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Agua PH y Equilibrio Acido Base 2
Agua PH y Equilibrio Acido Base 2
Y
EQUILIBRIO ÁCIDO-BASE
Importancia biológica
Todas las reacciones bioquímicas se realizan en un medio acuoso
Permite el transporte de solutos en los líquidos biológicos
Los organismos contienen 70 a 90% de agua. Una pérdida del
10% causa enfermedad; la pérdida del 20% origina la muerte.
La actividad metabólica normal solo ocurre cuando las células
tienen por lo menos 65% de H2O.
Las biomoléculas se solubilizan en agua
El agua y sus productos de ionización (H+ y OH-), determinan la
estructura y función de proteínas, ácidos nucleicos y membranas
Mantiene constante la temperatura interna de los organismos
vivos ( calor específico o capacidad calórica)
Importancia biológica del agua
FUNCTION EXAMPLES/EXPLANATIONS
Transport Uptake of minerals by plants from soil across root hairs occurs in solution. Transpiration stream and
water-based movement of sugars and amino acids, hormones etc. in phloem occurs in solution.
All transport fluids used in animals (e.g. cytoplasm, blood, plasma and tissue fluid) are water-based.
Many essential metabolites dissolve completely e.g. glucose, amino acids,vitamins and minerals.
Larger molecules e.g. proteins are transported as colloids.
Transpiration stream is held together by cohesion (water molecules hydrogen bond to other water
molecules) and adhesion (water molecules bind to side of xylem vessel). Such forces also give rise to
capillarity in tubes of very small diameter. Low viscosity of water enables it to flow easily through tubes
e.g. xylem vessels.
Chemical Combination of thermal stability and excellent solvent properties makes water an ideal environment for
reactions chemical reactions. All enzyme reactions of photosynthesis, respiration, excretion etc. occur in solution.
(metabolism) Water also acts as a reactant for example, in:
1. Light dependent stage of photosynthesis when photolysis splits water to release electrons which move
to photosystem II (PSII) and then through electron carriers in non-cylic photophosphorylation pathway
(NCP).
2. Hydrolytic reactions (e.g. digestive enzymes).
Temperature High specific heat capacity allows water to act as a buffer; essential in endothermic organisms that need
control to maintain a constant body temperature in order to optimise enzyme activity and thereby regulate
metabolism.
High incidence of hydrogen bonding also makes at it difficult for water molecules to evaporate. When
they do so, much energy is released and this is involved in cooling mechanisms.
Water remains a liquid over a huge temperature range - essential for metabolism and useful for aquatic
organisms which avoid freezing.
Importancia biológica del agua (continuación)
FUNCTION EXAMPLES/EXPLANATIONS
Support In plant cells water confers turgidity. This is essential for example, in:
1. Maintaining maximum leaf surface area, hence light absorption, hence photosynthesis.
2. Maintaining aerial parts of the plant to maximise seed dispersal or pollination. Loss of water in very hot
conditions may lead to leaves wilting. This decreases their surface area, hence light absorption,
temperature and water loss.
In animals, water-filled tissues also contribute to skeletal support. In organisms which possess a
hydrostatic skeleton (e.g. annelids), water is the major component of the fluid in the coelom against
which muscles can act.
For aquatic organisms, water provides support through buoyancy.
Movement Nastic movements, i.e. those which do not involve growth in a particular direction as a response to a
directional stimulus, depend upon the osmotic inflow of water into tissues, e.g. the opening and closing of
flowers or ‘snapping’ of the carnivorous Venus Fly Trap.
Organisms such a earthworms and leeches use their hydrostatic skeletons to move around. Longitudinal
and circular muscles are able to contract against the incompressible watery fluid of the coelom.
Reproduction Organisms which employ sexual reproduction use water to bring the male and female gametes together in
the process of fertilisation.
In mammals the foetus develops in a water filled sac which provides physical and thermal stability.
Bryophytes release antherozoids in moist conditions which use flagella to swim to oospheres by
chemotaxis.
Energía de disociación
de enlace = 23 Kj/Mol
Energía de disociación
de enlace = 470 Kj/Mol
Los puentes de hidrógeno confieren al agua diferentes
propiedades
Los organismos usan proteínas hidrosolubles (Hb y mioglobina) para el transporte del O2.
El CO2 forma H2CO3 en solución acuosa y es transportado en forma de bicarbonato (HCO3-:
muy soluble en agua; 100 g/l a 25ºC) en forma libre o unido a la Hb
Los compuestos
apolares fuerzan
cambios
energéticamente
desfavorables en
la estructura del
agua
H2O H+ + OH-
Importancia
oEl pH afecta las estructuras y actividad de macromoléculas biológicas
oEl transporte de O2 en la sangre y la generación de energía metabólica
durante la respiración o fotosíntesis depende de la [H+]
oDetermina el color de las flores
Acidos y Bases
• Acido: un ácido se disocia para producir un protón y
una base conjugada Brønsted-Lowry (1923)
HA H+ + A
Ka = [A-][H+]/ HA = Keq
Propiedades:
a) Cuando la concentración del ácido débil y de su base conjugada son iguales, el pK del ácido débil
da el valor del pH de la solución
b) Cuando la concentración del ácido es 10 veces mayor que la de la sal, el pH es una unidad menor
que el pK. Pero cuando la concentración de la sal es 10 veces mayor que la del ácido el pH es una
unidad mayor que el pK
c) La ecuación no permite realizar cálculos fuera del rango pH = pKa ± 1
d) Dentro del rango de pH = pKa ± 1, el par ácido-base conjugado tiene la más alta capacidad tampón
( PO 4 H )
pH 6.8 log
( PO 4 H 2)
A pH 7.4 tenemos:
80%
( PO 4 H ) ( PO 4 H ) 4
7.4 6.8 log
( PO 4 H 2)
anti log 0.6 4.0
( PO 4 H 2) 1
20%
For example, if the total cellular concentration of phosphate is 20 mM
(millimolar) and the pH is 7.4, the distribution of the major phosphate
species is given by
Sistema proteínas: el pK de la cadena lateral de la histidina es 6.04
In cells, histidine occurs as the free amino acid, as a constituent of proteins, and as part of dipeptides in
combination with other amino acids. Because the concentration of free histidine is low and its imidazole pKa
is more than 1 pH unit removed from prevailing intracellular pH, its role in intracellular buffering is minor.
However, protein-bound and dipeptide histidine may be the dominant buffering system in some cells. In
combination with other amino acids, as in proteins or dipeptides, the imidazole pKa may increase
substantially. For example, the imidazole pKa is 7.04 in anserine, a dipeptide containing b-alanine and
histidine. Thus, this pKa is near physiological pH, and some histidine peptides are well suited for buffering at
physiological pH.
( HCO3)
pH pKa log
( H 2CO3)
A pH 7.4 tenemos:
( HCO3) ( HCO3) 20
7.4 6.1 log anti log 1.3 20
( H 2CO3) ( H 2CO3) 1
pH óptimo de algunos enzimas
La diabetes no tratada produce acidosis que
puede ser mortal
1. Falta de insulina
2. No hay captación de glucosa desde la sangre por los tejidos
3. Se usan ácidos grasos como fuente primaria de energía
4. Se acumulan ácido β-hidroxibutírico y ácido acetoacético
5. La disociación de estos ácidos hace descender el pH sanguíneo a
menos de 7.35, causando acidosis
6. La acidosis grave produce dolor de cabeza, somnolencia, náuseas,
vómitos y diarrea, seguidos de aletargamiento, coma y
convulsiones, debido a que muchas enzimas no trabajan bien a
este pH mas bajo.
7. Si a un paciente se le detectan niveles altos de glucosa en sangre,
pH plasmático bajo y niveles elevados de ácido β-hidroxibutírico y
ácido acetoacético en sangre y orina, el diagnóstico es diabetes
mellitus.
Transferencia directa
de H+ y HCO3- a través
de las branquias (en
peces):