Presentación 9 Clase Etanol y Bioetanol Maestría Energia Renovable

Curso: LA BIOMASA COMO FUENTE DE ENERGA.
Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica.

CUJAE
PROCESO DE
TRANSFORMACIN
DE LA BIOMASA EN
ENERGA.
(Etanol y
Bioetanol)
Prof. Dr. Deny Oliva Merencio
Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica. Energa Renovable.
PROCESO DE TRANSFORMACIN DE LA
BIOMASA EN ENERGA.
(Etanol y
Bioetanol)
o Qumica y composicin de los alcoholes

o Materias primas para el etanol
o Procesos de fermentacin de etanol
o Tecnologa para la destilacin del etanol
o Alcoholes como combustible
o Convirtiendo motores de gasolina para trabajar
con etanol
LA BIOMASA COMO FUENTE DE ENERGA
Procesos Bioqumicos. Etanol y Bioetanol.
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Qumica y composicin de los alcoholes

Los alcoholes son componentes hidrocarbonados que
tienen un grupo hidroxilo como su grupo funcional.
Muchos pertenecen a una serie homologa que tiene una
frmula general CnH2n+1OH, donde el OH es el grupo
funcional hidroxilo.
Se pueden clasificar de la siguiente forma:
De acuerdo a su grupo lcali en:
saturado
No saturado
aromtico
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Qumica y composicin de los alcoholes

De acuerdo a la posicin de su grupo hidroxilo en el
tomo de carbono:
primario
secundario
terciario
De acuerdo al nmero de grupos hidroxilos dentro de la
molcula:
mono-hidroxilo
Poli-hidroxilo
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Nombres sistemticos y frmulas condensadas para

los alcoholes
metanol
etanol
1-propanol
Frmula estructural de los alcoholes

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Saturated
ethanol
Unsaturated
1-propanol
Fig. 2 Alcohols
according to their
Aromatic alkyl group
bensol
Fig. 3 Alcohols
according
to the position of
Tertiary
Primary
Secondary
their OH
2-methyl1-propane 2-propanol
2-propanol group on the carbon
atom
Fig. 4 Alcohols
according
Mono-hydroxyl Poly-hydroxyl
to the number of
propane-threeol
ethanol
Procesos Bioqumicos. Etanol y Bioetanol. OH groups in
Denythe
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1.1 Why alcohols
Tab 2. Characteristics of chemically pure fuels, (Smith, Workman,
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Fig. 5 Gasoline engine full throttle power output using

ethanol fuel blends,
(Smith,
Workman,
2004)
Procesos
Bioqumicos.
Etanol y Bioetanol.
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Fig. 6 Gasoline
engine full throttle
exhaust emissions
using ethanol fuel
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1.2 Chemical and physical properties of ethanol

Ethanol or ethyl alcohol, which is commonly known as
alcohol, is a colourless transparent liquid with a pleasant
odour and burning taste. The molecular formula for ethanol
is C2H5OH. It has some important physiological
characteristics: it is intoxicating and can be used as a
sterilizing and disinfecting agent. By nature, ethanol is
volatile and combustible. It mixes well with water and
many other organic solvents and dissolves a number of
organic chemical compounds. Because of these properties,
ethanol is extensively used in drinks and foods, medicines,
cosmetics and in chemical industries. This is the drinkable
alcohol, the active ingredient in beer, wine and spirits.
Methanol, (methylProcesos
alcohol,
wood
alcohol) is the poisonous
Bioqumicos.
Etanol y Bioetanol.
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Tab. 3 Physical properties of ethanol 1/2
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Tab. 3 Physical properties of ethanol 2/2, (Saiki et al. 1999)
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2. Row materials for ethanol

Agricultural products used as row materials for ethanol
fermentation are starchy, saccharine materials and SWF
(sulphite pulp waste liquor), ethanol can be also made from
waste paper or grass and tree trimmings, sawdust, fruit and
vegetable waste and other low-cost materials. Recently,
since the mid 1980's, ethanol is now commercially and
economically made from cellulose fibre sources. New
enzymes and production processes that convert cellulose to
sugar can produce ethanol from almost any biomass,
including agricultural wastes, straw, leaves, grass clippings,
sawdust or old newspapers. The main row material for
synthetic ethanol is ethylene, (Saiki et al. 1999).
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Tab. 4 Agriculture products used as row materials for ethanol fe
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2.1 Starchy materials

Starch is a polymer of glucose.The main starchy materials
are corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes and others are extensively
used as fermentation feedstock.
Ethanol fermentation of starchy materials
The fermentation method with raw sweet potatoes as a
feedstock, is described. Raw sweet potatoes are washed,
crushed into 510 mm pieces by a hammer crusher and then
cooked for 30 min at 90100 C by a steam cooker. Mash is
prepared with a total sugar concentration of ~15%, then
cooled to 55C. Two
types of
-amylase
and
Procesos Bioqumicos.
Etanolamylases,
y Bioetanol.
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Assuming the starch value to be 24.3% (glucose content

27%), the fermentation ratio to be 92%, and the distillation
recovery to be 98.5%, the production of 1 kl of 95-vol.%
ethanol will require ~6.03 t of raw sweet potato.
Corn (maize) can be simply ground, enzymatically
hydrolyzed, and then fermented as a whole mash. This is the
least capital intensive process to economically produce
fermentation ethanol for industrial and fuel markets.
However, most of the fermentation ethanol being distilled is
produced from cornstarch that has been removed from most
of the other components present in corn such as gluten,
germ and fiber. Either way the starch is usually pressure
cooked around 105 C in the presence of thermostable LA BIOMASA COMO FUENTE DE ENERGA
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Atypical method used in America, with corn as a

fermentation feedstock, is as follows. First the corn is
divided into germ, fiber, and gluten by steeping in a dilute
SO2 solution and then mashing by a wet mill. The remaining
starch is steam cooked, liquefied with amylases, and
converted into glucose. After cooling, yeast is added for
fermentation. In this method, no waste remains as oil is
collected from the germ, and fiber and gluten are used as
animal feed. Assuming the starch value to be 63%, the
glucose content 70%, the fermentation ratio 90%, and the
distillation recovery 98.5%, to produce 1 kl of 95-vol.% of
ethanol will require ~2.4 t of corn.
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2.2 Saccharine materials
The main saccharine materials are sugar beet and sugar

cane. Following the steps of clarification, concentration and
crystallization, sucrose is obtained from sugar beet or cane
juice. Sugar juice are also used as a feedstock for ethanol
fermentation.
Sucrose is manufactured through the steps of clarification
and concentration of juice, crystallization, and
centrifugation. The residue fluid is obtained from the
mother liquor after sucrose separation.
This residue is called molasses. Molasses contain some
sugars (sucrose, Procesos
glucose,
fructose), lime andDeny other
Bioqumicos. Etanol y Bioetanol.
Oliva
Ethanol fermentation of saccharine materials

The main components of saccharine materials are mixtures
of glucose, fructose and sucrose. Metabolized by the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae under anaerobic conditions, these
sugars generate ethanol. One molecule of glucose generates
two ethanol and two CO2 molecules:
In equation the fermentation ratio is 100%. In practice, a

Oliva
100% fermentation
ratio cannot be achieved in Deny
ethanol
Fructose is metabolized in the same way like glucose.

Sucrose must first be decomposed into glucose and fructose
by the enzyme called sucrose in yeast cells before it can be
metabolized.
Cane juice and beet juice are seasonal raw materials, which
cannot be preserved, because the juice squeezed out from
the harvested crop is immediately fermented into ethanol by
yeast.
Cane molasses and beet molasses are used as a fermentation
feedstock, because of its high sugar concentration 45-55%
as well as it high salt concentration, molasses can be used as
a feedstock throughout the year and so is exportable.
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2.3 Lignocelluloses materials

SWL (sulphite pulp waste liquor), is a liquid waste of the
pulp industry. In Germany, USA, Canada and in
Scandinavian countries it is used for ethanol production.
3. Process of ethanol fermentation

3.1 Batch-wise Fermentation
Batch-wise fermentation is the simplest fermentation
process. In this process, the mash is put into the
fermentation tankProcesos
and Bioqumicos.
inoculated
with yeast. Fermentation
Etanol y Bioetanol.
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3.2 Fed-batch Fermentation Process

In the case of fermentation at a high sugar concentration in
the batch-wise process, alcohol fermentation by yeast and
yeast growth is inhibited, resulting in a low fermentation
ratio and delayed fermentation. In the case of molasses, a
high salt density also has a bad effect.
Inhibition can be avoided if the density of the substrate is
kept comparatively low at the initial stage of fermentation,
and then new amounts are added at regular intervals once
the previous amounts have been completely consumed. In
this way, high-density fermentation products can be
generated. Fermentation at a high sugar concentration called
fed-batch fermentation.
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Within 4 to 5 days after inoculation with the yeast, a

matured mash containing ~13-vol.% ethanol is obtained.
This process is time consuming, but results in higherconcentration ethanol and less waste liquid.
3.3 MelleBoinot semi-continuous fermentation process
This is a semi-continuous fermentation method, patented in
1933. by the Melle Co. of France, that enables the reuse of
yeast in the same process. When the fermented mash is
passed through a centrifuge, the yeast-cell paste is first
separated. Then, when dilute sulfuric acid is added in a
yeast processor, the
yeast cells are processed at pHDeny
3.Oliva
This
3.4 Continuous Fermentation Process

The continuous fermentation process is a method in which
concentrations of yeast and ethanol are kept constant at a
steady state so that the withdrawal of mash and the supply
of the sugar solution can be performed continuously at a
constant rate.
The productivity of the continuous fermentation process
(kilograms times ethanol per kiloliter of fermentation tank
per hour) is higher than that in the batch-wise process.
Disadvantage of this process is that the concentration and
the yield (fermentation ratio) of the fermentation product
ethanol are rather lower than those of the batch-wise
fermentation process,
resulting in an increase in the Deny
amount
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Multi-vessel Continuous Fermentation Process

Multi-vessel continuous fermentation process is variation of
the continuous fermentation process. The continuous
fermentation process that uses 47 fermentation vessels
from Vogelbusch Gmbh is one of the most common
continuous processes used for fuel ethanol production. In
this process, the fermentation vessels are connected in series
and yeast is collected at the end of the vessels by
centrifugation, and then recycled.
When corn is used as a feedstock, following the stages of
pretreatment by wet mill, cooking the starch, and
saccharification, mash with 22% glucose can be derived. In
a retention time of
20 h, the final concentration of Deny
ethanol
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3.5 Fermentation technology undergoing research

development
Several promising fermentation techniques that are either
yet to be used practically or not yet in wide-scale industrial
use are described below.
Continuous fermentation process with immobilized yeast
cells
The maximum yeast concentration in batch-wise
fermentation is ~1*108 1/ml, but if the yeast is immobilized
in the form of beads of 1-2 mm in diameter, the yeast
concentration canProcesos
be increased.
of batch-wise
Bioqumicos. EtanolProductivity
y Bioetanol.
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Immobilizing the yeast cells with calcium alginate, filling

up the column with immobilized yeast and adding a 10%
glucose solution can carried out a continuous fermentation
process.
Immobilizing the yeast cells with -carrageenan also can
increase continuous ethanol fermentation process.
Using the 2 types of immobilized yeast (in bead form and
sheet form), using non-natural gelling agents such as photocross-linkable resins can further increase continuous ethanol
fermentation process because the resin is strengthened up to
30-50 times more than -carrageenan.
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Flocculating Yeast Process

By its flocculating property, flocculating yeast forms floc
~12 mm in diameter. When a column-type reactor is filled
with yeast cells in floc, continuous fermentation can be
achieved. When a conventional fermenter is used, repeated
batch fermentation is possible. At the end of fermentation,
once agitation is stopped, the yeast cells subside. Then the
supernatant mash is withdrawn from the distillation process.
If a sugar solution is added to the yeast sediment, the next
fermentation can be started immediately. Therefore, by use
of flocculating yeast in continuous fermentation, the
problem of immobilization and associated expenses can be
avoided. If a repeated batch fermentation process is used,
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the energy and theProcesos
equipment
required for centrifugation
are
Using molasses as the substrate, Kuriyama have carried out

continuous fermentation and repeated batch fermentation at
30C on a laboratory scale. In continuous fermentation, the
ethanol concentration of mash was 6970 g/l and the
productivity was 2531 g/l h, whereas in repeated batch
fermentation, for a 24-h fermentation period, the results
were 95108 g/l and ~ 4 g/l h, respectively. On the other
hand, Dorsemagen has carried out continuous fermentation
for a fixed period by using flocculating yeast in a
demonstration plant with a scale of ethanol production
capacity of 15 kl/day. The yeast was maintained at a high
concentration of 50 g/l. The productivity obtained in this
process (15 g/l h) was comparatively high, while the ethanol
concentration of the mash was 8.08.3 vol.%.
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3.6 Miscellaneous Processes
Many types of fermentation processes have been developed

to date. Some of them are given below.
Flash alcohol fermentation process. This is a
combination of the continuous fermentation process that
uses immobilized yeast cells and flash vaporization. It is
an energy-saving process with less waste liquid.
Energy-saving fermentation process that uses raw starch
saccharifying amylases.
Alcohol production from starch with genetically
improved yeast strains that have amylase activity.
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4. Ethanol distillation technology

4.1 Principle of distillation
Distillation technology is based on the different boiling
points of various liquid components. Liquid containing
several components is first evaporated by heat; then the
vapour is condensed by cooling water. During the process,
each of the components can be separated, concentrated, and
purified according to their boiling points and relative
volatilities.
Figure 7 illustrates the concentration of ethanol in an
ethanolwater solution. This figure is the equilibrium curve
y Bioetanol. and represents
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of the ethanolwater
mixed Etanol
solution
the
Fig. 7 Concentration of ethanol in an ethanolwater solution,

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(Saiki et al. 1999) Procesos Bioqumicos. Etanol y Bioetanol.
The liquid obtained after the vapour is condensed at point B

by cooling is then boiled at point C. The ethanol
concentration of the evaporated vapour, as shown by point
D, becomes 73% (by weight). If the above operations of
boiling, separation, and condensation (cooling) are repeated,
the ethanol concentration of the condensed liquid gradually
increases. However, if the ethanol concentration of the
liquid reaches 95.57% (by weight), as shown at point H, the
liquid boils at 78.15 C. At this temperature, the ethanol
concentration of the liquid and that of the vapour to be
evaporated will be the same. It is impossible to obtain
higher ethanol concentrations in the usual distillation
process. This boiling point (78.15 C) is called the
azeotropic point of the ethanolwater solution and the
mixture at the azeotropic
point
is called the azeotropic
Etanol y Bioetanol.
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Fig. 8 Flow chart of ethanol production process,

(Saiki et al. 1999) Procesos Bioqumicos. Etanol y Bioetanol.
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4.2 Distillation apparatus

There are two types of distillation apparatus: complex
continuous distillation apparatus and the relatively simple
pot still, e.g. Fig. 9.
The pot still is accompanied by a heater and a condenser
and is used mainly in the liquor industries for making
whiskey, brandy, and other types of drinking alcohols.
Matured mash is boiled in the still batch-wise, and ethanol
vapour with useful aromatic ingredients is recovered
through the condenser at ~50% ethanol (by weight).
The complex continuous distillation apparatus is composed
Etanol y Bioetanol.
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of several kindsProcesos
of Bioqumicos.
distillation
columns, heaters
and
The
typical
continuous
distillation apparatus for the
production
of
high-quality
hydrous ethanol is composed of a
mash column, a concentration
column, an extraction column, a
rectification column, a refining
column, an impurity column. A
dehydration column, dehydrate
recovery column, and dehydrate
separator are necessary for the
production of anhydrous ethanol.
The
distillation
apparatus
Fig. 9 Simple distillation
necessary for the production of
(Mathewson,
1980)
Procesos Bioqumicos. Etanol yapparatus
Bioetanol.
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4.3 Role and functions of distillation columns

Mash Column
The mash column has conventionally been used to separate
the ethanol part of the matured mash and the distillation
waste liquid. In recent years, the mash concentration
apparatus (fig. 8 number 1) has become popular in place of
the mash column. This apparatus is a type of multi-effect
evaporator that separates the ethanol part of the matured
mash into two ethanol condensates (one is 5 vol. % and the
other is ~35 vol. %). Simultaneously, it concentrates the
solid part of distillation waste to ~45% by weight. The
condensates are treated through the continuous distillation
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Extraction column
Many kinds of ingredients (mainly aldehydes) other than
methanol can be separated from the top of the extraction
column (fig. 8 number 2). In general, volatile components
with higher boiling points have lower volatility than those
with lower boiling points. For example, methanol with a
boiling point of 64.7C is more volatile than ethanol with a
boiling point of 78.3C. However, the relative volatility of
ethanol and methanol is reversed at low ethanol
concentration, and the relative volatility of ethanol becomes
higher than that of methanol at a water concentration of
more than 70 mol. %. The relative volatility of higher
alcohols (components of fusel oil) becomes higher than that
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Rectification Column
Diluted ethanol from the extraction column is concentrated

to ~95% at the top of the rectification column (fig. 8
number 3) and then sent to the refining column (fig. 8
number 4). Byproduct fusel oil is separated mostly from the
middle part of the rectification column. The composition of
fusel oil is isoamyl-alcohol 45%, isobutyl-alcohol 10%,
active amyl-alcohol 5%, and n-propyle-alcohol 1%2%.
From 0.1 to 0.7 kg of oily yellowish fusel oil per 1 kg of
product ethanol is obtained. Most of the fusel oil
components are metabolic products from amino acids. Fusel
oil from synthetic ethanol, different from fermentation
ethanol, contains diethyl-ether, acetaldehyde, secondary
butyl-alcohol, tertiary butyl-alcohol, and ketones. This fusel
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Dehydration Column
To make anhydrous ethanol, there are three dehydration
processes that use solid dehydrant, liquid dehydrant, and
azeotropic distillation. The most common process is
azenopropic distillation.
An azeotropic mixture is formed when an ethanolwater
solution is mixed with a third component, such as cyclohexane, that is insoluble (or slightly soluble) in ethanol
water or that dissolves in either ethanol or water. The
boiling point of the mixture as a whole (62.1 C) is lower
than that of each component; ethanol, water, and cyclohexane having boiling points of 78.3, 100, and 80.7 C,
Bioqumicos. Etanol
y Bioetanol.
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respectively. An Procesos
azeotropic
mixture
containing DenycycloLA BIOMASA COMO FUENTE DE ENERGA
Vacuum column
The boiling point and volatility of n-propylalcohol and

isopropylalcohol are very close to those of ethanol under
atmospheric pressure. However, in a vacuum, the
differences between the boiling point and the volatility of
the higher alcohols and those of ethanol become larger and
consequently their separation becomes easier. Impure
ethanol, containing higher alcohols from the middle part of
the rectification column, is sent to the vacuum column,
which is operated at ~9.33 kPa. Ethanol is then recovered
from the top of the column, and the higher alcohols are
separated effectively from the middle part of the column.
4.4 New technologies for concentrating and refining ethanol
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Pressure-vacuum multi-effect distillation
Multi-effect distillation has been widely used on a

commercial scale in the petrochemical industry. In this
process, the latent heat of the top spirit vapor from one
column under pressure is reused as a heat source for other
columns under atmospheric pressure or under vacuum. The
Ishioka Alcohol Plant of New Energy and Industrial
Technology Development Organization (NEDO) built in
1986. (Ishioka City, Japan) is a typical example of the
multi-pressure multiple-effect process, in which the
columns are operated individually at different pressure
levels to optimize energy saving, steam, and cooling water.
In addition, the heat of the top spirit vapor of the
rectification column is recovered by a heat pump apparatus.
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Therefore dehydration with cornmeal is a much more

energy-efficient process when the aqueous ethanol mixture
has a high ethanol concentration. In 1986., the Archer
DanielsMidland Co. industrialized this process in an alcohol
plant in the USA.
Membrane separation technology
Separation of ethanol and water by membrane has become
possible because of the recent progress of research in this
field. There are two types of membranes, one for selective
ethanol permeation and the other for selective water
permeation (dehydration). In a membrane separation
process called the pervaporation process, one side of the
membrane is kept in atmospheric pressure and the reverse
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Ethanol dehydration by pervaporation membrane was

industrialized in an ethanol plant in France in 1988. by use
of a membrane produced by GFT GmbH (Germany).
Supercritical fluid extraction of ethanol
The principle behind this process is that when an
supercritical fluid is brought into contact with an ethanol
water solution, ethanol can easily be extracted into the
supercritical fluid. CO2 is commonly used as the extraction
agent under conditions, for example, of 31 C and 7.4MPa.
Under these conditions, CO2 exhibits properties
intermediate between liquid and gas. Therefore, with a
slight change of temperature and pressure, the solubility of
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5. Alcohols as a fuel
The very first cars ever made on an assembly line the Ford
Model T, were built to run on ethanol. Henry Ford designed
the famed Model T Ford to run on alcohol. He said it was
the fuel of the future. There are more stills in this country
than filling stations, Henry Ford wisely pointed out, as
early as 1908. The oil companies thought otherwise,
however, but the oil crisis of the early 1970s gave ethanol
fuel a new lease of life.
The question is if alcohol is such a great fuel (and fuel
additive), then why isn't everyone using it? The truth is,
most petroleum companies have used it, at some point in
their history, and many
continue to use ethanol as anDenyoctane
Oliva
So, the big five oil companies (at that time they were Shell,
Arco, Standard Oil, Texaco, and Mobil) all started building
big commercial distillation plants in the deep South,
including Texas, but mostly around Mississippi and
Louisiana (this was because it was easy to bring in the large
quantities of grain) as well as imported molasses from
Caribbean sugar cane, and sugar beet pulp from all the
Southern sugar beet farms. This wasn't the first time ethanol
was used, either. During World War Two, ethanol was
produced in very large quantities, and many new plants in
the Midwest were built to supply the US Navy & Air force
planes with aviation fuel, which was anywhere from 20 %
ethanol to pure 100% alcohol.
So the petroleum companies already knew a lot about
ethanol as a fuel and as an additive, and have had this in
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They just ignored the fact that lead did not enter into the
combustion cycle at all, it just inhibited it, and ended up as
lead dust all over the cities, which started getting heavily
polluted and greyish coloured from all the lead dust landing
on the streets, of the walls of buildings, and on the hands of
little children playing outside. Well, with the oil embargo of
the 70s, they went back to ethanol, as an octane booster.
They made a marketing mistake, they decided to call it
Gasohol, and they promoted it hard and heavy. The term,
gasohol confused people though, and a very high
percentage of people weren't sure if they could put it in their
car.
At this time, ethanol started so getting popular as an
alternative fuel, that many people, from farmers organizing
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The benefits of using the ethanol as a fuel are :

Ethanol is a much cleaner fuel than petrol (gasoline)
It is not a fossil-fuel, manufacturing it and burning it
does not increase the greenhouse effect
Ethanol is biodegradable without harmful effects on
the environment
It significantly reduces harmful exhaust emissions
Ethanol's high oxygen content reduces carbon
monoxide levels more than any other oxygenate: by 2530%, accordingProcesos
to the
US EPA
Bioqumicos.
Etanol y Bioetanol.
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Ethanol can reduce net carbon dioxide emissions by up

to 100% on a full life-cycle basis
High-level ethanol blends can reduce emissions of
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) by 30% or more
(VOCs are major sources of ground-level ozone
formation)
As an octane enhancer, ethanol can cut emissions of
cancer-causing benzene and butadiene by more than 50%
Sulphur dioxide and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions
are significantly decreased with ethanol
Ethanol blends
Procesos
Etanol
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canBioqumicos.
be used
iny Bioetanol.
all petrol enginesDeny
without
Ethanol eliminates audible knock and ping, and it

allows advanced timing and increased compression
ratios, both of which, when done correctly, improve
engine efficiency, economy, and power.
Local production of fuel, from local-grown crops,
supports agricultural jobs
Supporting local business keeps money in the state and
contributes to a healthy state economy
Production of fuels in state provides energy selfsufficiency
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5.1 Properties of Ethanol as a Fuel

Table 4 presents a comparison between gasoline and
ethanol-added gasoline (gasohol). For gasoline, the heating
value per 1 kg of fuel is 44.37 MJ while that of ethanol is
26.79 MJ, which indicates that the heating value of ethanol
per unit weight is 60% of that of gasoline. The molecular
formula shows that the weight percentages of C, H, and O
for ethanol are 52%, 13% and 35%, respectively, while for
gasoline (CnH2n+2) those of C and H are ~84% and 16%,
respectively. Therefore, unlike gasoline, ethanol contains
35% oxygen, which reduces the heating value per unit
weight and activates the combustion efficiency well. In
addition, the presence of oxygen gives ethanol a lower
combustion temperature
than gasoline, resulting DenyinOlivathe
If the heating values of the airfuel mixture per 1 m3 for

gasoline and for ethanol are expressed in terms of their
theoretical airfuel ratios, these two liquids show values
almost identical to each other: 3.55 MJ for gasoline and
3.53 MJ for ethanol. Moreover, if gasoline and ethanol are
compared from the standpoint of heating values per 1 m3
due to 1-kg suction of air adjusted to the theoretical airfuel
ratio, the values are also almost identical: 2.94 MJ for
gasoline and 2.98 MJ for ethanol. The latent heat of
vaporization of gasoline is 272 kJ/kg, while that of ethanol
is 862 kJ/kg. As ethanol is hard to vaporize at low
temperatures, the ignition of the engine is inferior. The
octane value of ethanol (106) is higher than that of gasoline
(100). Therefore, if ethanol is mixed with regular gasoline,
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Tab. 5 Comparison of gasoline, ethanol and ethanol-added gaso

Gasoline
Parameter
Molecular
Molecular
formula
weight
Specific
(Iso-
octane)
C8H18
114
gravity
(20C)
Compositio
n (wt. %)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Theoretical
air-fuel ratio
(air
kg/fuel
kg)
Net
heating
value (MJ/kg)
Ethanol mixed
Ethanol
Ethanol
Etha
nol
C2H5
OH
46
10%gasoline20%
Gasoline Gasoline
90%
80%
0.72
0.73
0.7
0.79
84
52
81
16
0
13
35
12 - 15
4
12 - 15
7
15.1
14.2
13.6
44.37
0.76
84
0.77
78
81
29.7
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Tab. 5 Comparison of gasoline, ethanol and ethanol-added gaso

Ethanol mixed
Ethanol
Ethanol
Gasolin
Parameter
Heating
value in
theoretical air
fuel ratio (MJ/m3
mix)
(MJ/kg
Latent
2.94
air)
heat of
vaporization
(kJ/kg)
272
Research
Motornumber
octane
octane
Cetane value
number
Ignition point
(C)
Flash point (C)
Boiling point
(C)
e
(Isooctane)
3.55
100
100
12
275
-43
99.4
Eth
10%gasoline20%
Gasolin Gasolin
e 90%
e 80%
anol
3.5
3
2.9
8
381sp. 435sp.
862
106
89
8
420
14
78.
gr.0.783 gr.0.738
Deny Oliva
6. Converting gasoline engines to run on

ethanol
Henry Ford's early engines were built to use either gasoline
or ethanol. Since then, however, the spark-ignited internal
combustion engine has been bred to burn only gasoline.
Ethanol has a number of physical and chemical properties
that are different in important ways from those of gasoline.
Some are useful, and others create problems. In considering
modification of an engine designed for gasoline, we must
take them into account.
In order to be able to evaluate the effects of changes made
to your engine in converting it to ethanol, it will be useful to
Deny Oliva
have some quantitative
data on the car's performance
Fuel economy. Good records of your kilometres per litre

on gasoline will be especially helpful in later comparison.
Power. Time your acceleration from 0 to 100 km/h on a
flat stretch. Alternatively, measure horsepower on a
dynamometer.
Temperature. Note what normal readings are for water
and oil temperature.
Engine condition. Check the engine compression and
the oil pressure.
Oil sampling. Take a sample of your engine oil after
3500-5000 kilometres
of use,
have it analysed
by a
Etanoland
y Bioetanol.
Deny Oliva
It is worth pointing out here that ethanol is a dirt loosener. If

your engine is old and dirty, ethanol could cause problems
by suddenly unleashing dirt stored up in your fuel system,
combustion chamber, and crankcase. On any engine that has
been down the road a way on gasoline, it is recommended
that you switch to gasohol for a while before going to
straight ethanol. Gasohol is reputed to have a milder
cleansing effect on engines. It is recommended that the
engine selected for modification be in the best condition
possible.
6.1 Materials compatibility

The first question to consider in approaching engine
Bioetanol.
conversion is whether
there Etanol
are y any
materials in Deny
theOliva
fuel
Among non-metals, cork does not fare well with ethanol.

Polyurethane and fibreglass-reinforced polyester have also
been known to deteriorate in ethanol. Avoid plastic fuel
filters - the glass ones are preferable. Aside from these
items, non-metal problems with ethanol are unlikely.
Because ethanol is a dirt loosener, it will free dirt that has
accumulated throughout the fuel system. For this reason it is
important to install a fuel filter before the pump, and
another between the pump and the carburettor. Use the
cleanable type, and check it often in the first weeks of
ethanol use.
Finally, note that Procesos
ethanol
spilled on the vehicle paint
finish
Deny Oliva
6.2 Carburetion
The carburettor meters the flow of fuel to the cylinders and
mixes the fuel with air. Because ethanol supplies less energy
per unit of volume than does gasoline, fuel-metering jets
must be enlarged to allow the proper amount of fuel to pass.
The main modification required to run a carburetted engine
on ethanol is drilling out the jets or installing larger jets. It
is better to buy replacement jets and drill those out so you
still have the originals if you ever want to revert to gasoline.
For some carburettors used in racing, you can buy the next
size larger jet. You want to drill the jet out only 15% more
by total diameter, no more. In fact, start at only 8% and try
that first. EveryProcesos
engine
is different, accordingDenytoOliva its
Some carburettors incorporate a staging adjustment for the

accelerator pump. This controls the duration and quantity of
fuel injection from the pump. In addition to enlarging the
nozzle, lengthening the pump stroke may help.
Because ethanol is 7 to 8 per cent heavier than gasoline, it
may be necessary to adjust the float setting to maintain the
proper level of fuel in the float bowl. Otherwise the fuel
level will be too low. Bend the float up slightly or use a
thinner gasket under the needle seat. As an alternative, find
a slightly heavier float.
On cars with automatic chokes, adjust the choke unit to a
winter setting. When the engine is running again, adjust the
Deny Oliva
idle and mixture screws.
6.3 Cold starting

Below 15-20 C, ethanol will not vaporize sufficiently to
form a combustible mixture. The simplest way to start a
cold engine is to inject a more volatile fuel into the intake
manifold or carburettor. The most common method is to
salvage an old windshield washer pump and rig it up so you
can push a button on cold mornings to squirt a small shot of
gasoline into the carburettor. This is not easy to do with fuel
injection because every car manufactures have some very
technically advanced ways of dealing with this, though.
6.4 Spark quality

Because the ethanol fuel-air mixture tends to be poorly
vaporized under some conditions, it is useful to use a better
ignition system than the conventional breaker points
triggering system provided until recently on most cars.
Factory electronic or high-energy ignition is satisfactory.
But if your car does not come with this type of system, it is
worth obtaining an aftermarket capacitive discharge or
electronic ignition unit. These can be installed easily, and
they increase the voltage at the spark plugs and keep the
plugs cleaner.
Some difference of opinion exists on the question of spark
Bioetanol. out with the
Deny plugs
Oliva
plug heat range. Procesos
It isBioqumicos.
best Etanol
to ystart
6.5 Ignition timing

Other conditions being equal, the proper timing for an
ethanol engine is five to eight degrees advanced from the
optimum gasoline setting. But as you make changes
described in this chapter, you will change factors that affect
the proper timing. Improved manifold heating and increased
compression ratio require retarding the timing. So does
enriching the fuel-air ratio. With a moderate increase in
compression ratio and manifold heating, ignition timing will
be more like three to five degrees advanced from the ideal
gasoline timing.
Gasoline engines without emission controls (through 1967)
come with optimum
spark
timing.
Procesos
Bioqumicos.
Etanol y Bioetanol.
Deny Oliva
Starting in 1971, automakers used a variety of devices and

concepts, some of which include spark-timing controls to
reduce NOx.
How you adjust the timing on these cars will depend on the
components of your emission control system.
A gasoline engine will knock if the timing is too advanced,
but not so with ethanol. Unless you have use of a
dynamometer, the best way to check your timing setting is
on the highway. Time your acceleration from about 50 to 90
km/h with a three-degree advance, and keep advancing the
timing until you get the fastest acceleration time. The
minimum spark advance
for best power is your goal.Deny Oliva
6.6 Compression ratio

Ethanol's high octane rating allows a much higher
compression ratio than can be used in a gasoline engine. A
typical gas engine these days has a compression ratio of
about 8.5 to 1, while a reasonable goal for a converted
engine would be 10 or 11 to 1. Increased compression ratio
improves engine efficiency. Modified engines in this
country have run as high as 14 to 1, but pre-ignition,
reduced efficiency, and increased emissions can become
problems at such high ratios.There are two usual ways of
increasing the compression ratio.
Piston replacement
Deny Oliva
Cylinder head machining

Milling the cylinder head surface also reduces the
combustion chamber volume. Possible piston-valve
interference and rocker arm geometry problems must be
taken into account. On a V-engine, intake manifold
alignment with the heads must also be considered. Consult
an experienced machinist.
In either case, determine engine bore and stroke, and the
combustion chamber volume before and after, to calculate
the change in compression ratio.
Deny Oliva
6.7 Fuel vaporization and engine warm-up

To operate properly, an engine must be provided with a
fuel-air mixture that is mostly vaporized. A gasoline engine
is designed to provide adequate heat to the intake manifold,
from exhaust or cool-ant, to vaporize the fuel; ethanol
requires about five times as much heat to vaporize the
proper fuel-air mixture than gasoline does.
The best engine configuration for manifold heating
incorporates the intake and exhaust manifolds together on
the same side of the cylinder head, allowing heat to flow
readily from the exhaust to the intake manifold.
On the other hand, in an engine with the intake and exhaust
manifolds far apart,
fuel
vaporization
Procesos
Bioqumicos.
Etanol y Bioetanol. is less satisfactory.
Deny Oliva
Unless steps are taken to improve fuel vaporization,

performance and fuel economy will suffer, and wear will
increase. Several approaches to improving fuel vaporization
can be considered. The best one will depend on your
specific engine design.
Take water from the cooling system and route it through a
" copper tube wound tightly around the intake manifold
runners. Then provide a return to the cooling system. You
must choose the pick-up and return points to provide a
pressure differential, so that the water will circulate through
the tubing rather than just sitting there.
A similar approach can be taken with exhaust gas. Install a
pipe fitting in a high
pressure area in the exhaust manifold,
Deny Oliva
Alternatively, route the copper tubes inside the manifold

runners. It may be necessary to use tubing smaller than ".
The tubes must run continuously through the manifold so
that no coolant or exhaust gas is cycled into the fuel
mixture. Drill holes for tubing entrance and exit, and after
installing the tubes, braze the holes shut.
The advantage of this variant is that heat is available to
vaporize the fuel mixture more quickly than if the manifold
must be warmed first. The disadvantage is that the tubes
reduce the volume of fuel mixture flow to the engine, which
reduces power at full throttle.
If your car has a water-heated intake manifold, it may be
possible to increase
the flow of hot water through
the
Deny Oliva
E. ENERGY AND INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGIES
E.1 Ethanol resources on the web
Steve Spence's Renewable Energy site probably has the
most complete set of fuel ethanol resources on the Web.
http://www.webconx.com/ethanol.htm
The Ethanol Information Centre at Canada's Greenfuels Renewable Fuels Website has a large selection of factsheets
and FAQs on ethanol.
http://www.greenfuels.org/ethindex.html
Procesos
Bioqumicos.
Etanol y Bioetanol.
Deny Oliva
American Coalition
For
Ethanol
(ACE) is a non-profit
Biomass Energy Alliance is a non-profit organization that

promotes biomass energy use and development, brings
together business, industry, environmental and agricultural
groups and provides public education on biomass energy.
http://www.biomass.org
Clean Fuels Foundation implements the US national
environmental and energy awareness campaign, and
supports research projects on cleaner-burning transportation
fuels.
http://www.cleanfuels.org
Sustainable Minnesota (Minnesotans for an EnergyEfficient Economy - ME3) is a coalition working for a
Procesos
Bioqumicos.
Etanol y web
Bioetanol. site is run Deny
sustainable energy
future.
The
byOlivathe
"Ethanol - As A Fuel", comprehensive study project from

the Northwest Iowa Community College, including
laboratory production of ethanol.
http://www.nwicc.cc.ia.us/etsp.htm
Guide to making your own ethanol fuel with Robert
Warren`s still. Robert Warren has built 134 alcohol fuel
stills. It has an automatic temperature control valve, and
graduated heat loss via internal water cooling, both of
which are keys to consistent proof. It produced 180-proof
(90%) ethanol. Good resouces on ethanol, FAQ, you can
type a question, comment to Robert Warren, required
modification on engine, links.
Deny Oliva
REFERENCES
1. Saiki, T., Karaki, I., Roy, K. 1999. Biomass liquid fuels. CIGR
Handbook of Agrilultural Engineering, Volume V:
Energy&Biomass Engineering. ASAE, St. Joseph MI, 139201.
2. Hartmann, H. and A. Strehler. 1995. Die Stellung der Biomasse.
Landwirtschaftsverlag GmbH, Mnster.
3. Mathewson, S.W. 1980. The Manual for the Home and Farm
Production of Alcohol Fuel. Ten Speed Press, J.A. Diaz
Publications
(http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library/ethanol_manual/manu
al_ToC.html)
4. Smith, J.L. and J.P. Workman, J.P. 2004. Alcohol for Motor Fuels,
Farm Management Online Fact Sheets No. 5010, Colorado State
University Cooperative Extension
(http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/farmmgt/05010.html)
Deny Oliva
PROCESOS BIOQUMICOS.
(ETANOL Y BIOETANOL)
Dr. Deny Oliva Merencio.

Centro de Estudio de Tecnologas Energticas
Renovables (CETER).
CUJAE.
Calle 114 # 11901. Marianao. Ciudad de la Habana. Cuba.
Email: deny@ceter.cujae.edu.cu, deny_o@yahoo.com
Deny Oliva

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Curso: LA BIOMASA COMO FUENTE DE ENERGA.

Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica.

Prof. Dr. Deny Oliva Merencio

Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica. Energa Renovable.

o Qumica y composicin de los alcoholes

Procesos Bioqumicos. Etanol y Bioetanol.

Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica. Energa Renovable.

Qumica y composicin de los alcoholes

Procesos Bioqumicos. Etanol y Bioetanol.

Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica. Energa Renovable.

Qumica y composicin de los alcoholes

LA BIOMASA COMO FUENTE DE ENERGA

Procesos Bioqumicos. Etanol y Bioetanol.

Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica. Energa Renovable.

Nombres sistemticos y frmulas condensadas para

Frmula estructural de los alcoholes

Procesos Bioqumicos. Etanol y Bioetanol.

Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica. Energa Renovable.

Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica. Energa Renovable.

1.1 Why alcohols

Tab 2. Characteristics of chemically pure fuels, (Smith, Workman,

LA BIOMASA COMO FUENTE DE ENERGA

Procesos Bioqumicos. Etanol y Bioetanol.

Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica. Energa Renovable.

Fig. 5 Gasoline engine full throttle power output using

Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica. Energa Renovable.

Procesos Bioqumicos. Etanol y Bioetanol.

Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica. Energa Renovable.

1.2 Chemical and physical properties of ethanol

Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica. Energa Renovable.

Tab. 3 Physical properties of ethanol 1/2

LA BIOMASA COMO FUENTE DE ENERGA

Procesos Bioqumicos. Etanol y Bioetanol.

Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica. Energa Renovable.

Tab. 3 Physical properties of ethanol 2/2, (Saiki et al. 1999)

LA BIOMASA COMO FUENTE DE ENERGA

Procesos Bioqumicos. Etanol y Bioetanol.

Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica. Energa Renovable.

2. Row materials for ethanol

Procesos Bioqumicos. Etanol y Bioetanol.

Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica. Energa Renovable.

Tab. 4 Agriculture products used as row materials for ethanol fe

LA BIOMASA COMO FUENTE DE ENERGA

Procesos Bioqumicos. Etanol y Bioetanol.

Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica. Energa Renovable.

2.1 Starchy materials

Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica. Energa Renovable.

Assuming the starch value to be 24.3% (glucose content

Procesos Bioqumicos. Etanol y Bioetanol.

Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica. Energa Renovable.

Atypical method used in America, with corn as a

Procesos Bioqumicos. Etanol y Bioetanol.

Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica. Energa Renovable.

2.2 Saccharine materials

The main saccharine materials are sugar beet and sugar

Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica. Energa Renovable.

Ethanol fermentation of saccharine materials

In equation the fermentation ratio is 100%. In practice, a

Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica. Energa Renovable.

Fructose is metabolized in the same way like glucose.

Procesos Bioqumicos. Etanol y Bioetanol.

Maestra en Ingeniera Mecnica. Energa Renovable.

2.3 Lignocelluloses materials

3. Process of ethanol fermentation