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(AWGs)
Optical fiber is a popular carrier of long distance communications due to
its potential speed, flexibility and reliability.
Attenuation and dispersion problems in fiber, which limit the practical
speed and distance of communications, were partially resolved.
However, the dispersion qualities of an optical fiber still force a
compromise between transmission distance and bandwidth, making it
necessary to refresh high-speed signals at intervals using optoelectronic
repeaters.
A more elegant solution is found using AWGs, which effectively increases
the useable bandwidth in a system without electronic repeaters
AWG Principle
Coupling from the slab waveguide to the waveguide array is the most
significant source of loss in an AWG, because of the mismatch between
the field distributions of the slab waveguide and the arrayed waveguides.
The light couples from the input combiner into the array of waveguides
that start along an arc centered at the input waveguide-combiner
junction, with a radius equal to the focal length of the combiner. This
ensures that the light injected from the central input waveguide arrives at
the beginning of each of the arrayed waveguides with the same phase.
AWG Related Problems