Statistical Analysis /Which choccies weigh more: Smarties or M&Ms? * Take 1 Smartie and 1 M&M and weigh them. 1Smartie=3.5g 1M&M =3.7g .'. M&Ms are bigger than Smarties What are the limitations of this method? Are our samples representative of the population? How can we improve the method? * Let's start the course on one of life's bigger questionsWhich choccies weigh more: Smarties or M&Ms? Take 10 Smarties and 10 M&Ms at random and weigh them individually - make sure your digital balance is accurate enough (able to take a sensitive reading) We will then be able to work out: - the mean weight of each type of choccie - the variability of the weights of each type of choccie - whether M&Ms and Smarties are significantly different in weight - are are they close enough to be considered the same?ee bre )e Now we can plug our raw data into Excel aa maces tems ©" Be neat from the start and save trouble later. | a ‘canon 0.05, the two sets of data are not significantly different (although the means may seem different, they share too much data) To carry out the T-test you must have as large a sample size as possible (minimum 5 per set) In statistical tests, we always test a NULL HYPOTHESIS against an ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS: Null H,: there is no significant difference between data sets Alt, Hi: there is a significant difference between data setsCarrying out the T-test in Excel _ (This will be useful for investigations) et tam | oma | Sh tt ‘k 2B BBS 8 BBM) SSS SSNS t open the statistical drop-down — ee <7 S menu like before, and select TEST. “ Work through the dialogue box, selecting the two sets of data as the arrays. Use 2 tails and Type 2 if the sets have range equal sides of the mean or Type 3 if the ranges are not the same distance from the mean. Now look at the value of P: TeTest P= 0,010096053, = Gasessamsa2ss6e2; oye = BBSUASRSRREASAIIT oO ate [=> twe P= 3 = a1 aan be abby scetath a ces Te eer a . «ca cioniticant di Wiens os . In this case, there is a significant difference ‘rom east 0.010608 between M&Ms and Smarties in terms of mean hla antici —= 1 weight. In this case P<0.05 So we reject the null hypothesis.Calculating t by hand: (OG=%2) Where: t= is the mean of sample 1 5,18 the standard deviation of sample 1 nis the number of individualsin sample 1 pis the mean of sample 2 sis the standard deviation of sample 2 ngs the number of individuals in sample 2 Are your results significant? 1, Set a confidence limit: we usually use 0.05 in Biology - it tells us we are 95% sure that our results are not due to chance. 2. Degrees of freedom (df) Total number of samples minus 2 3. Find th€@fitical val 4. If tis below the critical value, results are not significantly different. If t is above the critical value, results are significantly different. confidence limits oo. 99250 3 3308 46041 40321 amd 3.4395 33554 32490 21603 31059 3 0545 50123 2or6e 216) 25209 2a%e2 ered 29509 2essa area zanna 21010 21804 27re} 2am 27634 27564 27500 Calculating tin Excel: — http://www.patana.ac.th/Secondary/Science/c4b/1/2007.htm eIn the exam, you may be given a value for t and asked to determine whether two sets of data are significantly different. Use the question to determine the degrees of freedom and confidence limits and compare the calculated value of t to the table provided. eg. 1: A student measures 16 snail shells on the south side of an island and 15 on the north. She calculates t as 2.02 and chooses a confidence limit of 95% (0.05). Are her results significantly different? confidence limits e.g. 2: Astudent measures the resting heart rates of 10 swimmers and 12 non-swimmers. He calculates t as 3.65 and chooses a confidence limit of 97.5% (0.025). Are his results significantly different?Remember in each case: Null H,: there is no significant difference between data sets Alt. Hi: there is no significant difference between data sets Astudent measures 16 snail shells on the south side of an island and 15 on the north. She calculates t as 2.02 and chooses a confidence limit of 95% (0.05). Are her results significantly different? t< 2.0452... accept Ho The results are not significantly different. A student measures the resting heart rates of 10 swimmers and 12 non-swimmers. He calculates t as 3.65 and chooses a confidence limit of 97.5% (0.025). Are his results significantly different? t> 2.4231... reject Ho The results are significantly different. confidence limits o10 | 00s | 0025 01 23200] 43027] 6.2054) 23534] 3.1828] 4.1765) 2isie] 27765) 3.4354 2a1s0] 23706) 3.1634 19432| 2.4469] 2.9687 13946| 2.3646] 22412 13595] 2.3060] 27515 1gssi| 2.2622] 2.6850 1ar2s| 2.2081] 2.6339 17959| 2.2010] 25931 12] 1.7823] 2.1788) 2.5600) 13] 17709] 2 1608] 25326) ua) 17613] 2.1448) 2.5096 15] 1.7531] 2.1315] 2.4399) 16] 1.7458] 2.1199] 2.4728) v7] 1.7396] 2.1098) 2.4581 13 1.7341] 2.1009] 2.4850) asl 17: worausun|® 17207] 2.0796] 24138 22) 171m] 20739] 2.4055 23) 17139] 20687| 2.3979 24) 17109] 20639] 2.3910 25) 1.7081] 20393] 2.386 26) 1.7036] 20855] 2.3708] an) 17033) 20518] 23734 2.3685) 2.3638] 30) 16973} 2.0423) 23596 9.8250] s.ea03| 4.6041 4.0321 3.7074] 3.4995| 3.3554] 3.2498] 3.1693] 3.1058] 3.0545] 30123] 2.9768| 2.9467] 2.9208] 2.8982] 2784 2.8609] 2453] 2e3ta| 2eree| 22005] 27970] 27874] 2707] 2707] 2.7633] 2.7564] 2.7500]CORRELATION DOES NOT PROVE CAUSALITY Global Average Temperature Vs. Number of PiratesFor more helpful resources and animations, please visit: http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com