Tipos penales en los tribunales especiales internacionales

diciembre 5

Universidad de Guadalajara | Derecho Internacional Penal | Presencial | Matutino | 10.00-13.00 | Docente: Arturo Villarreal | Autor: Juan Ramn Gutirrez Olarte (209345868)

Una comparacin con el Estatuto de la Corte Penal Internacional

INTRODUCCIN
Dentro del marco del mltiple avance internacional que existe entre las naciones en nuestros das; dentro del marco de las mltiples formas de cooperacin que existen hoy entre los pueblos; dentro del marco de las mltiples formas de intercambio cultural entre las etnias; pero tambin dentro del marco de las mltiples y nuevas formas de agresin que se pueden dar en las naciones modernas y civilizadas, cabe hacer un anlisis de lo que se constituy como un instrumento eficaz para desterrar la tirana y opresin de los pueblos.

Nos referimos a la Corte Penal Internacional. Pero hemos de aclarar ya desde el principio que nuestro objetivo no ser estudiar a toda la Corte en cuanto instrumento; ms bien, para poder demostrar que en efecto esta corte, si bien no ha sido totalmente eficaz1, puede llegar a serlo, haremos un breve anlisis de los diferentes tipos penales incluidos en el Estatuto de la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI) comparndolos con los tipos penales que a lo largo de la historia de la segunda mitad del siglo XX e inicios del siglo XXI se han configurado en los distintos tribunales penales especiales internacionales, desde Nremberg hasta Camboya.

Esta comparacin tiene como objeto llegar a descubrir la valiosa oportunidad que tuvo la CPI al constituirse en junio de 1998, con la firma del Estatuto de Roma por varios pases, cuyo nmero actual es de 1202, ya que encontraremos comportamientos constantes en los diferentes tribunales que nos descubren la

Y esto no es necesario que lo sustente, simplemente tngase en cuenta las mltiples impunidades de las naciones que aparecen en cada momento en las noticias televisivas y en las cadenas informativas de mayor renombre; un ejemplo, Reuters. 2 120 pays sont tats Parties au Statut de Rome de la Cour pnale internationale. En http://www.icccpi.int/menus/asp/states%20parties/the%20states%20parties%20to%20the%20rome%20statute?lan=fr-FR [Portal de la Corte Penal Internacional, diciembre de 2011]

frecuencia de tipos penales, constantes, razn por la cual la CPI tiene su validez histrica el da de hoy. Por lo dems, los tribunales especiales que tendremos a bien analizar son3: 1. Tribunal Militar Internacional del Nremberg. 2. Tribunal Militar Internacional de Tokio. 3. Tribunal Penal Internacional para la Ex-Yugoslavia. 4. Tribunal Penal Internacional de Ruanda. VIII, 1945. I, 1946. V, 1993. XI, 1994.

Orden cronolgico segn un autgrafo proporcionado por Arturo Villarreal Palos, docente investigador de la Universidad de Guadalajara, Mxico. Nos hemos permitido omitir unos cuantos tribunales que por su naturaleza tienen que ser excluidos a pesar de que los delitos contemplados en ellos has sido de pleno carcter internacional.

ESTATUTO DE LA CPI
Brevemente miremos los tipos penales que de acuerdo al Estatuto estn configurados como mbitos de jurisdiccin de la CPI.
Crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court The jurisdiction of the Court shall be limited to the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole. The Court has jurisdiction in accordance with this Statute with respect to the following crimes: (a) The crime of genocide; (b) Crimes against humanity; (c) War crimes; (d) The crime of aggression
4

El anterior extracto es del artculo 5 del Estatuto de la CPI, en l podemos leer los crmenes que recaen dentro de la jurisdiccin de la Corte. Una caracterstica esencial de estos crmenes es la de concernir a la comunidad internacional como un todo; ellos son: genocidio, crmenes contra la humanidad [o comnmente llamados de lesa humanidad], crmenes de guerra; crimen de agresin.

Por lo dems se nos ha sido muy especficos al determinar que no es nuestro asunto tratar cada crimen por su propia cuenta.

Si el lector quisiera profundizar ms en la materia que concierne a cada uno de los delitos, le recomendamos vivamente leer los artculos 6-21.

Artculo 5. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. [Versin digital pdf, cargada desde http://www.icc-cpi.int] [Diciembre de 2011]

LA CPI Y NREMBERG
El primer tribunal que compararemos es el que tuvo lugar en Nremberg una vez finalizada la II Guerra Mundial. En el mismo podemos constatar que se configuraron los siguientes delitos:
Article 6 The Tribunal established by the Agreement referred to m Article 1 hereof for the trial and punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis countries shall have the power to try and punish persons who, acting in the interests of the European Axis countries, whether as individuals or as members of organizations, committed any of the following crimes. The following acts, or any of them, are crimes coming within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal for which there shall be individual responsibility: (a) CRIMES AGAINST PEACE: namely, planning, preparation, initiation or waging of a war of aggression, or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances, or participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the foregoing; (b) WAR CRIMES: namely, violations of the laws or customs of war. Such violations shall include, but not be limited to, murder, ill-treatment or deportation to slave labor or for any other purpose of civilian population of or in occupied territory, murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war or persons on the seas, killing of hostages, plunder of public or private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity; (c)CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY: namely, murder, extermination, enslavement,

deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war; or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds in execution of or in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the country where perpetrated. Leaders, organizers, instigators and accomplices participating in the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to commit any of the foregoing crimes are responsible for all acts performed by any persons in execution of such plan
5

Articulo 6. Charter of the International Military Tribunal [at Nuremberg]. [Tomado del portal de la embajada norteamericana en Alemania, diciembre de 2011] http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga4-trials.htm [Las negrillas son mas, para resaltar los delitos configurados]

Podemos ver que se configuran los delitos contra la paz [actual delito de agresin], los delitos de guerra, y los delitos contra la humanidad [entre los cuales vena incluido el delito de genocidio].

Se configuran plenamente todos los tipos penales que encontramos en el Estatuto de Roma.

En todo caso al final del documento tenemos pensado hacer una tabla comparativa entre los distintos tribunales y la CPI.

LA CPI Y TOKIO
En el caso de Tokio, Japn, despus de la II Guerra Mundial, tenemos otro tribunal internacional encargado de juzgar los delitos internacionales cometidos en la regin Asia-Pacfico. Podemos ver en el artculo 5 de la carta de constitucin del Tribunal Internacional Militar para el Lejano Oriente, encontrado en el portal jurdico de la Universidad de Oslo:
Article 5 Jurisdiction over persons and offences The Tribunal shall have the power to try and punish Far Eastern war criminals who as individuals or as members of organizations are charged with offences which include Crimes against Peace.

The following acts, or any of them, are crimes coming within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal for which there shall be individual responsibility:

a. Crimes against Peace: Namely, the planning, preparation, initiation or waging of a declared or undeclared war of aggression, or a war in violation of international law, treaties, agreements or assurances, or participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the foregoing; b. Conventional War Crimes: Namely, violations of the laws or customs of war; c. Crimes against Humanity: Namely, murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war, or persecutions on political or racial grounds in execution of or in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the country where perpetrated. Leaders, organizers, instigators and accomplices participating in

the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to commit any of the foregoing crimes are responsible for all acts performed by any person in execution of such plan
6

Nuevamente, como en Nremberg, encontramos configurados todos los delitos que el Estatuto de Roma contempla. Si bien, tanto en Nremberg como en Tokio, el delito de genocidio no se encuentra todava separado de la concepcin de delitos contra la humanidad.

Artculo 5. Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. [Tomado del portal de la Universidad de Oslo, Noruega, diciembre de 2011] http://www.jus.uio.no/english/services/library/treaties/04/4-06/military-tribunal-far-east.xml [Las negrillas son mas, para resaltar los delitos]

LA CPI Y LA EX-YUGOSLAVIA
Despus de los dos tribunales de pos-guerra, es necesario dar un salto de casi 50 aos para encontrar un nuevo tribunal anterior a la creacin de la CPI.

Los delitos que encontramos configurados esta vez son:

Article 1 Competence of the International Tribunal The International Tribunal shall have the power to prosecute persons responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991 in accordance with the provisions of the present Statute. Article 2 Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 The International Tribunal shall have the power to prosecute persons committing or ordering to be committed grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, namely the following acts against persons or property protected under the provisions of the relevant Geneva Convention: (a) wilful killing; (b) torture or inhuman treatment, including biological experiments; (c) wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health; (d) extensive destruction and appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly; (e) compelling a prisoner of war or a civilian to serve in the forces of a hostile power; (f) wilfully depriving a prisoner of war or a civilian of the rights of fair and regular trial; (g) unlawful deportation or transfer or unlawful confinement of a civilian; (h) taking civilians as hostages. Article 3 Violations of the laws or customs of war The International Tribunal shall have the power to prosecute persons violating the laws or customs of war. Such violations shall include, but not be limited to: (a) employment of poisonous weapons or other weapons calculated to cause unnecessary suffering; (b) wanton destruction of cities, towns or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity; (c) attack, or bombardment, by whatever means, of undefended towns, villages, dwellings, or buildings;

(d) seizure of, destruction or wilful damage done to institutions dedicated to religion, charity and education, the arts and sciences, historic monuments and works of art and science; (e) plunder of public or private property. Article 4 Genocide 1. The International Tribunal shall have the power to prosecute persons committing genocide as defined in paragraph 2 of this article or of committing any of the other acts enumerated in paragraph 3 of this article. 2. Genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: 5 (a) killing members of the group; (b) causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. 3. The following acts shall be punishable: (a) genocide; (b) conspiracy to commit genocide; (c) direct and public incitement to commit genocide; (d) attempt to commit genocide; (e) complicity in genocide. Article 5 Crimes against humanity The International Tribunal shall have the power to prosecute persons responsible for the following crimes when committed in armed conflict, whether international or internal in character, and directed against any civilian population: (a) murder; (b) extermination; (c) enslavement; (d) deportation; (e) imprisonment; (f) torture; (g) rape; (h) persecutions on political, racial and religious grounds;

(i) other inhumane acts

Estos son los artculos extrados del Estatuto del Tribunal para la antigua Yugoslavia.

Podemos ver que se encuentran configurados todos los tipos penales que actualmente la CPI contempla. Esto lo hacemos ver resaltando con negrillas aquellas palabras claves que nos hablan de los tipos penales.

A excepcin del tipo penal de agresin, ya que en ste caso no encontramos el inicio de una guerra de una nacin contra otra, sino no ms bien entre etnias internas a una nica nacin. Hoy en da es aceptado que ya son varias las repblicas derivadas de la disolucin de la antigua Yugoslavia, pero eso no legitima que se pueda hablar del delito de agresin.

Artculos 1-5. Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. [Tomado del portal del mismo Tribunal especial para la Ex-Yugoslavia, diciembre de 2011] http://www.icty.org/x/file/Legal%20Library/Statute/statute_sept09_en.pdf [Las negrillas son mas]

10

LA CPI Y RWANDA
Pasemos a ver ahora rpidamente el caso de la Repblica africana de Rwanda. Los delitos que encontramos contemplados, segn el Estatuto del Tribunal Internacional Penal para Rwanda, encontrado en el portal de las Naciones Unidas:
Article 1: Competence of the International Tribunal for Rwanda

The International Tribunal for Rwanda shall have the power to prosecute persons responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of Rwanda and Rwandan citizens responsible for such violations committed in the territory of neighbouring States between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994, in accordance with the provisions of the present Statute.

Article 2: Genocide

1.The International Tribunal for Rwanda shall have the power to prosecute persons committing genocide as defined in paragraph 2 of this article or of committing any of the other acts enumerated in paragraph 3 of this article

2.Genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:

a) Killing members of the group; b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;

c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;

d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;

e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

3.The following acts shall be punishable:

11

a) Genocide; b) Conspiracy to commit genocide;

c) Direct and public incitement to commit genocide;

d) Attempt to commit genocide;

e) Complicity in genocide.

Article 3: Crimes against Humanity

The International Tribunal for Rwanda shall have the power to prosecute persons responsible for the following crimes when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack against any civilian population on national, political, ethnic, racial or religious grounds:

a) Murder; b) Extermination;

c) Enslavement;

d) Deportation;

e) Imprisonment;

f) Torture;

g) Rape;

h) Persecutions on political, racial and religious grounds;

i) Other inhumane acts.

Article 4: Violations of Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II

The International Tribunal for Rwanda shall have the power to prosecute persons committing or ordering to be committed serious violations of Article 3 common to the Geneva

12

Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the Protection of War Victims, and of Additional Protocol II thereto of 8 June 1977. These violations shall include, but shall not be limited to:

a) Violence to life, health and physical or mental well-being of persons, in particular murder as well as cruel treatment such as torture, mutilation or any form of corporal punishment; b) Collective punishments;

c) Taking of hostages;

d) Acts of terrorism;

e) Outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment, rape, enforced prostitution and any form of indecent assault;

f) Pillage;

g) The passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples;
8

h) Threats to commit any of the foregoing acts

Podemos ver configurados de nuevo todos los delitos que conoce la CPI a excepcin del delito de agresin, porque ya no estamos hablando de guerras entre pases sino guerras ad intro de los mismos, slo que por la naturaleza de los delitos que s se configuran, compete al derecho internacional, por ms que el problema sea simplemente interno.

Artculos 1-4. Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. [Encontrado en el portal de las Naciones Unidas, diciembre de 2011] http://www.un.org/ictr/statute.html [Las negrillas son mas]

13

TABLA COMPARATIVA
CPI GENOCIDE
S lo contempla

Nremberg
Lo contempla dentro del grupo de crmenes contra la humanidad

Tokio
Lo contempla dentro del grupo de crmenes contra la humanidad S lo contempla S lo contempla

ExYugoslavia
S lo contempla

Rwanda
S lo contempla

AGAINST HUMANITY WAR CRIMES

S lo contempla S lo contempla

S lo contempla

S lo contempla

S lo contempla Lo contempla como violaciones a los protocolos I y II de la Convencin de Ginebra No lo contempla, pues no se trata de una guerra entre pases

S lo contempla

S lo contempla, crmenes contra los protocolos I y II de la convencin de Ginebra No lo contempla como tal, ya que no se trata de una guerra entre naciones

AGGRESSION S lo
contempla

Lo contempla dentro del grupo de crmenes contra la paz

Lo contempla como delitos contra la paz

14

Contenido
INTRODUCCIN .................................................................................................... 1 ESTATUTO DE LA CPI .......................................................................................... 3 LA CPI Y NREMBERG ......................................................................................... 4 LA CPI Y TOKIO ..................................................................................................... 6 LA CPI Y LA EX-YUGOSLAVIA ............................................................................. 8 LA CPI Y RWANDA .............................................................................................. 11 TABLA COMPARATIVA....................................................................................... 14

15