Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Pgina
Mdulo 1: Lnea de Tiempo & Tiempos Verbales
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Mdulo 4: Conectores
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Presente Simple
2)
3)
He
You
She
works.
work.
We
It
They
Negativo:
SUJETO + AUXILIAR + NOT + VERBO
I
You
We
He
do not
dont
She
work.
does not
doesnt
work.
It
They
Interrogativo:
AUXILIAR + SUJETO + VERBO + ?
he
Does
you
Do
she
work?
work?
we
it
they
Presente Continuo
Presente Continuo:
El Presente Continuo se refiere a una accin que est ocurriendo ahora o a una
accin temporaria que se desarrolla en el presente.
Ejemplo:
They are arresting the suspects. [(Ellos) estn arrestando a los sospechosos.]
I am finishing a writ. [(Yo) estoy terminando un escrito.]
Usos principales:
1)
2)
Situaciones temporales.
Ejemplo: I usually work in my office, but this week I am working at home.
[(Yo) generalmente trabajo en mi oficina pero esta semana estoy trabajando en casa.]
3)
am
working.
You
We
They
are
working.
He
She
It
is
working.
Negativo:
SUJETO + AM / IS / ARE + NOT + VERBO CON ING
am
not
working.
You
We
They
are
not
working.
He
She
It
is
not
working.
Interrogativo:
AM / IS / ARE + SUJETO + VERBO CON ING + ?
Am
working?
you
Are we working?
they
Is
he
she working?
it
Ejemplo: The witness usually takes an oath on the Bible (Presente Simple), but this
witness is not taking an oath on the Bible now (Presente Continuo) because he is
an atheist. [El testigo generalmente jura sobre la Biblia, pero este testigo no est jurando sobre
la Biblia porque es ateo.]
She had married once before she married him. [(Ella) se haba casado
una vez antes de casarse con l.]
She married him after she had married once. [(Ella) se cas con l
despus de haberse casado una vez.]
They read the verdict a few minutes ago. [Ellos leyeron el veredicto hace
unos minutos.]
Negativo:
SUJETO + AUXILIAR + NOT + VERBO EN INFINITIVO
Ejemplo:
The defendant did not plead guilty. [El acusado no se declar culpable.]
They did not read the verdict yesterday. [Ellos no leyeron el veredicto
ayer.]
Interrogativo:
AUXILIAR + SUJETO + VERBO EN INFINITIVO + ?
Ejemplo:
Did they read the veredict yesterday? [Leyeron ellos el veredicto ayer?]
IMPORTANTE:
am
You
We
Pasado
I
You
are
We
They
They
He
He
She
was
is
It
She
were
was
It
Formas. Ejemplos:
Presente Perfecto
Presente Perfecto:
El Presente Perfecto conecta el pasado con el presente. Suele utilizarse con los
siguientes indicadores de tiempo: since [desde], for [durante], up to now / so far
[hasta ahora], already [ya], just [recin], yet [an, todava], ever [alguna vez], never [nunca],
recently [recientemente], entre otros.
Usos principales:
1)
2)
3)
He
She
have
has
It
They
Ejemplo:
He
She
have not
(haven't)
It
has not
(hasn't)
They
Ejemplo:
He
You
worked?
We
written?
Has
She
It
worked?
written?
They
Ejemplo:
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I
were
verbo + ing
They
He
She
was
verbo + ing
It
Ejemplo:
When the attorney arrived, the police were questioning the suspect
[En el momento en el que el letrado lleg, la polica estaba interrogando al
sospechoso.]
Ejemplo:
She had married once before she married John Brown. [(Ella) se haba
casado una vez antes de casarse con John Brown.]
She married John Brown after she had married once. [(Ella) se cas con
John Brown despus de haberse casado una vez.]
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Negativo:
SUJETO + AUXILIAR + NOT + PARTICIPIO PASADO
Ejemplo:
He had not served twelve years in prison when he was released. [l
no haba cumplido doce aos de prisin cuando fue liberado.]
Interrogativo:
AUXILIAR + SUJETO + VERBO EN PARTICIPIO + ?
Ejemplo:
Had he served twelve years in prison when he was released? [l
haba cumplido doce aos de prisin cuando fue liberado?]
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2)
am
going to
appeal
tomorrow.
You
We
They
are
going to
appeal
tomorrow.
He
She
It
is
going to
appeal
tomorrow.
Negativo
SUJETO + AM / IS / ARE + NOT + GOING TO +VERBO EN INFINITIVO
am
not
going to
appeal
tomorrow.
You
We
They
are
not
going to
appeal
tomorrow.
He
going to
is
appeal
She
not
tomorrow.
It
Interrogativo
AM / IS / ARE + SUJETO + GOING TO +VERBO EN INFINITIVO
Am
going to
appeal
tomorrow?
you going to
Are we appeal
they tomorrow?
Is
he going to
she appeal
it tomorrow?
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2)
I / You / He / She
It / We / They
Negativo:
SUJETO + SHALL / WILL + NOT + VERBO
I / You / He / She
It / We / They
Interrogativo:
SHALL/WILL + SUJETO + VERBO
I / We
You / He / She
It / They
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Formacin de Palabras
Prefijos
Afijos
Sufijos
Prefijos
PREFIJO
EJEMPLOS
anti-
contrario a
anti-American
anti-Americano
co-
con, juntos
cooperate
cooperar
dis-
(des-) contrario a
disappear
desaparecer
im-
(im-) contrario a
impossible
imposible
in- / un-
(in-) contrario a
independent
independiente
mis-
opuesto
misunderstanding
malentendido
non-
contrario
non-fiction
real
over-
sobre, en exceso
overpriced
sobrevaluado
pro-
para, a favor de
pro-American
pro-Americano
re-
de nuevo, repetido
rebuild
reconstruir
under-
insuficiente
underpriced
subvaluado
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Sufijos
improvement mejora
information informacin
-ment
-ation
-tion
-ify
-ate
-ise
production
produccin
-ion
-er
expression
writer
expresin
escritor
-ness
happiness
felicidad
-en
ADJETIVOS
-ial
-ful
-less
-ate
-able
ADVERBIOS
-ive
-ly
(-mente)
identificar
identify
communicate comunicar
enfatizar
emphasise
strengthen
fortalecer
financial
careful
careless
financiero
accurate
cuidadoso
descuidado
preciso
capable
capaz
active
activo
carefully
cuidadosamente
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Verbos Irregulares
INFINITIVO
be
become
begin
bite
break
bring
build
buy
catch
choose
come
cost
cut
do
drink
drive
eat
fall
feel
find
fly
forget
get
give
go
grow
have
hear
hit
hold
hurt
Keep
learn
leave
ser o estar
transformar
comenzar
morder
romper
traer
construir
comprar
agarrar
elegir
venir
costar
cortar
hacer
tomar
manejar
comer
caer
sentir
encontrar
volar
olvidar
conseguir
dar
ir
crecer
tener
escuchar
golpear
aferrar
lastimar
guardar
aprender
dejar
PASADO SIMPLE
was/were
became
began
bit
broke
brought
built
bought
caught
chose
came
cost
cut
did
drank
drove
ate
fell
felt
found
flew
forgot
got
gave
went
grew
had
heard
hit
held
hurt
Kept
learnt
left
PARTICIPIO
been
become
begun
bitten
broken
brought
built
bought
caught
chosen
come
cost
cut
done
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
felt
found
flown
forgotten
got
given
gone
grown
had
heard
hit
held
hurt
Kept
learnt
left
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prestar
lend
permitir
let
perder
lose
fabricar
make
mean
significar
encontrar
meet
pagar
pay
poner
put
leer
read
montar
ride
hacer sonar
ring
correr
run
decir
say
ver
see
vender
sell
enviar
send
mostrar
show
cerrar
shut
cantar
sing
sentar
sit
dormir
sleep
hablar
speak
deletrear
spell
pasar - gastar
spend
pararse
stand
robar
steal
nadar
swim
agarrar
take
ensear
teach
llorar
tear
decir
tell
pensar
think
tirar
throw
understand entender
wake up levantar
lucir
wear
ganar
win
escribir
write
lent
let
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read
rode
rang
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
showed
shut
sang
sat
slept
spoke
spelt
spent
stood
stole
swam
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
understood
woke up
wore
won
wrote
lent
let
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read
ridden
rung
run
said
seen
sold
sent
shown
shut
sung
sat
slept
spoken
spelt
spent
stood
stolen
swum
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
understood
woken up
worn
won
written
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Mdulo 5: Conectores
Conectores
Expresan tiempo, condicin, resultado, contraste, causa, propsito, etc.
Tiempo
as soon as
when
cuando
while
mientras
as
cuando, mientras
whenever
every time
cada vez
Condicin
if
si
even if
an si
as long as
en la medida en que
provided that
siempre que
providing
siempre que
on condition that
unless
a menos que
in case
en caso de que
whether
si
Adicin
furthermore
asimismo
moreover
adems
as well as
al igual que
in addition to
adems de
too, as well
tambin
(not) either
tampoco
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Mdulo 5: Conectores
Resultado
therefore
en consecuencia
consequently
en consecuencia
as a result
como resultado
so
por lo tanto
so + that
(so + adj. or adv. + that + clause)
Contraste
although / even though + clause
aunque
a pesar de...
however
sin embargo
but
pero
while / whereas
mientras que
nevertheless
sin embargo
notwithstanding
no obstante
Razn
since / as
seeing that
en vistas de que
because + clause
porque
a causa de
debido a
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Mdulo 5: Conectores
Propsito
to infinitive
para
para
para / para no
de modo que
Secuencia
First
En primer lugar
Next
A continuacin
Then
Luego
After that
Despus (de)
Finally
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Voz Pasiva
La voz pasiva describe casos en los que se hace hincapi en el objeto sobre el cual recae la
accin, ms que en el sujeto que la realiza.
ESTRUCTURAS
VOZ ACTIVA
SUJETO + VERBO + OBJETO
arrested
the suspect
arrest
al sospechoso
yesterday.
ayer.
VOZ PASIVA
SUJETO (Objeto de la Voz Activa) + BE (en el tiempo que corresponda) + PARTICIPIO +
COMPLEMENTO AGENTE (Sujeto de la Voz Activa)
The suspect
El sospechoso
was arrested
fue arrestado
by
por
yesterday.
ayer.
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Verbo TO BE
Participio Pasado
Ejemplos:
Presente Simple
am / is / are
done
Presente Continuo
am / is / are + being
taught
Pasado Simple
was / were
stolen
Pasado Continuo
made
Presente Perfecto
written
Pasado Perfecto
had + been
built
Futuro Simple
will + be
decorated
Verbos defectivos
done
EJEMPLOS
Presente Continuo
Presente Perfecto
Futuro Simple
Verbo Modal /
Defectivo
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Oraciones Condicionales
Estructura: una proposicin condicional (encabezada por if) y una principal. Pueden
clasificarse en tipos segn el grado de probabilidad de que el hecho ocurra.
ESTRUCTURAS
TIPO 0
(Verdades generales o hechos cientficos)
IF + PRESENTE SIMPLE + PRESENTE SIMPLE
PRESENTE SIMPLE + IF + PRESENTE SIMPLE
Ejemplo:
TIPO 1
Situaciones futuras probables
IF + PRESENTE SIMPLE + FUTURO (will / shall + verbo)
FUTURO + IF + PRESENTE SIMPLE
Ejemplo:
TIPO 2
Situaciones hipotticas o irreales
IF + PASADO SIMPLE + CONDICIONAL SIMPLE (would + verbo)
Ejemplo:
If the company offered me a good salary, I would accept the job. [Si
la compaa me ofreciera un buen sueldo, (yo) aceptara el empleo.]
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TIPO 3
Situaciones imposibles, ya que la condicin no se cumpli en el pasado.
IF + PASADO SIMPLE (1) + CONDICIONAL PERFECTO
(would have + verbo en participio [past participle])
Ejemplo:
If the company had paid me my salary, I would not have sued them.
[Si la compaa me hubiera pagado el sueldo, (yo) no los habra
demandado.]
TIPO MIXTO
Resultado imposibles en el presente, ya que la condicin en el pasado no se cumpli.
IF + PASADO PERFECTO (2) + CONDICIONAL SIMPLE (would + verbo)
Ejemplo:
If I had studied Economics, I would have a better job NOW. [Si (yo)
hubiera estudiado Economa, AHORA tendra un mejor empleo.]
En estos casos, el Past Simple en castellano equivale al modo subjuntivo pretrito imperfecto (terminados en era/-ese: tuviera/fuese/ etc.).
(1)
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3) Funcionan como auxiliares, por lo tanto se utilizan para preguntas y para negativos
(seguidos del not). He cant/cannot attend the meeting= Negativo; Can he attend the
meeting?= Interrogativo
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COULD
Se utiliza para:
- Expresar habilidad general para realizar una actividad en
pasado.
When the defendant worked for Standard Co., he could
repair 25 computers a day. [Cuando el acusado trabajaba en
Standard Co. poda arreglar 25 computadoras por da.]
- Pedidos o permiso (Podra/s?):
Could you help me with this report? [Podra ayudarme con este
informe?]
- Expresar deduccin o conclusin respecto del pasado (en
negativo) (could+ have + past participle).
They couldnt have said that! [No pudieron haber dicho eso!]
WILL
Expresa:
- Prediccin u opinin sobre el futuro.
- Una decisin que se toma al momento de hablar.
- Efectuar pedidos o manifestar rechazos.
- Para expresar promesas o amenazas
WOULD
Expresa:
- Pedidos con cortesa.
- Condicional = resultado de una situacin hipottica.
- Hbitos en el pasado = sola = used to.
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SHALL
Expresa:
- Sugerencias: (con we].
Shall we discuss the contract now? [Discutimos el contrato
ahora?]
- Ofrecimiento (con I).
Shall I read the paragraph aloud? [Leo el prrafo en voz alta?]
- Futuro (only with I and we).
- (Jurdico) Orden-imposicin.
The meetings of the council shall be public. [Las reuniones
del Concejo deben ser pblicas.]
SHOULD (debera)
Expresa:
- Consejo.
- Consecuencia de un hecho a menos que algo inesperado
ocurra.
MUST (deber)
Expresa:
- Obligacin personal. = Deber
- Deduccin o conclusin con alto grado de certeza.
- Con Must + have +Participio= Deduccin sobre el pasado
- mustnt : en negativo = Prohibicin
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