LOS SOCKETS EN JAVA A. Fundamentos Los sockets son un sistema de comunicacin entre procesos de diferentes mquinas de una red.

Ms exactamente, un socket es un punto de comunicacin por el cual un proceso puede emitir o recibir informacin. Fueron popularizados por Berckley Software Distribution, de la universidad norteamericana de Berkley. Los sockets han de ser capaces de utilizar el protocolo de streams TCP (Transfer Contro Protocol) y el de datagramas UDP (User Datagram Protocol). Utilizan una serie de primitivas para establecer el punto de comunicacin, para conectarse a una mquina remota en un determinado puerto que est disponible, para escuchar en l, para leer o escribir y publicar informacin en l, y finalmente para desconectarse. Con todas primitivas se puede crear un sistema de dilogo muy completo.

Imagen 10: Funcionamiento de una conexin socket

Para ms informacin vase [Rifflet, 1998]. B. Ejemplo de uso Para comprender el funcionamiento de los sockets no hay nada mejor que estudiar un ejemplo. El que a continuacin se presenta establece un pequeo dilogo entre un programa servidor y sus clientes, que intercambiarn cadenas de informacin.
a.) Programa Cliente

El programa cliente se conecta a un servidor indicando el nombre de la mquina y el nmero puerto (tipo de servicio que solicita) en el que el servidor est instalado. Una vez conectado, lee una cadena del servidor y la escribe en la pantalla: import java.io.*;

import java.net.*;

class Cliente {

static final String HOST = "localhost";

static final int PUERTO=5000;

public Cliente( ) {

try{

Socket skCliente = new Socket( HOST , Puerto );

InputStream aux = skCliente.getInputStream();

DataInputStream flujo = new DataInputStream( aux );

System.out.println( flujo.readUTF() );

skCliente.close();

} catch( Exception e ) {

System.out.println( e.getMessage() );

public static void main( String[] arg ) {

new Cliente();

En primer lugar se crea el socket denominado skCliente, al que se le especifican el nombre de host (HOST) y el nmero de puerto (PORT) en este ejemplo constantes. Luego se asocia el flujo de datos de dicho socket (obtenido mediante getInputStream)), que es asociado a un flujo (flujo) DataInputStream de lectura secuencial. De dicho flujo capturamos una cadena ( readUTF() ), y la imprimimos por pantalla (System.out). El socket se cierra, una vez finalizadas las operaciones, mediante el mtodo close(). Debe observarse que se realiza una gestin de excepcin para capturar los posibles fallos tanto de los flujos de datos como del socket.
b.) Programa Servidor

El programa servidor se instala en un puerto determinado, a la espera de conexiones, a las que tratar mediante un segundo socket. Cada vez que se presenta un cliente, le saluda con una frase "Hola cliente N". Este servidor slo atender hasta tres clientes, y despus finalizar su ejecucin, pero es habitual utilizar bucles infinitos ( while(true) ) en los servidores, para que atiendan llamadas continuamente. Tras atender cuatro clientes, el servidor deja de ofrecer su servicio: import java.io.* ;

import java.net.* ;

class Servidor {

static final int PUERTO=5000;

public Servidor( ) {

try {

ServerSocket skServidor = new ServerSocket( PUERTO );

System.out.println("Escucho el puerto " + PUERTO );

for ( int numCli = 0; numCli < 3; numCli++; ) {

Socket skCliente = skServidor.accept(); // Crea objeto

System.out.println("Sirvo al cliente " + numCli);

OutputStream aux = skCliente.getOutputStream();

DataOutputStream flujo= new DataOutputStream( aux );

flujo.writeUTF( "Hola cliente " + numCli );

skCliente.close();

System.out.println("Demasiados clientes por hoy");

} catch( Exception e ) {

System.out.println( e.getMessage() );

public static void main( String[] arg ) {

new Servidor();

Utiliza un objeto de la clase ServerSocket (skServidor), que sirve para esperar las conexiones en un puerto determinado (PUERTO), y un objeto de la clase Socket (skCliente) que sirve para gestionar una conexin con cada cliente. Mediante un bucle for y la variable numCli se restringe el nmero de clientes a tres, con lo que cada vez que en el puerto de este servidor aparezca un cliente, se atiende y se incrementa el contador. Para atender a los clientes se utiliza la primitiva accept() de la clase ServerSocket, que es una rutina que crea un nuevo Socket (skCliente) para atender a un cliente que se ha conectado a ese servidor. Se asocia al socket creado (skCliente) un flujo (flujo) de salida DataOutputStream de escritura secuencial, en el que se escribe el mensaje a enviar al cliente.

El tratamiento de las excepciones es muy reducido en nuestro ejemplo, tan solo se captura e imprime el mensaje que incluye la excepcin mediante getMessage().
c.) Ejecucin

Aunque la ejecucin de los sockets est diseada para trabajar con ordenadores en red, en sistemas operativos multitarea (por ejemplo Windows y UNIX) se puede probar el correcto funcionamiento de un programa de sockets en una misma mquina. Para ellos se ha de colocar el servidor en una ventana, obteniendo lo siguiente: >java Servidor Escucho el puerto 5000 En otra ventana se lanza varias veces el programa cliente, obteniendo: >java Cliente Hola cliente 1 >java cliente Hola cliente 2 >java cliente Hola cliente 3 >java cliente connection refused: no further information Mientras tanto en la ventana del servidor se ha impreso: Sirvo al cliente 1 Sirvo al cliente 2 Sirvo al cliente 3 Demasiados clientes por hoy Cuando se lanza el cuarto de cliente, el servidor ya ha cortado la conexin, con lo que se lanza una excepcin.

Obsrvese que tanto el cliente como el servidor pueden leer o escribir del socket. Los mecanismos de comunicacin pueden ser refinados cambiando la implementacin de los sockets, mediante la utilizacin de las clases abstractas que el paquete java.net provee.

Lesson 1: Socket Communications

Lesson 1: Socket Communications

[ <<BACK] [ CONTENTS] [ NEXT>>] Java Programming Language Basics, Part 1, finished with a simple network communications example using the Remote Method Invocation (RMI) application programming interface (API). The RMI example allows multiple client programs to communicate with the same server program without any explicit code to do this because the RMI API is built on sockets and threads. This lesson presents a simple sockets-based program to introduce the concepts of sockets and multi-threaded programming. A multi-threaded program performs multiple tasks at one time such as fielding simultaneous requests from many client programs.

What are Sockets and Threads? About the Examples Example 1: Server-Side Program Example 1: Client-Side Program Example 2: Multithreaded Server Example More Information

Note: See Creating a Threaded Slide Show Applet for another example of how multiple threads can be used in a program.

What are Sockets and Threads?

A socket is a software endpoint that establishes bidirectional communication between a server program and one or more client programs. The socket associates the server program with a specific hardware port on the machine where it runs so any client program anywhere in the network with a socket associated with that same port can communicate with the server program. A server program typically provides resources to a network of client programs. Client programs send requests to the server program, and the server program responds to the request.

One way to handle requests from more than one client is to make the server program multithreaded. A multi-threaded server creates a thread for each communication it accepts from a client. A thread is a sequence of instructions that run independently of the program and of any other threads. Using threads, a multi-threaded server program can accept a connection from a client, start a thread for that communication, and continue listening for requests from other clients.

About the Examples

The examples for this lesson consist of two versions of the client and server program pair adapted from the FileIO.java application presented in Part 1, Lesson 6: File Access and Permissions. Example 1 sets up a client and server communication between one server program and one client program. The server program is not multi-threaded and cannot handle requests from more than one client. Example 2 converts the server program to a multi-threaded version so it can handle requests from more than one client. Example 1: Client-Side Behavior The client program presents a simple user interface and prompts for text input. When you click the Click Me button, the text is sent to the server program. The client program expects an echo from the server and prints the echo it receives on its standard output.

Example 1: Server-Side Behavior The server program presents a simple user interface, and when you click the Click Me button, the text received from the client is displayed. The server echoes the text it receives whether or not you click the Click Me button.

Example 1: Compile and Run To run the example programs, start the server program first. If you do not, the client program cannot establish the socket connection. Here are the compiler and interpreter commands to compile and run the example.
javac SocketServer.java javac SocketClient.java java SocketServer java SocketClient

Example 1: Server-Side Program

The server program establishes a socket connection on Port 4321 in its listenSocket method. It reads data sent to it and sends that same data back to the server in its actionPerformed method. listenSocket Method The listenSocket method creates a ServerSocket object with the port number on which the server program is going to listen for client communications. The port number must be an available port, which means the number cannot be reserved or already in use. For example, Unix systems reserve ports 1 through 1023 for administrative functions leaving port numbers greater than 1024 available for use.
public void listenSocket(){ try{ server = new ServerSocket(4321); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Could not listen on port 4321"); System.exit(-1); } listenSocketSocketserver.acceptSocket try{

client = server.accept(); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Accept failed: 4321"); System.exit(-1); } listenSocketBufferedReaderclientPrintWriter try{ in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader( client.getInputStream())); out = new PrintWriter(client.getOutputStream(), true); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Read failed"); System.exit(-1); } } listenSocket while(true){ try{ line = in.readLine(); //Send data back to client out.println(line); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Read failed"); System.exit(-1); } }

actionPerformed Method The actionPerformed method is called by the Java platform for action events such as button clicks. This actionPerformed method uses the text stored in the line object to initialize the textArea object so the retrieved text can be displayed to the end user.
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) { Object source = event.getSource(); if(source == button){ textArea.setText(line); } }

Example 1: Client-Side Program

The client program establishes a connection to the server program on a particular host and port number in its listenSocket method, and sends the data entered by the end user to the server program in its actionPerformed method. The actionPerformed method also receives the data back from the server and prints it to the command line. listenSocket Method The listenSocket method first creates a Socket object with the computer name ( kq6py) and port number (4321) where the server program is listening for client connection requests. Next, it creates a PrintWriter object to send data over the socket connection to the server program. It also creates a BufferedReader object to read the text sent by the server back to the client.
public void listenSocket(){ //Create socket connection try{ socket = new Socket("kq6py", 4321); out = new PrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream(), true); in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader( socket.getInputStream())); } catch (UnknownHostException e) { System.out.println("Unknown host: kq6py"); System.exit(1); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("No I/O"); System.exit(1); } }

actionPerformed Method The actionPerformed method is called by the Java platform for action events such as button clicks. This actionPerformed method code gets the text in the Textfield object and passes it to the PrintWriter object, which then sends it over the socket connection to the server program. The actionPerformed method then makes the Textfield object blank so it is ready for more end user input. Lastly, it receives the text sent back to it by the server and prints the text out.
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event){ Object source = event.getSource();

if(source == button){ //Send data over socket String text = textField.getText(); out.println(text); textField.setText(new String("")); out.println(text); } //Receive text from server try{ String line = in.readLine(); System.out.println("Text received: " + line); } catch (IOException e){ System.out.println("Read failed"); System.exit(1); } }

Example 2: Multithreaded Server Example

The example in its current state works between the server program and one client program only. To allow multiple client connections, the server program has to be converted to a multithreaded server program.

First Client

Second Client

Third Client

In this example the listenSocket method loops on the server.accept call waiting for client connections and creates an instance of the ClientWorker class for each client connection it accepts. The textArea component that displays the text received from the client connection is passed to the ClientWorker instance with the accepted client connection.
public void listenSocket(){ try{ server = new ServerSocket(4444); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Could not listen on port 4444"); System.exit(-1); } while(true){ ClientWorker w; try{ //server.accept returns a client connection w = new ClientWorker(server.accept(), textArea); Thread t = new Thread(w); t.start(); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Accept failed: 4444"); System.exit(-1); } } }

The important changes in this version of the server program over the non-threaded server program are the line and client variables are no longer instance variables of the server class, but are handled inside the ClientWorker class. The ClientWorker class implements the Runnable interface, which has one method, run. The run method executes independently in each thread. If three clients request connections, three ClientWorker instances are created, a thread is started for each ClientWorker instance, and the run method executes for each thread. In this example, the run method creates the input buffer and output writer, loops on the input stream waiting for input from the client, sends the data it receives back to the client, and sets the text in the text area.
class ClientWorker implements Runnable { private Socket client; private JTextArea textArea; //Constructor ClientWorker(Socket client, JTextArea textArea) { this.client = client;

this.textArea = textArea; } public void run(){ String line; BufferedReader in = null; PrintWriter out = null; try{ in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(client.getInputStream())); out = new PrintWriter(client.getOutputStream(), true); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("in or out failed"); System.exit(-1); } while(true){ try{ line = in.readLine(); //Send data back to client out.println(line); //Append data to text area textArea.append(line); }catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Read failed"); System.exit(-1); } } } } JTextArea.appendJTextArea.appendtextArea.append(line)synchronizedruntextA rea.append(line)appendText(line) public synchronized void appendText(line){ textArea.append(line); } synchronizedtextAreatextArea

The finalize() method is called by the Java virtual machine (JVM)* before the program exits to give the program a chance to clean up and release resources. Multi-threaded programs should close all Files and Sockets they use before exiting so they do not face resource starvation. The call to server.close() in the finalize() method closes the Socket connection used by each thread in this program.
protected void finalize(){ //Objects created in run method are finalized when //program terminates and thread exits try{ server.close(); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Could not close socket");

System.exit(-1); } }

import import import import

java.awt.Color; java.awt.BorderLayout; java.awt.event.*; javax.swing.*;

import java.io.*; import java.net.*; class SocketClient extends JFrame implements ActionListener { JLabel text, clicked; JButton button; JPanel panel; JTextField textField; Socket socket = null; PrintWriter out = null; BufferedReader in = null; SocketClient(){ //Begin Constructor text = new JLabel("Text to send over socket:"); textField = new JTextField(20); button = new JButton("Click Me"); button.addActionListener(this); panel = new JPanel(); panel.setLayout(new BorderLayout()); panel.setBackground(Color.white); getContentPane().add(panel); panel.add("North", text); panel.add("Center", textField); panel.add("South", button); } //End Constructor public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event){ Object source = event.getSource(); if(source == button){ //Send data over socket String text = textField.getText(); out.println(text); textField.setText(new String("")); //Receive text from server try{ String line = in.readLine(); System.out.println("Text received :" + line); } catch (IOException e){ System.out.println("Read failed"); System.exit(1); } } } public void listenSocket(){ //Create socket connection try{ socket = new Socket("kq6py", 4444);

out = new PrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream(), true); in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream())); } catch (UnknownHostException e) { System.out.println("Unknown host: kq6py.eng"); System.exit(1); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("No I/O"); System.exit(1); } } public static void main(String[] args){ SocketClient frame = new SocketClient(); frame.setTitle("Client Program"); WindowListener l = new WindowAdapter() { public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) { System.exit(0); } }; frame.addWindowListener(l); frame.pack(); frame.setVisible(true); frame.listenSocket(); } }

import import import import

java.awt.Color; java.awt.BorderLayout; java.awt.event.*; javax.swing.*;

import java.io.*; import java.net.*; class SocketClient extends JFrame implements ActionListener { JLabel text, clicked; JButton button; JPanel panel; JTextField textField; Socket socket = null; PrintWriter out = null; BufferedReader in = null; SocketClient(){ //Begin Constructor text = new JLabel("Text to send over socket:"); textField = new JTextField(20); button = new JButton("Click Me"); button.addActionListener(this); panel = new JPanel(); panel.setLayout(new BorderLayout()); panel.setBackground(Color.white); getContentPane().add(panel); panel.add("North", text); panel.add("Center", textField); panel.add("South", button); } //End Constructor public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event){ Object source = event.getSource(); if(source == button){ //Send data over socket String text = textField.getText(); out.println(text); textField.setText(new String("")); //Receive text from server try{ String line = in.readLine(); System.out.println("Text received :" + line); } catch (IOException e){ System.out.println("Read failed"); System.exit(1); } } } public void listenSocket(){ //Create socket connection try{ socket = new Socket("kq6py", 4444);

out = new PrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream(), true); in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream())); } catch (UnknownHostException e) { System.out.println("Unknown host: kq6py.eng"); System.exit(1); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("No I/O"); System.exit(1); } } public static void main(String[] args){ SocketClient frame = new SocketClient(); frame.setTitle("Client Program"); WindowListener l = new WindowAdapter() { public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) { System.exit(0); } }; frame.addWindowListener(l); frame.pack(); frame.setVisible(true); frame.listenSocket(); } }

import import import import

java.awt.Color; java.awt.BorderLayout; java.awt.event.*; javax.swing.*;

import java.io.*; import java.net.*; class ClientWorker implements Runnable { private Socket client; private JTextArea textArea; ClientWorker(Socket client, JTextArea textArea) { this.client = client; this.textArea = textArea; } public void run(){ String line; BufferedReader in = null; PrintWriter out = null; try{ in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(client.getInputStream())); out = new PrintWriter(client.getOutputStream(), true); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("in or out failed"); System.exit(-1); } while(true){ try{ line = in.readLine(); //Send data back to client out.println(line); textArea.append(line); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Read failed"); System.exit(-1); } } } } class SocketThrdServer extends JFrame{ JLabel label = new JLabel("Text received over socket:"); JPanel panel; JTextArea textArea = new JTextArea(); ServerSocket server = null; SocketThrdServer(){ //Begin Constructor panel = new JPanel(); panel.setLayout(new BorderLayout()); panel.setBackground(Color.white); getContentPane().add(panel); panel.add("North", label);

panel.add("Center", textArea); } //End Constructor public void listenSocket(){ try{ server = new ServerSocket(4444); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Could not listen on port 4444"); System.exit(-1); } while(true){ ClientWorker w; try{ w = new ClientWorker(server.accept(), textArea); Thread t = new Thread(w); t.start(); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Accept failed: 4444"); System.exit(-1); } } } protected void finalize(){ //Objects created in run method are finalized when //program terminates and thread exits try{ server.close(); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Could not close socket"); System.exit(-1); } } public static void main(String[] args){ SocketThrdServer frame = new SocketThrdServer(); frame.setTitle("Server Program"); WindowListener l = new WindowAdapter() { public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) { System.exit(0); } }; frame.addWindowListener(l); frame.pack(); frame.setVisible(true); frame.listenSocket(); } }

Javachat: Idea del La implementacin del programa servidor sigue las siguientes ideas: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Proyecto

Se inicia el servidor El servidor se mantiene escuchando cualquier peticin de un cliente para conectarse. El servidor acepta al cliente. El servidor lanza un hilo de comunicacin con el cliente. Por el hilo se envan y reciben mensajes a travs del servidor entre todos los clientes. 6. Si el cliente cierra la comunicacin el hilo se rompe y se corta la comunicacin con ese cliente. La implementacin del programa cliente sigue las siguientes ideas: 1. 2. 3. 4. Se inicia el cliente El cliente lanza una peticin al servidor para conectarse El servidor asigna un hilo al cliente al ser aceptado. El cliente enva y recibe mensajes por el hilo hacia todos o hacia algun usuario especfico, usando al servidor como puente para las comunicaciones.

Para esto se ha empleado objetos de la clase ServerSocket y Socket para el servidor y cliente respectivamente que permiten la conexion entre cliente y servidor mientras que los Hilos sirven para hacer que el servidor se mantenga escuchando y no interrumpa su proceso mientras los clientes se comunican a traves de mensajes.A continuacion unas definiciones: Sockets:Los sockets no son ms que puntos o mecanismos de comunicacin entre procesos que permiten que un proceso hable ( emita o reciba informacin ) con otro proceso incluso estando estos procesos en distintas mquinas. Esta caracterstica de interconectividad entre mquinas hace que el concepto de socket nos sirva de gran utilidad. Hilos: Un hilo es un flujo de ejecucin de cdigo, y mediante hilos, podemos hacer que nuestros programas aparentemente realicen varias tareas al mismo tiempo.Por ejemplo, un cdigo podra interaccionar con el usuario mientras realiza tareas de segundo plano de gran consumo de tiempo.Los hilos separados realmente no se ejecutan al mismo tiempo(a menos que se tenga una maquina multiprocesador); en realidad cada hilo obtiene secuencias de tiempo del mismo procesador.Ayuda para la aplicacin: Siga los siguientes pasos: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Inicie el IDE Netbeans Abra el proyecto Ejecute la el archivo servidor.java Ejecute cuantas veces desee el archivo VentCliente.java Ingrese localhost si los clientes se ejecutan sobre una misma PC. Ingrese un nick, con el que sera identificado. En la ventana que le aparece Ud. podr conversar con todos a la vez. Para conversar en privado con un solo contacto, elija en la lista de contactos a un usuario y luego pulse el botn privado. 9. A continuacin le aparecer una ventana mas pequea en la que podr comunicarse solo con su contacto.

10. Para salir simplemente cierre la ventana y el cliente se desconectar automticamente.