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construcción civil”
Estudiante
BENAVENTE TICONA SHAKIRA MARGARITA
Docente
Romero Vargas Roger Juan
PUNO - PERÚ
2023
ZAPATAS
- Rectas.
- Escalonadas.
- Piramidales.
- Aligeradas.
Por la relación entre sus dimensiones (lo que condiciona su forma de trabajo).
- Rígidas. En las que el vuelo es menor o igual a dos veces el canto.
- Flexibles. En las que el vuelo es mayor a dos veces el canto.
Por la forma:
- Rectangulares, cuadradas, circulares y poligonales.
Abordaremos solo el análisis de zapatas rectangulares por ser las más utilizadas. Se
realizará así mediante la condición de no existencia de tracciones en el terreno y con
análisis separados en las dos direcciones principales, cuando existan momentos
aplicados en ambas.
Para disponer de una idea orientativa tanto de las tensiones admisibles de los
distintos tipos de terrenos, como de los asientos generales admisibles y las cargas a
considerar en el proyecto de la cimentación se puede consultar el Capítulo VIII.
Presiones en terreno de cimentación, de la NBE-AE-88. En la misma (apartado 8.9.
Reconocimiento del terreno) se establecen los criterios para la elección de la presión
admisible en el terreno. En cualquier caso, y dada la complejidad del problema de los
asientos, cuando por las características de la estructura o la naturaleza del terreno sean
de temer asientos superiores a los admisibles, el proyectista debe acudir a un
especialista en cimentaciones.
Comprobación al vuelco.
( N + P ) b/2 ( M + V h ) s
Siendo:
En esta ecuación no está incluido el peso del suelo que gravita sobre la zapata, cuyo
efecto es estabilizador.
Comprobación al deslizamiento.
Tipo IV. Se trata de zapatas en masa (sin armar), en las que deberá comprobarse que
no se sobrepasen los valores de las resistencias virtuales de cálculo del hormigón a
tracción por flexión, al esfuerzo cortante y al punzonamiento.
- zapatas rígidas, aquellas en las que el vuelo es menor o igual que el canto.
- zapatas flexibles, aquellas en las que el vuelo es mayor que el canto.
Animamos al alumno al estudio de otros métodos, como por ejemplo el método de las
bielas, o el método Belgo-Luxemburges, también empleados con frecuencia en el
cálculo de zapatas.
COMENTARIO: al tener conocimiento de las zapatas podemos hacer una buena
construccion y nuestras casas seran mas duraderas ,la zapata es un tipo de
cimentación superficial, que puede ser empleada en terrenos razonablemente
homogéneos y de resistencias a comprensiones medias o altas. Consisten en
un ancho prisma de hormigón (concreto) situado bajo los pilares de la
estructura.
Bibliografía
https://www.uhu.es/javier.pajon/apuntes/zapatas.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
REGIONAL DIRECTORATE OF EDUCATION PUNO
PUBLIC TECHNOLOGICAL HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTE
Student
BENAVENTE TICONA SHAKIRA
MARGARITA
teacher
Romero Vargas Roger Juan
PUNO - PERÚ
2023
SHOES
The footings are superficial or direct foundations, like any foundation, they must
- Isolated.
- Combined.
- Braced.
- Solid,
- Straight.
- Staggered.
- Pyramids.
- Lightened.
Due to the relationship between its dimensions (which determines its way of working).
- Rigid. In which the flight is less than or equal to twice the song.
By the way:
The use of isolated footings as a support element is limited and they are used when the
ground has, already on its surface, a medium or high resistance in relation to the loads,
and is sufficiently homogeneous so that differential settlements are not an issue. The
project for building works of any type must expressly include a detailed exposition of the
characteristics of the land, for which purposes the Technician who drafts it may require
the owner to carry out a study of the soil and subsoil, prepared by a competent Technician.
For its sizing and calculation, the hypothesis of linear pressure distribution is adopted in
all cases, which corresponds to the case of a rigid foundation on elastic ground. In
exceptional cases, in which the importance of the work is limited, different distributions
For the rigorous analysis and dimensioning of these elements, we advise the student to
We will only address the analysis of rectangular footings because they are the most used.
This will be done under the condition of non-existence of traction on the ground and with
separate analyzes in the two main directions, when there are moments applied in both.
To have an indicative idea of both the admissible stresses of the different types of soil, as
well as the general admissible settlements and the loads to be considered in the
foundation project, you can consult Chapter VIII. Pressures in foundation ground, from
NBE-AE-88. It (section 8.9. Terrain recognition) establishes the criteria for choosing the
admissible pressure in the terrain. In any case, and given the complexity of the problem of
settlements, when due to the characteristics of the structure or the nature of the terrain,
settlements greater than those admissible are feared, the designer must consult a
foundation specialist.
Overturn check.
The first check that must be carried out on footings subjected to moments or horizontal
forces is safety against overturning. The problem is reduced to verifying that the so-called
overturning moment affected by a safety coefficient (standard 1.5) is lower than the
stabilizing moment, for this moments are taken with respect to the axis -O-.
(N + P) b/2 (M + V h) s
Being:
This equation does not include the weight of the soil that gravitates on the footing, whose
effect is stabilizing.
Slip check.
In the case of footings subjected to horizontal actions and that are not properly braced,
the sliding safety must be checked. The friction force between the base of the footing and
the ground or its cohesion will be taken as the only stabilizing force, generally neglecting
the thrust on the lateral surface of the footing. It must be fulfilled that
The calculation of the reinforcement is carried out in simple bending, generally by the
stop moment method, checking their adhesion, as well as the shear stress. Punching
Type IV. These are mass footings (unreinforced), in which it must be checked that the
values of the virtual calculation resistance of the concrete to flexural traction, shear stress
- rigid shoes, those in which the flight is less than or equal to the edge.
- flexible shoes, those in which the flight is greater than the edge.
We encourage the student to study other methods, such as the connecting rod method, or
COMMENT: By having knowledge of the footings we can make a good construction and our
houses will be more durable, the footing is a type of surface foundation, which can be used
They consist of a wide concrete prism (concrete) located under the pillars of the structure.
Bibliography
https://www.uhu.es/javier.pajon/apuntes/zapatas.