Tema 2.1.a.

Introducción al sistema
endocrino

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En este tema veremos
 La función de las hormonas
 Clasificación, estructura y sinteis
 Control de la liberación de hormona
 Efectos de la interacción de las hormonas
 Algunas
Al patologias
l i deld l sistema
i endocrino
d i

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Resumen Anatómico: Hormonas

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PLAY Animation: Endocrine System: Endocrine System Review
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Las Hormonas
 Hormonas: moléculas de comunicación celular
 Se sintetizan en células agrupadas en glandulas o en
células que no forman parte de glándulas
 Se transportan por la sangre
 Los receptores en sus tejidos diana está alejados
 Activan respuestas fisiológicas
 Ferormonas: comunicación organismo-organismo
organismo organismo

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Hormonas: Función
 Control de
 Velocidad de las reacciones enzimáticas
 Transporte de iones o moléculas a través de la
membrana
 Expresión génica y sintesis de proteinas
 Ejercen sus efectos a muy bajas concentraciones
 Se enla
enlazan
an a receptores en ssuss cél
células
las diana
 Su vida media da idea del tiempo que la hormona
permance activa
i en ell organismo
i

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Hormonas: Clasificación
 Péptidos o proteínas
 Hormonas esteroideas
 Aminas: catecolaminas y hormonas tiroideas

Animation: Endocrine System:

PLAY Biochemistry, Secretion, and Transport of Hormones
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Peptide Hormone Synthesis,
g g, and Release
Packaging,
1 Messenger RNA on the 2 Enzymes in the 3 The prohormone 4 Secretory vesicles containing 5 The secretory 6 The hormone
ribosomes binds amino ER chop off the passes from the enzymes and prohormone vesicle releases moves into the
acids into a peptide chain signal sequence, ER through the bud off the Golgi. The enzymes its contents by circulation for
called a preprohormone.
preprohormone creating an Golgi complex.
complex chop the prohormone into one exocytosis into transport to its
The chain is directed into inactive or more active peptides plus the extracellular target.
the ER lumen by a signal prohormone. additional peptide fragments. space.
sequence of amino acids.

Golgi complex
E d l
Endoplasmic
i reticulum
ti l (ER)
To target
Ribosome
Active hormone
Peptide
Transport fragment
vesicle 3

4 6
Secretory
S t
vesicle 5
Release
Prohormone signal
Capillary
p y
2 endothelium

1
Signal Cytoplasm ECF Plasma
sequence
Preprohormone
mRNA

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Hormonas: Péptidos
p o Proteínas
 Preprohormona
 Grande, inactiva
 Prohormona
 Modificación Post-tranduccional
 Mecanismo de acción: Unión a receptor en la
membrana plasmática y activación de la transducción
de señales
señales, p.e:
p e: AC/AMPc/PKA,
AC/AMPc/PKA receptores tirosina
quinasas u otros

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 Peptide
p Hormone-Receptor
p Complex
p

Unión a receptor
en la membrana
plasmática y
activación de la
transducción de
señales, p.e:
AC/AMPc/PKA,
receptores tirosina
quinasas u otros

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Hormonas esteroideas
 Derivan del colesterol
 Son lipofílicas y pueden entrar al interior de la célula
diana
 Receptores citoplásmicos o nucleares, aunque
también pueden iniciar vías de señalización desde la
membrana
b plasmática
l áti (nuevas
( vías
í llamadas
ll d
“extranuclear-initiated actions”)
 Actúan como factores de transcripción uniendose a
sus elementos de respuesta en el ADN
 Su actuación suele ser lenta, y tienen una vida media
larga
 P.E: cortisol, estrógenos, testosterona, progesterona
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Hormonas esteroideas: Estructura
Las hormonas esteroideas derivan del colesterol

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Hormonas esteroideas: Acción
1 Most hydrophobic Blood Steroid Cell surface receptor
steroids are bound vessel hormone
to plasma protein
y
carriers. Only 2a
unbound hormones Rapid responses
can diffuse into the 1
target cell.
2
Protein
2 Steroid hormone carrier Nucleus
receptors are
typically in the Cytoplasmic
cytoplasm or receptor Nuclear
nucleus. receptor

DNA
2a Some steroid
hormones also Interstitial
bind to mem- fluid
brane receptors
that use second 3
Endoplasmic
messenger
systems to reticulum Transcription
Cell
create rapid produces mRNA
cellular membrane 5
responses. 4
New
proteins Translation

3 The receptor-
hormone complex
binds to DNA
and activates or 4 Activated genes create new 5 Translation produces new
mRNA that moves into the proteins for cell processes.
processes
represses one or
more genes. cytoplasm.

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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nadal, Díaz and Valverde, Physiology 2001
 Walker and Korach, ILAR J 2004
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 Hormonas amínicas
 Derivan de dos
aminoácidos
 Triptófano:
melatonina
 Tirosina:
catecolaminas y
hormonas
t o deas
tiroideas
 Estructura de
anillo

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Hormonas amínicas: ejemplos
j p
 Hormonas tiroideas
 Catecolaminas
 Adrenalina
 Noradrenalina
 Dopamina

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 Hyperactive
yp goiter inTRα1 −/− β −/−mice
g

Göthe S et al. Genes Dev. 1999;13:1329-1341

;

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 Retarded growth and reduced expression of IGF-I and GH inTRα1 −/− β −/−mice.

Göthe S et al. Genes Dev. 1999;13:1329-1341

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 Reflejos
j endocrinos
Una hormona puede liberarse en respuesta a múltiples
estimulos

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