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Glucksman Library, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
Telephone 061 202166 Fax 061 213090 Email libinfo@ul.ie www.ul.ie/~library
University of Iimerick Iibrary (iooy) 6uia: ra latrata k:[:t:ntin Srl:,
Cite it Right, University of Iimerick's referencing series, ind ed., Iimerick:
Glucksman Iibrary, University of Iimerick.
Produced by the referencing team - Michelle 8reen, Aoife Geraghty and
Pattie Punch - Information Services Division, Glucksman Iibrary.
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Contents
:. Referencing: an Introduction
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. The Reference List and Bibliography
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. A-Z of Sample References
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A-Z of Sample References, contd

. Correspondence
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. Course material
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Bibliographic/referencing software
s.i Bibliographic/referencing software at UL 4i
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6. Test Yourself
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eferencing acknowledges the books, articles, websites, and any
other material used in the writing of a paper, essay or thesis.
A well-referenced paper identifies and acknowledges material used to
build your arguments. It allows the reader to locate the sources used
and it ensures that plagiarism is avoided.
t.t Elements of referencing
lhe essential elements of referencing are:
. Citing: referring to sources you quote within your document
. Reference list: the detailed list of sources that have been cited
within the text.
. 8ibliography: a list of all references consulted in preparing the
document, whether cited or not.
t.i Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the use of another`s ideas and/or words without a clear
acknowledgment of the source of the information. Passing off another
scholar`s work as your own is plagiarism and is considered a major
disciplinary offence. Iead more about plagiarism, particularly the
paper by Dr. Sarah Voore, in Appendix of the UI Student Handbook
http://www.ul.ie/studentacademicadmin/
Turnitin.com is used at the University of Iimerick to check for
instances of plagiarism in students` work. Check with your department
with any questions about the use of lurnitin.
t. University of Limerick academic regulations
lhe University of Iimerick recommends the Harvard (Name-Date)
referencing style. lhe Academic Iegulations allow for some discretion
and departments recommend the style more appropriate to their
discipline. Check your department`s recommendations.
lhere are variations and interpretations within the Harvard (Name-
Date) referencing style. lhis guide gives you a version of Harvard
based on BS:6zq::q8q/BS6o::qqo approved by UI. If you wish
to use a variation on this style please check your department`s
recommendations and be consistent in your application of the style.
lhe Glucksman Iibrary`s referencing webpage provides comprehensive
guidelines on referencing www.ul.ie/-library/referencing
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8
t. Referencing styles by discipline or subject
Academic disciplines use various referencing styles. lhis guide is based
on the Harvard referencing style, most commonly used in the Sciences
and the Social Sciences. Other referencing styles include:
. Style Guide (Am:titan lstlalaital Assatiarian}
. sm Citation Style (Am:titan Sati:r a[ m:tlanital Lnin::ts}
. i1ex
. Chicago Vanual of Style (cms}/lurabian
. (lnsrirur: a[ Ll:trtital 8 Ll:trtanit Lnin::ts}
. s (ltisl lisratital Sruai:s}
. m Style Guide (maa:tn Lanua: Assatiarian a[ Am:tita}
. Oxford or cscc (0\[ata Sranaata [at tirarian a[ L:al Aurlatiri:s}
. lurabian Citation Style/Chicago Vanual of Style
. \ancouver
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ou must cite the sources you use in your work within the text of
your paper. lhis brief citation refers the reader to the exact place in
your reference list or bibliography where you will provide the extended
details of the source.
Check with your department or consult your course handbook for
departmental preferences.
lhis is an example of in-text citing:
lhe early z:st century has seen the development of a global
epidemic of obesity, as emphasised by a growing body of articles,
popular books, and most recently the movie Supersize Ve
(Spurlock ioo). lo prevent obesity, habits need to be changed
and dietary education as part of the school curriculum is key
(MacDonald tggy, p.y8). It is clear that to decrease obesity levels
in populations, significant sociological changes will need to take
place.
lhis is how the entries would look in your reference list:
Vacdonald, G. (:qq,) 'Innovation diffusion and health education
in schools`, in Sidell, V., Iones, I., Katz, I. and Peberdy, A., eds.,
u:lar:s ana uil:mmas in ltamarin l:alrl, Iondon: Open University,
-8.

Spurlock, V. (zoo) Su:tsi:: m:: A lilm a[ Lit ltaatrians film],
Beverly Hills: Ioadside Attractions.
i.t Elements of citing
In the Harvard style your in-text citation will include:
. author`s name
. year of publication
. page number where relevant
i.i Rules for in-text citing
lhere may be variations to this agreed UI standard, check with your
department.
Author(s) name: Use surname only
Use both authors` surnames linked by 'and` for z authors
Use first author`s surname and :r al for or more authors
See examples of citing authors in-text on pages :-:
ear: Give full four digits for year
Pages: Abbreviate to p. for single page and pp. for page range.
Give full numbers for page range.
In some disciplines page numbers are required, for example, only
for long works and not for articles.
lhe Harvard/Name-date style recommends giving page numbers
if you are quoting directly. However if you are paraphrasing it is
not essential to give page numbers.
i. Citing page numbers
ou will see all of the following variations when page numbers are
cited. All are valid.
. Quote from a single page: (Critser zoo, p.:)
. Quote from multiple pages: (Critser zoo, pp.:-z)
. Quote generally: (Critser zoo)
. Structure your sentence to include the in-text citation: Critser said
in zoo (p.:)
. No page numbers: Count your paragraphs and refer if possible to
the paragraph number and/or section heading: (Critser zoo, para.
::) OI (Critser zoo, Introduction, para. z)
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i. Citing authors in-text
Author Citing within text Reference Iist
z..:
One author (Buckroyd :qq6) Buckroyd, I. (:qq6)
Larin \aut l:atr 0ur:
Lna:tsranain ana
0r:ttamin Larin uisata:ts,
znd ed., Iondon:
\ermilion.
z..z
lwo authors (Beardsworth and Keil
:qq,)
Beardsworth, I. and Keil,
l. (:qq,) Satiala an rl:
m:nu: An lnrirarian ra rl:
Srua a[ laaa ana Sati:r,
Iondon: Ioutledge.
z..
lhree or more authors (Cohen :r al zooo) Cohen, I., Vanion,
I. and Vorrison, K.
(zooo) k:s:attl m:rlaas
in Lautarian, Iondon:
Ioutledge.
z..
No author (Black`s Vedical
Dictionary :qqz)
8latk`s m:aital uitrianat
(:qqz), ,th ed., Iondon:
A 8 C Black.
tir: rl: rirl: as rl: aurlat
z..
Author with a title.
Dr., Professor, Sir....
(Archer :qq:) Archer, I. (:qq:) As rl: ttau
lli:s, Iondon: Hodder and
Stoughton.
z..6
First of two works by an
author in one year
(Caroli zooa) Caroli, V. (zooa)
'Childhood obesity and the
role of television`, }autnal
a[ 0l:sir, z8(), -.
z..,
Second of two works by an
author in one year
(Caroli zoob) Caroli, V. (zoob) 'Iole
of television in adult
obesity levels`, lnr:tnarianal
}autnal a[ 0l:sir ana k:lar:a
m:ralalit uisata:ts, z(:z),
:o-:o6.
ua nar intlua: aurlat rirl:s in a t:[:t:nt:
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Author Citing within text Reference Iist
z..8
Contribution (article or
chapter) in an edited book
(VacDonald :qq,) Vacdonald, G. (:qq,)
'Innovation diffusion
and health education in
schools`, in Sidell, V.,
Iones, I., Katz, I. and
Peberdy, A. (eds.) u:lar:s
ana uil:mmas in ltamarin
l:alrl, Iondon: Open
University, -8.
z..q
Source quoted in another
source
Smith :qqo (cited in
Buckroyd :qq6) or (Smith,
cited in Buckroyd :qq6)
Buckroyd, I. (:qq6)
Larin \aut l:atr 0ur:
Lna:tsranain ana
0r:ttamin Larin uisata:ts,
znd ed., Iondon:
\ermilion.
z..:o
Organisational or
institutional author
(Health Promotion Unit
:qq,)
Health Promotion Unit
(:qq,) A iarianal Sutr:
a[ lnralr:m:nr in Satr ana
llsital Atririr, Dublin:
Health Promotion Unit.
z..::
Subordinate or division of a
parent body
(OFCD, Vanpower and
Social Affairs Committee
:q86)
OFCD, Vanpower and
Social Affairs Committee
(:q86) m:asut:s ra Assisr
watk:ts uislat:a l
Srtutrutal tlan:, Paris:
OFCD.
z..:z
Author is a government
department
(Ireland, Department of
Health and Children zoo)
Ireland, Department
of Health and Children
(zoo) Srar:m:nr a[ Srtar:
:uu-:uu;, Dublin:
Department of Health and
Children.
z..:
Ieferring to two different
sources at the same time
(Cooper :qq8,
Critser zoo)
Cooper, C. (:qq8) lar ana
ltaua: 1l: lalirits a[ Si::,
Iondon: lhe Women`s
Press.
Critser, G. (zoo) lar Lana,
Iondon: Allan Iane.
6ir: rl: at:nr laa [itsr ul:t: rl: aurlat is an atanisarian ulitl is a sulatainar: at airisian
a[ a at:nr laa,
tir: rl: aurlat a[ rl: atritl: at tlar:t in rl: r:\r ana ir: [ull a:rails an rl: atritl:, rl: laak ana irs
:airats in aut t:[:t:nt: lisr
l[ au t:aa an atritl: ulitl t:[:ts ra a ai[[:t:nr atritl:, anl tir: rl: atritl: au lar: t:aa
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ou must quote or paraphrase correctly to avoid plagiarism.
. lo quote is to directly use another`s words and to acknowledge the
source:
lhe rise in obesity grew from a boundary-free culture of
American food consumption (Critser zoo, p.:), .
. lo paraphrase is to express the author`s work in your own words
and to acknowledge the source:
Increasing obesity levels in the United States grew from a food
consumption culture that was boundary-free (Critser zoo), .
. lo summarise is to describe broadly the findings of a study without
directly quoting from it:
In a popular study, Critser (zoo) argues that our culture is now
without boundaries.
. lo plagiarise is to present another`s work as your own and not
acknowledge the source:
In the United States the rise in obesity grew from a boundary-free
culture of American food consumption.
Iule for short quotations:
Put short quotations (around twenty words or less) in inverted
commas within the text:
Society has developed a boundary-free culture (Critser zoo, p.:),
which has affected our food consumption.
Iule for long quotations:
Iong quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph, in a
smaller font. Cite the author and date in the same font and in brackets
at the right margin of the page, under the quotation:
Nowhere did this new boundary-free culture of American food consumption thrive
better than in the traditional American family, which by the `8os was undergoing
rapid change.
(Critser zoo, p.:)
lhis is how the entry for Critser would look in your reference list:
Critser, G. (zoo) lar Lana, Iondon: Allan Iane.
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he terms 'reference list` and 'bibliography` are sometimes
used interchangeably. Be aware that there are differences
between the two.
lhe reference list is a detailed list of all references cited within
the text of a paper. lhe reference list must include comprehensive
bibliographical information.
A bibliography is also a detailed list of references and background
reading, but these references may or may not have been cited
within the text. lhe bibliography must include comprehensive
bibliographical information.
.t Elements of a reference list:
. lhe reference list is located at the end of a paper, article or thesis.
. Fvery reference must have enough information for the reader to
find the source again.
A book reference must have an author, year, title, place of publication,
publisher, and edition (if it is not the first edition).
A journal article reference never has place of publication or publisher,
but must include journal volume, issue and page numbers
1l: masr tamman misrak: in rl: t:[:t:nt: lisr is l:arin aur an :ss:nrial :l:m:nr,
:.. rl: :at at rl: ullisl:t. 1l: s:tana masr tamman misrak: in rl: t:[:t:nt:
lisr is intansisr:nt in untruarian ana tairals.
Elements to include in each reference

(Adapted from Pears and Shields zoo, p.z)
Website
O O O O O O
O O O O O O O O
O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O
Book
Book
chapter
Iournal
article
(print or pdf )
Iournal
article (on
the web)
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.i Where to find the elements of a reference
8ook Iook on the cover, spine and the reverse of the title page
Article Iook on the cover and table of contents of the journal issue
Website Iook on the top and bottom of the page, the logos and the
web address
. Rules:
. Ieferences should be in alphabetical order by author surname.
. Ieferences must not be numbered.
. lhe layout, punctuation and capitalisation of all references
must be consistent:
. Capitalise article and chapter titles in sentence style.
. Capitalise all personal names and places.
. Capitalise book and journal title.
. Put book and journal title in italics.
Use hanging indents to visually differentiate between references. In a
hanging indent all but the first line of each reference is indented from
the left margin. Use the Format " Paragraph dialog box in Vicrosoft
Word to add hanging indents.
Beardsworth, I. and Keil, l. (:qq,) Satiala an rl: m:nu: an lnrirarian
ra rl: Srua a[ laaa ana Sati:r, Iondon: Ioutledge.

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. Sample paper with in-text citations and reference list
Discuss the sociological factors contributing to the rise in obesity in
the z:st century.
One factor that has contributed to rising levels of obesity in the
western world is a gradual change in eating habits. In pre-war Britain,
for example, poverty levels were higher, food was scarce, and habits
such as snacking between meals would not have been commonplace
(8uckroyd tgg, pp.it-). Critser argues that in the United States
the rise in obesity grew from a boundary-free culture of American
food consumption (ioo, pp.t), where growth in consumerism and
personal wealth coincided with changing family eating habits to create
the epidemic of obesity. Society as a whole has not adapted well to the
constant availability and abundance of food (Jeffery and Prench
tgg8, p.iyg).
Numerous studies involving large numbers of children and
adolescents have proven a definite link between high rates of fast food
consumption and risk of obesity (8owman et a| ioo; Caroli iooa).
Studies conducted by Jeffery and Prench (tgg8) and Caroli (ioob) on
adult obesity reveal a greater correlation between television viewing,
fast food consumption and weight gain in women than in men.
On the other hand, there is some criticism in the literature regarding
the labelling of fatness as a ais:as: and slimness as equal to beauty or
social normality (8eardsworth and Keil tggy, p.ty).
Basing our identities on medical theories confirms that we are in
some way diseased, or rather an aberration from acceptable body
norms, instead of being part of a wide spectrum of body parts.
(Cooper tgg8, pp. yy-y8)
In Ireland, approximately q% of adults are overweight, and :8% are
obese (Obesity Task Porce Report ioo cited in Donnellan ioo, p.t).
Furthermore obesity is associated with over z,oo deaths annually, and
as rates of obesity increase, so do rates of mortality (Health Promotion
Unit ioo).
lhe early z:st century has seen the development of a global epidemic
of obesity, as emphasised by a growing body of articles, popular
books, and most recently the movie Su:tsi:: m: (Spurlock ioo).
lo prevent obesity, habits need to be changed and dietary education
as part of the school curriculum is key (MacDonald tggy, p.y8). It
is clear that to decrease obesity levels in populations, significant
sociological changes will need to take place.

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Ns lhe in-text citations above have been highlighted for demonstration purposes.
In-text citations should not be highlighted as a rule.
:u
Reference list (for sample paper on previous page)
Beardsworth, I. and Keil, l. (:qq,) Satiala an rl: m:nu: An
lnrirarian ra rl: Srua a[ laaa ana Sati:r, Iondon: Ioutledge.
Bowman, S.A., Gortmaker, S.I., Fbbeling, C.B., Pereira, V.A. and
Iudwig, D.S. (zoo) 'Fffects of fast-food consumption on energy
intake and diet quality among children in a national household
survey`, l:aiartits, ::(:), ::z-::8.
Buckroyd, I. (:qq6) Larin \aut l:atr 0ur: Lna:tsranain ana
0r:ttamin Larin uisata:ts, znd ed., Iondon: \ermilion.
Caroli, V. (zooa) 'Childhood obesity and the role of television`,
}autnal a[ 0l:sir, z8(), -.
Caroli, V. (zoob) 'Iole of television in adult obesity levels`,
lnr:tnarianal }autnal a[ 0l:sir ana k:lar:a m:ralalit uisata:ts, z(:z),
:o-:o6.
Cooper, C. (:qq8) lar ana ltaua: 1l: lalirits a[ Si::, Iondon: lhe
Women`s Press.
Critser, G. (zoo) lar Lana, Iondon: Allan Iane.
Donnellan, F. (zoo) 'Obesity task force warns of epidemic`, 1l:
ltisl 1im:s, :, Vay,:.
Health Promotion Unit (zoo) 0l:sir online], available: http://
www.healthpromotion.ie/topics/obesity/ accessed :6 Vay zoo].
Ieffery, I.W. and French, S.A. (:qq8) 'Fpidemic obesity in the
United States: are fast foods and television viewing contributing?`,
Am:titan }autnal a[ lullit l:alrl online], 88(z), z,,-z8:, available:
http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true8db=nhh8an=o
68 accessed z Iul zoo].
Vacdonald, G. (:qq,) 'Innovation diffusion and health education
in schools`, in Sidell, V., Iones, I., Katz, I. and Peberdy, A. (eds.)
u:lar:s ana uil:mmas in ltamarin l:alrl, Iondon: Open University,
-8.
Spurlock, V. (zoo) Su:tsi:: m:: A lilm a[ Lit ltaatrians film],
Beverly Hills: Ioadside Attractions.
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he following examples follow the agreed UI Harvard style. lhese
examples are intended as a guide and should be adapted for your
own reference list or bibliography.
Whatever referencing style or variation you choose to follow you
must ensure:
. Consistent application of the rules of whatever variation you
are following.
. Acknowledgement of all sources.
. Sufficient bibliographic detail to enable your reader to locate the
item to which you are referring.
.t Articles
4.1.1 )ouuNn nuttcv
Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) 'Title of article', Tit|e a|
jaurna|, volume(Issue number), [or] date}month of publication [in the
absence of volume and issue], page number(s).
Grenfell, V. C., Fllery, W. N., Garden, S. F., Dini, I. and \an Der \alk,
A. G. (zoo,) 'lhe language of intervention: a review of concepts and
terminology in wetland ecosystem repair`, war:t SA, (:), -o.
. (Grenfell :r al zoo,) .
See Glossary for more information on citing Flectronic Iournals
4.1.z nuttcv - oN tnv wvs
Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) 'Title of article', Tit|e a|
jaurna|, volume(Issue number), [or] date}month of publication [in the
absence of volume and issue], available: web address [accessed date].
Sadler-Smith, F. (zoo) 'Psychology and the music of Vichael lippett
- a song of innocence and experience`, 1l: lstlalaisr, :8(:o), available:
http://www.bps.org.uk/media-centre/press-releases/releasesS/the-
psychologistS/tipp.cfm accessed :6 Aug zoo,].
.(Sadler-Smith zoo) .
Ieferences to web-only articles must include a full link which
will allow the article to be accessed again, and must include the
date that the article was accessed for the assignment. Where
available give the 'permanent link` as the i.
:
z c sm Rcs
4.1.; nuttcv - oN tnv wvs - nccvssvo ruoM n ontnsnsv
Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) 'Title of article', Tit|e a|
jaurna|, volume(Issue number), [or] date}month of publication [in the
absence of volume and issue], page number(s) [if applicable], available:
name of database [accessed date].
Fdi, V. and Iangeheine, I. (:qqq) 'lhe measurement of consistency
and occasion specificity with latent class models: a new model and
its application to the measurement of affect`, lstlalaital m:rlaas, ,
:oo-::6, available: syc1cs database accessed z, Iuly zoo].
.(Fdi and Iangeheine :qqq) .
Generally reference as .:.: or .:.z - see Glossary. Use the
example above only if the article can be retrieved from a
particular database exclusively.
4.1.4 MnonztNv - vvctuoNtc vvustoN
Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) 'Title of article',
Tit|e a| Maqatine, available: web address [accessed date].
Koeppel, D. (zoo,) 'China`s iClone`, laulat Sti:nt:, available:
http://www.popsci.com/popsci/technology/e,e8a:,b:::ovgn
vcm:oooooeecbccdrcrd.html accessed :6 Aug zoo,].
... (Koeppel zoo,) ...
If what appears to be a journal has a date but no volume or issue,
then reference as a magazine see below.
4.1.s MnonztNv - vutNt vvustoN
Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) 'Title of article',
Tit|e a| Maqatine, volume(Issue number), [or] date}month of
publication [in the absence of volume and issue], page number(s).
Hewett, I. (zoo) 'GK Chesterton :8,-:q6: Writers on music`, CCD
musit maa:in:, : Iul, 6.
. (Hewett zoo) .
4.1.o Nvwsvnvvu - vutNt
Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) 'Title of article', Section
[if relevant], Tit|e a| Neuspaper, date, page number(s).
Fisk, I. (:qq) 'Destinies collide on the Nile`, lna::na:nr an Sunaa,
zq Var, :8-:q.
... (Fisk :qq) ...
: c1 1 c1
4.1.: Nvwsvnvvu - oN tnv wvs
Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) 'Title of article', Tit|e a|
Neuspaper, date, available: web address [accessed date].
Caulkin, S. (zoo) 'Fthics and profits do mix`, 1l: 0ls:tr:t,
zo Apr, available: http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/
story/o,6qo,qq88,oo.html accessed :6 Oct zoo].
... (Caulkin zoo) ...
.i Books
4.z.1 stsv s sncuvo sooxs
Ieferences to the Bible and to the Sacred Books of other religious
traditions are not usually included in the bibliography. Ieferences
to these Books should include book (abbreviated), chapter and verse
never a page number. lraditionally a colon is used between chapter
and verse:
Fxamples from the Bible:
Heb. ::8.
Iuth ::-:8.
z Kings ::::z.
... (Heb. ::8) ...
4.z.z soox wttn oNv nutnou
Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) Tit|e a| 8aak ar Repart:
Suhtit|e [if any], ed. [if not tst edition], Place of Publication: Publisher.
Hall, S. I. (zoo) 8asit 8iam:tlanits, th ed., Boston: VcGraw Hill.
. (Hall zoo) .
Do not state in the reference that a book is a first edition. Any
other edition (znd, rd, th, etc.) must be specified as above.
Fdition information is usually given on the reverse of the title
page of a book.
A t:tinr implies that the book has not been edited but simply
that new copies have been produced. Do not include reprint
information in a book reference. lhe year of publication is the
year of the edition, not the year of the reprint.

:6
4.z.; soox wttn Mouv tnnN oNv nutnou
Author(s) name(s), initial(s). (year of publication) Tit|e a| 8aak: Suhtit|e
[if any], ed. [if not tst edition], Place of Publication: Publisher.
Abegg, V. I., Flint, P. and Ulrich, F. (:qqq) 1l: u:aa S:a Sttalls 8ill:: rl:
ala:sr knaun 8ill:, San Francisco: Harper.
... (Abegg :r al :qqq) ...
Where there are three or more authors, use et al in the citation,
but list all authors in the reading list/bibliography. Check with
your department for departmental preferences re listing authors
in both in-text citations and reading lists/bibliographies.
4.z.4 soox - cnnvtvu ou coNtutsuttoN
Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) 'Title of chapter}
contribution', in Editor(s) or Compiler(s) of the book containing the
contribution, ed.(s) [or comp.(s)], Tit|e a| 8aak: Suhtit|e [if any], ed. [if
not first], Place of Publication: Publisher, page number(s).
Gratton, I. and Pearson, I. (:qq) 'Fmpowering leaders: are they being
developed?` in Vabey, C. and Iles, P., eds., manain L:atnin, Iondon:
Ioutledge, 8,-:o.
... (Gratton and Pearson :qq) ...
Cite the author(s) of the chapter in the text of your paper, not the
editor(s) of the book.
4.z.s soox - coMvtvo
Compiler(s) name(s), initial(s)., comp(s). (year of publication)
Tit|e a| 8aak: Suhtit|e [if any], ed. [if not tst edition], Place of
Publication: Publisher.
Iiebowitz, I. and Wilcox, I.C., comps. (:qq,) lnaul:a: mana:m:nr
ana irs lnr:tarir: Ll:m:nrs, Boca Iaton: CIC Press.
Some publications are edited or compiled rather than written by
the person whose name appears on the title page. lhe function
of the editor(s) or compiler(s) should be indicated after his/her
name, e.g. ed., comp., in the reference list/bibliography. In the
text, refer to the author(s) of the chapter or book section.
z c sm Rcs
:; c1 1 c1
4.z.o soox - vottvo
Editor(s) name, initial(s)., ed(s). (year of publication) Tit|e a| 8aak:
Suhtit|e [if any], ed. [if not tst edition], Place of Publication: Publisher.
Cohen, I., Vanion, I. and Vorrison, K., eds. (zooo) k:s:attl m:rlaas in
Lautarian, Iondon: Ioutledge.
Some publications are edited or compiled rather than written by
the person whose name appears on the title page. lhe function
of the editor(s) or compiler(s) should be indicated after his/her
name, e.g. ed., comp., in the reference list/bibliography. In the
text, refer to the author(s) of the chapter or book section.
4.z.: soox oN tnv wvs - vsoox
Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) Tit|e a| e8aak, Name
of e8ook supplier [online], available: web address [accessed date].
Beck, K. (:qqq) L\rt:m: ltatammin L\lain:a, Safari lech
Books online], available: http://proquest.safaribooksonline.
com/ozo:6:6:6/prefo: accessed :o Oct zoo].
... (Beck :qqq)...
4.z.s soox uvvtvw
Reviewer's name, initial(s). (year of publication of review) Tit|e a|
8aak 8einq Rerieued by Author(s) of book, reviewed in Tit|e a| jaurna|j
Neuspaper tantaininq the rerieu, volume(issue), page.
Patil, S. (zoo) 1l: ltaj:tr mana:m:nr loolkit by Kendrick, l., reviewed
in Lnin::tin, ,(), z.
... (Patil zoo) ...
Cite the author of the review within the text of your paper, not the
author of the original book.
:8
4.z.o soox wttn No tttv - wouxtNo tttv
Author(s) name(s), initial(s). (year of publication, forthcoming)
Tit|e a| 8aak ar Repart (warkinq Tit|e), ed. [if not tst edition], Place of
Publication: Publisher.
Stetter, S. and Nathanson, I., eds. (zoo,, forthcoming) A k:ian una:t
Srt:ss: LL-lsta:li k:larians ana wia:t miaal: Lasr lalirits (watkin 1irl:}, lel
Aviv and Berlin: Fredrich-Fbert-Stiftung.
. (Stetter and Nathanson zoo,, forthcoming) .
A book may be referred to by its working title before it is
published.
4.z.1o soox wttn No nutnou v.o. uvrvuvNcv wouxs
Tit|e a| wark (year of publication) ed. [if not first edition], Place of
Publication: Publisher.
8latk`s m:aital uitrianat (:qqz) ,th ed., Iondon: A 8 C Black.
. (Black`s Vedical Dictionary :qqz) ...
. Correspondence
4.;.1 vMnt ou MvMo
As a personal email or electronic memo is not a public source of
information it is considered to be irrecoverable, therefore you cannot
list it in your bibliography. However, you can refer to its contents in the
body of your text by citing the details.
. in an email to the author (Aug zoo) Phelan clarified the point .
4.;.z tNtvuvtvw
As a personal interview is not a public source, it is not considered to
be recoverable data, therefore you cannot list it in your bibliography.
However, you can refer to the interview in the body of your text by citing
the details.
... In an interview (Breen Apr zoo) the findings of the report were
discussed and Breen agreed .
If the interview is transcribed in an Appendix, refer the reader to
that appendix.
z c sm Rcs
: c1 1 c1
4.;.; vttvu - tNcuotNo ntstoutcn nucntvvs
Author (year) 'Sub|ect matter', letter to Recipient's Name, year, held in
Collection, Institution, City.
Iloyd George, D. (:qzo) 'Invitation to attend Parliament on :o Feb
:qzo`, letter to Famon De\alera, z Feb, held in Norton Collection,
Glucksman Iibrary, University of Iimerick, Iimerick.
... (Iloyd George :qzo) .
4.4 couusv Mntvutn
Check with the individual lecturer whether or not you are permitted
to cite these as sources. It is more academically sound to return to the
sources referenced by your lecturer rather than to the lecture itself.
4.4.1 couusv Mntvutn - vutNt
Author(s) name, initial(s). (year) 'Title of item', Madu|e tade: Madu|e tit|e,
Institution, unpublished.
Ni Bheachain, C. (zoo:) 'Guide to referencing`, tm:u:
tammunitarians, University of Iimerick, unpublished.
... (Ni Bheachain zoo:) ...
4.4.z couusv Mntvutn - vvctuoNtc
Iearning Vanagement System or \irtual Iearning Fnvironment such as
WebCl, Sulis, Blackboard
Author(s)}Tutor(s) name, initial(s). (year) 'Title of item', Madu|e Cade:
Madu|e Tit|e [online], available: web address
[accessed date].
Iones, l. (zoo) 'Week ,: dissertation preparation materials`, Al:::
tant:rs, Sautt:s ana m:rlaas in Attla:ala online], available: https://
sulis.ul.ie/osp-portal accessed :6 Nov zoo6].
. (Iones zoo) .
4.4.; vctuuv Notvs
Author(s)}Tutor(s) name, initial(s) (year) 'Title of lecture', Madu|e Cade:
Madu|e Tit|e, date, Institution, unpublished.
Gordon, S. (zoo,) 'Data Analysis in Practice`, mA:::: uara Analsis,
, Feb, University of Iimerick, unpublished.
... (Gordon zoo,)...
u
z c sm Rcs
4.4.4 vustc roovu
Author(s)}Tutor(s) name, initial(s). (year) 'Title of item', Madu|e Cade:
Madu|e Tit|e [online], available: location of folder
[accessed date].
Bucholz, V. (zoo6) 'Stan Allen Field Conditions`, Aku:: lisrat
ana 1l:at : online], available: University of Iimerick public folders
accessed Aug zoo,].
. (Bucholz zoo6) .
. Electronic communication
4.s.1 soo (wvsoo)
Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) 'Sub|ect of message',
8|aq Tit|e [online], date of posting, available: web address
[accessed date].
Bradley, D. (zoo,) 'Could World of Warcraft Fight Disease?` Sti:nt:las:
Sti:nt: 8la online], z Aug, available: http://www.sciencebase.com/
science-blog/category/health accessed z8 Aug zoo,].
... (Bradley zoo,)...
4.s.z otscusstoN sonuo } rouuM
Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) 'Title of message', Tit|e
a| Bistussian 8aard ar Parum [online], date of message, available: web
address [accessed date].
lrastoy, l. S. (zoo) 'lhe so-called Flywheel of Saqqara`, Lralaisrs
Ll:trtanit latum 8ull:rin 8aata online], z Iul, available: http://www.
geocities.com/limesSquare/Alley/8z/SaqqaraFlywheel.html
accessed :6 Oct zoo].
. (lrastoy zoo) .
4.s.; MnttNo tst
Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) 'Title of message',
Tit|e a| Mai|inq Iist [online], date of message, available: email address
[accessed date].
Voore, l. (zooz) 'Sharing good practice`, latum [at Att:ss Sruai:s
online], : Vay, available: accessforumQjiscmail.ac.uk accessed Vay
zooz].
... (Voore zooz) ...
:
4.s.4 wvsvnov
Owner of webpage (year of publication) Tit|e [online], available: web
address [accessed date].
National Development Programme (zoo,) 'FU Funding`, 0r:tri:u
online], available: http://www.ndp.ie/docs/FU_Funding/z:.htm
accessed :6 Iun zoo,].
. (National Development Programme zoo,) .
lhe 'author` of a webpage refers to the organisational author,
not to the individual who may have designed or created the site.
Use the site`s logo and banner to identify the organisational
author.
4.s.s wtxt
Wiki - a piece of software that allows users to freely create and edit
web content.
Name of wiki or Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication)
'Sub|ect of page', available: web address [accessed date and time].
Wikipedia (zoo,) 'Global Warming`, available: http://en.wikipedia/org/
wiki/Global warming accessed :6 Aug zoo,, :hz].
... (Wikipedia zoo,) ...
See Glossary for more information on citing Wikipedia
. Images
4.o.1 tMnov, rtouuv, tustunttoN, vnoto ou tnsv
Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) 'Title of image, figure,
illustration or table', Tit|e a| the 8aak uhith tantains the imaqe, ed.[if not
tst edition], Place of Publication: Publisher, page, illus.
University of Iimerick (:qqq) 'Postgraduate student at work in the
lelecommunications laboratory`, Lnir:tsir a[ Lim:titk: a t:l:ltarian,
Iimerick: University of Iimerick, :o, illus.
... (University of Iimerick zoo) ...
Adapt the example above for whichever source in which your
image has been sourced. Give the image description at the end of
the reference, i.e. image, illus., fig., table, photo.
c1 1 c1
:
z c sm Rcs
4.o.z tMnov - oN tnv wvs
Owner of website (year of publication) Tit|e a| Imaqe [image online],
available: web address [accessed date].
Coca Cola (zoo,) i:u tak: laa image online], available: http://www.
thecoca-colacompany.com/presscenter/img/imagebrands/downloads/
lg_new_coke_logo.jpg accessed :6 Aug zoo,].
... (Coca Cola zoo,)...
4.o.; Mnv
Author}Compiler}Producer name (year of publication) Tit|e a| map, sheet
number, scale, Place of Publication: Publisher (Series).
Ordnance Survey (zoo:) tlat:, Lim:titk, 1i:tat, sheet 6, ::o,ooo,
Dublin: Ordnance Survey (Discovery Series).
... (Ordnance Survey zoo:)...
4.o.4 vntNttNo
Artist (date) Tit|e, medium, dimensions, where it can be found, city:
gallery or collection name (if applicable), accession number used by the
gallery to catalogue the painting.
Cezanne, P. (c.:8,) Aur:ts: villa: lanatama, oil on canvas,
6cmx8:cm, Vr and Vrs Iewis I Coburn Collection, Chicago: Art
Institute of Chicago, :q.zz.
... (Cezanne :8,)...
When referring to an image of an artwork in a book, online or
in some other format, rather than to the original work, refer in
your bibliography to the source you consulted which contains
the image. Iefer to the original artwork in italics in your text,
followed by the citation to the source of the image, with a page
number reference if possible.
. (Aur:ts: villa: lanatama in Smith zoo,, p.:8) .
4.o.s vntNttNo - oN tnv wvs
Artist (date) Tit|e [online], available: web address [accessed date].
Hennessy, K. (n.d.) k:a llau:ts online], available: http://www.
irelandfineart.com/kate_hennessy/kh_o.html accessed o Aug
zoo,].
. (Hennessy n.d.) .
c1 1 c1
.y Law and official publications
Ieferencing legal materials is complex. lhere are several specific
citation styles. Iaw students in UI should consult the Iaw Department
or see 'Other Styles` on the referencing webpage www.ul.ie/-library/
referencing.
Below are guidelines for non-law students wishing to refer to legal and
official publications using Harvard.
4.:.1 nct
Tit|e a| Att int|udinq qear, No., s. [if a section has been referred to], City:
Publisher.
tatilr ana k:lar:a kilrs Atr :uuu, No.z8/zooo, s.:q:, Dublin:
Stationery Office.
... (Copyright and Ielated Iights Act zooo) ...
lhe year is included in italics, as part of the main title.
4.:.z )uooMvNt
Name a| tase (year) Abbreviated volume title, page number.
0`uann:ll -r- uun Laalait: tatatarian (:qq:) ...m. o:.
.(O`Donnell-v-Dun Iaoghaire Corporation :qq:) .
tl:tk rl: tatai[[ lna:\ ra L:al Allt:riarians at
www.legalabbrevs.cardiff.ac.uk for more information on
abbreviations.
4.:.; vu otuvcttvv
Institutiana| ariqin (e.q. Caunti| Birettire (&$)) earjIeqis|atian numherj
Institutian a|" |a||aued hq the date it uas passed an" |a||aued hq the tit|e, a||
in ita|its.
tauntil uit:trir: (&$} :uu:j:jLt a[ :: ma :uu: an rl: latmanisarian a[
t:train as:trs a[ tatilr ana t:lar:a tilrs in rl: in[atmarian sati:r.
... (Council Directive zoo:/zq/FC) ...
lhe entire reference is in italics and the title of the directive is
not capitalised. lhis is not consistent with standard Harvard
guidelines, but is nonetheless correct.
4.:.4 stntutou\ tNstuuMvNt
Tit|e a| Statutarq Instrument int|udinq qear, S.I. No. of ear,
City: Publisher.
lmmitarian Atr :uu (visas} (ia.:} 0ta:t :uu6, S.I. No. 6, of zoo6,
Dublin: Stationery Office.
... (Immigration Act zoo (\isas) (No.z) Order zoo6) ...
4.:.s uvvout
Author (year) Repart Tit|e, Report Number [if available], City: Publisher.
Iaw Ieform Commission (zoo) k:atr an mulri-latr Liriarian, IIC
,6-zoo, Dublin: Iaw Ieform Commission.
. (Iaw Ieform Commission zoo) .
4.:.o uNvustsnvo uvvout
Author (year) Repart Tit|e, Internal Report [including name of
institution], unpublished.
Vurphy, l. (zoo) latus 6tau l::alatk, Internal BIV Varketing Ieport,
unpublished.
. (Vurphy zoo) .
.8 Media
4.s.1 vuvss uvvnsv
Author of press release (year of publication) Tit|e [press release], date,
available: web address [accessed date].
Food Safety Authority (zoo) laaa Sa[:r Aurlatir Aaris:s an lll:al laaa
talautanr press release], zz Vay, available: http://www.fsai.ie/news/
press/pr_o/przoooo.asp accessed z Vay zoo6].
... (Food Safety Authority zoo) ...
4.s.z unoto } tvvvtstoN - tNtvuvtvw ou coNtutsuttoN
Contributor name, initial(s). (year) Interrieu an Tit|e a| Praqramme
[format], Name of Channel, Date of transmission, time of transmission.
Ahern, B. (:qqq) lnr:tri:u an matnin lt:lana radio], IlF Iadio :, :
Feb, o8ho.
... (Ahern :qqq) ...
z c sm Rcs

c1 1 c1
4.s.; unoto } tvvvtstoN - vuoounMMv
Praqramme Tit|e (year) Name of Channel, Date of transmission, time of
transmission.
ltim:rim: (zoo) IlF :, : Var, z:ho.
... (Primetime zoo)...
4.s.4 unoto ou tvvvtstoN - novvuttsvMvNt
Company (year) 'Description of advert' (duration), Television}radio
advertisement, channel}station, screened}aired dates.
Coca Cola (zoo6) 'Santa handing bottles of Coca Cola to a girl every
year at Christmas from childhood to adulthood` (o secs), lelevision
advertisement, Il\, screened : Dec o6 - z Dec o6.
... (Coca Cola zoo6)...
4.s.s svvvcn
Author name, initial(s). (year of speech) Tit|e [ar destriptian uhere na tit|e
is arai|ah|e] a| speeth, speech date, Place, available: web address [accessed
date].
King, V. I. (:q6) l lar: a ut:am, speech z8 Aug, Washington D.C.,
available: http://www.mlkonline.net/dream.html accessed z
Var zoo].
. (King :q6) ..
4.s.o rtM } ovo } vtovo
Director name, initial(s). (year of distribution) Tit|e a| Pi|m [format],
Place of Distribution: Distribution Company.
Spurlock, V. (zoo) Su:tsi:: m:: A lilm a[ Lit ltaatrians film], Beverly
Hills: Ioadside Attractions.
. (Spurlock zoo) .
Give the publication medium in square brackets after the title,
e.g. film], D\D], video].
6
z c sm Rcs
4.s.: MtcuortM } Mtcuortcnv } co uoM
Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) 'Title of article', Tit|e a|
Saurte [format], volume number or date, page number(s).
Census of Ireland (:8:) w.S.masan: latatlial Sutr: microfiche], z, .
... (Census of Ireland :8:) ...
Give the publication medium in square brackets after the source
title, e.g. CD IOV], microfilm], microfiche].
4.s.s voocnst ou nucntvvo tv vuoounMMv
8roadcaster (year) 'Programme title', Series Tit|e [podcast], date of
transmission, available: web address [accessed date].
1 Iadio : (zoo,) 'A special programme from the Vet Office in
Glasnevin`, Quanrum L:a podcast], :q Apr, available: http://pc.rte.
ie/zoo,/pc/pod-v-:qozoo,-qm:s-quantum-leap.mp accessed z
Iuly zoo,].
. (1 Iadio : zoo,) .
4.s.o \outusv vtovo
Screen name of contributor (year) 'video Title', Series Tit|e [video
online], available: web address [accessed date].
International Iescue Committee (zoo,) 'Bringing Water to Pakistan`s
Farthquake-ravaged Communities`, 1l: lnr:tnarianal k:stu: tammirr::`s
ria:as ar uuu.rl:itt.at video online], available: http://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=z_wizm accessed :6 Aug zoo,].
... (International Iescue Committee zoo,) ...
.g Musical works
4.o.1 uvcouotNos - coMMvuctn nuoto
Artist (year) 'Track Title', Track Number of A|hum Tit|e, Iabel.
O Suilleabhain, V. (:qqq) 'lhe Wexford Carol`, lrack z of tasaalj
1utnin, \enture.
. (O Suilleabhain :qqq) .
; c1 1 c1
4.o.z snvvt Mustc
Composer (year of current publication) 'Title of music score' in Tit|e a|
Ca||ettian [music score], City: Publisher.
Vozart, W. A. (:q68) 'Fine Kleine Nachtmusik Kz` in latsimil: S:ti:s
a[ musit manusttirs: S:t:naa:s l: music score], New ork: Dover
Publications.
.(Vozart :q68) .
.to Papers
4.1o.1 cnsv stuo\
Author(s) name, initial(s). (year) Tit|e a| Case, case, Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Gould, I. V. (:qq) k:ralurian ar 0ritan AjS (8}: Atquitin tlan:
tam:r:nt: in a Sal:rri 0tani:arian, case, Iausanne: International
Vanagement Development Institute.
. (Gould :qq) .
4.1o.z coNrvuvNcv vnvvu - vustsnvo
Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) 'Title of the
contribution}paper', in Name(s) of Editor(s) or Chair(s) of the
Conference, ed.(s) [or chair(s)], Tit|e a| the Can|erente Prateedinqs, Place
and date of conference, Place of Publication: Publisher, page numbers.
Kaunitz, I. (:q8) 'Database backup and recovery in transaction
driven information systems`, in Katashev, S. P. and Katashev, S., eds.,
Su:ttamurin Ssr:ms: ltat::ains a[ rl: litsr lnr:tnarianal tan[:t:nt:, St
Petersburg, Florida, :6-zo Dec, Washington D.C.: Computer
Society Press, z6-z,z.
. (Kaunitz :q8) .
4.1o.; coNrvuvNcv vnvvu - uNvustsnvo
Author(s) name, initial(s). 'Title of the contribution}paper', accepted for
Tit|e a| the Can|erente, conference date.
Igreid, l., Sandal, P. C., Ingvaldsen, I. F. and Gulla, I. A. (zoo6)
'Using Business Process Vodels to Ietrieve Information from
Governing Documents`, accepted for rl lnr:tnarianal tan[:t:nt: an
8usin:ss ln[atmarian Ssr:ms (CJT:uu6}, Iune.
... (Igreid :r al zoo6) ...
8
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4.1o.4 vuv-vutNts
Author(s) name, initial(s). 'Title of the paper', accepted for publication
in Tit|e a| jaurna|, volume(Issue number), [or] date}month of publication
[in the absence of volume and issue], page number(s), pre-print number
and prefix.
Dragulescu, A. and ukovenko, \. V. (zooo) 'Statistical mechanics of
money`, accepted for publication in 1l: Luta:an llsital }autnal B, :,,
,z-,zq, arXiv:cond-mat/oo:zv.
. (Dragulescu and ukovenko zooo) .
4.1o.s wouxtNo vnvvus
Author(s) name, initial(s). (year) 'litle of the paper`, watkin la:t S:ti:s
1irl:, No. Working Paper Number.
Stinebrickner, l. I. and Stinebrickner, I. (zoo,) 'lhe Causal Fffect of
Studying on Academic Performance`, OCFS watkin la:t, No. ::.
. (Stinebrickner and Stinebrickner zoo,) .
.tt Technical/commercial/industrial
4.11.1 vntvNt
Inventor name, initial(s)., Assignee (year of publication) 1irl:, Patent
number (status, if application).
Sano, ., Sri Sports Iimited (zoo) 6al[ tlul l:aa ana m:rlaa a[
manu[atrutin Sam:, U.S. Pat. 6,qzq,66.
4.11.z stnNonuo
Number of standard: 1irl: a[ Sranaata (year of publication) Place of
Publication: Publisher.
8S :6:: k:tamm:naarian [at k:[:t:nt:s ra lullisl:ts mar:tials (:q8q)
Iondon: British Standards Institute.
... (BS:6zq :q8q) ...
c1 1 c1
.ti Theses
4.1z.1 tnvsts
Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) 1irl: a[ 1l:sis,
unpublished thesis (V.A., Phd, etc.), Institution to which the thesis
was submitted.
Callaghan, B. (:qq) vait:s [tam rl: matins: lasrmaa:tnism ana Larin
Am:titan litrian, unpublished thesis (V.A.), University College Cork.
... (Callaghan :qq) ...
.t Translations
4.1;.1 tunNsnttoN
Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) 1irl: a[ 8aak, translated
by translator`s name, initial(s)., Place of Publication: Publisher.
Smith, I. (:qq8) 1l: lin:t lainrs a[ kussian 6tammat, translated by Iones,
I., Voscow: University of Voscow.
... (Smith :qq8) ...
Cite the author of the original source in the text of your paper,
not the translator.
u
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ccc/
RcRc
sc1
w
: c1 1 c1
1
hese tools will store and manage your references and will work
with Vicrosoft Word to 'cite while you write` and to generate your
reference list or bibliography.
.t Bibliographic/referencing software
.t.t vNoNotv
FndNote provides more advanced features than IefWorks and is
particularly useful for research postgraduates and staff.
It is available to download on any faculty or postgraduate computer
on campus.
lo download FndNote go to Start > Programs > Install software >
FndNote.
FndNote Web is useful for accessing FndNote libraries off campus.
Iegister online at www.myendnoteweb.com for a username
and password.
.t.i uvrwouxs
IefWorks is useful for undergraduates and taught postgraduates.
Iegister online at www.refworks.com/Iefworks for a username
and password.
Check the Glucksman Iibrary`s referencing website at
www.ul.ie/-library/referencing for information on IefWorks
and FndNote training.
:
z c sm Rcs
6
1s1
\cis
c1 1 c1
.t Test
:. ou wish to refer to a book in your assignment, but you`ve returned
the book to the library and you cannot remember who published
the book. Should you refer to the book and give as much of the
reference as you can remember?

es

No
z. ou find a great opinion in an article, which you use in your
assignment. ou change the words around and rephrase the
argument. Do you need to reference the article?

es

No
. ou include what you think is common knowledge in your
assignment, for example you state that World War II dates from
:qq-:q. Do you need to reference this?

es

No
. ou find a free website that gives lots of information on your topic
which you include in your assignment. Do you need to reference the
website?

es

No
. ou find an image on the web that will make your assignment look
great. Do you need to reference the image?

es

No
6. ou find a useful article that is written in a language other than
Fnglish. ou translate the relevant sections yourself and then
include them in your assignment. Do you need to reference the
article?

es

No
,. ou include a direct quotation from your lecturer`s notes in your
assignment. Do you need to reference your lecturer?

es

No

.i Answers
:. No
Incorrect references or accidental errors in your references may
mislead the reader.
z. es
laking ideas without acknowledging whose ideas they are is
plagiarism, even if you do not directly quote from the source.
. No
ou don`t need to reference a fact that is commonly known.
Something is likely to be common knowledge if you can find the
same information un-cited in at least five other sources
. es
It doesn`t matter that the website is free, you must still reference the
source. Ieference a website in the same way that you would a book,
an article or any other source.
. es
It does not matter that it is an image or that you found it freely on
the web. ou must reference anything that isn`t your own original
creation.
6. es
It does not matter that you translated the article, you must still
reference the original.
,. es
Fven though your lecturer may not have published his/her notes,
you must still reference them if you directly quote from them. See
Section .. for advice on quoting from lectures.
1s1 \cis

. Spot the difference

How observant are you?
lhe above reference lists contain the same references.
One list is correct, the other has one error in each reference.
. Can you work out which reference list is correct?
. Can you identify the errors and inconsistencies?
lhere are :o of them.
Answers overleaf !
uvrvuvNcv tst (n)
Beardsworth, I. and Keil, l. (:qq,) Satiala
an rl: m:nu: An lnrirarian ra rl: Srua a[ laaa
ana Sati:r, Iondon: Ioutledge.
8latk`s m:aital uitrianat (:qqz), ,th ed.,
Iondon: A 8 C Black.
Bowman, S.A., Gortmaker, S.I., Fbbeling,
C.B., Pereira, V.A. and Iudwig, D.S.
(zoo) 'Fffects of fast-food consumption
on energy intake and diet quality among
children in a national household survey`,
l:aiartits, ::(:), ::z-::8.
Buckroyd, I. (:qq6) Larin \aut l:atr
0ur: Lna:tsranain ana 0r:ttamin Larin
uisata:ts, znd ed., Iondon: \ermilion.
Caroli, V. (zooa) `Childhood obesity and
the role of television`, lnr:tnarianal }autnal a[
0l:sir, z8(), -.
Caroli, V. (zoob) 'lhe role of television
in adult obesity levels`, lnr:tnarianal }autnal
a[ 0l:sir ana k:lar:a m:ralalit uisata:ts,
z(:z), :o-:o6.
Cooper, C. (:qq8) lar ana ltaua: 1l: lalirits
a[ Si::, Iondon: lhe Women`s Press.
Donnellan, F. (zoo) 'Obesity task force
warns of 'epidemic``, 1l: ltisl 1im:s, :,
Vay, :.
Health Promotion Unit (zoo) 'Obesity`
online], available: http://www.
healthpromotion.ie/topics/obesity/
accessed :6 Vay zoo].
Spurlock, V. (zoo) Su:tsi:: m:: A lilm
a[ Lit ltaatrians film], Beverly Hills:
Ioadside Attractions.
uvrvuvNcv tst (s)
Beardsworth, I. and Keil, l. (:qq,)
Satiala an rl: m:nu: An lnrirarian ra rl:
Srua a[ laaa ana Sati:r,
Ioutledge.
8latk`s m:aital uitrianat (:qqz), ,th
edition, Iondon: A 8 C Black.
Bowman, S.A., Gortmaker, S.I., Fbbeling,
C.B., Pereira, V.A. and Iudwig, D.S.
(zoo) 'Fffects of fast-food consumption
on energy intake and diet quality among
children in a national household survey`,
Pediatrics, ::(:), ::z-::8.
Buckroyd, I. (:qq6) Larin aut l:atr aur:
una:tsranain ana ar:ttamin :arin aisata:ts,
znd ed., Iondon: \ermilion.
Caroli, V. (zooa) `Childhood obesity and
the role of television`, lnr. }. 0l:sir, z8(),
-.
Caroli, V. (zoob) 'lhe role of television in
adult obesity levels`, lnr:tnarianal }autnal a[
0l:sir ana k:lar:a m:ralalit uisata:ts, z,:z,
:o-:o6.
Cooper, C. (:qq8) lar ana ltaua: 1l: lalirits
a[ Si:e, lhe Women`s Press: Iondon.
Donnellan, Fdward. (zoo) 'Obesity task
force warns of 'epidemic``, 1l: ltisl 1im:s,
:, Vay, :.
Health Promotion Unit (zoo) 'Obesity`
online], available: http://www.
healthpromotion.ie/topics/obesity/
accessed :6//o].
Spurlock, V. (zoo) Su:tsi:: m:: A lilm
a[ Lit ltaatrians film], Beverly Hills:
Ioadside Attractions
c1 1 c1
6
. Answers
Ieference Iist (A) is correctly referenced and consistently laid out.
Ieference Iist (B) is incorrectly referenced and has many
inconsistencies. Corrections are made below.
uvrvuvNcv tst (s)
nNswvu: Place of publication is missing
Beardsworth, I. and Keil, l. (:qq,) Satiala an rl: m:nu:
An lnrirarian ra rl: Srua a[ laaa ana Sati:r, Iondon: Ioutledge.
nNswvu: Edition should be abbreviated as ed.
8latk`s m:aital uitrianat (:qqz), ,th ed., Iondon: A 8 C Black.
nNswvu: Journal title should be in italics, not underlined
Comment: Can use underline instead of italics as long as it is used consistently
Bowman, S.A., Gortmaker, S.I., Fbbeling, C.B., Pereira, V.A. and Iudwig, D.S. (zoo)
'Fffects of fast-food consumption on energy intake and diet quality among children in a
national household survey`, l:aiartits, ::(:), ::z-::8.
nNswvu: Title should use title capitalisation
Comment: Can use lowercase for main titles but must do so consistently
Buckroyd, I. (:qq6) Larin \aut l:atr 0ur: Lna:tsranain ana 0r:ttamin Larin uisata:ts,
znd ed., Iondon: \ermilion.
nNswvu: Journal title should not be abbreviated
Caroli, V. (zooa) `Childhood obesity and the role of television`, lnr:tnarianal }autnal
a[ 0l:sir, z8(), -.
nNswvu: Issue number should be enclosed in brackets ( )
Caroli, V. (zoob) 'lhe role of television in adult obesity levels`, lnr:tnarianal }autnal
a[ 0l:sir ana k:lar:a m:ralalit uisata:ts, z(:z), :o-:o6.
nNswvu: Place of publication and publisher are in the wrong order
Cooper, C. (:qq8) lar ana ltaua: 1l: lalirits a[ Si::, Iondon: lhe Women`s Press.
nnswvu: Author's first name should be an initial, not spelled out in full
Comment: Can give full first names of all authors, but must be consistent
Donnellan, F. (zoo) 'Obesity task force warns of 'epidemic``, 1l: ltisl 1im:s, :, Vay, :.
nNswvu: Date is in a different format to the date in the previous reference.
Health Promotion Unit (zoo) 0l:sir online], available: http://www.healthpromotion.
ie/topics/obesity/ accessed :6 Vay zoo].
nNswvu: There is no fullstop at the end of this reference
Spurlock, V. (zoo) Supersize Ve: A Film of Fpic Proportions film], Beverly Hills:
Ioadside Attractions.
1s1 \cis
; c1 1 c1
8
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y.t Electronic journals
Flectronic journals Choose the pdf version of the article. If, however,
as is very rarely the case, the article is available in html only, then you
should reference as an electronic source - see .:.: - .:. - giving
access date and details.
vor = Portable Document Format the original scanned and as it
would appear in print. lhis is a read-only format and is the preferred
choice when referencing.
A journal article available on the web in PDF format can be referenced
in the same way as a print journal article is referenced.
ntM = Hypertext Varkup Ianguage the main language used in the
creation of web-pages. lhis means that the article has been typed on
to the web page and may differ from a print version. A journal article
available in 1m only must be referenced as an article on the web.
y.i Wikipedia
Wikipedia is a dynamic, constantly changing resource. our reference
to information on Wikipedia must include the date, and exact time that
the resource was accessed (to allow the reader to use the Wikipedia
history feature to look up the specific version of the article being
referenced).
Wikis are useful sources when beginning a search for information on a
topic as they can lead the researcher to verifiable, citable sources. Wikis
are not always written by authoritative, reliable experts however and
as such should not be relied upon as primary sources when preparing
coursework. Popular wikis such as Wikipedia are no substitute for
academic, peer-reviewed sources and you need to be careful with the
content that you find on wikis. \erify that what you read on a wiki is
factual before using it in your coursework. Some faculty members do
not allow Wikipedia to be used as a reference and you should check
with your department regarding its policy on this.
z c sm Rcs
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: c1 1 c1
Reference List
Bournemouth University (zoo) tirin k:[:t:nt:s online], available:
http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/academic_services/documents/
Iibrary/Citing_Ieferences.pdf accessed :6 Aug zoo,].
8S :6:: k:tamm:naarian [at k:[:t:nt:s ra lullisl:t mar:tials (:q8q)
Iondon: British Standards Institute.
8S 6u: k:tamm:naarians [at tirin ana k:[:t:ntin lullisl:a mar:tial
(:qqo) Iondon: British Standards Institute.
Dhann, S. (zoo:) k:[:t:ntin: 1l: latrata Ssr:m online], available:
http://www.ex.ac.uk/dll/studyskills/harvard_referencing.htm
accessed :6 Aug zoo,].
Imperial College Iondon (zoo,) Citing and k:[:t:nt: 6uia:: latrata
Srl: online], available: http://www.imperial.ac.uk/Iibrary/pdf/
citing_and_referencing_guide.pdf accessed :6 Aug zoo,].
Ieeds University Iibrary (zoo,) latrata Srl: 8illiatali:s ana
k:[:t:nt:s online], available: http://www.leeds.ac.uk/library/
training/ accessed :6 Aug zoo,].
Ii, X. and Crane, N. (:qq6) Ll:trtanit Srl:s: A lanalaak [at tirin
Ll:trtanit ln[atmarian, znd ed., New Iersey: Information loday.
Vonash University Iibrary (zoo) tirin ana k:[:t:ntin, lau ra
atknaul:a: aut sautt:s online], available: http://www.lib.monash.
edu.au/tutorials/citing/ accessed: :6 Aug zoo,].
Pears, I. and Shields, G. (zoo) tir: 1l:m kilr: k:[:t:ntin maa:
Las, Newcastle: Northumbria University.
Pearson, I. (zoo6) l:mm 8usin:ss Stlaal \ 8aakl:r, Iimerick:
University of Iimerick.
lurabian, K. I. (:q8,) A manual [at wtir:ts a[ 1:tm la:ts, 1l:s:s, ana
uiss:trarians, th ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
University of Iimerick Iibrary (zoo) tir: lr kilr: A 6uia: ra
k:[:t:ntin in LL usin rl: latrata k:[:t:ntin Srl:, Iimerick:
University of Iimerick Iibrary.
University of lechnology Sydney (zoo,) VUT Liltat k:[:t:ntin
6uia:: latrata L\aml:s online], available: http://www.lib.uts.
edu.au/information/referencing_and_writing/referencing_styles
accessed :6 Aug zoo,].
University of Waikato (zoo,) Stt::n 8 m:aia Sruai:s: lau ra t:[:t:nt:
aut sautt:s tatt:trl online], available http://www.waikato.ac.nz/
film/handbook/reference.html accessed :6 Aug zoo,].
:
Index
A-Z of examples .u
Academic regulations :.
Act .;.:
Advertisment .8.
Archived l\ programme or podcast
.8.8
Article .:
Article on the web .:.:
Author with a title (Sir, Dr., Prof.)
:..
Authors :.
Bible .:.:
Bibliographic / Ieferencing
software .u
Bibliography / Ieference list .u
Book .:
Book review .:.8
Blog (Weblog) ..:
BS:6zq/BS6o :.
Capitalisation .
Case study .:u.:
cb cm .8.;
Chapter or contribution to a book
.:.
Citing :.u
Citing authors :.
Citing page numbers :.
Conference paper published
.:u.:
Conference paper unpublished
.:u.
Contribution (article or chapter) in
an edited book :..8
Corporate / Institutional author
:..:u
Correspondence .
Course material .
Dictionary .:.:u
Directory .:.:u
Discussion board ..:
bvb .8.6
eBook / Book on the web .:.;
Fdited book .:.6
eIournal .:.:, .:., ;.:
Flectronic communication .
Fmail or memo ..:
Fncyclopedia .:.:u
FndNote .:.:
FU Directive .;.
Figure .6.:
Film .8.6
Forum ..:
Glossary ;.u
Hanging indent .
Help (Ieferencing website) :.
1m .:.:, ;.:
Illustration .6.:
Image .6
In-text citing :.u
Institutional / corporate author
:..:u
Interview ..:
Iournal article .:.:, .:.:, .:.
Iudgment .;.:
Iaw .;
Iecture notes ..
Iegislation .;
Ietter ..
Rbx
c1 1 c1
Vagazine electronic version .:.
Vagazine print version .:.
Vailing Iist ..
Vap .6.
Vedia .8
Vicrofiche .8.;
Vicrofilm .8.;
Vovie .8.6
Vultimedia (archived l\
programmes) .8.8
Vusical works .
Newspaper - on the web .:.;
Newspaper print .:.6
Organisational author :..:u
Page numbers :.
Painting .6.
Papers .:u
Paraphrasing :.
Patent .::.:
b .:.:, ;.:
Photo .6.:
Plagiarism :.:, :.
Podcast .8.8
Pre-prints .:u.
Press release .8.:
Programme .8.
Public folder ..
Punctuation .
Quoting :..
Quoting - source quoted in another
source :..
Iadio .8.:, .8., .8.
Iecordings commercial audio
..:
Ieference list .u
Ieference works .:.:u
Ieferencing software .u
Ieferencing styles :.
IefWorks .:.:
Ieport .;.
Sheet music ..:
Speech .8.
Standard .::.:
Statutory instrument .;.
Sulis ..:
Summarising :.
lable .6.:
lelevision .8.:, .8., .8., .8.8
lhesis .::
lranslation .:
lurnitin :.:
University of Iimerick Academic
Iegulations :.
\ideo .8.6
v (\irtual Iearning Fnvironment)
..:
Webpage ..
Wiki (Wikipedia) .., ;.:
Working papers .:u.
Working title (book) .:.
oulube video .8.

Feedback On This Guide

lo provide feedback
. Send an email to libinfoQul.ie
. lalk to staff at the Information Desk
on the ground floor of the library
Additional information on referencing in UI can be
found on the Glucksman Iibrary`s referencing website
at www.ul.ie/-library/referencing
bcx
University of Iimerick Iibrary (iooy) 6uia: ra latrata k:[:t:ntin Srl:,
Cite it Right, University of Iimerick's referencing series, ind ed., Iimerick:
Glucksman Iibrary, University of Iimerick.
Produced by the referencing team - Michelle 8reen, Aoife Geraghty and
Pattie Punch - Information Services Division, Glucksman Iibrary.
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Glucksman Library, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
Telephone 061 202166 Fax 061 213090 Email libinfo@ul.ie www.ul.ie/~library