Eopätucm ?

: Eoltg`o` `i Eocmr

Uieegmlis ?:.> y ?:.5 Eoltg`o` `i eocmr y eopoeg`o` eocmräageo ispieäageo

?:-?. ½_uç eoltg`o` `i eocmr si riqugiri poro eodngor co tidpiroturo

tidpiroturo `i >22 j `i pcmdm, `i >2 o

?22²E= ^isp. 071 eoc

_  de t  (2.>
(2.>2
2 hj
hj)(
)(?5
?52
2 KK/h
/hj
j jH)
H)(?222 E - >2
(?22 >22 E) 8 _ 4 >262 K

_  de t  (>22
(>22 j)(2
j)(2.2
.25?
5? eoc/jjE2 )(?2
eoc/j 22 E - >22 E) 8
)(?22 _ 4 071 eoc

?:->. Egirtm prmeism riqugiri 922 K `i eocmr.

eocmr. Ixprisi isto ilirjäo il eocmräos
eocmräos y il Ntu.

 ? eoc 
_  922 K   _ 4 ??7 eoc
 0.?61 K 

 ? eoc   Ntu 
_  922 K    _ 4 2.0:0 Ntu
 0.?61 K   >9> eoc 

?:-5. Yl fmrlm opcgeo

opcgeo 022 hK `i eocmr o 0 hj `i ulo sustolego,
sustolego, eousol`m qui su tidpiroturo
tidpiroturo si
icivi il 62²E. ½Euïc is ic eocmr ispieäagem=
ispieäagem= ^isp. ?>92 K/(hj²E)
K/(hj²E)

_ 022,, 222 K
022
e  8 e 4 ?>92 K/hj E2
dt
2
(0 hj)
hj)(62
(62 E )

?:-0. _uç eoltg`o` `i eocmr si cgnirorï euol`m 02 Gn `i emnri si ilaräol `i :6 o 5>²A=

_ 4 (02 cn)(2.275 Ntu/cn A 2)(:62A ― 5>2A)8 _ 4 ?:? Ntu

?:-9. Yl outmdõv
?:-9. outmdõvgc
gc `i 722 hj qui vgoko eml ulo vicmeg`
vicmeg`o`
o` glgegoc
glgegoc `i >2 d/s si `itgili.
`itgili. Ic
tronokm riquirg`m poro qui si `itiljo ic eorrm is gjuoc o su eodngm il co ilirjäo eglçtgeo. Ug tm`m
isti tronokm si emlvgrtgiro il eocmr, ½quç eoltg`o` iqugvocilti si pgir`i il hgcmeocmräos= ^isp. 05
heoc

K  5122 s 
R  5222 Z  5222
s  ? f  8 _ 4 ?2,622,222 K/f8 _ 4 05 heoc
?:-1. Yl oporotm `i ogri oeml`gegmlo`m tgili ul rçjgdil lmdgloc `i ?9 222 Ntu/f. Ixpris
Ixprisii isto
pmtilego il hgcmwotts y il eocmräos pmr sijul`m.

Ntu  >9> eoc   ? f 

R  ?9,222     8 R 4 ?292 eoc/s
f  ? Ntu   5122 s 

?:-:. Il ulo tozo `i eirïdgeo `i 2.9 hj si sgrvi eoaç eoc

eocgilti
gilti eml ul eocmr ispieäagem `i 0?61 K/
(hj²E). ½Euïltm eocmr onsmrni co tozo sg co tidpiroturo si icivo `i >2 o 62²E= ^isp. ?>9.1 hK

_ 4 det 4 (2.9 hj)(662 K/hj E2)(622E ― >22E)8 _ 4? >9.1 hK

?:-6. Yl dmtmr icçetrgem

icçetrgem `i > hZ tgili 62% `i iagegilego. ½Euïltm eocmr si pgir`i il ? f=

pgir`i 4 2.>2(> hZ) 4 022 Z 4 022 K/s8

pgir`i 4 022 K/s(5122 s/f)8 pgir`i 4 ?.00 DK

?:-7. Yl eosqugccm `i emnri `i 6 hj tgili qui eociltorsi `i >9 o ?02²E eml ic agl `i ixpol`grcm
poro qui si okusti smnri ul iki. ½Euïltm eocmr si riqugrgõ= ^isp. 596.6 hK

_ 4 det 4 (6 hj)(572 K/hj E2)(?022E ― >92E)8 _ 4 597 hK.

?:-?2. ½Euïltms jrodms `i fgirrm o >2²E sirï lieisorgm eociltor o ?22²E poro qui cgniril ?622
eoc `i eocmr `urolti ic prmeism `i vmcvir o su tidpiroturo mrgjgloc=

_ ?622 eoc
d  8 d 4 ?77 j
et (2.??5 eoc/j  E2 )(?222 E - >22E )

?:-??. Yl trmzm `i 0 hj `i ditoc (e 4 5>2 K/(hj²E)) si ileuiltro glgegocdilti o 522²E. ½Euïc

sirï su tidpiroturo agloc sg pgir`i 92 hK `i ilirjäo eocmräageo= ^isp. >1? ²E

_ 92,222 K
   2
2
t de (0 hj)
hj)(5
(5>2
>2 K/hj
K/hj E ) 8 t 4 -57.? E
 t 4 5222E ― 57.?2E8 t 4 >1?2E

?:-?>. Il ul trotodgiltm o nosi `i eocmr,

eocmr, ulo porti `i emnri eocgilti si
si ilaräo eml ojuo, pmr ccm
m
euoc poso `i 022 o 52²E. ½Euïc iro co doso `i `gefo porti sg pir`gõ 62 heoc `i eocmr=

_ 62,222 eoc
 
d et (2
(2.2
.275
75 eoc/j
oc/j E2 )(52
(522 E - 022
0222 E) 8 d 4 >5>9 j8 d 4 >.5> hj

Emlsirvoegõl `i co ilirjäo; eocmrgditräo

Uieegõl ?:.0 Co di`gegõl `ic eocmr

?:.?5. Yl tunm `i emnri `i 022 j qui si ileuiltro glgegocdilti o >22²E si sudirji il ul

riegpgilti qui emltgili 5 hj `i ojuo o >2²E. Rosol`m pmr octm mtrms gltireodngms `i eocmr, ½euïc
sirï co tidpiroturo `i iqugcgnrgm `i co dizeco= ^isp. >>.>²E

deee t 4 dwew t8

(022 j)(2.275 eoc/j E)(>22 2E ― ti) 4 (5222 hj)(? eo/j E)(t i ― >22E)

ti 4 >>.>2E

?:-?0½_uç eoltg`o` `i ocudglgm (e 4 2.>> eoc/(j²E)) o >2² E til`rï qui oÿo`grsi o 022 j `i
ojuo eocgilti o 62²E poro qui co tidpiroturo
tidpiroturo `i iqugcgnrgm sio `i 52²E=

dw ew (622E ― 522E) 4 dOC eOc (522E ― >22E)

(022 j)(? eoc/j E 2)(92 E2) 4 dOc (2.>> eoc/j E2)(?2 E2)

>2,222 eoc
dOc   7272 j 8 dOc 4 7.27 hj
>.> eoc/j

?:-?9. Yl trmzm `i ditoc `i 092 j si eocgilto o ?22²E y cuijm si `iko eoir il co tozo `i ul
eocmräditr
eocmräditrm
m `i ocudglgm
ocudglgm `i 92 j qui emltgili
emltgili ?22 j `i ojuo. Co tidpirotur
tidpiroturoo glgegoc `i co tozo y
`ic ojuo is `i ?2²E y co tidpiroturo `i iqugcgnrgm is `i >?.? ²E. Eoceuci ic eocmr ispieäagem `ic
ditoc. ^isp. 2.250: eoc/j²E

dxex(?222E ― >?.?2E) 4 dOceOc(>?.?2E ― ?22E) + dwew(>?.?2E ― ?22E)

 dxex(:6.7 E2) 4 dOceOc(??.? E2) + dwew(??.? E2)

(092 j) ex (:6.7 E2) 4 (92 j)(2.>> eoc/j E 2)(??.? E2) + (?22 j) (? eoc/j E 2)(??.? E2)

(59,929 j E2) ex 4 ?>>.? eoc + ???2

???2 eoc8 ex 4 2.250: eoc/j E2

?:-?1. . ½_uç doso `i ojuo qui glgegocdilti istono o >2²E si `ingõ dizecor eml > hj `i fgirrm
poro foeir qui co tidpiroturo `ic fgirrm nokoro `i >92²E o ulo tidpiroturo `i iqugcgnrgm `i
>9²E=

dw ew (>92E ― >22E) 4 dgrml egrml (>922E ― >92E)

dw (0?61 K/hj E2)(9 E2) 4 (> hj)(0:2 K/hj E 2)(>>9 E2)

>??,, 922 K
>??
dw   ?2.? hj 8 dOc 4 ?2.? hj
>2,752 K/hj

?:-?:. . Yl tronoko`mr
tronoko`mr soeo ul trmzm `i fgirrm `i > hj `i ul fmrlm y cm emcmeo il ul riegpg
riegpgilti
ilti
`i ocudglgm `i ? hj, qui si fo ccilo`m poregocdilti eml > hj `i ojuo. Ug co tidpiroturo `ic ojuo
suni `i >? o 92²E, ½euïc iro co tidpiroturo glgegoc `ic fgirrm= ^isp. 551.1:²E

X tw 4 922E ― >?2E 4 >7 E2 T

(> hj)(0:2 K/hj E 2)(ti ― 922E) 4 dOceOc(>7 E2) + dwew(>7 E2)

(702 K/E2)(tg ― 922E) 4 (? hj)(7>2 K/hj E 2)(>7 E2) + (> hj) (0?61 K/hj E 2)(>7 E2)

(702 K/E2) tg ― 0:,222 K 4 >1,162 K + >0>,:66 K

>>>, 016 K
>>>,
tg  8 tg 4 55:2E
702 K/E2

?:-?6. ½Euïltm fgirrm

fgirrm o >?>²A si `inirï dizecor
dizecor eml ?2 Gn `i ojuo o 16²A eml ic agl `i tilir
ulo tidpiroturo `i iqugcgnrgm `i ?22²A=

tg 4 >?>2A ― ?222A 4 ??> A28 tw 4 ?222A ― 162A 4 5> A28

2 2 2 2
x
d (2.??5 Ntu/cn A )(??> A ) 4 (?2 cn)(? Ntu/cn A )(5> A )
 dx 4 >9.5 cn

*?:-?7. Yl ncmqui `i emnri `i ?.5 hj si eocgilto o >22²E y cuijm si gltrm`uei il ul riegpgilti

ogsco`m qui si fo ccilo`m poregocdilti eml > hj `i ojuo o >2²E. ½Euïc is co tidpiroturo `i
iqugcgnrgm= ^isp. 52.5²E

(?.5 hj)(572 K/hj E 2)(>222E ― ti) 4 (> hj)(0?61 K/hj E 2)(ti ― >22)

?2?,022 K ― (92: K/E2)ti 4 65:> K/E2)ti ― ?1:,002 K

>16,602 K
ti  2 8 ti 4 52.52E
66:7 K/E

*?:->2. EgEgle
leui
uilt
lto
o jr
jrod
odms
ms `i pir`g
pir`gjm
jmlis
lis `i emnri
emnri si eo
eocg
cgil
ilto
tol
l o >22²E
>22²E y cuij
cuijm
m si
gltrm`ueil il ulo tozo `i ocudglgm `i 92 j qui emltgili ?12 j `i ojuo. Co tidpiroturo
glgegoc `i co tozo y ic ojuo is `i >2²E.
½Euïc is co tidpiroturo `i iqugcgnrgm=

(92 j)(2.270 eoc/j E2)(>222E ― ti) 4 702 eoc ― (0.:2 eoc/E2)ti

OC; (92 j)(2.>> eoc/j E2)(ti ― >22E) 4 (?? eoc/E2)ti ― >>2 eoc
j)(2.>> eoc/j

(?12 j)(? eoc/j E 2)(ti ― >22E) 4 (?12 eoc/E2)ti ― 5>22 eoc

702 eoc ― (0.:2 eoc/E2)ti 4 X(?? eoc/E2)ti ― >>2 eocT + X(?12 eoc/E 2)ti ― 5>22 eocT

ti 4 >0.6E2

Uieegõl ?:.9 Eodngm `i aosi

?:.>?. Il ulo aul`gegõl

aul`gegõl foy ul fmrlm icçetrgem
icçetrgem eml eopoeg`o`
eopoeg`o` poro aul`gr tmtocdilti
tmtocdilti 902 hj `i
emnri. Ug co tidpiroturo glgegoc `ic emnri iro `i >2²E, ½euïltm eocmr il tmtoc si lieisgto poro
aul`gr ic emnri= ^isp. >.71 V ?26 K

_? 4 det 4 (902 hj)(572 K/hj E2)(?2622E ― >22E) 4 >.>5 x ?26 K

_> 4 dCa 4 (902 hj)(?50,222 K/hj)8 _> 4 :.>0 x ?2: K

_P 4 _? + _> 4 >>.5 x ?2: K + :.>0 x ?2: K8 _P 4 >.71 x ?26 K

?:->>. ½Euïlt
?:->>. ½Euïltm
m eocmr
eocmr si riqugi
riqugiri
ri poro aul`gr
aul`gr tmtocdil
tmtocdilti
ti >2 j `i pcoto
pcoto o su tidpiro
tidpirotur
turoo `i
ausgõl=

_> 4 dCa 4 (2.2>2 hj)(712.6 K/hj)8 _> 4 ?7.> K

?:->5. ½_uç eoltg`o` `i eocmr si lieisgto poro emlvirtgr > hj `i fgicm o ‐>9²E il vopmr o
?:->5.
?22²E= ^isp. 1.?5 V ?21 K

Pmtoc _ 4 _? 22E +_> + _5 ?222E + _0

_? 4 det 4 (> hj)(>522 K/hj E2)(>9 E2)8 _? 4 ?.?92 x ?29 K

_> 4 dCa 4 (> hj)(550,22 K/hj)8 _> 4 1.162 x ?29 K

_5 4 det 4 (> hj)(0?61 K/hj E 2)(?22 E2)8 _5 4 6.5:> x ?29 K

9
0 v 0
_ 4 dC 4 (> hj)(>,>91,222 K/hj)8 _ 4 09.?> x ?2 K
_P 4 _? + _> + _5 + _0 4 ?,019,222 eoc8 _P 4 1.?5 x ?21 K

?:->0. Ug :.9: V ?21 K `i eocmr si onsmrnil il ic prmeism `i aul`gr pmr emdpcitm ul trmzm `i ?.12
hj `i ul ditoc `isemlmeg`m, ½euïc is ic eocmr cotilti `i ausgõl y `i quç ditoc si troto=

_ .9: x ?21 K
:.9:
Ca   8 Ca 4 0.:5 x ?21 K/hj8 Emppir
d ?.12 hj

*?:->9. ½Euïltms jrodms `i vopmr o ?22²E is lieisorgm dizecor eml >22 j `i ojuo o >2²E eml
ic agl `i qui co tidpiroturo `i iqugcgnrgm sio `i 92²E= ^isp. ?2.?: j

dsCv + dsew(?222E ― 922E) 4 dwew(922E ― >22E)

eoc/j)ds + (92 E2)(? eoc/j E2)ds 4 (>22 j)(? eoc/j E2)(52 E2)
(902 eoc/j)d

(972 eoc/j)d
eoc/j)ds 4 1222 eoc8 ds 4 ?2.> j

?:->1. ½Euïltm eocmr si cgniro il tmtoc euol`m 2.922 Gn `i vopmr o >?>²A si emlvgirti il fgicm o
?2²A=
 Pmtoc 4 (2.9 cn)(7:2 Ntu/cn) + (2.9 cn)(? Ntu/cn A 2)(>?>2A ― 5>) + (2.9 cn)(?00 Ntu/cn) +

(2.9 cn)(2.9 Ntu/cn A2)(?2 A2)

^4 069 Ntu + 72 Ntu + :> Ntu + >.9 Ntu8 ^4 192 Ntu

?:
?:->
->:.
:. Eg
Egil
il jrodms
jrodms `i fgic
fgicm
m o 2²
2²E
E si diz
dizec
ecol
ol eml 122 j `i ojuo o >9²E.
>9²E. ½Euïc
½Euïc si
sirï
rï co
tidpiroturo `i iqugcgnrgm poro co dizeco= ^isp. ?2.2²E

(122 j)(? eoc/j E2)(>9 E2 ― ti) 4 (?22 j)(62 eoc/j) + (?22 j)(t
j)(ti ― 22)

?9,222 eoc ― 122t

122ti 4 6222 eoc + ?22t
?22ti ― 2)
2)

:222 eoc
ti  2
8 ti 4 ?2.22E
:22 eoc/E

?:->6. Egirto
Egirto eocg`o` `i josmcglo
josmcglo tgili ul eocmr `i emdnustgõl
emdnustgõl `i 0.1 V ?2' K/hj. Uupmlg
Uupmlgil`m
il`m
ulo iagegilego `i ?22%, ½euïlto josmcglo fonrï qui quidor poro aul`gr tmtocdilti > hj `i emnri

o su tidpiroturo `i ausgõl=
_  dF  (> hj)(
hj)(0.1 ?2: K/hj)
0.1 x ?2 7.> x ?2: K 8
K/hj) 4 7.>

_ 4 7.> x ?2: K

?:.>7. Ug si opcgeol ?122 K `i eocmr o ulo isairo `i nrmlei, su tidpiroturo suni `i >2 o :2²E.
½Euïc is co doso `i iso isairo= ^isp. 6>.? j

_ ?122 K
2 2 2
d  et  (57
572
2 K/hj (:2 E - >2 E) 8
K/hj E )(:2

d 4 2.26>? hj8 d 4 6>.? j

Rrmncidos o`gegmlocis

?:-52. ½Euïltm eocmr onsmrni ul emljico`mr icçetrgem euol`m foei qui co tidpiroturo `i > hj `i
ojuo `isegil`o `i 62 o >2²E=

_ 4 det 4 (> hj)(0?61 K/hj E2)(622E ― >22E)8 _ 4 9.2> x ?29 K

, _ 4 (>222 j)(? eoc/j E2)(622E ― >22E)8 _ 4 ?>2 heoc

?:-5?. Yl icidiltm eociaoetmr prmpmregmlo ulo pmtilego `i socg`o
socg`o `i ?> hZ.
hZ. ½Euïltm tgidpm si
lieisgto
lieisgto poro aul`gr pmr emdpcit
emdpcitm
m ul ncmqui `i pcoto `i > hj= Uupmljodms
Uupmljodms qui lm foy lgljûl
`ispir`gegm `i pmtilego. ^isp. ?0.: s

_ 4 dCa 4 (> hj)(66.5 x ?25 K/hj) 4 ?:1,122 K8 R 4 ?>,222 K/s

R  Fiot 8 t  Fiot  ?:1

?:1,, 122 K
8 t 4 ?0.: s
t R ?>,222 K/s

*?:-5>. ½Euïltm fgicm

fgicm o ‐ ?2²E si `ini ojrijor o >22 j `i ojuo o 92²E poro qui si prm`uzeo
co tidpiroturo `i iqugcgnrgm o 02²E=

dgeg(?2 E2) + dgCa + dgew(022E ― 22E) 4 dwew(922E ― 022E)

dg(2.9 eoc/j E2)(?2 E2) + (62 eoc/j)d

eoc/j) dg + (02 E2)(? eoc/j E2)dg 4 (>22 j)(? eoc/j E2)(?2 E2)

eoc/j)ds 4 >222 eoc8

(?>9 eoc/j)d ds 4 ?1.2 j

*?:-55. Uupmljo qui 9 j `i vopmr o ?22²E si dizecol

*?:-55. dizecol eml >2 j `i fgicm o 2²E. ½Eu
½Euïc
ïc sirï co
tidpiroturo `i iqugcgnrgm= ^isp. 10.2²E

dsCv+ dsew(?222E ― ti) 4 dgCa + dgew(ti ― 22E)

eo c/j E2)ti
(9 j)(902 eoc/j) + (9 j)(? eoc/j E2)(?222E ― ti) 4 (>2 j)(62 eoc/j) + (>2 j)(? eoc/j

>:22 eoc + 922 eoc ― (9 eoc/E2)ti 4 ?122 eoc + (>2 eoc/E2)ti

(>9 eoc/E2)ti 4 ?122 eoc8 ti 4 10.22E

*?:-50. Euïltm eocmr

*?:-50. eocmr `isorrmccol
`isorrmccol cms arilms `i ul eodgõl `i 0222 Gn poro arilor oc vifäeucm
vifäeucm o
portgr `i ulo ropg`iz `i 12 dg/f=

Pronokm 4 ´dva> - ´dvm> vm4 12 dg/f 4 66 at/s8 va 4 28 d 4 Z/j

0222 cn
d >
 ?>9 scujs 8 tronokm 4 2 - ´(?>9 sc)(66 at/s)> 4 -060,222 at cn
5> at/s
  ? Ntu 
Fiot  060,222 at cn  8 ^ 4 1>> Ntu
 ::6 at cn 

*?:-59 @msegiltms
@msegiltms jrodms `i emnri o 522²E si gltrm`ueil
gltrm`ueil il ulo tozo `i eocmräditr
eocmräditrmm `i emnri
`i 5?2 j poregocdilt
poregocdiltii ccilm eml 522 j `i ojuo. Ug co tidpiroturo
tidpiroturo glgegoc
glgegoc `i co tozo y ic ojuo iro
`i ?9²E, ½euïc sirï co tidpiroturo `i iqugcgnrgm= ^isp. 52.5²E

_?4 (>22 j)(2.275 eoc/j E2)(5222E ― ti) 4 9962 eoc ― (?6.1 eoc/E2)ti

_>4(5?2 j)(2.275 eoc/j E2)(ti ― ?92E) 4 (>6.65 eoc/E2)ti ― 05>.9 eoc

_>4(5?2

_54 (522 j)(? eoc/j E 2)(ti ― ?92E) 4 (522 eoc/E2)ti ― 0922 eoc

9962 eoc ― (?6.1 eoc/E2)ti 4 X(>6.6 eoc/E 2)ti ― 05>.9 eocT + X(522 eoc/E2)ti ― 0922 eocT

ti 4 52.5 2E

*?:-51. ½Euïltos cgnros `i eornõl sirï lieisorgm quidor poro `irritgr tmtocdilti 92 Gn `i fgicm
il ul eociaoetmr euyo iagegilego is `ic 12%=
(92 cn)(?00 Ntu/cn)
dx (dF e )  dg C a dx  8
2.12(?5,222 Ntu/cn)

dx 4 2.7>5 cn

*?:-5:. Ug 62 j `i pcmdm `irritg`m

*?:-5:. `irritg`m o 5>:.5²E si vgirtil
vgirtil il ul dmc`i `i fgirrm
fgirrm `i >12 j euyo
tidpiroturo glgegoc is `i >2²E, ½euïc sirï co tidpiroturo `i iqugcgnrgm sg cos `idïs pçr`g`os sml
glsgjlgageoltis= ^isp. 96.7²

_ 4 dCa 4 (2.262 hj)(>0,922 K/hj) 4 ?712 K

ti; _ 4 (2.262 hj)(?52 K/hj E2)(5>:.52E ― ti) 4 5020 K- (?2.0 K/E 2) ti

_ 4 (2.>12 hj)(0:2 K/hj E2)(ti ― >22E) 4 (?>> K/E2)ti ― >000 K

?712 K + 5020 K ― (?2.0 K/E2)ti 4 (?>> K/E2)ti ― >000 K

ti 4 96.72E
*?:-56. . ½_uç tidpirotur
tidpiroturoo `i iqugcgnrgm
iqugcgnrgm si oceolzo euol`m
euol`m > Gn `i fgicm o 2²A si emcmeol
emcmeol il
ulo tozo `i ocudglgm `i 5 Gn qui emltgili :.9 Gn `i ojuo= Co tidpiroturo `i co tozo y co `ic ojuo
sml glgegocdilti `i >22²A
>22²A..

d?eg5>2A ― 22A) + dgCa + dgew(ti ― 5>2A) 4 dwew(>222A ― ti) + dOceOc(>222A ― ti)

_ jolo`m4 (> cn)(2.9 Ntu/cn A2)(5> A2)+(> cn)(?00 Ntu/cn)+(> cn)(? Ntu/cn A2)(t ― 5>2A)

jolo`m45> Ntu + >66 Ntu + (> cn/A2)ti ― 10 Ntu 4 >91 N

_ jolo`m45> tu + (> cn/A 2)t i
Ntu

_ pir`g`m (:.9 cn)(? Ntu/cn A2)(>222A ― ti) + (5 cn)(2.>> Ntu/cn A 2)(>222A ― ti)

_ pir`g`m ?922 Ntu―(:.9 Ntu/A2)ti +?5> Ntu ―(2.11 Ntu/A 2)ti 4 ?15> (6.? 1 Ntu/A 2)t i
?1 5> Ntu ― (6.?1

_ Rir`g`m4 _ Jolo`m >91 Ntu + (> cn/A 2)ti 4 ?15> Ntu ― (6.?1 Ntu/A2)ti

ti 4 ?59 A

*?:-57 Yl emcietmr smcor tgili 9 d> `i ïrio y co pmtilego `i co ilirjäo smcor ccijo fosto çc o
rozõl `i 992 Z/d>.
Z/d>. Isto pmtilego
pmtilego si uso poro icivor
icivor co tidpiroturo
tidpiroturo `i >22 j `i ojuo `i >2 o
92²E. ½Euïltm tgidpm riquirgrï isti prmeism= ^isp. 7. ?5 s

R 4 (992 Z/d>)(9 d>) 4 >:92 Z 4>:92 K/s

_ 4 det 4 (2.>22 hj)(0?61 K/hj E2)(922E ― >22E)8 _ 4 >9,??1 K

_ >9,??1 K
t 
R >:92 K/s 8 ti 4 7.?5 s

*?:-02. Ug ?2 j `i ciefi o ?>²E si ojrijol o ?62 j `i eoaç o 79²E, ½euïc sirï co tidpiroturo `i
iqugcgnrgm= Uupmljo qui co ciefi y ic eoaç emlsgstil isilegocdilti il ojuo.

_ jolo`m4 _pir`g`m

(?2 j)(? eoc/j E2)(ti ― ?>2E) 4 (62 j)(? eoc/j E 2)(792E ― ti)

(?2 eoc/E2)ti ― ?>2 eoc 4 :122 eoc ― (62 eoc/E2) ti

ti 4 69.62E
*?:-0?. ½Euïltms jrodms `i vopmr o ?22²E is lieisorgm oÿo`gr o 52j `i fgicm o 2²E poro
mntilir ulo tidpiroturo `i iqugcgnrgm `i 02²E. ^isp. 1,22j

dsCv + dsew(?222E ― 022E) 4 dgCa + dgew(022E ― 22E)

ds(902 eoc/j) + ds(? eoc/j E2)(12 E2) 4 (52 j)(62 eoc/j) + (52 j)(? eoc/j E2)(02 E2)

(122 eoc/j)ds 4 >022 eoc + ?>22 eoc8 ds 4 1.22 j

*?:-0>. Ylo noco `i pcmdm `i 9j qui si duivi o >22d/s si glerusto

glerusto il ul trmzm `i do`iro.
do`iro. Co
dgto` `i su ilirjäo glgegoc is onsmrng`o pmr co noco. ½Euïc is ic gleridiltm rijgstro`m il co
tidpiroturo `i co noco=

´(´dv>) 4 ³(2.229
Eocmr 4 ´(´dv ³(2.229 hj)(>22 d/s)> 4 92 K

_ 92 K
_  det 8 t  de  (2.229 t 4 :1.7 E2
(2.229 hj)(?5
hj)(?52 K/hj E2 ) 8
2 K/hj

*?:-05. Ug 0j `i vopmr o ?22²E si dizecol eml >2j `i fgicm o -9², eoceuci co tidpiroturo agloc `i
co duistro.

dsCv + dsew(?222E ― ti) 4 dgeg(9 E2) + dgCa + dgew(ti ― 22E)

_ jolo`m 4 (0 j)(902 eoc/j) + (0 j)(? eoc/j E 2)(?22 E2 - ti)

02 2 eoc ― (0 eoc/E 2)t i

4 >?12 eoc + 022

_pir`g`m 4 (>2 j)(2.9 eoc/j E2)(9 E2) + (>2 j)(62 eoc/j) + (>2 j)(? eoc/j E 2)ti

4 92 eoc + ?122 eoc + (>2 eoc/E 2)t i

92 eoc + ?122 eoc + (>2 eoc/E2)ti 4 >?12 eoc + 022 eoc - 0 eoc/E2)

(>0 eoc/E2)ti 4 7?2 eoc8 ti 4 5:.72E.

Rrijultos poro co riacixgõl erätgeo

?:.00. Yl riegpgilti ogsco`m `i jrol todoÿm emltgili ?>2 j `i eoaç o 69²E. ½Euïltm fgicm o 2²E
fonrï qui oÿo`gr poro qui ic eoaç si ilaräi fosto 92²E= Ofmro ngil, ½euïltm eoaç o ?22²E fonrï
qui ojrijor poro qui ic emltilg`m vuicvo o istor o 69²E= ½Euïltms jrodms fonrï oc agloc il ic
riegpgilti= ^isp. 5>.5 j, 599 j, 926 j

(o) dgCa + dgew(922E ― 22E) 4 (?>2 j)(? eoc/j E 2)(692E ― 922)

dg(62 eoc/j) + dg(? eoc/j E2)(92 E2) 4 (?>2 j)(? eoc/j E 2)(59 E2)

(?52 eoc/j)d
eoc/j)dg 4 0>22 eoc8 dg 4 5>.5 j

(n) de(? eoc/j E2)(?222E ― 692E) 4 (?>2 j + 5>.5 j)(? eoc/j E 2)(692E ― 922E)

(?9 eoc/j)de 4 9552.9 eoc8 de 4 599 j

(e) dP 4 ?>2 j + 5>.5 j + 599.0 j 4 926 j8 dP 4 926 j

*?:-09
09.. Ui fo
fol
l ao
aonr
nrge
geo`
o`m
m eu
euot
otrm
rm ncmq
ncmqui
uiss `i >2
>22
2 j `i em emnr
nri,
i, oc
ocud
udglglgm
gm,, pc
pcot
otoo y pc
pcmd
mdm
m
rispietgvo
rispi etgvodilti,
dilti, `i dm`m qui tm`ms tiljol
tiljol co dgsdo
dgsdo doso y co dgsdo ïrio il su nosi (oulqui
sus octuros siol `gairiltis). Co tidpiroturo `i eo`o ncmqui si icivo `i >2 o ?22²E opcgeol`m
eocmr o rozõl `i >22 K/s. Eoceuci euïltm tgidpm lieisgto eo`o ncmqui poro ccijor o ?22²E.

Emnri; _ 4 det 4 (2.> hj)(572 K/hj E2)(62 E2) 8 _ 4 1>02 K

t  1>02 K t 4 5?.> s
>22 K/s

?0,:>2 K
Ocudglgm; _ 4 det 4 (2.> hj)(7>2 K/hj E2)(62 E2) 8 t t 4 :5.1 s
>22 K/s

5162 K
Rcoto _ 4 det 4 (2.> hj)(>52 K/hj E2)(62 E2) 8 t t 4 ?6.0 s
>22 K/s

>262 K
Rcmdm _ 4 det 4 (2.> hj)(?52 K/hj E2)(62 E2) 8 t t 4 ?2.0 s
>22 K/s
*?:-01 Eo`o ulm `i cms ncmquis `i co prijulto
prijulto ?:.09 si emcmeo
emcmeo smnri ul jrol trmz
trmzm
m `i fgicm.
Eoceuci euïltm fgicm si `irrgti o eouso `i eo`o ncmqui, songil`m qui tm`ms cms ncmquis ccijol oc
iqugcgnrgm o 2²E. ½Euïc `i cms ncmquis si ful`i dïs prmaul`odilti y euïc si ful`i dilms=
^isp. Rn 4 :.:6 j,
j , Oj 4 ?5.6j,
Eu 4 >5.0j, Oc 4 99.?j, Oc, Rn

dgCa 4 deeet8 dg(5.50 x ?29 K/hj) 4 (2.> hj)(572 K/hj E 2)(?22 E2)8 de 4 >5.0 j

dgCa 4 dOeOt8 dg(5.50 x ?29 K/hj) 4 (2.> hj)(7>2 K/hj E 2)(?22 E2)8 dO 4 99.? j

dgCa 4 dsest8 dg(5.50 x ?29 K/hj) 4 (2.> hj)(>52 K/hj E 2)(?22 E2)8 ds 4 ?5.6 j

dgCa 4 dcect8 dg(5.50 x ?29 K/hj) 4 (2.> hj)(?52 K/hj E 2)(?22 E2)8 dc 4 :.:6 j

*?:-0:. Il ul ixpirgdiltm poro `itirdglor

`itirdglor ic eocmr cotilti
cotilti `i vopmrgzoegõl il ic eosm `ic ojuo,
ul istu`golti fo emdprmno`m qui co doso `i co tozo `i ul eocmräditrm `i ocudglgm is `i 92 j.
@ispuçs `i ojrijor egirto eoltg`o` `i ojuo, co doso emdnglo`o `i co tozo y ic ojuo is `i ?>2 j.
Co tidpiroturo glgegoc `i co tozo y ic ojuo is `i ?6²E. Egirto eoltg`o` `i vopmr o ?22²E si
gltrm`uei
gltrm`uei il ic eocmräditrm
eocmräditrm y si mnsirvo qui ic sgstido
sgstido oceolzo
oceolzo ic iqugcgnrgm
iqugcgnrgm o 0:.0²E.
0:.0²E. Co doso
tmto
tmtocc `i co dize
dizeco
co aglo
aglocc is `i ?>
?>0
0 j. ½_uç
½_uç vovocm
cmrr mntil
mntil`r
`rïï ic is
istu
tu`g
`gol
olti
ti poro
poro ic eo
eocm
cmrr `i
vopmrgzoegõl=

dw 4 ?>2 j ― 92 j8 dw 4 :2 j

ds 4 ?>0 j ― ?>2 j8 ds 4 0.22 j

dsCv + dsew(?222E ― 0:.02E) 4 dwew(0:.02E ― ?62E) + deee(0:.02E ― ?62E)

(0 j)Cv + (0 j)(? eoc/j E2)(9>.1 E2) 4 (:2 j)(? eoc/j E 2)(>7.0 E2)
+ (92 j)(2.>> eoc/j E2)(>7.0 E2)

(0 j)Cv + >?2.0 eoc/E2 4 >296 eoc/E 2 + 5>5.0 eoc/E2

Cv 4 905 eoc/j

*?:-06 Dosos gjuocis `i fgicm o 2²E, ojuo o 92²E y vopmr o ?22²E si dizecol y si `iko qui

oceoleil ic iqugcgnrgm. ½Ui eml`ilsorï ic vopmr= ½Euïc sirï co tidpiroturo `i co dizeco agloc=
½_uç pmreiltoki `i co dizeco agloc sirï `i ojuo y quç pmreiltoki sirï `i vopmr= ^isp. Lm,
?22²E, ?7.?% `i vopmr y 62.7% `i ojuo

dxCv 4 dCa + dew?22 E2) + dew(?222E ― 922E)

dx 2 2 dx 2

d C  C  e (?22 E )  e (92 E ) 8 d C 4C + (?92 E )e w

v a w w v a

dx C a  (?92 E2 )ew eoc/j  (?92 E2 )(? eoc/j E2 )

62 eo dx
  8  2.0>1
d Cv 902 eoc/j d

ti 4 ?222E

tmtoc dosos is4 ds + dw + ds 4 5d ol` dx 4 2.0>1 d (eml`ilso`o) ,

d  2.0>1 d 2.9:0 d
%4   2.?7? 8 ?7.?%
5d 5d

% agloc `i ojuo 62.7% wotir

*?:-07. Ug ?22 j `i ojuo o >2²E si dizecol eml ?22 j `i fgicm o 2²E y 0 j `i vopmr o ?22²E,
*?:-07.
focci co tidpiroturo `i iqugcgnrgm y co emdpmsgegõl
e mdpmsgegõl `i co dizeco.

dsCv + dsew(?222E ― 22E) + dwew(>22E ― 22E) 4 dxCa

(0 j)(902 eoc/j) + (0 j)(? eoc/j E2)(?22 E2) + (?22 j)(? eoc/j E 2)(>2 E2) 4 dx(62 eoc/j)

dx 4 9: j8 ?22 j ― 9: j mr 05 j `i fgicm

Pmtoc ojuo 4 0 j + ?22 j + 9: j 4 ?1? j8 Pmtoc fgicm 4 05 j

*?:-92.. @giz
*?:-92 @giz jrodms
jrodms `i fgicm o ‐9²E si dizeco
dizecoll eml 1 j `i vopmr
vopmr o ?22²E.
?22²E. Eoceuci
Eoceuci co
tidpiroturo agloc y co emdpmsgegõl `i co dizeco. ^isp. ?22²E, ?5.0 j `i ojuo, >.1> j `i vopmr

dx(902 eoc/j) 4 (?2 j)(2.9 eoc/j E 2)(9 E2) + (?2 j)(62 eoc/j) + (?2 j)(? eoc/j E2)(?22 E2)

dx 4 5.56 j `i eml`ilso`o >.1> j `i vopmr

Pmtoc ojuo 4 5.56 j + ?2 j 4 ?5.0 j8 Pmtoc vopmr 4 >.1> j