Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Montevideo
Octubre 2007
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Contenido
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¿Qué determina la competitividad?
Necesario,
pero no
Contexto macroeconómico, político, legal y social
suficiente
La competitividad requiere:
• Mejorar la capacidad de competir de las empresas
• Mejorar el entorno microeconómico
Fuente: Porter, MOC 2007 3
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La importancia de las empresas
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La inversión externa directa
Contexto macroeconómico, político, legal y social Los Países compiten por la Canalización de
Inversiones Externas Directas
Bases microeconómicas del crecimiento
Sofisticación de la
estrategia y operativa de
Calidad del entorno
microeconómico
Por que?
las empresas empresarial
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La calidad del entorno para los negocios
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Las nuevas áreas base
El dinamismo de la economía mundial está propiciando rápidos procesos
de cambio tanto en los Gobiernos y sus Administraciones como en las
Empresas y los miembros que las conforman.
Nuevas
Areas Base
GLOBALIZACIÓN
Globalizar la Innovación
Reorganizarse para la globalización
COOP.
Estandarización global
NETWORK LOCAL Modelos globales
CLUSTERS Aprovisionamiento global
Producción global
Cohesión Interna Liderazgo desde cualquier lugar
Redes vivas
Magnetismo
Cultura productiva
(atracción flujos)
Auto-organización
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Competitividad, empresas y clusters
z Núcleos de mejora de competitividad
z Crean valor
Empresas
z innovan, aprenden, desarrollan
capacidades
Países/ Regiones
Competitivas
z Productividad
z Prosperidad
Clusters
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z Competitividad, empresas y clusters
z Qué es un cluster? Concepto y dimensiones.
z Es una idea nueva? Es una moda? Fundamentos.
z El cluster: herramienta y factores claves de éxito.
z Inversión Externa Directa y Cluster
z Contextualizando los procesos en Uruguay
z Porque trabajar con enfoque de clusters
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¿Qué es un cluster?
Aspectos claves:
“Coopetencia’
cooperación y competencia.
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Dimensiones del concepto de cluster
z Dimensión geográfica
» Cercanía: competencia, conocimiento y funcionamiento en red.
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Dimensiones del concepto de cluster
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Qué incluye (y qué no es) un cluster
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Ejemplo: Turismo en Australia
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z Competitividad, empresas y clusters
z Qué es un cluster? Concepto y dimensiones.
z Es una idea nueva? Es una moda? Fundamentos.
z El cluster: herramienta y factores claves de exito
z Inversión Externa Directa y Clusters
z Contextualizando los procesos en Uruguay
z Porque trabajar con enfoque de clusters
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Fundamentos económicos de los clusters
z La importancia de la cooperación
» Implementar iniciativas de desarrollo de competitividad basada en innovación requiere
cultura de cooperación (los actores no se verán atraídos por enfoques basados en
acción colectiva).
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Clusters y competitividad
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z Competitividad, empresas y clusters
z Qué es un cluster? Concepto y dimensiones.
z Es una idea nueva? Es una moda? Fundamentos.
z El cluster: herramienta y factores claves de éxito
z Inversión Externa Directa y Clusters.
z Contextualizando los procesos en Uruguay
z Porque trabajar con enfoque de clusters
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Clusters: realidad económica y herramienta
Cluster Cluster
Iniciativas de
Políticas con enfoque promoción de
de cluster clusters
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Políticas e iniciativas de cluster
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Factores de éxito de los clusters
Condiciones de base Factores críticos
z Empresas competitivas
A z Ventajas específicas B
z Cooperación
z Multinacional nivel mundial z Capital humano
z Clusters relacionados z Innovación e I+D
Fuente: IC-UCU, sobre la base de DTI (2004), Sölvell et al (2003), van der Linde (2003), Porter (1998) 21
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Construcción de clusters exitosos
z Roles: asunción de roles por parte de los actores, tanto públicos como
privados (los roles del futuro). Liderazgos. La importancia de lo local.
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z Competitividad, empresas y clusters
z Qué es un cluster? Concepto y dimensiones.
z Es una idea nueva? Es una moda? Fundamentos.
z Novedad? El cluster como herramienta.
z Factores claves de éxito de un cluster.
z Inversión Externa Directa y Clusters.
z Contextualizando los procesos en Uruguay
z Porque trabajar con enfoque de clusters
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Inversión Externa Directa. Flujos Crecientes.
Se observa:
Favorecida por:
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Inversión Externa Directa y Clusters
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Inversión Externa Directa y Clusters
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z Competitividad, empresas y clusters
z Qué es un cluster? Concepto y dimensiones.
z Es una idea nueva? Es una moda? Fundamentos.
z El cluster: herramienta y factores claves de éxito .
z Inversión Externa Directa y Clusters.
z Contextualizando los procesos en Uruguay
z Porque trabajar con enfoque de clusters
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Uruguay - Especialización por clusters
0.7%
0.6%
Participación en exportaciones mundiales
0.4%
0.3%
2004
Fuente: Elaboración propia en base al International Cluster Competitiveness Project, Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, Harvard
Bussiness School. Copyright 2005 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. All rights reserved.
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URUGUAY - ESPECIALIZACIÓN POR CLUSTERS
0.70%
Participación en exportaciones mundiales 2004
0.60%
Productos agropecuarios
0.40%
0.30% Pesca
Alimentos Procesados
Materiales de constr.
0.20% Tabaco
Textiles
0.10% Productos forestales
Plásticos
Artículos constr. Caucho
Vestimenta
0.00%
-0.35% -0.30% -0.25% -0.20% -0.15% -0.10% -0.05% 0.00% 0.05% 0.10%
-0.10%
Fuente: Elaboración propia en base al International Cluster Competitiveness Project, Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, Harvard
Bussiness School. Copyright 2005 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. All rights reserved.
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Uruguay: Exportaciones de Productos Forestales
0.90%
0.80%
Madera en bruto
y chips
0.70%
0.60%
Participaci{on en el Mercado Mundial (2004)
0.50%
0.40%
0.30%
0.20%
Productos de
Papel
0.10%
Papel
Pulpa
0.00%
-0.20% -0.10% 0.00% 0.10% 0.20% 0.30% 0.40% 0.50%
-0.10%
-0.20%
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Programa PACPYMES
Objetivos específicos
• Desarrollo de la capacidad institucional y de
cooperación entre actores públicos y privados Logística
• Apoyo a procesos de innovación e y transporte
internacionalización
• Insertar estas acciones en el marco de una
estrategia nacional participativa y sostenible de
largo plazo
Dotación económica (2005-2009) Queso CC. De la Vida
Presupuesto: 7,5 millones euros artesanal
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Programa PACC
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z La política industrial actual explicita el apoyo al desarrollo de
procesos de clasterización
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z Competitividad, empresas y clusters
z Qué es un cluster? Concepto y dimensiones.
z Es una idea nueva? Es una moda? Fundamentos.
z Novedad? El cluster como herramienta.
z Factores claves de éxito de un cluster.
z Contextualizando los procesos en Uruguay
z Porque trabajar con enfoque de clusters
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Dimensión del enfoque de cluster
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z Constituye un marco para que el gobierno ordene
decisiones de política industrial a nivel regional
z Contribuye a generar espacios para iniciativas público/
privadas.
z Facilita el desarrollo de estrategias regionales a partir de
metodologías participativas, permitiendo construir una
visión colectiva como marco.
z Implica un cambio en el rol del estado: de intervención
directa a catalizador y articulador.
z Pone en valor el nivel local como ámbito de actuación y la
descentralización en la toma de decisiones.
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z Requiere de nuevas formas de gestión,
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Muchas Gracias
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