Documentos de Académico
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Clusters
Clusters
Anlisis Cluster
Gua Anlisis Cluster Ejemplo de anlisis cluster Trabajo sobre asignacin
Anlisis Cluster
Es una clase de tcnicas utilizadas para clasificar casos en grupos que son relativamente homogneos dentro de si mismos y heterogneos entre ellos, sobre la base de un conjunto definido de variables. Estos grupos se llaman Clusters o Conglomerados.
Dij =
( x
k =1
ki
xkj )
Dijdistancia entre los casos i y j xki valor de la variable Xk para el caso j Problemas: Diferentes medidas = diferentes ponderaciones Correlacin entre variables (redundancia) Solucin: Anlisis de componentes
Procedimientos de Clustering
Procedimientos jerarquicos
Aglomerativo (comienza desde n clusters, hasta llegar a obtener 1 cluster) Divisivo (comienza desde 1 cluster, hasta obtener n cluster)
Procedimientos no jerarquicos
Cluster de K-medias
Agrupamiento aglomerativo
Agrupamiento aglomerativo
Mtodos de enlace
Enlace simple (distancia mnima) Enlace Completo (distancia mxima) Enlace promedio
Mtodo de Ward
1. 2. Calcular la suma de las distancias al cuadrado dentro de los clusters Agregar clusters con incremento mnimo en la suma de cuadrados total La distancia entre dos clusters se define como la distancia entre los centroides (medias de los cluster)
Cluster de K-medias
1. 2.
1.
Dado un cierto umbral, todas unidades son asignadas a la ms cercana semilla del grupo 2. Se calculan nuevas semillas 3. Volver a la etapa 3 hasta que no sea necesaria una reclasificacin Las unidades pueden ser reasingnadas en etapas sucesivas (particin ptima)
Agrupamiento no jerarquico
Ms rpido, ms fable Es necesario especificar el nmero de clusters (arbitrario) Es necesario establecer la semilla inicial (arbitrario)
Mtodo sugerido
1. Primero ejecutar un mtodo jerrquico para definir el nmero de clusters 2. Luego utilizar el procedimiento kmedias para formar los clusters
Definicin del nmero de clusters: regla del codazo (1) Agglomeration Schedule n Stage Cluster First
Cluster Combined Stage Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Coefficients 1 4 7 .015 2 6 10 .708 3 8 9 .974 4 4 8 1.042 5 1 6 1.100 6 4 5 3.680 7 1 4 3.492 8 1 11 6.744 9 1 2 8.276 10 1 12 8.787 11 1 3 11.403 Appears Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Next Stage 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 4 1 3 6 0 2 7 4 0 7 5 6 8 7 0 9 8 0 10 9 0 11 10 0 0
12 10
Distance
6 4 2 0 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Number of clusters
SPSS Example
MATTHEW
LUCY JENNIFER
.5
NICOLE
-1.0
Component2
FRED
.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Component1
Agglomeration Schedule Cluster Combined Cluster 1 Cluster 2 3 6 2 5 4 9 1 7 4 10 1 8 1 2 3 4 1 3 Stage Cluster First Appears Cluster 1 Cluster 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 4 0 6 2 1 5 7 8
Stage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Coefficients .026 .078 .224 .409 .849 1.456 4.503 9.878 18.000
Next Stage 8 7 5 6 8 7 9 9 0
Number of clusters: 10 6 = 4
1.5
1.0
.5
NICOLE
Cluster Number of Ca
4 3
Component2
-1.0
FRED
2 1
.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Component1
From your N: directory (if you saved it there last time Or download it from: http://www.rdg.ac.uk/~aes02mm/super
Select the variables to perform the analysis Set the rule to extract principal components Give instruction to save the principal components as new variables
Analyse / Classify
Untick this
Identify the step where the distance coefficients makes a bigger jump
Number of clusters
128
130
132
144
Step
148
118
120
122
124
126
134
136
138
140
142
146
Number of clusters
Number of cases 150 Step of elbow 144 __________________________________ Number of clusters 6
K-means
Thick here
Final output
Cluster membership
Monthly amount spent Meat expenditure Fish expenditure Vegetables expenditure .192 % spent in own-brand .646 product Own a car .536 % spent in organic food .492 Vegetarian 1.784E-02 Household Size .649 Number of kids .369 Weekly TV watching .124 (hours) Weekly Radio listening 2.989E-02 (hours) Surf the web .443 Yearly household income .908 Age of respondent .891
Component 3. Vegetarian 1 2 3 4 TV lover .810 -.294 -4.26E-02 .183 2. Family .480 -.152 .347 .334 shopper .525 -.206 -.475 -4.35E-02 -.345 -.281 .619 -.186 -9.24E-02 .612 .663 -9.53E-02 .406 -.271 -4.75E-02 -5.64E-02 -.127 -.134 -.102 .190 .647 .135 .247 .462 -.349 .182 -7.46E-02 -6.73E-02 .383 -.239
-.172 6.008E-02 .460 .342 -.287 .507 -6.12E-02 -3.29E-03 .184 1.694E-02 .232 .559 -.529 -8.14E-02
Final Cluster Centers Cluster 1 REGR factor score 1 for analysis 1 REGR factor score 2 for analysis 1 REGR factor score 3 for analysis 1 REGR factor score 4 for analysis 1 REGR factor score 5 for analysis 1 -1.34392 .38724 -.22215 .15052 .04886 2 .21758 -.57755 -.09743 -.28837 -.93375 3 .13646 -1.12759 1.41343 -.30786 1.23631 4 .77126 .84536 .17812 1.09055 -.11108 5 .40776 .57109 1.05295 -1.34106 .31902 6 .72711 -.58943 -1.39335 .04972 .87815
Cluster through
Cluster 1 is very far from profile 1 (-1.34) and more similar to profile 2 (0.38) Cluster 2 is very far from profile 5 (-0.93) and not particularly similar to any profile Cluster 3 is extremely similar to profiles 3 and 5 and very far from profile 2 Cluster 4 is similar to profiles 2 and 4 Cluster 5 is very similar to profile 3 and very far from profile 4 Cluster 6 is very similar to profile 5 and very far from profile 3
1 4 for analysis
2 1
Cluster Number of Ca
0 6 5 -1 4 -2 3 2 -3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 1