Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
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kboocrc`t typcs no B]N knmugc`ts sanuhk ec `ntck. [abs knmugc`t wjs krjotck b` jmmnrkj`mc wbta tac
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pjtc`t rbiats. B]N sajhh `nt ec achk rcspn`sbehc onr bkc`tboyb`i j`y nr jhh suma pjtc`t rbiats. Kctjbhs no
j`y pjtc`t rbiats bkc`tbbck kurb`i tac kcvchnpgc`t no tac knmugc`t wbhh ec b` tac B`trnkumtbn` j`k/nr
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kjgjic. [acrconrc, tn jvnbk mnrrnsbn` kjgjic, stcch strumturcs jrc `nrgjhhy prntcmtck tn wbtastj`k
tac mnrrnsbn` strcsscs tn wabma tacy wbhh ec suefcmtck kurb`i tac scrvbmc hboc rcqubrck no tac strumturc.
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prntcmtbn` ey pjb`t systcgs j`k mnvcrs, b` tac vjrbnus pjrts, jhh ocjturcs tajt jrc bgpnrtj`t b` jmabcvb`i
jkcqujtc mnrrnsbn` prntcmtbn`. Jkkbtbn`jh nr ntacr gcjsurcs jrc pnssbehc eut rcqubrc pjrtbmuhjr
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`n`-mngphbj`mc wbta rcqubrcgc`ts j`k rcmnggc`kjtbn`s ibvc` b` tabs knmugc`t gjy rcsuht b` scrbnus
b`j`mbjh mn`scquc`mcs.
B]N :52;;-: kcb`cs tac nvcrjhh smnpc no B]N :52;;. Bt ibvcs sngc ejsbm tcrgs j`k kcb`btbn`s j`k j
ic`crjh b`trnkumtbn` tn tac ntacr pjrts no B]N :52;;. Ourtacrgnrc, bt b`mhukcs j ic`crjh stjtcgc`t n`
acjhta, sjocty j`k c`vbrn`gc`tjh prntcmtbn`, j`k iubkchb`cs onr usb`i B]N :52;; (jhh pjrts) onr j ibvc`
prnfcmt.
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mnrrnsbn` strcsscs tn wabma tacy jrc cxpnsck kurb`i tacbr scrvbmc hboc j`k tn gb`bgbzc tac rbsl no
ojbhurcs tajt wnuhk bgpjmt sjocty, npcrjtb`i mnsts nr mjpbtjh mnst.
B` nrkcr tn cstjehbsa suobmbc`t mnrrnsbn` prntcmtbn` j`k c`surc nptbgug pcronrgj`mc no tac mnjtb`i,
bt bs `cmcssjry tn spcmboy tac rcqubrcgc`ts onr tac prntcmtbvc pjb`t systcg(s) jhn`i wbta tac rchcvj`t
hjenrjtnry pcronrgj`mc tcsts tn jsscss bts (tacbr) hblchy kurjebhbty.
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jpphbmjtbn` no tac pjb`t bs cssc`tbjh. Mhnsc jttc`tbn` `ccks tn ec ibvc` tn tac cxcmutbn` no tac wnrl.
[abs knmugc`t phjmcs cgpajsbs n` abia-kurjebhbty pjb`t systcgs, wbta tac jbg no gb`bgbzb`i
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rchjtck strumturcs (b.c. tansc cxpnsck tn tac gjrb`c jtgnspacrc, js wchh js tansc bggcrsck b` scj nr
erjmlbsa wjtcr). ]uma strumturcs jrc cxpnsck tn c`vbrn`gc`ts no mnrrnsbvbty mjtcinry MQ (noosanrc) j`k
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‛ tac hjenrjtnry pcronrgj`mc tcst gctanks onr tac jsscssgc`t no tac hblchy kurjebhbty no tac prntcmt
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#$% (KS(, Ant kbp ijhvj`bzck mnjtb`is n` ojerbmjtck brn` j`k stcch jrtbmhcs ‛ ]pcmbbmjtbn`s j`k tcst gctanks
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sbzc no kcocmts,
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rnuia`css majrjmtcrbstbms no ehjst-mhcj`ck stcch suestrjtcs ‛ Tjrt :6 ]pcmbbmjtbn`s j`k kcb`btbn`s onr B]N
surojmc prnbhc mngpjrjtnrs onr tac jsscssgc`t no jerjsbvc ehjst-mhcj`ck surojmcs
B]N 134=-5, !'":4'4%#.$ .< (%""8 (&7(%'4%"( 7"<.'" 4::8#-4%#.$ .< :4#$%( 4$/ '"84%"/ :'./&-%( + 9&'<4-"
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+ !4'% L? >5:"( .< (&'<4-" 4$/ (&'<4-" :'":4'4%#.$
B]N :52;;-3, Tjb`ts j`k vjr`bsacs ‛ Mnrrnsbn` prntcmtbn` no stcch strumturcs ey prntcmtbvc pjb`t systcgs
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Gcjsurcgc`t no, j`k jmmcptj`mc
jmmcptj`mc mrbtcrbj onr, tac tabml`css no kry bhgs n` rnuia surojmcs
B]N 52?4:, Tjb`ts j`k vjr`bsacs ‛ Mnrrnsbn` prntcmtbn` ey prntcmtbvc pjb`t systcgs ‛ Jsscssgc`t no
pnrnsbty b` j kry
kr y bhg
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prnpcrtbcs, jpphbmjtbn` b`strumtbn`s, pjmljib`i b`onrgjtbn` j`k b`onrgjtbn` n` stnrjic j`k aj`khb`i.
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b`irckbc`ts, paysbmjh kjtj, brc j`k cxphnsbn` kjtj, acjhta ajzjrks, rcjmtbvbty kjtj, spbhh nr hcjl prnmckurcs,
spcmbjh prntcmtbn` rcqubrcgc`ts j`k ntacr spcmbjh prcmjutbn`s.
ZY0
qujhbbmjtbn`
prnmcss onr tac cvjhujtbn` no prntcmtbvc pjb`t systcgs usb`i tcst mrbtcrbj wabma jhhnw tac schcmtbn` no
subtjehc pjb`t systcgs onr kbstb`mt c`vbrn`gc`tjh cxpnsurc mn`kbtbn`s
ZYU
vnhjtbhc nrij`bm mngpnu`k
Q6.
j`y nrij`bm hbqubk j`k/nr snhbk tajt cvjpnrjtcs spn`tj`cnushy jt tac prcvjbhb`i tcgpcrjturc j`k
Q,622J,6 8> -F6 +-E82QF6,6 U1-F UF1DF 1- 12 17 D87-+D-
@ntc : tn c`try6 S`kcr S] Invcr`gc`t hcibshjtbn`, tac tcrg _NM bs rcstrbmtck snhchy tn tansc mngpnu`ks tajt jrc
pantnmacgbmjhhy jmtbvc b` tac jtgnspacrc (scc J][G K=2?4). J`y ntacr mngpnu`k bs tac` kcb`ck js ecb`i j`
cxcgpt mngpnu`k.
ZY]
&4="&+ "$( %#("= R/$,&
jrcjs tajt jrc jhtcr`jtchy wct j`k kry ecmjusc no tac b`huc`mc no tbkcs, wb`ks j`k/nr wjvcs nr
M+AA+2-17BRA8+<17B
ZY[
anhkb`i prbgcr
ojst-kryb`i prbgcr tajt bs jpphbck tn ehjst-mhcj`ck mjren` stcch tn prntcmt bt kurb`i ojerbmjtbn` no j
strumturc, eut kncs `nt jhhnw tac mjren` stcch tn ec wchkck
@ntc : tn c`try6 Trbgcrs wabma kn jhhnw tac mjren` stcch tn ec wchkck jrc mjhhck ‘prc-ojerbmjtbn` prbgcrs‗.
0 N#,=( /5 "44=#:"%#/$
[abs knmugc`t kcjhs wbta tac jtgnspacrbm mnrrnsbvbty mjtcinry MQ (noosanrc) onr npcrjtb`i tcgpcrjturc
j`k tac bggcrsbn` mjtcinry Bg; js kcb`ck b` B]N :52;;-5.
[ac strumturc gjy ec kbvbkck b`tn kboocrc`t zn`cs ejsck n` tac typc no c`vbrn`gc`t cjma zn`c bs
cxpnsck tn6
‛ j`ntacr zn`c mnrrcspn`ks tn tac jrcj tajt bs pcrgj`c`thy bggcrsck b` scj wjtcr,
wjtcr, b.c. mjtcinry Bg;<
‛ twn ourtacr
ourt acr zn`cs
zn`cs mnrrcspn`k tn tac tbkjh j`k sphjsa zn`cs
zn`cs wabma jrc j mngeb`jtbn`
mngeb`jtbn` no mjtcinry MQ
C8>>2F8,6OO +7< #EK/
C8>>2F8,6
‛ tac
abiasphjsa zn`cstrcsscs,
mnrrnsbn` bs tac jrcj wcttck
wcttc k ey
cspcmbjhhy wjvc
wbta scjj`k sprjy jmtbn` wabma mj` ibvc rbsc tn cxmcptbn`jhhy
wjtcr.
B` tabs knmugc`t, tac sphjsa j`k tbkjh zn`cs jrc mngeb`ck onr qujhbbmjtbn` purpnscs b`tn n`c sct no
-62-2 C266 :+MA6 _O@
_O@
[abs knmugc`t kcjhs wbta tac onhhnwb`i typcs no surojmc (gnrc b`onrgjtbn` bs ibvc` b` B]N :52;;-;)6
Cxmcpt onr gctjh-mnjtck surojmcs, surojmc prcpjrjtbn` sajhh ec ey ehjst mhcj`b`i tn prcpjrjtbn` irjkc
]j 5· (gb`bgug) js kcb`ck b` B]N 134:-
134:-: j`k tn surojmc prnbhc ‘gckbug (I)‗ js kcb`ck b` B]N 134=-:.
134=-:.
Onr surojmc prcpjrjtbn` econrc j`k jotcr jpphbmjtbn` no tac tacrgjh-sprjyck gctjhhbm mnjtb`i, scc
#$% &'S_ C+AA Q+,-2O@
P8-0<1Q B+AL+7
B+AL+71]6<
1]6< 2-66A 2F+AA M6 2U66Q MA+2-6< 17 +DD8,<+7D6 U1-F #$% (&.KK0K@
3 Uchjtbn`s
Uchjtbn`sabp
abp ectwcc` jrtbbmbj
jrtbbmbjhh jicb`i j`k `jturjh cxpnsurc
[ac schcmtbn` no j pjb`t systcg onr j spcmbbm sbtujtbn` sanuhk prcocrjehy ec ejsck n` cxpcrbc`mc orng
tac usc no tac systcg b` sbgbhjr mjscs. [ac rcjsn` bs tajt tac kurjebhbty no j pjb`t systcg kcpc`ks n`
gj`y cxtcr`jh ojmtnrs suma js tac c`vbrn`gc`t, tac kcsbi` no tac strumturc, tac surojmc prcpjrjtbn`,
j`k tac jpphbmjtbn` j`k kryb`i prnmckurcs.
[ac kurjebhbty bs no mnursc jhsn hb`lck tn tac macgbmjh j`k paysbmjh majrjmtcrbstbms no tac systcg, c.i.
tac typc no eb`kcr j`k tac kry-bhg tabml`css. [ac b`huc`mc no tacsc majrjmtcrbstbms n` tac kurjebhbty
mj` ec cvjhujtck ey jrtbbmbjh-jicb`i tcsts. No prbgjry b`tcrcst bs rcsbstj`mc tn wjtcr nr gnbsturc, j`k
tn sjht oni, js j` b`kbmjtbn` no wct jkacsbn` j`k tac ejrrbcr prnpcrtbcs. [ac jicb`i tcsts j`k kurjtbn`s
spcmbbck acrcjotcr ajvc ecc` schcmtck tn c`surc, wbta j abia prnejebhbty, tajt pjb`t systcgs rcjhhy kn
ajvc tac majrjmtcrbstbms `cckck onr tac kurjebhbty rcqubrck b` tac b`tc`kck jpphbmjtbn`.
Anwcvcr, rcsuhts orng jrtbbmbjh-jicb`i tcsts sajhh ec usck wbta mjutbn`. Bt sajhh ec mhcjrhy u`kcrstnnk
tajt jrtb bmbjh jicb`i wbhh `nt `cmcssjrbhy
`cmcssjrbhy ajvc tac sjgc coocmt js
j s `jturjh cxpnsurc. Gj`y ojmtnrs ajvc
j` b`huc`mc n` tac prnircss no kcirjkjtbn` j`k, b` tac hjenrjtnry, bt bs `nt pnssbehc tn jmmchcrjtc jhh
no tacg b` tac prnpcr wjy. Bt bs tacrconrc kbobmuht tn gjlc j rchbjehc rj`lb`i no pjb`t systcgs no vcry
kboocrc`t mngpnsbtbn`s orng jrtbbmbjh-jicb`i tcsts b` tac hjenrjtnry. [abs mj` sngctbgcs hcjk tn cobmbc`t
prntcmtbvc pjb`t systcgs ecb`i rcfcmtck ecmjusc tacy mj``nt pjss tacsc tcsts. Bt bs rcmnggc`kck tajt
`jturjh-cxpnsurc trbjhs jhwjys ec u`kcrtjlc` sn tajt, b` tac hn`i tcrg, suma j`ngjhbcs mj` ec rcsnhvck.
] !"#$%&
]Y< A,$,*"=
[ac pcronrgj`mc no prntcmtbvc pjb`t systcgs sajhh ec tcstck b` jmmnrkj`mc wbta HA+J26 . +7< -F6
scpjrjtc mngpn`c`ts no tac systcg (tac pjb`ts) sajhh ec bkc`tbbck b` jmmnrkj`mc wbta S@[
Onr cjma pjb`t b` tac pjb`t systcg, tac gj`uojmturcr sajhh prnvbkc j prnkumt tcma`bmjh-kjtj sacct
CQ,8<JD- :?$O C266 S@K) j`k j sjocty kjtj
kjt j sacct (]K]).
(]K]).
@cbtacr tac macgbmjh mngpnsbtbn` no tac b`kbvbkujh pjb`ts b` tac pjb`t systcg (scc S@[@& +7< S@[@_
S@[@_OO 78,
tac kcsmrbptbn` no tac pjb`t systcg (scc Z@() sajhh ec maj`ick jotcr qujhbbmjtbn`.
[ac pjb`t gj`uojmturcr sajhh sct up j`k gjb`tjb` j qujhbty jssurj`mc systcg suma js bs `cmcssjry
tn c`surc tajt tac innks nr scrvbmcs supphbck mngphy b` jhh rcspcmts wbta tac rcqubrcgc`ts no tabs
<8DJE67-@
?.= Tjmljib`i
Tjmljib`i j`k hjechhb`i
Jhh mnjtb`i gjtcrbjhs, snhvc`ts j`k tab``crs sajhh ec stnrck b` tacbr nrbib`jh mn`tjb`cr ecjrb`i tac
gj`uojmturcr's hjech j`k b`strumtbn`s. Jt hcjst tac onhhnwb`i b`onrgjtbn` sajhh ec sanw` n` tac hjech6
Jt hcjst tac onhhnwb`i b`onrgjtbn`, b` jkkbtbn` tn tajt b` tac ]K], sajhh ec prnvbkck b` tac prnkumt [K]
wbta cjma prnkumt suegbttck tn qujhbbmjtbn` tcstb`i6
‛ tac ic`crbm
ic`crbm `jgc onr
onr cjma jkkbtbn`jh
jkkbtbn`jh mngpn`c`t<
mngpn`c`t<
‛ tac sacho
sacho hboc u`kcr tac rcmnggc`kck
rcmnggc`kck stnrjic mn`kbtbn`s<
‛ tac `n`-vnhjtbhc
`n`-vnhjtbhc gjttcr ey vnhugc no tac gbxck prnkumt (kctcrgb`ck
(kctcrgb`ck b` jmmnrkj`mc wbta B]N =5==-:)(O<
=5==-:)
‛ tac kc`sbty no tac gbxck prnkumt (kctcrgb`ck b` jmmnrkj`mc wbta tac jpprnprbjtc 51::))(O<
jpprnprbjtc pjrt no B]N 51::
‛ tac tbgc tjlc` onr tac surojmc no tac mnjtb`i tn kry (kctcrgb`ck
(kctcrgb`ck b` jmmnrkj`mc wbta B]N 2::
2::9-=)(O<
9-=)
‛ tac rcmng
rcmnggc`kck
gc`kck tab
tab``cr(s)
``cr(s) (`jgc j`k/nr @n.)<
‛ tac rcmnggc`kck
rcmnggc`kck gb`bgug j`k gjxbgug kry bhg tabml`css<
‛ tac snhvc`t
snhvc`t rcmnggc`kck
rcmnggc`kck onr mhcj`b`i tac cqubpgc`t<
W -F6 -F68,6- 1D+A 2Q,6+<17B ,+-6 C17 E&RA 8, E&/li onr j kry bhg tabml`css no [ ^EO@
-F68,6-1D+A
]YUY< A,$,*"=
Cjma pjb`t b` j pjb`t systcg sajhh ec suefcmtck tn twn typcs no bkc`tbbmjtbn` macml6
j) J b`icrprb`t macml (scc S@[@&) sajhh ec mjrrbck nut n` jhh tac pjb`ts no tac pjb`t systcg suegbttck
tn qujhbbmjtbn` tcstb`i.
MO ; ,8J-176 M+-DF DF6DY C266 S@[@_) sajhh ec mjrrbck nut b`btbjhhy j`k n` cvcry suescquc`t ejtma no tac
pjb`ts b` j qujhbbck pjb`t systcg.
?.3.5 Ob`icrprb`t
Ob`icrprb`t macml
[ac jbg no j b`icrprb`t macml bs tn mn`brg tac mn`sbstc`my no tac pjb`ts supphbck wbta rcocrc`mc tn
qujhbbck pjb`ts. Jotcr qujhbbmjtbn` no j pjb`t systcg, tabs b`icrprb`t gjy ec usck, bo `cmcssjry, tn
vcrboy tajt tac pjb`ts supphbck jrc bkc`tbmjh tn tansc suefcmtck tn qujhbbmjtbn` tcstb`i.
[ac b`icrprb`t sajhh b`mhukc jt hcjst tac pjrjgctcrs ibvc` b` J``cx M @
[ac rcsuhts no j rnutb`c ejtma macml, usb`i sbgphc hjenrjtnry tcma`bqucs, mj` sanw kboocrc`mcs b` tac
mngpnsbtbn` no j pjb`t ey mngpjrbsn` wbta tac sjgphc(s) suefcmtck tn qujhbbmjtbn` tcstb`i.
[ac pjb`t gj`uojmturcr sajhh mjrry nut j rnutb`c ejtma macml n` cjma ejtma no pjb`t. ]uma macmls jrc
suefcmt tn knmugc`tjtbn` onrgb`i pjrt no tac pjb`t gj`uojmturcr‑s qujhbty jssurj`mc systcg j`k jrc
usck tn prnvbkc tac mcrtbbmjtc no mn`onrgbty, bo rcqubrck ey tac purmajscr.
[ac gb`bgug kjtj rcqubrck onr j sbgphc bkc`tbbmjtbn` macml (bo rchcvj`t tn tac prnkumt b` qucstbn`) jrc
B1L67 17 :+MA6 (@
(@
Cjma no tac b`tcrcstck pjrtbcs sajhh ec c`tbthck tn mjrry nut jkkbtbn`jh macmls n` j`y ejtma tn vcrboy tac
b`icrprb`t.
[ !*/%,:%#),
!*/%,:%#), 4"#$% &?&%,9&
[Y< L,&:*#4%#/$
e) tac typc no
no c`vbrn`gc`
c`vbrn`gc`tt (scc
(scc K@_) j`k tac typc no surojmc (scc K@&) tajt tac pjb`t systcg bs
kcsbi`ck onr<
m) tac surojmc prcpjrjtbn` rcmnggc`kck onr tac surojmc (gctank j`k rcsuhtj`t irjkc)<
irjkc)<
k) tac prnkumt kcsbi`jtbn` onr cjma mnjt b` tac pjb`t systcg b` tac nrkcr no jpphbmjtbn`.
jpphbmjtbn`. [ac onhhnwb`i
b`onrgjtbn` bs rcqubrck onr cjma prnkumt6
‛ tac `ngb`
`ngb`jh
jh kry bhg tabml`css
tabml`css (@KO[).
[ac @KO[ no tac prntcmtbvc pjb`t systcg bs tac sug no tac @KO[s no cjma b`kbvbkujh mnjt.
(2- D8+-
&7< D8
D8+-
_,< D8
D8+-
K - F D 8 +-
6-D @
F/%"= @LNF C^EO/
Cxpcrbc`mc ajs sanw` tajt n`c no tac pjrjgctcrs wabma bs cssc`tbjh onr tac jmabcvcgc`t no abia
kurjebhbty b` prjmtbmc bs tac mnjtb`i systcg gjlc-up, prbgjrbhy tac `ugecr no mnjts j`k tac tntjh kry
bhg tabml`css.
Onr tabs rcjsn`, tabs knmugc`t cstjehbsacs j sct no gb`bgug rcqubrcgc`ts onr tac mnjtb`i systcgs onr
-F6 L+,18J2 67L1,87E6
67L1,87E67-+A
7-+A ]8762@
Bt sanuhk ec cgpajsbzck, anwcvcr, tajt tac pjb`t systcgs ibvc` b` :+MA6 _ +,6 E+<6 JQ 8> <1>>6,67-
ic`crbm mnjtb`i typcs6 prbgcr, b`tcrgckbjtc mnjt j`k tnpmnjt. [acy sanuhk tacrconrc n`hy ec mn`sbkcrck
js gb`bgug rcqubrcgc`ts. B` jkkbtbn`, tac hbst bs `nt b`tc`kck tn ec mngprcac`sbvc.
B` spcmbjh mjscs, mnjtb`i systcgs ejsck n` ocwcr mnjts mj` ec rchcvj`t. Anwcvcr, b` suma mjscs, tabs
sajhh ec jmmngpj`bck ey j sbi`bbmj`t b`mrcjsc b` tntjh kry bhg tabml`css mngpjrck tn tac gb`bgug
rcqubrcgc`ts b` :+MA6 _, j`k bt bs jkvbsjehc tn tjlc spcmbjh qujhbty mn`trnh gcjsurcs kurb`i jpphbmjtbn`
-8 672J,6 -F+- -F6 4?9: 12 E6-@
Bo j anhkb`i prbgcr bs usck, taus ecmngb`i pjrt no tac mnjtb`i systcg (js j` cxtrj hjycr), tabs sajhh
ec jircck ectwcc` tac b`tcrcstck pjrtbcs j`k tac anhkb`i prbgcr qujhbbck b` jmmnrkj`mc wbta tabs
<8DJE67-@
F"3=, Z - G#$#9;9 *,\;#*,9,$%& 5/* 4*/%,:%#), 4"#$% &?&%,9& "$( %+,#* #$#%#"= 4,*5/*9"$:,
Ant-kbp-ijhvj`bzck
Ehjst-mhcj`ck mjren` stcch6 ]j 5· < &%,,= /* &%,,= T#%+
]urojmc prnbhc6 gckbug (I) %+,*9"=>&4*"?,(
zb`m mnjtb`i+
F?4, /5
24="&+ "$( %#("= R/$,&
,$)#*/$9,$% .W M/55&+/*,C 190 . W M/5 5 &+/*,C
jmmnrkb`i tn 0Y< .W M/55&+/*,C "$( 190
X7 C=OM %-F6, X7 C=Oe, m % - F6, Q, 1E6, 2 %- F6, Q,1E6,2
[ypc no prbgcr
Q,1E6,2
4?9: C^EO ≣;4 ≣?4 ≣;4 ≣?4 ≣544 W ≣:34
d171EJE 7JEM6,
_ _ _ _ & ( & &
8> D8+-2<
4?9: 8> Q+17-
≣514 ≣=34 ≣;34 ≣;34 ≣?44 ≣144 ≣=34 ≣544
systcg (³g)
d171EJE QJAA08>>
-62- L+AJ6 CM6>8,6
+B617BO <6-6,E176<
[ [ [ [ [ ) [ [
17 +DD8,<+7D6 U1-F
B]N ;?5;, Gctank J
8, N6 Cd*+O>
+ :F6 -F1DY7622 8> -F6 E6-+AA1D D8+-17B 2F+AA M6 17 +DD8,<+7D6 U1-F #$% (KS(
(KS( CF8-0<1Q B+AL+71]6< O 8, #$% &'S_ C+AA Q+,- 2O
(tacrgjh sprjyck gctjh) j`k tac gctjhhbm mnjtb`i sajhh ec prcpjrck js spcmbbck b` B]N :52;;-;. Nvcrmnjtb`i no tacrgjh
sprjyck jhugb`bug ([]J) bs `nt rcmnggc`kck kuc tn tac rbsl no tac nvcrmnjt hjlb`i j`k mnrrnsbn` no tac []J nmmurrb`i.
Onr []J, j scjhcr mnjt n`hy bs rcmnggc`kck.
M V` (U) 7 Vb`m-rbma prbgcr js kcb`ck b` B]N :52;;-3.
D [abs mnjtb`i systcg wbta j` nrij`bm V` (U) prbgcr mj` jhsn ec usck onr Bg; scrvbmc bo j V` (U) prbgcr bs kcsbrck. B` tabs
mjsc, tac @KO[ no tac mngphctc systcg mj` ec rckumck tn ≣ =34 θg.
< [ac `ugecr no mnjts kncs `nt b`mhukc j tbc mnjt, wabma gbiat ec `cckck wac` j V` (U) sbhbmjt c prbgcr bs usck, onr
172-+7D6@
6 Bt bs rcqubrc k tajt tac onrmc eubht up bs mn`trnhhck j`k hb`cjr js kcsmrbeck b` B]N ;?5;, c.i. ey usb`i j` jutngjtbm
aykrjuhbm tcst cqubpgc`t
> *J2F08>> +<F62187 -62-17B 12 78- Q6,E1--6<@
EY< Tjb`ts sjgphck onr jpphbmjtbn` tcstb`i sajhh `nt cxabebt j`y ajrk slb`, irjb`s nr sckbgc`t b` tacbr
nrbib`jh pjmljib`i. [acy sajhh ec cjsy tn stbr. [ac prnkumts sajhh ec tcstck wbtab` tacbr sacho hboc j`k pnt hboc.
EY8 Cjma pjb`t usck b` tac pjb`t systcg sajhh sanw `n sbi` no ru``b`i nr sjiib`i wac` jpphbck jt j kry
bhg tabml`css cqujh tn jt hcjst :,3 tbgcs tac spcmbbck @KO[ tn j sgnnta, kcircjsck vcrtbmjh phjtc wbta j`
+,6+ 8> ( E&@
Onr prbgcrs j`k scho-prbgb`i prnkumts, bt bs rcmnggc`kck tajt j ehjstck mjren` stcch phjtc wbta j
‘gckbug (I)‗ prnbhc ec usck b`stcjk no j sgnnta phjtc.
[cst pj`chs sajhh ec gjkc orng mjren` stcch mngphyb`i wbta B]N :3:;. S`hcss jircck ntacrwbsc, tac
E171EJE 21]6 8> -F6 Q+76A2 2F+AA M6 ([' EE j Z[ EE j _ EE@ #> -F6 -F1DY7622 8> -F6 Q+76A2 12 A622 -F+7
3 gg, tac ‘sj`kwbma‗ gctank no puhh-noo tcstb`i spcmbbck b` B]N ;?5; bs rcmnggc`kck. [arcc pj`chs
2F+AA M6 Q,6Q+,6< >8, 6+DF -62-@
Kcircjsc tac tcst pj`chs usb`i j subtjehc gctank j`k irbt-ehjst tacg tn jt hcjst ]j 5· js kcb`ck b`
B]N 134:-:. S`hcss jircck ntacrwbsc, tac surojmc prnbhc no tac tcst sbkc no cjma pj`ch sajhh mnrrcspn`k
tn ‘gckbug (I)‗ js kcb`ck b` B]N 134=-: j`k sajhh ec macmlck wbta j mngpjrjtnr usb`i tac gctank
spcmbbck b` B]N 134=-5.
Ntacr gctanks no surojmc prcpjrjtbn` gjy ec usck tn rcprcsc`t jmtujh bchk mn`kbtbn`s, js jircck
M6-U667 -F6 17-6,62-6< Q+,-162@
[ac tcst pj`chs sajhh ec kry j`k orcc no kust j`k j`y ntacr onrcbi` gjttcr.
Jhh pjrjgctcrs rchjtck tn surojmc prcpjrjtbn` (mhcj`hb`css, rnuia`css, kust hcvch, ctm.) sajhh ec rcmnrkck
+2 Q+,- 8> -F6 -62- ,6Q8,-@
Onr ant-kbp ijhvj`bzck stcch j`k tacrgjh-sprjyck gctjhhbm mnjtb`i tac tabml`css no tac gctjhhbm hjycr
sajhh ec gcjsurck j`k rcmnrkck econrc jpphyb`i tac pjb`t systcg.
2.:.= Jpphbmjtbn`
Jpphbmjtbn` j`k murb`i
Mnjt tac pj`chs ey sprjyb`i b` strbmt jmmnrkj`mc wbta tac gj`uojmturcr's wrbttc` b`strumtbn`s. Murc b`
jmmnrkj`mc
jmmnrkj` mc wbta tac pjb`t gj`uojmturcr's wrbttc` b`strumtbn`s.
*,8-6D- -F6 M+DY2 +7< 6<B62 8> -F6 -62- Q+76A2 J217B +7 +QQ,8Q,1+-6 E6-F8< +B,66< 87 M6-U667 -F6
17-6,62-6< Q+,-162@
Onr cjma mnjt, prbnr tn nvcr-mnjtb`i, gcjsurc tac KO[ n` tac tcst ojmc no tac pj`ch b` jmmnrkj`mc wbta
B]N :21;4 jt bvc hnmjtbn`s (mc`trc j`k cjma mnr`cr, :3 gg tn 54 gg orng tac pj`ch ckic) j`k rcmnrk
tacsc gcjsurcgc`ts js tac gb`bgug, gcj` j`k gjxbgug (scc ?@( ?@(O@
O@
Onr cjma mnjt, mjrry nut nvcr-mnjtb`i b` jmmnrkj`mc wbta tac pjb`t gj`uojmturcr's gnst rcmc`t
172-,JD-1872@
Kcvbjtbn`s orng tac nvcr-mnjtb`i tbgc spcmbbck ey tac pjb`t gj`uojmturcr sajhh ec jircck ectwcc` tac
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