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1.1
1.
dy
+ 2y = 0
dx
Definimos el factor integrante.
p(x) = 2
=0
d
2x
dx [e y]
=0
dx + c
e2x y = c
y = ce2x
2.
dy
= 3y
dx
forma lineal.
dy
dx
3y = 0
p(x) = 3
dy
e3x dx 3e3x y = 0
= 0 dx + c
dy 3x
y
dx [e
e3x y = c
y = ce3x
3.
3
dy
+ 12y = 4
dx
+ 4y =
4
3
p(x) = 4
Factor integrante: e
4dx
=e4x
dy
e4x dx + 4e4x y = 4 e4x
3
d 4x
4x
e dx + c
dx [e y] =
1
e4x y = 4 e4x + c
y=
4.
1
4
+ ce4x
y = 2y + x2 + 5
forma lineal
y 2y = x2 + 5
Factor integrante: e
2dx
= e2x
y] = e2x x2 + 5 e2x + c
dx [e
5
e2x y = 2 e2x 1 e2x (2x2 + 2x + 1) + C
4
2
y = x
2
5.
x
2
1
4
5
2
+ ce2x
4(x+y 6 )
y
dx
dy
4x
y
4y 6
y
Factor integrante: e4
1
y dy
4x
y
= 4y 5
; e4 log(y) ; elog(y) ; y 4 =
4
1 dx
y 4 dy
1 4x
y4 y
d 1
dy [ y4 x]
d 1
dy [ y4 x]
1
y4 x
1
5
y 4 4y
= 4y
= 4 ydy
= 2y 2 + C
x = 2y 6 + cy 4
6.
xy + y = ex
1
y + xy =
ex
x
Factor integrante:
1
x dx
= elog x = x
x
xy + x y =
d
dx [xy]
Integramos:
d
dx [xy]
xex
x
= ex
ex dx + c
xy = ex + c
y = ex x1 + cx1
7.
x
dy
dx
dy
2
+y = 2
dx
y
y
x
2
xy 2
...(1)
dy
dx
1
y4
u1/3
x
2(u1/3 )2
x
+ 3u =
x
6
x
1
x dx
= e3 log x = elog x = x3
integramos.
d
3
dx [x u]
= 6x2
= 6 x2 + c
x3 u = 2x3 + c
u = 2 + cx3
Sustituimos u = y 3
y 3 = 2 + cx3
dy
8. y 1/2 dx + y 3/2 = 1; condicion y(0) = 4
dy
dx
y 3/2
y 1/2
dy
1
dx
y 1/2
+ y = y 1/2
dy
dx
Sustituimos.
2 1/3 du
3u
dx
3
+ 2u =
3
2
e 2 x du + e 2 x 3 u = e 2 x 3
dx
2
2
3
d
2 x u]
dx [e
3
d
2 x u]
dx [e
= 3e2x
2
3 3x
2 dx
2e
+c
e 2 xu = e 2 x + c
3
u = 1 + ce 2 x
Sustituimos u = y 3/2
3
y 3/2 = 1 + ce 2 x
Solucion general.
43/2 = 1 + ce 2 0
81=c
c=7
y 3/2 = 1 + 7e 2 x
9.
y +
Solucion particular.
2
y = 2xy 2
x
u = y 1n ; donde n = 2
entonces:
u = y 12 ; u = y 1 ; u1 = y
u2 du =
dx
dy
dx
sustituimos en la ecuacion.
2
u2 du + x u1 = 2x(u1 )2
dx
multiplicamos por u2
du
dx
2
x u = 2x
2
esta es una ecuacion lineal con p(x) = x
obtenemos el factor integrante.
e2
1
x dx
= elog x
= x2
2
x2 du x2 x u = x2 2x
dx
d
2
u]
dx [x
integramos.
5
= 2x1
d
2
u]
dx [x
2x1 dx + c
x2 u = 2 log x + c
u = 2x2 log x + cx2
sustituimos u = y 1
y la solucin es entonces:
y=
10,
1
2x2 log x+cx2
y + xy = xy 1/2
sea. n = 1/2
u = y 1n ; u = y 1(1/2) ; u = y 3/2 ; y = u2/3
dy
dx
= 2 u1/3
3
sustituimos en la ecuacion.
2 1/3
3u
3
+ 2 xu = 3 x
2
Factor integrante:
3
e2
3
e4x
du
dx
xdx
3
+ e4x
= e4x
3
2 xu
= e4x
3
2x
d 3 x2
4
u
dx e
3
= 2 xe 4 x dx + c
d 3 x2
4
u
dx e
3
2
xe 4 x dx + c
2
e4x u = e4x + c
3
u = 1 + ce 4 x
sustituimos u = y 3/2
3
y 3/2 = 1 + ce 4 x
3
2x
1.2
N
x
M
y
=0;
N
x
=0
M
x
= 2 xdx dx + g(y)
= g (y)
integramos respecto a y
g (y) = 3 ydy + dy + c
3
g(y) = 2 y 2 + y + c
= cosy senx
= senx + cosy
M
y
N
x
integramos respecto de y
g (y) = ydy + c
1
g(y) = 2 y 2 + c
sustituimos en (1)
f (x, y) = xseny + ycosx 1 y 2
2
3.
Integramos respecto de y
g(y) = 2
ydy + c
g(y) = y 2 + c
sustituimos en (1)
x3 y + xey y 2 = c... solucion implicita.
4.
la ecuacion es exacta.
integramos fx (x, y) respecto a x.
derivamos respcto de y
fy (x, y) = 3x2 4xy + g (y)
g (y) = 0
integramos respecto de y
g(y) = c
5.
derivamos respecto a y:
fx (x, y) = 2x 3x2 y 2 + g (y)
integramos:
g(y) = y + c
sustituimos en (1)
2xy x2 y 3 + 2x2 + 6x y = c... solucion implicita.
para y(1) = 0
2(1)2 + 6(1) = c
c = 4
6.
(xy sin x + 2y cos x)dx + 2x cos xdy = 0;
10
integramos respecto a x:
derivamos respecto a y:
fy (x, y) = 2x2 y cos x + g (y)
igualamos con Nx
2x2 y cos x + g (y) = 2x2 y cos x
g (y) = 0
integramos respecto a y:
g(y) = c
sustituimos en (1)
f (x, y) = x2 y 2 cos x + c
2.1
1. y = 2x2
Integramos ambos lados de la ecuacion:
y = 2 x2 dx + c
2
y = 3 x3 + c1
Volvemos a integrar:
y =
2
3
(x3 + c1 )dx + c2
y = ( 2 )( 1 )x4 + xc1 + c2
3 4
Solucion:
y = 1 x4 + c1 x + c2
6
11
2. y = sen(kx)
Integramos ambos lados de la ecuacion:
sen(kx)dx + c1
y = kcos(kx) + c1
y = k cos(kx)dx + c1 dx + c2
y = k 2 sen(kx) + xc1 + c2
y = k 2 sen(kx)dx + c1 xdx + c2 dx + c3
y = k 3 cos(kx) + 1 c1 x2 + c2 x + c3
2
1
3. y = x
Integrando:
1
x dx
+ c1
y = log x + c1
y = log xdx + c1 dx + c2
y = x log x x + c1 x + c2
x2
2 (log x
1 ) 1 x2 + c1 1 x2 + c2 x + c3
2
2
2
4. y = x + sin x
Integrando:
y =
xdx +
sin xdx + c1
= 1 x2 cos x + c1
2
y = 1 x2 dx cos xdx
2
1
= 6 x3 sin x + c1 x + c2
+ c1
dx + c2
x sin xdx + c!
y = sin x x cos x + c1
12
2.2
1. xy + y = 0
Deniendo:
p(x) =
dy
dx
dp
dx
d2 y
dx2
xp + p = 0
1
= p dp
1
1
x dx =
p dp + c1
c1
p
hacemos p(x) =
x=
dy
dx
c!
dy/dx
x = c1 dx
dy
integrando:
1
x dx
log x =
1
c1
1
c1 y
dy + c2
+ c2
valor positivo.
2.(x 1)y y =0
Denimos:
p(x) =
dy
dx
dp
dx
d2 y
dx2
(x 1)p p = 0
Dividimos entre (x 1)
x1
x1 p
1
x1 p
1
x1 p
=0
=0
1
x1 p
=0
dp
1
dx = x1 p
1
1
p dp = x1 dx
integrando:
1
p dp
1
x1 dx
+ c1
13
haciendo p =
dy
dx
dy
dx
= c1 (x 1)
dy = c1 (x 1)dx
integrando:
dy = c1 (x 1)dx + c2
y = c1 1 x2 x + c2
2
3.
2.3
1.y + y 2y = 0
Resolvemos la ecuacion caracteristica asociada.
m2 + m 2 = 0
(m + 2)(m 1) = 0
m1 = 2 m2 = 1
2.
y 2y + y = 0
solucion y = emx
y1 = ex
y2 = y1
y2 = e
p(y)dy
2
y1
dx
2x
e
e2x dx
y2 = ex x
solucion.
y(x) = c1 ex + c2 xex
3. 4y 8y + 5y = 0
14
Ecuacion caracteristica.
4m2 8m + 5 = 0
m1,2 =
m1,2 =
8 6480
8
1 1i
2
solucion.
y = c1 ex ei 2 x + c2 ex ei 2 x
1
y = ex (c1 ei 2 x + c2 ei 2 x )
y = ex (c1 cos 1 x + c2 sen 1 x)
2
2
4.3y 2y 8y = 0
Ecuacion caracteristica:
3m2 2y 8 = 0
(3m + 4)(m 2)
m1 = 2
m2 = 4
3
y2 = e 3 x
Solucion:
4
y(x) = c1 e2x + c2 e 3 x
5.y v 10y + 9y = 0
Ecuacion caracteristica.
m5 10m3 + 9m = 0
m(m4 10m2 + 9) = 0
m1 = 0 (m2 9)(m2 1) m2,3 = 3 m4,5 = 1
Solucion:
y(x) = c1 + c2 e3x + c3 e3x + c4 ex + c5 ex
6. y + 4y + 3y = 0 y(0) = 2 y (0) = 3
Ecuacion caracteristica.
m2 + 4m + 3 = 0
15
m1,2 =
4 36
2
m1,2 = 2 3i
Solucion:
y(x) = e2x (c1 cos 3x + c2 sin 3x)
y (x) = e2x (3c1 sin 3x + 3c2 cos 3x) 2e2x (c1 cos 3x + c2 sin 3x)
Para y (0) = 3
3 = e0 (3c1 sin 0 + 3c2 cos 0) 2e0 (c1 cos 0 + c2 sin 0)
3 = 3c2 2c1
3 = 3c2 2(2)
3 + 4 = 3c2
c2 =
1
3
1
3
sin 3x)
d
d
7. dxy 7 dxy 18y = 0
4
2
Ecuacion caracteristica:
4
m4 7m2 18 = 0
2.4
Ecuacion caracteristica:
m2 + 3m + 2 = 0
(m 1)(m 2)
m1 = 1 m2 = 2
yh = c1 ex + c2 e2x
p
p
=0
=0
2. y + y = sin x
Resolvemos primer la ecuacion homogenea asociada.
y +y =0
p
p
Sustituyendo
yp = 1 x cos x
2
17
y(x) = yh + yp
y(x) = c1 cos x + c2 sin x 1 x cos x
2
p
p
=A
=0
sustituimos en la ecuacion
10(A) + 25(Ax + B) = 30x + 3
25A = 30...(1) entonces A =
6
5
25B = 3 + 12
B=
yp =
3
5
6
5x
3
5
y(x) = yh + yp
y(x) = c1 e5x + c2 xe5x + 6 x +
5
3
5
4. 1 y + y + y = x2 2x
4
Resolvemos la ecuacion homogenea asociada.
1
4y + y + y = 0
1 2
4m + m + 1 = 0
m1,2 = 2
yh = c1 e2x + c2 xe2x
yp = Ax2 + Bx + C
yp = 2Ax + B
yp = 2A
18
x2 2x
2x
A=1
2A + B = 2
B =22=0
1
2A
1
2A
+B+C =0
+C =0
C = 1A = 1
2
2
yp = x2
1
2
y(x) = yh + yp
y(x) = c1 e2x + c2 xe2x + x2
1
2
5. y + 3y = 48x2 e3x
Se resuelve la parte homogenea.
y +3y=0
m2 + 3 = 0
m1,2 = 3 m1,2 = 3i
yh = c1 cos 3x + c2 sen 3x
p
p
Susituimos en la ecuacion.
9e3x (Ax2 + Bx + C) + 3e3x (4Ax + 2B) + e3x (2A) + 9e3x (Ax2 + Bx +
C) + 3e3x (2Ax + B) = 48x2 e3x
9e3x Ax2 + 9e3x Bx + 9e3x C + 12e3x Ax + 6e3x B + 2e3x A + 9e3x Ax2 +
9e3x Bx + 9e3x C + 6e3x Ax + 3e3x B = 48x2 e3x
9A + 9A = 48
18A = 48
8
A = 3
B=0
C=0
6.y y = 3
y -y =0
m2 m = 0
m(m 1) = 0
m1 = 0 m2 = 1
19
yh = c1 e0x + c2 ex = c1 + c2 ex
En este caso podemos ver claramente que existe ya una solucion que
es c1 igual con 3
entonces por la regla de multiplicidad. la solucion propuesta yp = Ax
yp = Ax
y
y
=A
=0
Sustituyendo en la ecuacion.
0 A = 3 entonces, A = 3
yp = 3x
y(x) = yh + yp
y(x) = c1 + c2 ex + 3x
7. y 6y = 3 cosx
Ecuacion homogenea asociada yh = y 6y = 0
m3 6m2 = 0
m2 (m 6) = 0
m1,2 = 0 m3 = 6
yh = c1 + c2 x + c3 e6x
p
p
= 2A Bcosx Csenx
= Bsenx Ccosx
6C + B = 0...(2)
Igualando 1 y 2
B=
C=
yp =
6
37
1
37
1 3
2x
6
37 cosx
y(x) = c1 + c2 x +
1
37 senx
c3 e6x 1 x2
4
6
37 cosx
20
1
37 senx
Solucion particular
yp = Acosx + Bsenx + Ccos2x + Dsen2x
yp = Asenx + Bcosx 2Csen2x + 2Dcos2x
yp = Acosx Bsenx 4Ccos2x 4Dsen2x
sustituyendo.
AcosxBsenx4Ccos2x4Dsen2x2Asenx+2Bcosx4Csen2x+
4Dcos2x + Acosx + Bsenx + Ccos2x + Dsen2x = senx + 3cos2x
3Ccos2x 3Dsen2x 2Asenx + 2Bcosx 4Csen2x + 4Dcos2x =
senx + 3Cos2x
3C + 4D = 3...(1)
3D 4C = 0...(2)
C=
D=
9
25
12
25
2A = 1 ; A = 1
2
2B = 0 ; B = 0
1
y(x) = c1 ex + c2 xex 2 cosx +
2.5
9
25 cos2x
12
25 sen2x
Variacion de parametro.
1. y + y = sec x
Resolvemos la parte homogenea de la ecuacion esta es yh = y + y = 0
Para la ecuacion homogenea asociada, resolvemos la ecuacion caracteristica.
m2 + 1 = 0
m1,2
m2 = 1
= 1 ; m1,2 = i
m1,2 = i ; donde = 0 = 1
21
yh = c1 cosx + c2 senx
y1
y1
W1 =
W2 =
u1 =
W1
W
y2
cosx
=
y2
senx
senx
= [(cosx)(cosx)] [(senx)(senx)] =
cosx
cos2 x + sen2 x = 1
0
y2
0
senx
=
= [(0)(cosx)] [(senx)(secx)] =
f (x) y2
secx cosx
senxsecx = senx = tanx
cosx
y1
y1
0
cosx
0
=
= [(cosx)(secx) (0)(senx)] =
f (x)
senx secx
cosxsecx = cosx = 1
cosx
u2 = W2 = 1 = 1; u2 = dx = x
W
1
yp = u1 y1 + u2 y2
yp = ln(cosx)cosx + xsenx
y(x) = yh + yp
y(x) = c1 cosx + c2 senxi + cosxln(cosx) + xsenx
2. y + y = senx
Resolvemos yh = y + y = 0
m2 + 1 = 0
m1,2
m2 = 1
= 1 ; m1,2 = i
Donde:
=0y=1
yh = ex (c1 cosx + c2 senx)
yh = e0x (c1 cosx + c2 senx)
22
yh = c1 cosx + c2 senx
Denimos y1 , y2
y1 = cosx ; y1 = senx
y2 = senx ; y2 = cosx
Calculamos el Wronskiano.
W =
cosx
senx
W1 =
senx
= cos2 x + sen2 x = 1
cosx
0
senx
cosx
senx
W2 =
senx
= sen2 x
cosx
0
= senxcosx
senx
Ahora calculamos u1 , u2 .
2
u1 = sen x = sen2 x
1
u2 = senxcosxdx = 1 sen2 x
2
yp = u1 y1 + u2 y2 = ( x 1 sen2x)cosx + 1 sen2 x(senx)
2
4
2
1
yp = 1 xcosx 1 cosxsen2x + 2 sen3 x
2
4
y(x) = yp + yh
1
y(x) = c1 cosx + c2 senx + 2 xcosx 1 cosxsen2x + 1 sen3 x
4
2
3. y + y = cos2 x
Ecuacion homogenea asociada yh = y + y = 0
Esta ecuacion tiene solucion de la forma:
yh = c1 cosx + c2 senx
Denimos y1 , y2
y1 = cosx ; y1 = senx
y2 = senx ; y2 = cosx
W =
cosx
senx
W1 =
senx
= cos2 x + sen2 x = 1
cosx
0
senx
= senxcos2 x
cos2 x cosx
cosx
senx
W2 =
0
= cos3 x
cos2 x
Denimos u1 , u2
u1 =
senxcos2 x
= senxcos2 x
1
cos3 x
cos3 x
u1 = senxcos2 xdx =
=
3
3
u2 =
u2 =
cos3 x
= cos3 x
1
sen3 x
3
cos3 x
sen3 x
(cosx) + senx
3
3
yp = u1 y1 + u2 y2 =
yp =
cos4 x
sen4 x
+ sen2 x
3
3
sen4 x
cos4 x
+ sen2 x
3
3
4.y y = cosh x
Ecuacion homogenea asociada y y = 0
m2 1 = 0
m2 = 1; m1,2 = 1 = 1
yh = c1 ex + c2 ex
Denimos y1 , y2
y1 = ex ; y1 = ex
y2 = ex ; y2 = ex
(senx)
W =
ex
ex
W1 =
ex
= ex (ex ) ex (ex ) = 1 1 = 2
ex
0
ex
= ex (coshx) = ex coshx
coshx ex
ex
ex
W2 =
0
= ex coshx
coshx
Calculamos u1 y u2
ex coshx
2
u1 =
u1 =
1
2
1
= 2 ex coshx
u2 =
u2 = 1
2
ex coshx
1
= 2 ex coshx
2
1
ex coshxdx = 2 [
x e2x
+
]
2
4
ex
xex
+
4
8
y(x) = c1 ex + c2 ex + 1 ex (2e2x x 1) +
8
4. y + 3y + 2y =
x e2x
)
4
8
xex
ex
+
4
8
1
1 + ex
Denimos y1 , y2 .
y1 = e2x ; y1 = 2e2x
y2 = ex ; y2 = ex
Calculamos Wronskianos:
25
W =
e2x
2e2x
ex
= (e2x )(ex ) (ex )(2e2x ) = e3x + 2e3x =
ex
e3x
0
W1 =
1
1+ex
ex
ex
x =
e
1 + ex
e2x
2e2x
W2 =
1
1+ex
e2x
1 + ex
Calculamos u1 ,u2
ex
x
u1 = 1e+ e =
3x
u1 =
ex
(e3x )(1
e2x
ex )
1
e2x (1
ex )
e2x
1
+ ex
1
dx = ex + ln(ex + 1) 1
+ ex
e2x
x
1
e2x
= x
u2 = 1 + e = 3x
3x
x)
e
(e
)(1 + e
e +1
u2 =
1
dx = x + ln(ex + 1)
+1
ex
5.3y 6y + 6y = ex secx
yh = 3y 6y + 6y = 0
3m2 6m + 6 = 0
a = 3 , b = 6 , c = 6
Denimos y1 , y2
m1,2 =
(6)
(6)2 4(3)(6)
6
=
2(3)
6
36 72
=1
6
=1,=1
yh = ex (c1 cosx + c2 senx)
Deniendo y1 , y2
26
36
=1i
6
W =
W = ex (cos2 x + sen2 x) = ex
W1 =
W2 =
0
e secx
x
senx
ex senx
= (ex senx)(ex secx) = ex (
)=
e senx + ex cosx
cosx
x
e tanx
x
ex cosx
e cosx ex senx
x
cosx
0
) = ex
= (ex cosx)(ex secx) = ex (
ex secx
cosx
Calculamos u1 , u2
u1 =
ex tanx
= tanx
ex
ex
=1
ex
dx = x
Ecuaciones de Cauchy-Euler
x2 y 2y = 0
27
2.
x2 y + y = 0
Suponemos la solucion y = xm
y = xm
y = mxm1
y = (m 1)mxm2
Sustituimos en la ecuacin
x2 [(m 1)mxm2 ] + xm = 0
(m 1)mx2 xm x2 + xm = 0
(m2 m)xm + xm = 0
xm (m2 m + 1) = 0
Ecuacin auxiliar
m2 m + 1 = 0
1
m1,2 = 2 1 3i
2
donde: =
1
2
1
2
3
1
y = c1 x 2 + 2
3i
28
+ c2 x 2 2
3i
Usando la identidad,
xi = (elnx )i = eilnx
entonces
xi + xi = cos(lnx) + isen(lnx) + cos(lnx) isen(lnx) = 2cos(lnx)
xi xi = cos(lnx) + isen(lnx) cos(lnx) + isen(lnx) = 2isen(lnx)
si y = C1 x+i + C2 xi
y1 = x (xi + xi ) = 2x cos(lnx)
y2 = x (xi xi ) = 2x isen(lnx)
se concluye que
y1 = x cos(lnx) y = x sen(lnx)
As la solucion general es
y = x [c1 cos(lnx) + c2 sen(lnx)]
1
y = x 2 [c1 cos( 1 3lnx) + c2 sen( 1 3lnx)]
2
2
3.
x2 y + xy + 4y = 0
Suponemos la solucin:
y = xm
y = mxm1
y = (m 1)mxm2
Sustituimos en la ecuacin.
x2 [(m 1)mxm2 ] + x(mxm1 ) + 4(xm ) = 0
xm (m2 m + m + 4) = 0
xm (m2 + 4) = 0
m2 = 4
29
m1,2 = 4
m1,2 = 2i
=0=2
y = x0 (c1 cos2lnx + c2 sen2lnx)
y = c1 cos2lnx + c2 sen2lnx
4.
x2 y 3xy 2y = 0
Solucion propuesta.
y = xm
y = mxm1
y = (m 1)mxm2
Sustituimos.
x2 [(m 1)mxm2 ] 3x(mxm1 ) 2(xm ) = 0
xm [(m2 m) 3m 2] = 0
xm (m2 4m 2) = 0
m1,2 = 2 6
y = c2 x2+
5.
+ c1 x2
25x2 y + 25xy + y = 0
Solucin propuesta.
y = xm
y = mxm1
y = (m 1)mxm2
Sustituimos.
25x2 [(m 1)mxm2 ] + 25x(mxm1 ) + xm = 0
xm [25m2 25m + 25m + 1] = 0
30
25m2 + 1 = 0
m1,2 =
1
1
= i
25
5
= 0, =
1
5
1
1
y = x0 (c1 cos lnx + c2 sen lnx)
5
5
1
1
y = c1 cos lnx + c2 sen lnx
5
5
6.
x2 y + 5xy + y = 0
Solucion propuesta.
y = xm
y = mxm1
y = (m 1)mxm2
Sustituimos.
y = c1 x2+ 3 + c2 x2 3
7.
xy 4y = x4
Solucin propuesta.
y = xm
y = mxm1
y = (m 1)mxm2
Sustituimos
31
xm (m2 m 4m) = 0
m(m 5) = 0
m1 = 0 m2 = 5
yh = c1 x0 + c2 x5
yh = c1 + c2 x5
identicamos f (x) = x3
Denimos y1 , y2
y1 = 1 , y1 = 0
y2 = x5 , y2 = 5x4
x5
= 5x4 0 = 5x4
5x4
0
x5
W1 = 3
= 0 x8 = x8
x 5x4
1 0
W2 =
= x3
0 x3
Calculamos u1 , u2
8
u1 = x4 = 1 x4
5x
5
1
u1 = 1 x4 dx = 25 x5
5
1
x3
u2 = 5x = 5x
4
1
u2 = 1 x dx = 1 lnx
5
5
1 5
1
yp = 25 x (1) + 5 lnx(x5 )
5
1
yp = 25 x5 + x lnx
5
y(x) = yh + yp
5
1
y(x) = c + c2 x5 25 x5 + x lnx
5
W =
1
0
7.
x2 y xy + y = 2x
Solucion propuesta.
y = xm
y = mxm1
y = (m 1)mxm2
32
(m 1)2
m1,2 = 1
yh = c1 x + c2 xlnx
1
x2 y
2
=x
2
Identicamos f (x) = x
Identicamos y1 = x , y2 = xlnx y y1 = 1 , y2 = lnx + 1
x
lnx
= (x)(lnx + 1) (lnx)(1) = xlnx + x lnx = xlnx
1 lnx + 1
x
lnx + x = xln x + x = xln(1) + x = x
0
lnx
2
2
W1 = 2
= (lnx)( x ) = x lnx
lnx + 1
x
x 0
2
W2 =
2 = xx 0 = 2
1 x
Calculamos u1 , u2
2
lnx
u1 = x x = 2lnx
lnx x2 lnx+1
u1 = 2 x2 = x
2
u2 = x
1
u2 = 2 x = 2lnx
yp = y1 u1 + y2 u2 = x( lnx+1 ) + xlnx(2lnx) = lnx + 1+
x
W =
8.
x2 y 2xy + 2y = x4 ex
Solucin propuesta.
y = xm
y = mxm1
y = (m 1)mxm2
x2 [(m 1)mxm2 ] 2x(mxm1 ) + 2xm = x4 ex
x2 y 2xy + 2y = 0
xm (m2 m 2m + 2) = 0
m2 3m + 2 = 0
(m 2)(m 1) = 0
m1 = 2 , m2 = 1
yh = c1 x2 + c2 x
2
2
y x y + x2 y = x2 ex
Denimos y1 , y2 , f (x) = x2 ex
y1 = x2 ; y1 = 2x
y2 = x ; y2 = 1
Calculamos el Wronskiano
33
x2 x
= x2 2x2 = x2
2x 1
0
x
W1 = 2 x
= 0 x3 ex = x3 ex
x e
1
x2
0
W2 =
= x4 ex
2x x2 ex
Calculamos u1 , u2
3 x
u1 = x e = xex
x2x
u1 = xe dx = ex (x 1)
4 x
u2 = x e2 = x2 ex
x
u2 = x2 ex dx = ex (x2 2x + 2)
yp = u1 y1 + u2 y2 = [ex (x 1)]x2 + [ex (x2 2x + 2)]x
yp = x2 ex (x 1) + xex (x2 2x + 2)
y(x) = yp + yh
y(x) = c1 x2 + c2 x + x2 ex (x 1) + xex (x2 2x + 2)
W =
9.
1.
y xy = 0
Sutituyendo y =
n
n=0 cn x
n=2 (n
y la segunda derivada y =
n
n=0 cn x )
1)ncn xn2 x (
n=2 (n
1)ncn xn2
n+1
n=0 cn x
n2
n=2 (n1)ncn x
=0
=0
Ahora sumamos las dos series igualando los indices de ambas sumas.
2(1)c2 x0
n=3
n=3
2c2
n+1
n=0 cn x
n+1
n=0 cn x
=0
=0
n=3
2c2
2c2
k=1 (k
2c2
k=1 [(k
n+1
n=0 cn x
=0
k
k=1 ck1 x
ck1
(k + 2)(k + 1)
34
=0
c0
3(2)
c1
=
4(3)
c2
=
5(4)
k = 3 , c5 =
1
= 6 c0
1
20 c2
1
12 c1
= 0 c2 = 0
k = 4 , c6 =
c3
=
6(5)
1 1
30 ( 6 )c0
1
180 c0
k = 5 , c7 =
c4
=
7(6)
1 1
42 ( 12 )c1
1
504 c1
k = 6 , c8 =
k = 7 , c9 =
c5
= 0 c5 = 0
8(7)
c6
=
9(8)
1
1
72 ( 180 )c0
1
12960 c0
k = 8 , c10 =
c7
=
10(9)
k = 9 , c11 =
c8
= 0 c8 = 0
11(10)
1
10(9)(504) c1
1
6
180 x
1
9
12960 x )
+ c1 (x +
1 4
12 x
1
7
504 x
1
10
90(504) x )
y + x2 y + xy = 0
Sutituyendo:
y=
y =
y =
n
n=0 cn x
n1
n=1 cn nx
n2
n=2 (n 1)ncn x
En la ecuacin original
n=2 (n
1)ncn xn2 + x2
n1
n=1 cn nx
35
+ x[
cn x n ] = 0
n2
+ n=1 cn nxn+1 + n=0 cn xn+1 =
n=2 (n 1)ncn x
0
n2
2c2 x + 6c3 x n=4 (n 1)ncn x
+ n=1 cn nxn+1 + c0 x1
n+1
n=1 cn x
=0
k1+1
c0 x
=0
k=2 ck1 x
Entonces tenemos
2c2 = 0 ; c2 = 0
6c3 + c0 = 0
1
c3 = 6 c0
kck1
(k + 1)(k + 2)
Sustituyendo k = 2, 3, 4, ... en la formula se obtiene
2c1
c4 = 3(4) = 1 c1
6
3c2
c5 = 4(5) = 0 c2 = 0
4c3
2
1
c6 = 5(6) = 15 ( 1 c0 ) = 45 c0
6
5c4
5
5
c7 = 6(7) = 42 ( 1 c1 ) = 136 c1
6
6c5
6
c8 = 7(8) = 56 (0) = 0
7c6
7
1
7
c9 = 8(9) = 72 ( 45 )c0 = 72(45) c0
8c7
4
5
5
c10 = 9(10) = 45 ( 136 c1 ) = 45(34) c1
9c8
9
c11 = 10(11) = 110 (0) = 0
10c9
5
7
7
c12 = 11(12) = 66 ( 72(45) c0 ) = 66(72)(9) c0
ck+2 =
[(k1)+1]ck1
(k+1)(k+2)
Por tanto,
y = c0 + c1 x + c2 x2 + c3 x3 + c4 x4 + c5 x5 + c6 x6 + c7 x7 + c8 x8 + c9 x9 + ...
1
5
5
1
7
7
y = c1 [ 6 x4 + 136 x7 + 9(34) x10 ] c0 [ 45 x6 + 72(45) x9 + 66(72)(9) x12 ]
3.
y 2xy + y = 0
Sutituyendo:
y=
y =
y =
n
n=0 cn x
n1
n=1 cn nx
n2
n=2 (n 1)ncn x
En la ecuacin original
n2
n1
2x
+ n=0 cn xn = 0
n=2 (n 1)ncn x
n=1 cn nx
n2
n
2 n=1 cn nx + n=0 cn xn = 0
n=2 (n 1)ncn x
n2
2c2 n=3 (n 1)ncn x
2 n=1 cn nxn + c0 n=1 cn xn = 0
k
k
k
2c2 + c0 k=1 (k + 1)(k + 2)ck+2 x 2ck kx + ck x = 0
36
5c2
3(4)
c5 =
c6 =
9c4
5(6)
c7 =
11c5
6(7)
= 1 c1
2
5
1
12 ( 2 c0 )
7c3
4(5)
3c1
2(3)
7 1
20 ( 2 c1 )
11 7
42 ( 40 c1 )
13c6
7(8)
13
1
56 ( 16 c0 )
15c7
8(9)
15
11
72 ( 6(40) c1 )
17c8
9(10)
c0
4.
7 5
40 x
5 4
24 x
11
6(40) c1
13
= 56(16) c0
161
72(240) c1
17(13)
= 9(10)(56)(16) c0
18c9
10(11)
c11 =
1 3
2x
7
40 c1
1
= 16 c0
c9 =
y = c1
9
5
30 ( 24 c0 )
c8 =
c10 =
5
= 24 c0
1
161
55 ( 8(240) )c1
11 7
240 x
161
9
72(240) x
1 6
16 x
13
8
56(16) x
161
11
55(8)(240) x
17(13)
10
90(56)(16) x
Sutituyendo:
y=
y =
y =
(x2 + 2)
x2
n=2 (n
n
n=0 cn x
n1
n=1 cn nx
n=2 (n
1)ncn xn2
1)ncn xn2 + 3x
n2
+2
n=2 (n1)ncn x
n1
n=1 cn nx
n2
+
n=2 (n1)ncn x
37
n=1
n
n=0 cn x
3cn nxn
=0
n
n=0 cn x
n
n=2 (n 1)ncn x
n=2 (n
n=2
n=1
3cn nxn
n=2
1)ncn xn +
n=2
c1 x n=2 cn xn = 0
n
n=0 cn x
=0
3cn nxn c0 +
1)3c3 x32 n=4 2(n 1)ncn xn2 + n=2 3cn nxn n=2 cn xn = 0
n
n
n=2 3cn nx
n=2 cn x = 0
k
k=2 (k 1)kck x +
k=2 2(k
k
3ck kx k=2 ck xk = 0
k=2
+ 2 1)(k +
k
k=2 [(k 1)kck + 2(k + 1)(k + 2)ck+2 + 3ck k ck ]x
=0
c5 =
+ 1 x5 +
6
Transformada de Laplace
1.
f (t)
L{f (t)} =
1, 0 t < 1
1,
t1
est f (t)dt =
st
= es |1 +
0
38
1
0
est (1) +
est
s |1
est (1)
11 7
126 x ]
s(1)
s(0)
= e s [ e s ] +
=
es
s
1
s
2es
s
es(1)
s
es
s
es()
s
0
s
1
s
2.
0t<1
t1
t,
1,
f (t) =
s(0)
= e s (1 1 ) [ e
s
s
s
= e s + es2 + s1 1
2
s
(0 1 )] + [ e
s
s()
es(0)
s ]
f (t) = te4t
L{te4t } =
est te4t dt =
te(s4)t dt
e(s4)t
[s + 3]|
0
(s 4)2
e(s4)0
e(s4)
[
]
2
(s 4)
(s 4)2
1
0
+
2
(s 4)
(s 4)2
=
1
(s 4)2
3.
y + 3y + 2y = 0
y(0) = 1 , y (0) = 1
Aplicamos transformada de Laplace a toda la ecuacin
L[y ] + 3L[y ] + 2L[y] = 0
[s2 Y (s) sy(0) y (0)] + 3[sY (s) y(0)] + 2[Y (s)] = 0
s2 Y (s) sy(0) y (0) + 3sY (s) 3y(0) + 2Y (s) = 0
Factorizando
Y (s)(s2 + 3s + 2) s 4
39
Y (s) =
s2
4+s
+ 3s + 2
A=
4 + (1)
=3
1 + 2
42
= 2
2 + 1
3
2
s+1 s+2
3
2
] L [
]
s+1
s+2
1
1
y(t) = 3L1 [
] 2L [
]
s+1
s+2
y(t) = 3et 2e2t
y(t) = L1 [
y xy = 0
Sutituyendo y =
n
n=0 cn x
n=2 (n
y la segunda derivada y =
n
n=0 cn x )
1)ncn xn2 x (
n=2 (n
1)ncn xn2
n+1
n=0 cn x
n2
n=2 (n1)ncn x
=0
=0
Ahora sumamos las dos series igualando los indices de ambas sumas.
2(1)c2 x0
n=3
n=3
2c2
n+1
n=0 cn x
n+1
n=0 cn x
=0
=0
n=3
2c2
2c2
k=1 (k
2c2
k=1 [(k
n+1
n=0 cn x
=0
k
k=1 ck1 x
ck1
(k + 2)(k + 1)
40
=0
c0
3(2)
c1
=
4(3)
c2
=
5(4)
k = 3 , c5 =
1
= 6 c0
1
20 c2
1
12 c1
= 0 c2 = 0
k = 4 , c6 =
c3
=
6(5)
1 1
30 ( 6 )c0
1
180 c0
k = 5 , c7 =
c4
=
7(6)
1 1
42 ( 12 )c1
1
504 c1
k = 6 , c8 =
k = 7 , c9 =
c5
= 0 c5 = 0
8(7)
c6
=
9(8)
1
1
72 ( 180 )c0
1
12960 c0
k = 8 , c10 =
c7
=
10(9)
k = 9 , c11 =
c8
= 0 c8 = 0
11(10)
1
10(9)(504) c1
1
6
180 x
1
9
12960 x )
+ c1 (x +
1 4
12 x
1
7
504 x
1
10
90(504) x )
2.
y (x + 1)y y = 0
Sutituyendo y =
n=2 (n
n=2 (n
n
n=0 cn x
n1
n=1 cn nx
1)ncn xn2 (x + 1)
1)ncn xn2
n
n=1 cn nx
41
n1
n=1 cn nx
n
n=0 cn x
=0
n
n=0 cn x
=0
n=3 (n
2c2 x0
1)ncn xn2
c0 x0
n
0
n=1 cn nx c1 x
n
n=1 cn x = 0
n1
n=2 cn nx
n2
n=3 (n1)ncn x
c2 c1 c0 +
n
n=1 cn nx
n1
n=2 cn nx
n
n=1 cn x
0
c2 c1 c0 +
k=1 (k
c2 c1 c0 +
1)xk k=1 ck xk = 0
k=1 [(k
(k + 1)ck+1 + (k + 1)ck
(k + 1)(k + 2)
Sustituyendo k = 1, 2, 3, ...,
k = 1 , c3 =
k = 2 , c4 =
k = 3 , c5 =
2c2 +2c1
2(3)
3c3 +3c2
3(4)
4c4 +4c3
4(5)
k=1 ck+1 (k
=0
3
= 12 c3 = 0
=0
Serie de Taylor
1.
y = x + 2y 2
y(0) = 0
y (o) = 1
Derivando
y = 1 + 4yy
y
= 4y y + 4yy
y iv = 4y y + 4y y + 4y y + 4yy
= 12y y + 4yy
42
x
1!
x2
2!
4x3
3!
12x4
4!
1.
f (t) = 4t 10
L[f (t)] = 4L[t] 10L[1]
4 0 test dt =
u = t , du = 1
st
dv = est , v = e s
st
= 4[(1)( e s )| + 1 0 (1)(est )]dt
0
s
st
= 4 es() ( 4 es(0) ) + 1 e s |
0
s
s
s
=
4
s
4
s
1
s
s(0)
s()
e s )
1
4
+ 1 ( 1 ) = 2
s
s
s s
+
(e
10
=
st
e dt
0
es()
s
st
= e s |
0
( e
1
=
s
entonces
L[f (t)] =
s(0)
1
1 3
1
4
2 = 2
s s
s s s
2.
L[f (t)] = L[et/5 ] =
t
= 0 e 5 (15s) dt =
=
(15s)
5
1
5 (15s)
f (t) = et/5
et/5 est dt
t
e 5 (15s)
1
5 (15s)
0
e 5 (15s)
1
5 (15s)
3.
|
0
5
5
=
=
1 5s
5s 1
f (t) = et2
43
76x5
5!
408x6
6!
=
=
(e2 )( e
(0)(1s)
1s
e
e
=
=
1s
s1
4.
f (t) = et cos t
s
s2 +1
= L[et cos t] =
5.
s
(s 1)2 + 1
f (t) = et cos t
st
dv = est , v = est dt = e s
= (cos t)
est
|
s 0
1
s
est
)| 0
s 0
est
s ( sin t)dt
st
st
e
e0
(cos 0)
] 1 sin t( e s )| 0 ( e s ) cos tdt
0
s
s
s
st
1
1
1
1
= 1 + s2
e
cos tdt = 2 st sin t| st cos t| =
0
0
0
s e
se
s
1
st
s
s
0 e
cos tdt =
= 2
s +1
1 + s1
2
Aplicando el teorema de traslacion del eje s
L[f (t)] = F (s)
L[eat f (t)] = F (s a)
= [(cos )
44
a = 1
L[et cos t] =
s+1
(s + 1)2 + 1
6.
1
0<t<2
f (t) =
0
2t<4
1
t4
st
2 st
4
7.
3t
0
f (t) =
0<t<1
t1
1
3
t(est )|1 [est ]1
0
0
s
s
1
[(es ) 0] 1 [(es ) 1]
s
s
3
1
1
3
[es 1 es ] = es (1 ) + 2
s
s
s
s
s
0dt = 0
1
3
1 1
L[f (t)] = es (1 + )
s
s s
45
1
s2
L1 [ s1 ]
2
n!
L1 [ sn+1 ] = f (t) = tn
L1 [ s1 ] = t
2
10.
f (t) = t cosh t
sean:
46
11.
f (t) = t2 cos 3t
Sean:
f (t) = t2 cos 3t , f (0) = 0
f (t) = 2t cos 3t 3t2 sin 3t , f (0) = 0
f (t) = 2 cos 3t6t sin 3t(6t sin 3t+9t2 cos 3t) = 2 cos 3t12t sin 3t9t2 cos 3t
Aplicando el teorema
L[f (t)] = s2 F (s) f (0) f (0)
L[2 cos 3t 12t sin 3t 9t2 cos 3t] = s2 L[t2 cos 3t] 0 0
2L[cos 3t] 12L[t sin 3t] 9L[t2 cos 3t] = s2 L[t2 cos 3t]
2L[cos 3t] 12L[t sin 3t] = s2 L[t2 cos 3t] + 9L[t2 cos 3t]
2
6s
s
12 2
= (s2 + 9)L[t2 cos 3t] podemos observar que la
+9
(s + 9)2
6s
transformada de t sin 3t es 2
pues ya la habiamos resuelto
(s + 9)2
s2
anteriormente.
2s(s2 + 9) 36s
= (s2 + 9)L[t2 cos 3t]
(s2 + 9)2
2s3 + 18s 36s
= (s2 + 9)L[t2 cos 3t]
(s2 + 9)2
2s3 18s
= L[t2 cos 3t]
2 + 9)2 (s2 + 9)
(s
2s3 18s
L[t2 cos 3t] = 2
(s + 9)3
12.
F (s) =
L1
1
s(s 4)
1
s(s 4)
Sabemos que L1
1
= eat , entonces:
sa
47
t
1
ea t
eat
1
= 0 ea d =
|0 =
donde: a = 4
s(s 4)
a
a
a
e4t
1
1
=
= (e4t 1)
4
4
4
L1
13.
F (s) =
1
s2 (s + 3)
1
=
+ 3)
1
Si L1
= eat , donde a = 3, entonces:
(s + a)
t
1
1
1
1
= 0 e3 d = e3 |t = e3t
L1
0
s(s + 3)
3
3
3
t 1 3t 1
1
1 3 1
L1 2
= 0
e
d =
e
s (s + 3)
3
3
9
3
1 3t
f (t) = (e 3t 1)
9
L1
s2 (s
14.
F (s) =
L1
=
0
1 3t 1
1
e t
9
3
9
3
s2 (s2 9)
3
=
s2 (s2 9)
a
= sinh at, donde a = 3, entonces:
s2 a2
t
3
1
1
1
= 0 sinh 3 d = cosh 3 |t = cosh 3t
0
s(s2 9)
3
3
3
t 1
3
1
1
1
= 0
cosh 3
d =
sinh 3
s2 (s2 9)
3
3
9
3
Conociendo L1
L1
L1
1
t
3
f (t) =
=
0
1
sinh 3t
9
1
(sinh 3t 3t)
9
48
s2
1
= et
+1
por linealidad
y = ex
16.
y + 4y = 2 ,
y(0) = 0 , y (0) = 0
L [y + 4y] = L [2]
s2 Y (s) sy(0) y (0) + 4Y (s) =
2
s
2
s2 Y (s) 0 0 + 4Y (s) =
s
2
2
Y (s)(s + 4) =
s
2
Y (s) =
s(s2 + 4)
2
=
s(s2 + 4)
Si L1 2
= sin t donde = 2, entonces
s + 2
t
2
1
1
1
L1
= 0 sin 2 d = cos 2 |t = cos 2t +
0
2 + 4)
s(s
2
2
2
1 1
f (t) = cos 2t
2 2
L1
por linealidad
y=
1 1
cos 2x
2 2
17.
y + 16y = 4 ,
y(0) = 1 , y (0) = 0
49
4
s
4
Y (s)(s2 + 16) + s + 0 =
s
4
4s2
s
4 s2
s
Y (s) = 2
= 2 s
=
(s + 16)
(s + 16)
s(s2 + 16)
4 s2
4
s
= L1
L1
=
s(s2 + 16)
s(s2 + 16)
(s2 + 16)
s
= cos t , donde = 4
L1 2
s + 2
s
= cos 4t
L1
2 + 16)
(s
4
Entonces para L1
2 + 16)
s(s
1
= sin t , donde = 4
si L
s2 + 2
t
t
4
1
1
1
L1
cos 4
=
cos 4t
= 0 sin 4 d =
2 + 16)
s(s
4
4
4
0
1
1
cos 4t +
4
4
4 s2
1
1
3
1
1
L
= cos 4t + cos 4t = cos 4t +
s(s2 + 16)
4
4
4
4
L1
por linealidad
y=
18.
1
3
cos 4x +
4
4
y 2y + 5y = 0 ,
y(0) = 2 , y (0) = 4;
2s 2 + 10
2s + 8
2(s 1) + 2(5)
=
=
(s 1)2 + 4
(s 1)2 + 4
(s 1)2 + 4
2L1
19.
w + w = t2 + 2 ,
w(0) = 1 , w (0) = 1
2
s
1
2
+L1
+L1
L1
s3 (s2 + 1)
s(s2 + 1)
(s2 + 1)
(s2 + 1)
51
L1
1
= sin t
(s2 + 1)
Sustituyendo
f (t) =
1 3
t + 2 sin t t 2 cos t + 2 + cos t sin t
3
References
[1] Ecuaciones diferenciales con aplicaciones de modelado, Dennis G. Zill,
Novena edicin, Editorial Cengage learning. Ejercicios 7.1, Problema 21
[2] Ecuaciones diferenciales, Isabel Carmona Jover, Cuarta edicin, Editorial
Pearson Educacin, Ejercicios 7.1, Problemas 1, 4, 14, 18. Ejercicios 7.2,
Problemas 1, 2, 5, 9, 10, 15, 18, 19
[3] Ecuaciones diferenciales y problemas con valores en la frontera, R. Kent Nagle, Edward B. Sa, Arthur David Snider, Cuarta edicin, Editorial Pearson
educacin. Ejercicios 7.5, Problemas 1
52