*@+ %^& Aebanajpao _kjbkni ]_ekjao `a h] S]h+ I] lneian] _kjbkni ]_ej ]hpanj]`] %^& ao i}o b]rkn]^ha mqa h]o ikopn]`]o aj %_& u %`&)
lknmqa hko `ko cnqlko iapehk %i}o rkhqiejkoko& qje`ko ]h _]n^kjk %0 oa aj_qajpn]j i}o _an_] `ah }pkik `a de`ncajk qje`k ]h _]n^kjk ]+

  


@>MQRIL 1+ >JFKL@FALP V BKI>@B MBMQAF@L

^ih[^i ]ih f[ _h`_lg_^[^ ^_ K[lechmih ko_ n[g\c{h m_ oncfct[ ]igi `zlg[]i


_h _f mcmn_g[ j_lc`{lc]i j[l[ [og_hn[l f[ `l_]o_h]c[ ][l^c[][ s jli^o]cl ^cf[n[
]c~h ^_fimp[mim m[hao|h_im l_h[f_m*

36

K (E /

? ,: O t _ d * _ k _ p

W
+

E@@E/
LE

1*Ee`nktelnkhej]

L BI BKI>@B MBMQAF@L\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

LE

hYQE0

K(E ) * @ E ) * @ E * @ E ) * @ E ) * @ * E

@f T][PRT _T_coSXR^ _m f[ ohc^[^ jlcg[lc[ _mnlo]nol[f ^_ f[m ][^_h[m jifcj_jn|)


^c][m* Gim [gchiz]c^im m_ oh_h _h m_]o_h]c[m fch_[f_m ^ol[hn_ f[ m|hn_mcm ^_
jlin_|h[m g_^c[hn_ oh[ l_[]]c~h ^_ ]ih^_hm[]c~h _hnl_ _f aloji ][l\ircfi ^_
oh [gchiz]c^i s _f aloji [gchi ^_f mcaoc_hn_( ko_ jli^o]_ f[ `ilg[]c~h ^_
oh _hf[]_ [gc^[ !;XV& ,%)/"& Gim [gchiz]c^im ch]iljil[^im _h f[ ][^_h[ jifc)
j_jn|^c][ m_ ^_higch[h l_mc^oim jil f[ j{l^c^[ ^_ [ao[ ko_ m_ jli^o]_ _h f[
l_[]]c~h*
>igi ]ihm_]o_h]c[^_ _mn_jli]_mi m~fi _f aloji [gchi ^_fjlcg_l[gchiz
]c^i $aloji P\X]^ cTa\X]P[" s_f aloji ][l\ircfi ^_f fncgi !RPaQ^gX[^ cTa\X
]P[" nc_h_h][j[]c^[^^_ cihct[]c~h* O[g\c{hjo_^_h cihct[lm_f[m ][^_h[m f[n_
l[f_m ^_fim [gchiz]c^im z]c^ims\zmc]ims[ko_{mn[m hij[lnc]cj[h _hf[`ilg[
]c~h ^_f _hf[]_ j_jn|^c]i* Kil n[hni( ^_j_h^c_h^i ^_ mo m_]o_h]c[ ]ih]l_n[(
][^[ jifcj{jnc^i n_h^lz oh[ ]olp[ ^_ ncnof[]c~h ][l[]n_l|mnc][ s oh johni cmi
_f{]nlc]i ^_n_lgch[^i* @m cgjiln[hn_ ]ihi]_l f[ ][la[ ^_ oh jifcj{jnc^i [ oh
^_n_lgch[^i p[fil ^_ jC jilko_ j_lgcn_ jl_^_]cl _f ncji ^_ chn_l[]]cih_m ko_
jo_^_h ^[lm_( ^_hnli ^_f[gcmg[][^_h[i ]ih inl[m gif{]of[m* >igis[m_b[
]ig_hn[^i oh gcmgi aloji `oh]cih[f jo_^_ n_h_l g[sili g_hiln_h^_h]c[[
cihct[lm_ ^_j_h^c_h^i ^_f _hnilhi gif_]of[l* @mni b[]_ ko_ fim p[fil_m ^_ j >P
^_ fim alojim f[n_l[f_m m~fi mclp[h ^_ l_`_l_h]c[j[l[m[\_l_f chn_lp[fi ^_jC _h
_f ko_ m_ jli^o]_ f[ cihct[]c~h _h _f j{jnc^i( j_li _f p[fil _r[]ni hi jo_^_ ]i
hi]_lm_ !GTRdPSa^,%)"&

@--
2*Ee`nkteheoej]

Aaoikoej] O][^^&XUZW
Cecqn] 1*.3+ J k ` ebe_] _ek j ao l kopn]` q __ek *
j ]hao+ Bteopaj ik`ebe_]_ekjao lkopaneknao ]e
lnk_aok `a pn]`q__ej _kik h] ]`e_ej `a
qj cnqlk de`nktehk aj ah _]ok `a h] 1*de*
`nktelnkhej] u h] 2*de`nkteheoej]) `ko ]iejk}
_e`ko mqa oa aj_qajpn]j aj h] ikh~_qh] `a
_kh}cajk+ Pa lqa`aj bkni ]n aopnq_pqn]o
_kilhaf]o lkn h] bkni]_ej `a ajh]_ao _kr]
hajpao `a naoe`qko ik`ebe_]`ko) _kik k_qnna
aj ah _]ok `a h] `aoikoej]) qj ajh]_a _kr]

@]n]_panope_]o aopnq_pqn]hao

hajpa ajpna _q]pnk naoe`qko `a Iuo mqa oa

@m cgjiln[hn_ [h[fct[l f[ _mnlo]nol[ ^_f T][PRT _T_coSXR^ j[l[ ji^_l ]igjl_h


^_l f[m l_mnlc]]cih_m _mnlo]nol[f_m ^_ f[m ][^_h[m jifcj_jn|^c][m ko_p[h []ih^c
]cih[l f[ ^cmnlc\o]c~h _h _f _mj[]ci ^_ fim znigim $]ih`ilg[]c~h% ^_ f[m jlin_|
h[m* Gim_mno^cim ^_^c`l[]]c~h^_l[simSl_[fct[^imjilGchomK[ofchasMi\_ln
>il_s( ^_gimnl[lih ko_ _f _hf[]_ j_jn|^c]i nc_h_ oh[ TbcadRcdaP_[P]Ps aoVXSP
!;XV& ,%)0"& @mni m_^_\_[ko_ _rcmn_oh `_h~g_hi ^_l_mih[h]c[^_fim _f_]nli
h_m^_faloji][l\ihcfi_hnl_fimnl_mznigim^_f_hf[]_J>Iko_b[]_ko_
_f _hf[]_ >I n_ha[ oh ]c_lni ][lz]n_l^_ ^i\f_ _hf[]_ ko_ hi j_lgcn_f[lin[
]c~h mi\l_ mo_d_*
G[ fcgcn[]c~h ^_f acli ^_f _hf[]_ >I b[]_ ko_ m~fi _rcmn[h ^im jimc\f_m
]ih`caol[]cih_m [fl_^_^il^_ _mn_ _hf[]_6 RXb% ]ih _f znigi ^_ Cs _f aloji ][l
\ihcfi _h _f gcmgif[^i ^_f _d_( s caP]b% ]ih [g\im znigim _h jimc]cih_m [fn_l
h[m* G[ jimc]c~h caP]b _m f[ ko_ m_ ^[ ^_ `ilg[ g[silcn[lc[ _h f[m jlin_|h[m( s[
ko_ f[ `ilg[ RXb jl_m_hn[ g[sil_m l_mnlc]]cih_m _mn{lc][m !;XV& ,%)1"& Ph _d_g
jfi ^_ ]ih`caol[]c~h RXb m_ ^[_h f[gif{]of[^_ ]ifza_hi* @h fim _hf[]_m j_jn|)
^c]im _h fim ko_ j[lnc]cj[ f[ Kli m_ jo_^_h ^[l f[m ^im ]ih`caol[]cih_m( s[ ko_
^_\c^i [ mo _mnlo]nol[ ]|]fc][( [g\[m ]ih`caol[]cih_m mih \[mn[hn_ ch_mn[\f_m
$p{[m_;XV& ,%*("&
Nch_g\[lai( m|_rcmn_jimc\cfc^[^^_lin[]c~h[fl_^_^il^_fim_hf[]_mI> [
s> [ >* Kil n[hni( _f _mko_f_ni ^_ f[][^_h[jo_^_ ]ihmc^_l[lm_ ]igi oh[mo
]_mc~h^_ohc^[^_mjf[h[m ko_]igj[ln_h ohjohni ^_ acli [fl_^_^il^_f][l\i
hi [( ^_ `ilg[ko_ ][^[][l\ihi [( _r]_jni _f jlcg_lis_f fncgi( j_ln_h_]_[
^im ^__mn[m ohc^[^_m $p{[m_ Aca* 0)-4%* O_hc_h^i _h]o_hn[_mn[_mnlo]nol[( ji
^_gimp_lko_f[m ][^_h[m f[n_l[f_m ko_^[h _r]foc^[m ^_f[ohc^[^*
G[]ih`ilg[]c~h ^_fjifcj{jnc^i ^_j_h^_lz^_fim zhaofim ^_ nilmc~h ko_m_
[^ijn_h [fl_^_^il ^_ _mn_ johni* <ohko_ _f _hf[]_ j_lgcn[ _f acli( b[sko_ n_
h_l_h ]o_hn[ko_ hi ni^[m f[m jimc]cih_m mih jimc\f_m ^_\c^i [f[m l_mnlc]]cih_m
_mn{lc][m ^_fim znigim^_f_mko_f_nijifcj_jn|^c]is^_f[m][^_h[mf[n_l[f_m ]ih
]l_n[m ^_ ][^[ [gchiz]c^i* G[m ]ih`ilg[]cih_m jlibc\c^[m m_lzh [ko_ff[m _h f[m
ko_ m_ jli^ot][h ]ifcmcih_m _hnl_ fim znigim ^_ f[m ][^_h[m f[n_l[f_m sfim ^_ f[

  


d]^]j kte`]`k lnare]iajpa l]n] `]n naoe


`qko `a ]heoej]+

FZl ehg`bmn]^l r ehl yg`nehl ]^


^geZ\^ ]^ ehl ymhfhl jn^ \hfihg^g
^e ^geZ\^ i^im{]b\h lhg fnr l^f^
cZgm^l ^g mh]Zl eZl ngb]Z]^l ]^ mh]Zl
eZl ikhm^{gZl)

O)



O/



E0K(* @ E * @ * L E ( E * K * @ E * @ L L $
eh

O)





O/

E)K(* @ E * @ * K * @ E * @ L L

J
Cecqn] 1*.4+ Ckni ]_e j `ah a j h] _a lalp
`e_k + Bh cnqlk _]n^ktehk `a qj ]iejk}_e`k
bkni] qj ajh]_a _kr]hajpa ]ie`] _kj ah cnq
lk ]iejk `a kpnk ]iejk}_e`k ia`e]jpa qj]
na]__ej `a _kj`ajo]_ej+

4-

PB@@FK F+ ILP J>QBOF>IBP AB I> @zIRI>

O a_q ]` nk 1*.+ S ] ne] _ e j ` a h aop]` k `a ek j ev]_e j `a qj l~l pe` k ] ` eba na j pa o r ] hk na o `a lE


Bj h] becqn] %]& oa iqaopn] ah aop]`k
`a ekjev]_ej ] lE 4) aj ah mqa hko
cnqlko }_e`ko oa aj_qajpn]j ekjev]
`ko %ah lE ao oqlanekn ] oq lBV# u
lnaoajp]j _]nc] jac]per] u hko cnq
lko ^}oe_ko oa aj_qajpn]j lnkpkj]*
`ko %ah lE ao ejbanekn ] oq l BV# u oa
aj_qajpn]j _kj _]nc] lkoeper]+ Bj h]
becqn] %^&) ] lE }_e`k) pk`ko hko
cnqlko bqj_ekj]hao aop}j lnkpkj]*
`ko+ Iko cnqlko }_e`ko jk lnaoajp]j
_]nc] u hko cnqlko ^}oe_ko lnaoajp]j
_]nc] lkoeper]+ Bj h] becqn] %_&) ] lE
^}oe_k hko cnqlko }_e`ko aop}j ekje
v]`ko u hko ^}oe_ko d]j lan`e`k oq
lnkpj %] qj lE lkn aj_ei] `a oq
lH]&+ I] _kjoa_qaj_e] `a aop] r]ne]
_ej aj ah aop]`k `a ekjev]_ej `a
h] ikh~_qh] ] `eopejpko r]hknao `a
lE ao ah _]i^ek aj oq _]nc] jap]+

Pa_qaj_e] ]^nare]`]

> ol*Iuo*Dhj*E eo*>h]*>nc*Mda


%_`eck `a pnao hapn]o&

AHNE@OC
%_`eck `a . hapn]&

]i e`]
%a j h] _a l al p` e_k &

*i****** !
E 0K

<

8PaQ^]^ P

@E* * @ * K * @ E * @ * K * @ E *
E
F
E
F
D
@E*)
@E)
@E /

D
D
@E/
D
@E/
D

]9i
D

@E)

>ol
K *pani ej ]h
%ev` ] +&

((((( e

J!

>h]

@E/

D
]9i
D

+@E

>Y

KE/

Dhj

K (E 0

K *@ E *@ *K *@ E *@ *K *@ E *@ *K *@ E *@ *@ Q
E
F
E
E
@E0
@E)

Eeo

Iuo

@ *pani ej ]h
%` _d ]+&

%]& Bop]`k `a ekjev]_ej ] lE 4+ @]nc] jap] (/

((((((((((((((((((( (((((((((((((

E 0K (* @ E

D*

@E/
F

]9i
D
LE

* K ** @ E * @ * K * @ E *
E
F
E
@E/
@E/
F
@E/
@E/
F
@E/
: }F

>ol
K *pani ej ]h

D
D
D

@E/

KE/

F
K(E0

Dhj

*LE
E

F
@E/

@E0

E
@

>h]
Y
+@E

Eeo

Iuo

D*pani ej]h

%^& Bop]`k `a ekjev]_ej ] lE }_e`k+ @]nc] jap] (1

E )K * @ E * @ * K * @ E * @ * K * @ E * @ * K * @ E * @ * K * @ E * @ * K * @ E * @ * K * @ E * @ * -
E
E
F
E
F
E
E
@E)
@E/
@E/
@E/
@E/
@E0
C

]9i

@E/

@E/

>ol
jej]h

@E/

D/

KE

@E

>h]

]9i
KE/

Dhj

>Y

(>C

Eeo

Iuo
%_& Bop]`k `a ekjev]_ej ] lE ^}oe_k+ @]nc] jap] */

\hfihkmZfb^gmh y\b]h([Zl^ r
eZ \Zk`Z g^mZ ]^ eZl ikhm^{gZl oZ Z
^lmZk ]^m^kfbgZ]h ihk ^e ^lmZ]h ]^
ehl `knihl Zfbgh r \Zk[hqbeh m^kfb
gZe^l r ihk ^e ]^ ehl `knihl ]^ eZl
\Z]^gZl eZm^kZe^l bhgbsZ[e^l)

D
D
@E/
D
KE
D
@ : KE
D

@E/

KE/

>nc

][^_h[!jlch]cj[f*! G[! Bfs(! ]ih! oh! hc]i! znigi! ^_! bc^l~a_hi! ]igi! ][^_h[!f[n_
l[f(! n_h^lz!g[sil_m!jimc\cfc^[^_m! ^_! acli! ko_![ko_ffim! ko_!nc_h_h!][^_h[m!f[n_l[
f_m! gzm!pifogchim[m*! Kil!_ffi(! f[!jl_m_h]c[!^_! Bfs!_h!f[!m_]o_h]c[!^_! oh[!jlin_|
h[!j_lgcnclz!oh! g[sil!hg_li! ^_!]ih`ilg[]cih_m!jimc\f_m*

Bh ajh]_a lalp`e_k laniepa h] bkni]_ej `a


lqajpao `a de`ncajk
Nc! [h[fct[gim! f[!_f_]nlih_a[ncpc^[^! ^_! fim! znigim! ko_! ]igjih_h! _f! _hf[]_! j_j
n|^c]i!ji^_gim!i\m_lp[l!ko_!m_!nl[n[!^_!oh[!_mnlo]nol[!jif[l!s(! jil!n[hni(!bc^li)!
`|fc][*!<^_gzm(! mom! ]igjih_hn_m!jo_^_h!`ilg[l!_hf[]_m! ^_!jo_hn_!^_!bc^l~a_hi!
s[!ko_!jim__! oh!aloji! ][l\ihcfi! ]ih! oh[!^_hmc^[^!^_!][la[!h_a[ncp[!ko_!jo_^_!
[]no[l! ]igi! []_jnil(! s! oh! bc^l~a_hi! ko_! jo_^_! []no[l! ]igi! ^ih[^il(! [f! _mn[l

  


4.

@>MQRIL 1+ >JFKL@FALP V BKI>@B MBMQAF@L

9p;

I<

Y Mh]jk
]ie`]

Cecq n] 1*.5+ B opnq _ pq n] ` a h a j h] _a l al p` e_k + Iko }pkiko `ah ajh]_a lalp`e_k oa `eolkjaj aj qj lh]jk) `a^e`k ] h] eilkoe^ehe`]` `a nkp]_ej `ah
ajh]_a @ K+ Bopa ajh]_a lkoaa qj _eanpk _]n}_pan `a `k^ha ajh]_a) aba_pk `a^e`k ] qj baji ajk `a naokj]j_e]+ P ateopa lkoe^ehe`]` `a cenk aj ah
ajh]_a ajpna hko }pkiko @]u K %}jcqhk 9f;& u aj ah mqa oa `] ajpna hko }pkiko @] @ %Yx,&+

O R! ; 9
S>I
++
J
@kjbecqn]_ej _]MZ^

@kjbecqn]_ej OU^

Cecqn] 1*/-+ B j h]_a l al p` e_k aj h] Mnk+ @kjbe


cqn]_ej X^h u igVch( Bj ah _]ok `a h] lnkhej]) `a^e
`k ] oq aopnq_pqn] __he_]) aj h]o `ko _kjbecqn]_ek
@kjbecqn]_ej X^h

@kjbecqn]_ej igVch

jao ah cnqlk ]*ei ejk iqaopn] ejpan]__ekjao `aob]


rk n] ^ ha o _kj ah _]n^ k j k V `ah ]i ej k }_e` k
]`u]_ajpa+

Cecqn] 1*.6+ @ k j bec q n] _e j OU^ u _]MZ^ ` ah a j h] _a l al p` e_k + I] eilkoe^ehe`]` `a nkp]


_ej `ah ajh]_a lalp`e_k d]_a mqa ateop]j `ko lkoe^hao _kjbecqn]_ekjao7 X^h %_kj hko }pk
iko `a E u L aj ah ieoik h]`k& u igVch %_kj hko }pkiko `a E u L aj h]`ko klqaopko+ Bt
_alpk aj ah _]ok `a h] lnkhej]) aop] _kjbecqn]_ej igVch ao h] i}o aop]^ha+

ohc^i [f I( gzm _f_]nlih_a[ncpi $Aca* 0).-%* G[ _r]_j]c~h m_ jli^o]_ inl[ p_t


]o[h^i _h _f _hf[]_ j[lnc]cj[ oh[ Kli ko_ ][l_]_ ^_f znigi ^_ C ohc^i [f I
$Aca* 0).,%*

Mqajpa `a
de`ncajk

M~lpe`ko `a ejpan~o ^ekhce_k


@rcmn_h [faohim j{jnc^im ]ih cgjiln[hn_m `oh]cih_m _h _f ila[hcmgi* G[ chmofc
h[( j{jnc^i `ilg[^i jil ^im ][^_h[m ohc^[m jil jo_hn_m ^cmof`oli( ^_m_gj_}[
oh cgjiln[hn_ j[j_f _h _f g_n[\ifcmgi ^_ fim bc^l[nim ^_ ][l\ihi $p{[m_ ][j|
nofi .%* @mn_ j{jnc^i m_ mchn_nct[ ]igi oh[ gif{]of[ ^_ oh[ hc][ ][^_h[ $^_
higch[^[ jlichmofch[% ko_ m_ ]ihpc_ln_ _h mo `ilg[ []ncp[ g_^c[hn_ f[ bc^l~fc
mcm ^_ ^im j_ko_}im m_ag_hnim ^_ ^im [gchiz]c^im* G[m gif{]of[m ^_ chmofch[
^_ ^c`_l_hn_m _mj_]c_m go_mnl[h j_ko_}[m p[lc[]cih_m ko_ l_p_f[h ]ozf_m mih fim
l_mc^oim ch^cmj_hm[\f_m j[l[ mo `oh]c~h \cif~ac][*
G[ p[mijl_mch[ s f[ ircni]ch[( ko_ []n[h ]igi bilgih[m s ]igi h_oli
nl[hmgcmil_m( mih ^im j{jnc^im ^_ ho_p_ [gchiz]c^im ]ih oh[ m_]o_h]c[ m_g_
d[hn_ $m~fi m_ ^c`_l_h]c[h _h ^im [gchiz]c^im%* <g\im jim__h ^im >sm `ilg[h
^i oh jo_hn_ ^cmof`oli*

  


Cecqn] 1*/.+ M q ajpao `a de` ncajk aj ah


a j h] _a l al p` e_k + Bh }pkik `a de`ncajk
qje`k ]h K `ah ajh]_a lalp`e_k lqa`a ]_pq]n
_kik `]`kn l]n] h] bkni]_ej `a qj lqajpa
`a de`ncajk _kj ah cnqlk _]n^kjehk kpnk
ajh]_a lalp`e_k %`a h] ieoi] _]`aj] lnkpae
_] k `a _]`aj]o ]`u]_ajpao&+

También podría gustarte