Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

Álgebra Superior
Actividad del 26 de marzo, 2021
Por Ileana Jocelyn Domínguez Guillén.

1. Muestre que cada matriz es invertible y escríbala como producto de matrices

elementales.

2 1
a) 𝐴 = ( ).
3 2
Solución.
Llevaremos a la matriz 𝐴 a su forma reducida-escalonada.
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝐴 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝐼 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎
𝐸𝑖 𝑒𝑛 𝐼
𝐸𝑖−1
1 1 2 0
( )
(1 2) ( 2 0) 0 1
3 2 0 1 2𝑅1 → 𝑅1
𝑅1 𝑅1
→ 𝑅1 → 𝑅1
2 2
 1 1 0 1 0
1 ( ) ( )
2) −3 1 3 1
( 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 → 𝑅2 𝑅2 + 3𝑅1 → 𝑅2
1
0
2
𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 → 𝑅2
1 0 1 −1 1 1
1) ( ) ( )
( 0 1 0 1
0 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 → 𝑅1 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 → 𝑅1
2
𝑅1 − 𝑅2 → 𝑅1
1 0 1 0 1 0
( ) ( ) 1)
0 1 0 2 (
2𝑅2 → 𝑅2 2𝑅2 → 𝑅2 0
2
𝑅2
→ 𝑅2
2

De este modo,
𝐸4 𝐸3 𝐸2 𝐸1 𝐴 = 𝐼2 → (𝐸4 𝐸3 𝐸2 𝐸1 ) = 𝐴−1 ,
𝐶𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐴 𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒,
→ (𝐸4 𝐸3 𝐸2 𝐸1 )−1 = (𝐴−1 )−1 ,
→ 𝐸1−1 𝐸2−1 𝐸3−1 𝐸4−1 = 𝐴,
𝐶𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠.
 −2 8
b) 𝐵 = ( ).
5 12
Solución.
Llevaremos a la matriz 𝐵 a su forma reducida-escalonada.
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝐵 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝐼 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎
𝐸𝑖 𝑒𝑛 𝐼
𝐸𝑖−1
1 −4 1 −2 0
( ) ( )
5 12 (− 2
0) 0 1
𝑅1 0 1 −2𝑅1 → 𝑅1
− → 𝑅1 𝑅1
2
− → 𝑅1
2
1 −4 1 0 1 0
( ) ( ) ( )
0 32 −5 1 5 1
𝑅2 − 5𝑅1 → 𝑅2 𝑅2 − 5𝑅1 → 𝑅2 𝑅2 + 5𝑅1 → 𝑅2
1 −4 1 0 1 0
( ) 1) ( )
0 1 ( 0 32
𝑅2 0 32𝑅2 → 𝑅2
→ 𝑅2 32
32 𝑅2
→ 𝑅2
32
1 0 1 4 1 −4
( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 0 1 0 1
𝑅1 + 4𝑅2 → 𝑅1 𝑅1 + 4𝑅2 → 𝑅1 𝑅1 − 4𝑅2 → 𝑅1
De este modo,
𝐸4 𝐸3 𝐸2 𝐸1 𝐵 = 𝐼2 → (𝐸4 𝐸3 𝐸2 𝐸1 ) = 𝐵 −1 ,
𝐶𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐴 𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒,
→ (𝐸4 𝐸3 𝐸2 𝐸1 )−1 = (𝐵 −1 )−1 ,
→ 𝐸1−1 𝐸2−1 𝐸3−1 𝐸4−1 = 𝐵,
𝐶𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠.
 1 1 1
c) 𝐶 = (0 2 3).
5 5 1
Solución.
Llevaremos a la matriz 𝐶 a su forma reducida-escalonada.
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝐶 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝐼 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎
𝐸𝑖 𝑒𝑛 𝐼
𝐸𝑖−1
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
(0 2 3 ) (0 1 0) (0 1 0)
0 0 −4 −5 0 1 5 0 1
𝑅3 − 5𝑅1 → 𝑅3 𝑅3 − 5𝑅1 → 𝑅3 𝑅3 + 5𝑅1 → 𝑅3

1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
3 1 (0 2 0)
(0 1 ) (0 0)
2 2 0 0 1
0 0 −4 0 0 1 2𝑅2 → 𝑅2
𝑅2 𝑅2
→ 𝑅2 → 𝑅2
2 2
1 1 −1 0 1 1 0
1 0 − (0 1 0) (0 1 0)
2
3 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 → 𝑅1 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 → 𝑅1
2
(0 0 −4)
𝑅1 − 𝑅2 → 𝑅1
 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 − 0 1 0 (0 1 0 )
2 (
3 1) 0 0 −4
0 1 0 0 − −4𝑅3 → 𝑅3
2 4
(0 0 1 ) −𝑅3
−𝑅3 → 𝑅3
4
→ 𝑅3
4
1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 − 3 3
( 2) (0 1 − ) (0 1 )
0 1 0 2 2
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
3 3 3
𝑅2 − 𝑅3 → 𝑅2 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 → 𝑅2 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 → 𝑅2
2 2 2

1 0 0 1 1
(0 1 0) 1 0 1 0 −
( 2) ( 2)
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
𝑅3 0 0 1 0 0 1
𝑅1 + → 𝑅1
2 𝑅3 𝑅3
𝑅1 + → 𝑅1 𝑅1 − → 𝑅1
2 2

De este modo,
𝐸6 𝐸5 𝐸4 𝐸3 𝐸2 𝐸1 𝐶 = 𝐼3 → (𝐸6 𝐸5 𝐸4 𝐸3 𝐸2 𝐸1 ) = 𝐶 −1 ,
𝐶𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐶 𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒,
→ (𝐸6 𝐸5 𝐸4 𝐸3 𝐸2 𝐸1 )−1 = (𝐶 −1 )−1 ,
→ 𝐸1−1 𝐸2−1 𝐸3−1 𝐸4−1 𝐸5−1 𝐸6−1 = 𝐶,
𝐶𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠.
 3 2 1
d) 𝐷 = (0 2 2 ).
0 0 −1
Solución.
Llevaremos a la matriz 𝐷 a su forma reducida-escalonada.
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝐷 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝐼 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎
𝐸𝑖 𝑒𝑛 𝐼
𝐸𝑖−1
2 1 1 3 0 0
1 0 0 (0 1 0)
( 3 3) (3 )
0 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 −1 0 0 1 3𝑅1 → 𝑅1
𝑅1 𝑅1
→ 𝑅1 → 𝑅1
3 3
2 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 (0 2 0)
( 3 3) (0 0)
0 1 1 2 0 0 1
0 0 −1 0 0 1 2𝑅2 → 𝑅2
𝑅2 𝑅2
→ 𝑅2 → 𝑅2
2 2
2 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 (0 1 0 ) (0 1 0 )
( 3 3)
0 1 1 0 0 −1 0 0 −1
0 0 1 −𝑅3 → 𝑅3 −𝑅3 → 𝑅3
−𝑅3 → 𝑅3
2 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 (0 1 −1) (0 1 1)
( 3 3)
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 → 𝑅3
 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 → 𝑅3

1 2 2
1 0 1 − 0 1 0
( 3) ( 3 ) ( 3 )
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
2 2 2
𝑅1 − 𝑅2 → 𝑅1 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 → 𝑅1 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 → 𝑅1
3 3 3

1 0 0 1 1
(0 1 0) 1 0 − 1 0
( 3) ( 3)
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
𝑅3 0 0 1 0 0 1
𝑅1 − → 𝑅1
3 𝑅3 𝑅3
𝑅1 − → 𝑅1 𝑅1 + → 𝑅1
3 3

De este modo,
𝐸6 𝐸5 𝐸4 𝐸3 𝐸2 𝐸1 𝐷 = 𝐼3 → (𝐸6 𝐸5 𝐸4 𝐸3 𝐸2 𝐸1 ) = 𝐷−1 ,
𝐶𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐷 𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒,
→ (𝐸6 𝐸5 𝐸4 𝐸3 𝐸2 𝐸1 )−1 = (𝐷−1 )−1 ,
→ 𝐸1−1 𝐸2−1 𝐸3−1 𝐸4−1 𝐸5−1 𝐸6−1 = 𝐷,
𝐶𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠.
 0 −1 0
e) 𝐸 = (0 1 −1).
1 0 1
Solución.
Llevaremos a la matriz 𝐸 a su forma reducida-escalonada.
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝐸 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝐼 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎
𝐸𝑖 𝑒𝑛 𝐼
𝐸𝑖−1
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
(0 1 −1) (0 1 0) (0 1 0)
0 −1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅3 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅3 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅3

1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
(0 −1 0 ) (0 0 1) (0 0 1)
0 1 −1 0 1 0 0 1 0
𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3 𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3 𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
(0 1 0 ) (0 −1 0) (0 −1 0)
0 1 −1 0 0 1 0 0 1
−𝑅2 → 𝑅2 −𝑅2 → 𝑅2 −𝑅2 → 𝑅2
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
(0 1 0 ) (0 1 0) (0 1 0)
0 0 −1 0 −1 1 0 1 1
𝑅3 − 𝑅2 → 𝑅3 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 → 𝑅3 𝑅3 + 𝑅2 → 𝑅3
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 −1
(0 1 0 ) (0 1 0) (0 1 0 )
0 0 −1 0 0 1 0 0 1
𝑅1 + 𝑅3 → 𝑅1 𝑅1 + 𝑅3 → 𝑅1 𝑅1 − 𝑅3 → 𝑅1
 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
(0 1 0) (0 1 0 ) (0 1 0 )
0 0 1 0 0 −1 0 0 −1
−𝑅3 → 𝑅3 −𝑅3 → 𝑅3 −𝑅3 → 𝑅3

De este modo,
𝐸6 𝐸5 𝐸4 𝐸3 𝐸2 𝐸1 𝐸 = 𝐼3 → (𝐸6 𝐸5 𝐸4 𝐸3 𝐸2 𝐸1 ) = 𝐸 −1 ,
𝐶𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐸 𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒,
→ (𝐸6 𝐸5 𝐸4 𝐸3 𝐸2 𝐸1 )−1 = (𝐷−1 )−1 ,
→ 𝐸1−1 𝐸2−1 𝐸3−1 𝐸4−1 𝐸5−1 𝐸6−1 = 𝐸,
𝐶𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠.
 13
3 0
4
f) 𝐹 = (1 1 0).
2 −3 1
Solución.
Llevaremos a la matriz 𝐹 a su forma reducida-escalonada.
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝐹 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝐼 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎
𝐸𝑖 𝑒𝑛 𝐼
𝐸𝑖−1
13 12 0 4 0 0 1
(1 1 0) (0 1 0) 0 0
( 4 )
2 −3 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
4𝑅1 → 𝑅1 4𝑅1 → 𝑅1 0 0 1
𝑅1
→ 𝑅1
4
1 0 0 1 −12 0 1 12 0
(1 1 0) (0 1 0) ( 0 1 0)
2 −3 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
𝑅1 − 12𝑅2 → 𝑅1 𝑅1 − 12𝑅2 → 𝑅1 𝑅1 + 12𝑅2 → 𝑅1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
(0 1 0) (−1 1 0) (1 1 0)
2 −3 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
𝑅2 − 𝑅1 → 𝑅2 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 → 𝑅2 𝑅2 + 𝑅1 → 𝑅2
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
(0 1 0) (0 1 0) (0 1 0)
0 −3 1 0 −2 1 0 2 1
𝑅3 − 2𝑅1 → 𝑅3 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1 → 𝑅3 𝑅3 + 2𝑅1 → 𝑅3
 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
(0 1 0) (0 1 0) (0 1 0)
0 0 1 0 3 1 0 −3 1
𝑅3 + 3𝑅2 → 𝑅3 𝑅3 + 3𝑅2 → 𝑅3 𝑅3 − 3𝑅2 → 𝑅3

De este modo,
𝐸5 𝐸4 𝐸3 𝐸2 𝐸1 𝐹 = 𝐼3 → (𝐸5 𝐸4 𝐸3 𝐸2 𝐸1 ) = 𝐹 −1 ,
𝐶𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐹 𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒,
→ (𝐸5 𝐸4 𝐸3 𝐸2 𝐸1 )−1 = (𝐹 −1 )−1 ,
→ 𝐸1−1 𝐸2−1 𝐸3−1 𝐸4−1 𝐸5−1 = 𝐹,
𝐶𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠.