Appendix B

Tables of Integral Transforms

In this appendix we provide a set of short tables of integral transforms of the

functions that are either cited in the text or in most common use in math-
ematical, physical, and engineering applications. In these tables no attempt
is made to give complete lists of transforms. For exhaustive lists of integral
transforms, the reader is referred to Erdélyi et al. (1954), Campbell and Foster
(1948), Ditkin and Prudnikov (1965), Doetsch (1950–1956, 1970), Marichev
(1983), and Oberhettinger (1972, 1974).

TABLE B-1 Fourier Transforms

!∞
1
f (x) F (k) = √ exp(−ikx)f (x)dx
2π
−∞
"# $
2
1 exp(−a|x|), a>0 a(a2 + k 2 )−1
π
"# $
2
2 x exp(−a|x|), a>0 (−2aik)(a2 + k 2 )−2
π
% 2&
1 k
3 exp(−ax2 ), a>0 √ exp −
2a 4a
#
π exp(−a|k|)
4 (x2 + a2 )−1 , a>0
2 a
# % &
π ik
5 x(x2 + a2 )−1 , a>0 exp(−a|k|)
2 2a
' (
c, a≤x≤b ic 1 −ibk
6 √ (e − e−iak )
0, outside 2π k
#
2 2
7 |x| exp(−a|x|), a>0 (a − k 2 )(a2 + k 2 )−2
π

611
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
612 INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS and THEIR APPLICATIONS

!∞
1
f (x) F (k) = √ exp(−ikx)f (x)dx
2π
−∞
#
sin ax π
8 H(a − |k|)
x 2
1 i
9 exp{−x(a − iω)} H(x) √
2π (ω − k + ia)
#
1 π
10 (a2 − x2 )− 2 H(a − |x|) J0 (ak)
2
) *
1
sin b(x2 + a2 ) 2 #
π + , 2 -
11 J0 a b − k 2 H(b − |k|)
(x2 + a2 )
1
2 2
. √ / #
cos b a2 − x2 π + , 2 -
12 H(a − |x|) J0 a b + k 2
(a2 − x2 )
1
2 2

1
13 e−ax H(x), a>0 √ (a − ik)(a2 + k 2 )−1
2π

1 1
) 1
* 12
14 , exp(−a|x|) (a2 + k 2 )− 2 a + (a2 + k 2 ) 2
|x|

1
15 δ(x) √
2π
1
16 δ (n) (x) √ (ik)n
2π
1
17 δ(x − a) √ exp(−iak)
2π
1
18 δ (n) (x − a) √ (ik)n exp(−iak)
2π
√
19 exp(iax) 2π δ(k − a)
√
20 1 2π δ(k)
√
21 x 2π i δ ′ (k)
√
22 xn 2π in δ (n) (k)

© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Tables of Integral Transforms 613

!∞
1
f (x) F (k) = √ exp(−ikx)f (x)dx
2π
−∞
# 0 1
π 1
23 H(x) + δ(k)
2 iπk
# 0 1
π exp(−ika)
24 H(x − a) + δ(k)
2 πik
# % &
2 i
25 H(x) − H(−x) −
π k
√
26 xn exp(iax) 2π in δ (n) (k − a)

1
27 |x|−1 √ (A − 2 log |k|), A is a constant
2π
#
π 1
28 log(|x|) −
2 |k|
# % &
2 sin ak
29 H(a − |x|)
π k
#
2
30 |x|α (α < 1, not a negative integer) Γ(α + 1) |k|−(1+α)
π )π *
× cos (α + 1)
2
#
2 1
31 sgn x
π (ik)

1 (−ik)n
32 x−n−1 sgn x √ (A − 2 log |k|)
2π n!
#
1 π
33 −i sgn k
x 2
# 0 1
1 π (−ik)n−1
34 −i sgn k
xn 2 (n − 1)!
√
35 xn exp(iax) 2π in δ (n) (k − a)

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614 INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS and THEIR APPLICATIONS

!∞
1
f (x) F (k) = √ exp(−ikx)f (x)dx
2π
−∞
Γ(α + 1) −(α+1)
36 xα H(x), (α not an integer) √ |k|
2π 0 % & 1
πi
× exp − (α + 1) sgn k
2
,π ) *
37 xn exp(iax) H(x) n!
2 iπ(k−a) n+1 + i n (n)
δ (k − a)
# 0 1
π exp[−ib(k − a)]
38 exp(iax) H(x − b) + δ(k − a)
2 iπ(k − a)
#
1 π
39 −i exp(−iak)sgn k
x−a 2
#
1 π (−ik)n−1
40 −i exp(−iak) sgn k
(x − a)n 2 (n − 1)!
#
eiax π
41 i exp[ib(a − k)][1 − 2H(k − a)]
(x − b) 2
#
eiax π
42 i [1 − 2 H(k − a)]
(x − b)n 2
exp{ib(a − k)}
× [−i(k − a)]n−1
(n − 1)!
# + πα -
2 (−i)Γ(α + 1)
43 |x|α sgn x (α not integer) cos sgn k
π |k|α+1 2

dn
44 xn f (x) (−i)n F (k)
dk n
dn
45 f (x) (ik)n F (k)
dxn
% &
1 k−a
46 eiax f (bx) F
b b

sin . 2 / 1 sin + k2 π -
47 ax √ −
cos 2a cos 4a 4

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Tables of Integral Transforms 615

TABLE B-2 Fourier Cosine Transforms

# !∞
2
f (x) Fc (k) = cos(kx)f (x)dx
π
0
"# $
2
1 exp(−ax), a>0 a(a2 + k 2 )−1
π
"# $
2
2 x exp(−ax), a>0 (a2 − k 2 )(a2 + k 2 )−2
π
% &
1 k2
3 exp(−a x ) 2 2 √ exp − 2
|a| 2 4a
# % &
2 sin ak
4 H(a − x)
π k
# + aπ -
2
5 xa−1 , 0<a<1 Γ(a) k −a cos
π 2
0 % 2& % 2 &1
1 k k
6 cos(ax2 ) √ cos + sin
2 a 4a 4a
0 % 2& % 2 &1
1 k k
7 sin(ax2 ), a>0 √ cos − sin
2 a 4a 4a
% & + -
1 1 1 a v
8 (a2 − x2 )v− 2 H(a − x), v > − 12 2v− 2 Γ v + Jv (ak)
2 k
, π −1 −ak
9 (a2 + x2 )−1 J0 (bx), a, b > 0 2 a e I0 (ab), b < k < ∞
1
1 (a2 − k 2 )v− 2 H(a − k)
10 x −v
Jv (ax), v>− % &
2 1 1
2 2a Γ v +
v− v
2
2 1 ) *
1
+a2 ) 2 1
11 (x2 + a2 )− 2 e−b(x K0 a(k 2 + b2 ) 2 , a > 0, b > 0
% & % &v
1 √ 1 2a
12 (2ax − x2 )v− 2 H(2a − x), v > − 12 2Γ v +
2 k
× cos(ak) Jv (ak)

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616 INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS and THEIR APPLICATIONS

# !∞
2
f (x) Fc (k) = cos(kx)f (x)dx
π
0
2
13 xν−1 e−ax , ν > 0, a > 0 2
π Γ(ν)r−ν cos νθ, where
1 .k/
r = (a2 + k 2 ) 2 , θ = tan−1 a
# % &
2 −x 2 2
14 e sin x tan−1
x π k2
) * #
1 π 1
15 sin a(b2 − x2 ) 2 H(b − x) (ab)(a2 + k 2 )− 2
2 ) *
1
×J1 b(a2 + k 2 ) 2
#
(1 − x2 ) π
16 k exp(−k)
(1 + x2 )2 2
# + πα -
π k α−1
17 x−α , 0<α<1 sec
2 Γ(α) 2
% & #
1 2 2a2
18 + x e−ax
a π (a2 + k 2 )2
% &
a2 √ (1 − e−ak )
19 log 1 + 2 , a > 0 2π
x k
% 2 &
a + x2 √ (e−bk − e−ak )
20 log 2 , a, b > 0 2π
b + x2 k
#
π
21 a(x2 + a2 )−1 , a>0 exp(−ak), k>0
2
#
π sin(ak)
22 (a2 − x2 )−1
2 k
0 1
1 a+k a−k
23 e−bx sin(ax) √ +
2π b2 + (a + k)2 b2 + (a − k)2
0 1
b 1 1
24 e−bx cos(ax) √ +
2π b2 + (a − k)2 b2 + (a + k)2

© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Tables of Integral Transforms 617

TABLE B-3 Fourier Sine Transforms

# !∞
2
f (x) Fs (k) = sin(kx) f (x)dx
π
0
#
2
1 exp(−ax), a>0 k(a2 + k 2 )−1
π
#
2
2 x exp(−ax), a>0 (2ak)(a2 + k 2 )−2
π
# + πα -
2 −α
3 xα−1 , 0<α<1 k Γ(α) sin
π 2
1 1
4 √ √ , k>0
x k
#
2
5 xα−1 e−ax , α > −1, a > 0 Γ(α) r−α sin(αθ), where
π
1 . /
r = (a2 + k 2 ) 2 , θ = tan−1 ka
# % &
2 k
6 x−1 e−ax , a>0 tan−1 , k>0
π a
% & % &
k k2
7 x exp(−a2 x2 ) 2−3/2 exp −
a3 4a2
# 0 % &1
21 k2
8 erfc(ax) 1 − exp − 2
πk 4a
#
π
9 x(a2 + x2 )−1 exp(−ak), a > 0
2
% &
1 k
10 x(a2 + x2 )−2 √ exp(−ak), (a > 0)
2π a
1 1 . /
11 x(a2 − x2 )v− 2 H(a − x), 2v− 2 av+1 k −v Γ v + 12
v > − 21 ×Jv+1 (ak)
+x- #
π −1
12 tan−1 k exp(−ak)
a 2

© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

618 INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS and THEIR APPLICATIONS

# !∞
2
f (x) Fs (k) = sin(kx) f (x)dx
π
0
1
1 k(a2 − k 2 )v− 2
13 x−v Jv+1 (ax), v>− % & H(a − k)
2 1 1
2v− 2 av+1 Γ v +
2
⎧# % & ⎫
⎨ 2
⎪ k ⎪
⎬
sin−1 ,0<k<a
14 x−1 J0 (ax) π a
⎩, π ,
⎪ ⎪
a < k < ∞⎭
2
,π
15 x(a2 + x2 )−1 J0 (bx), a > 0, b > 0 2 e−ak I0 (ab), a<k<∞
# % 2&
√ 2 1 a
16 J0 (a x), a>0 cos
π k 4k
1 1 . a /v . /
17 (x2 − a2 )v− 2 H(x − a), |v| < 12 2v− 2 k Γ v + 12 J−v (ak)
#
π −v
18 x1−v (x2 + a2 )−1 Jv (ax), a exp(−ak) Iv (ab),
2
v > − 32 , a, b > 0 a<k<∞
#
2 1
19 H(a − x), a>0 (1 − cos ak)
π k
# 0 % &1
2 1 k2
20 erfc(ax) 1 − exp − 2
π k 4a
+ απ -
21 x−α , 0<α<2 Γ(1 − α) k α−1 cos
2
% &+ -
1
√ 1 a α
22 (ax − x2 )α− 2 H(a − x), α > − 12 2 Γ α+
2 k
% & % &
ak ak
× sin Jα
2 2
0 1
b 1 1
23 e−bx sin(ax) √ −
2π b2 + (a − k)2 b2 + (a + k)2
: : √ sin(ak)
: :
24 ln : a+x
b−x : 2π
k

© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Tables of Integral Transforms 619

TABLE B-4 Laplace Transforms

!∞
f (t) f¯(s) = exp(−st) f (t)dt
0
n!
1 t n
(n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .)
sn+1
1
2 eat
s−a
s
3 cos at
s2 + a2
a
4 sin at
s2 + a2
s
5 cosh at
s2 − a2
a
6 sinh at
s2 − a2
Γ(n + 1)
7 tn e−at
(s + a)n+1

Γ(a + 1)
8 ta (a > −1)
sa+1
s−a
9 eat cos bt
(s − a)2 + b2

b
10 eat sin bt
(s − a)2 + b2

a−b
11 (eat − ebt )
(s − a)(s − b)
1 s
12 (a eat − bebt )
(a − b) (s − a)(s − b)
2as
13 t sin at
(s2 + a2 )2

s2 − a2
14 t cos at
(s2 + a2 )2

2sa2
15 sin at sinh at
(s4 + 4a4 )

© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

620 INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS and THEIR APPLICATIONS
!∞
f (t) f¯(s) = exp(−st) f (t)dt
0
2a3
16 (sinh at − sin at)
(s4 − a4 )

2a2 s
17 (cosh at − cos at)
(s4 − a4 )

cos at − cos bt 2 s
18 (a ̸= b2 )
(b2 − a2 ) (s2 + a2 )(s2 + b2 )
#
1 π
19 √
t s
#
√ 1 π
20 2 t
s s

21 t cosh at (s2 + a2 )(s2 − a2 )−2

22 t sinh at 2as(s2 − a2 )−2

sin(at) +a-
23 tan−1
t s
+ a- #
π √
24 t−1/2 exp − exp(−2 as)
t s
+ a- #
π √
25 t −3/2
exp − exp(−2 as)
t a
1 s
26 √ (1 + 2at)eat √
πt (s − a) s − a
s
27 (1 + at)eat
(s − a)2
1 √ √
28 √ (ebt − eat ) s−a− s−b
2 πt3
√ a
29 exp(a2 t)erf (a t) √
s(s − a2 )
√ 1
30 exp(a2 t)erfc (a t) √ √
s ( s + a)
√
1 √ s
31 √ + a exp(a2 t)erf (a t)
πt (s − a2 )

© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Tables of Integral Transforms 621
!∞
f (t) f¯(s) = exp(−st) f (t)dt
0
1 √ 1
32 √ − a exp(a2 t) erfc(a t) √
πt s+a

exp(−at) +, - 1
33 √ erf (b − a)t √
b−a (s + a) s + b
; √ √s
34 1 iωt
2e e−λz erfc(ζ −
iωt) (s − iω)−1 e−z v

√ <
+ exp(λz) erfc(ζ + iωt) ,
√ 2
where ζ = z/2 vt, λ = iω v .
0 % &
1 −ab b − 2at 2 1
35 e erfc √ e−b(s+a )2
2 2 t
% &1
b + 2at
+ exp(ab) erfc √
2 t
!t
sin x 1
36 Si(t) = dx cot−1 (s)
x s
0

!∞
cos x 1
37 Ci(t) = − dx − log(1 + s2 )
x 2s
t

!∞
e−x 1
38 −Ei(−t) = dx log(1 + s)
x s
t

1
39 J0 (at) (s2 + a2 )− 2
1
40 I0 (at) (s2 − a2 )− 2

41 tα−1 exp(−at), a>0 Γ(α)(s + a)−α

√ % &v
π t
(s2 + a2 )−(v+ 2 ) , Re v > − 12
1
42 % & Jv (at)
1 2a
Γ v+
2
v
43 t−1 Jv (at) √ a
v ( s2 +a2 +s)
v, Re v > − 21
% 2&
√ 1 a
44 J0 (a t) exp −
s 4s

© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

622 INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS and THEIR APPLICATIONS

!∞
f (t) f¯(s) = exp(−st) f (t)dt
0
% &v + 2-
2 √
45 tv/2 Jv (a t) s−(v+1) exp − a4s , Re v > − 21
a
% 2&
a a √
46 √ exp − exp(−a s), a>0
2t πt 4t
% 2&
1 a 1 √
47 √ exp − √ exp(−a s), a ≥ 0
πt 4t s
% 2 2& √ % 2& +s-
a t π s
48 exp − exp 2 erfc , a>0
4 a a a
1
49 (t2 − a2 )− 2 H(t − a) K0 (as), a>0

50 δ(t − a) exp(−as), a≥0

1
51 H(t − a) exp(−as), a≥0
s
52 δ ′ (t − a) s e−as , a≥0

53 δ (n) (t − a) sn exp(−as)
a + πs -
54 | sin at|, (a > 0) coth
(s2 + a2 ) 2a
1 √ 1 + a-
55 √ cos(2 at) √ exp −
πt s s
1 √ 1 + a-
56 √ sin(2 at) √ exp −
πt s s s
1 √ 1 +a-
57 √ cosh(2 at) √ exp
πa s s
1 √ 1 +a-
58 √ sinh(2 at) √ exp
πa s s s
% &
t 1
59 erf exp(a2 s2 ) erfc(as), a>0
2a s

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Tables of Integral Transforms 623

!∞
f (t) f¯(s) = exp(−st) f (t)dt
0
% &
a 1 √
60 erfc √ exp(−a s), a≥0
2 t s
# % &
4t − a2 a 1 √
61 e 4t − a erfc √ √ exp(−a s), a ≥ 0
π 2 t s s
% & √
√ b exp(−b s)
62 e a(b+at)
erfc a t + √ √ √ , a≥0
2 t s( s + a)
. √ / 1 = √ >
63 J0 a t2 − ω 2 H(t − ω) (s2 + a2 )− 2 exp −ω s2 + a2
% &
1 bt s−a
64 (e − eat ) log
t s−b

1 1 √
65 {π(t + a)}− 2 √ exp(as) erfc( as), a > 0
s
% &
1 √ a
66 sin(2a t) erf √
πt s
% 2& % &
1 √ 1 a a
67 √ exp(−2a t), a≥0 √ exp erfc √
πt s s s

!t 0 1 12
1 cos u 1 1 s
68 C(t) = √ √ du √ +
2π u 2s 1 + s2 1 + s2
0

!t 0 1 12
1 sin u 1 1 s
69 S(t) = √ √ du √ −
2π u 2s 1 + s2 1 + s2
0

∞
? √ √ −1
70 I (t) = 1 + 2 exp(−n2 πt) ( s tanh s)
n=1

(m) m!sα−β
71 tmα+β−1 Eα,β (±at) (sα ∓a)m+1

72 1+2at
√
πt
s+a
√
s s

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