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tiiferent ontology_ by using ~ow l:s am eA
s" and has fac ilit y of linking an
uverse sources usuig underlying semantic d inf ere nc ing data fr
s.
Ta ble 15 .8 OWL Ontology Sche
me
Student Class
Attributes
Na me Bir thd ate
Type ! Email
string da te
I string-,_, , .
<rd f: RDF>
<owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:about="#name"> ~ Name at tri bu te
<r df s:d om ain >
<owl:Class rdf:about="#student"/>
~ Student cla ss
</ rd fs: do ma in >
<r df s:r an ge rdf:resource="&xsd:string"/> ~ Type of name
</owl :D ata ty pe Pr op er ty >
/

<owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:about="#birthdate"> /

/ ~
Bi rth da te at tri bu te
<r df s:d om ain >
<owl:Class rdf:about="#student"/> ~
Student ca lss
\
I . >
</ rd fs: do ma 1n -"&xsd·date"/>
I rd
i <r df s:r an ge f:r es ou rce - . ~ Type of bi rth
l
I
da te
</ ow 1 : Da t·a ty pe Pr op ert y>
\ rdf: about~"/lemai l "> ~ Email
I <owl:DatatypePropertY att rib ut e
I <r df s:d om ain >
rdf:aboU t =="#student" /> ~
Stu de nt cla ss
<owl:Class
.
/ df s. domain> =="& xsd
. .. / > ~ Typ e
< r . rdf: resource :string Of email
<r df s:r an ge
</owl :OatatypePropertY >
' ~/r ctf : ROF> hcadt:rs,, (ge ne ral ly atrnost
_., t ,. 0 0 tologY . .___.,;..;~" " on e) plu s am:
I Artmctal 1ntemgence

Table l~. 9 OWL Representation of Ontology

<rdf:RDF>
<owl :Cl ass rdf: ID•" EDUCATIONAL_! NSTITUTE" />
<owl: Cl ass rdf: ID•"Admi ni st.ration"> ="JiEOUCATIONAL - INSTITUTE"/>
<rdfs :subCl assOf rdf .resource ~
</ owl :Class>
, owl :C lass rdf: ID-="Academics"> ..
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#EDUCATIONAL_INSTITUTE />
</ owl :C lass>
<owl :Class rdf:ID="CSE">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#EDUCATIONAL_INSTITUTE"/>
</ ow1:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Library">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#EDUCATIONAL_INSTITUTE"/>
</ owl :Class>
<owl :Cl~ss rdf:ID="Deans">
<rdfs: subCl ass Of rdf: resource="#Admi ni strati on"/> </ owl :Cl ass>
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Director">
<rdfs: subCl ass Of rdf: resource="#Admi ni strati on"/> </ owl :Cl ass>
<owl :Class rdf: ID="Centres">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Academics"/> </owl :Class>
<owl :Class rdf~="Dep_artments">
<rdfs: subCl ass Of rdf :·resource="#Academi cs"/> </ owl :Class>
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Schools">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Academics"/> </owl :Class>
<owl:Class rdf:ID="CSE_People">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#CSE"/> </owl :Class>
<owl :Class rdf:ID="CSE_Faculty">
<rdfs: subCl ass Of rdf: resource="#CSE_Peop 1e" /> </ owl : Cl ass>
<owl :Class rdf: ID="CSE_Assistant_Professors">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf :resource="#CSE_Faculty"/> </owl:Class>
<owl :Class rdf:ID="CSE_Coutses">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#CSE"/> </owl :Class>
<owl :Class rdf: ID="CSE_Post_Graduate_Courses">
<rdfs: subCl ass Of rdf: resource="#CSE Courses"/> </ owl :Cl ass>
<owl :Class rdf:ID="CSE_Under_Graduate ~ourses">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Csf Courses"/> </o~l :Class>
<owl :Class rdf:ID="CSE_Staff"> -
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource•"#CSE People"/> </owl:Class>
<owl :Class rdf: ID="CSE_Students"> -
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#CSE_People"/> </owl :Class>
</rdf:RDF>
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592 Artificial Intelligence

NP Pop

S:

Det Noun
NP:

Name

Figure 16.6 Augumented Transition Network

Table 16.7 contains all the tests and actions for each arc in the ATN network.

Table 16.7 Test and Actions of the Arc in ATN

Arc Test Actions . Co~ents

np/1' None DET ~"' Current token with its
. NUM f- NUM* number in DET and NUM
registers
np/2 None NAfvffi f- * Current to~en with its
NP NUM f- NUM* number in NAME and
~ NUM registers
npl/1 NUM n NUM* -:t 0 HEAD f-' * Assign current token to
{then action is taken NUM f-NlJMnNUM* HEAD
else it fails}
npl/2 None ADJS f-Append (ADJS, *) Collect adjectives in the
L list and store it in ADJS
s0/1----.. None SUBJ
-
f- * Assign entire struc-ture
I
returned from NP network
I
. L --.. --. to SUBJ
s 1/1 NUMsUBJ n NUM*-:t 0 MAIN_Vf- * Assign <turrent token to

s {then action is taken NUM f-NUMsUBJ nNUM• MAIN V

else it fails}

s2/l None OBJ f-. Assign entire struc-ture

-
returned from NP network
to OBJ
 ~ 1)0~~
t 2- ~ ~
~~ ~
~ Na'twral Language
Processing 593
Table 16.8 Trace
.,,,.,.,.,--- of Parsing Sentence us
p ing ATN
SteP - Node osition Arc followed
~
s0
Registers
1 l s0/1
L -- -
2 np l np/1
DET ~ the
3 npl 1- ! ~ np /l1 NUM ~ {sing, plur}

{check {sing, plur

HEAD ~ dogs
} n {plur} ~ 4>} NUM ~ {plur}
4 np 2 3 np 2/ l
re tu rn structW'e
S U B J~
(NP (DET ~ the
H EA D ~ dogs
NlJM ~ {plur}
)
)
3 s0/1 Succeeds MAIN V r love
NUM r {plur}
3 s 1/1 MAfN_V r love
{ch ec k {p lu r} NUM r {plur}
n {p lu r }:;t: 4>}
6 s2 4 s2/1 O B Jr *
np/2 NAlvffi rj o b n
7 np 4
NUM r {plur}

np2/1 return strUcture

8 np 2 5
OBJ r
(NP {NAlvlli r jo
hn
\ ~ +- {plur)

- - ; i--- - ~- --
9 \ s3 5 8
- -- ---
3 /lsucceeds return
(S
\ sUBJ r
(NP (DET r the
HEAD r dogs ,
r {plur}
NlJM

\\ \
\
\
)
(MAIN_v r love ,
r {plur))
: Nl1M
\ \ \ OBJ
(-

I NAME r
1
I
(NP { john
r {p\ur})
NlJM _I

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l
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 16.6.4 UNL Dictionary
The UNL dictionary stores concepts represented by the languag~ wgr.ds. It stort:s universal words
for iden tifying concepts, woronearun gs·ffiat can express c~nc~ ! S 3:nd inf ormatio-n -ontliesyniac.
tical behaviour. Each entry consisisofa.. corre$ponde nce between a concept and a word along with
information concerning syntactic properties. The grammar for defining words of the language in
the dictionary is shown in Table 16.31.

Table 16.31 Word syntax in Dictionary

<word entry> .. -
··- <word heading> <word-id> <UW> <syntax attribute> <other> ";"
<word heading> .. -
··- "["<character string> "]"
<word-id> .. -
··- " {"<number>"}"
<UW> .. -
··- "" "<character string> 1111
"

<syntax attribute> ··-

.. - " (
11
{ <character string> ", 11
} ...
11
)"

<others> .. -
··- "<"<language-id>"," <frequency> ", "<priority>">:"
<language id> .. -
··- 11
"A l -"B I ... I Z 11 11 11

<frequency> ..··-- <number> I >

<priority> .. -
··- <number>

Sample dictionary entries for Hindi or English languages are coded as follows. Here, we have
chosen language-id for English as E and H for Hindi. Syntax attributes used here are v for verb;
SG for singular; PL for plural; N for noun and CMON for common noun etc.
 Natural Language Processing 625

(eats]{} "eat({icl>do(}agt>thing,obj>food{)})"(V, SG) (E .

. ' O'O) '
1aaroH} "man~o(tree{.(icl>tree>plant)})" (N,CMON,OBJ) (H,o,O) ;
"[seb]{ } "apple(1~l>fruit{(pof.>plant)} )" (N,CMON,OBJ)(H,O,O);
{MalYH} "Mary(icl>thing)" (N,SUBJ,3SG) (E,0,0) ; ' .

[John]{} "John(icl>thing)" (N,SUBJ,3SG) (E,0,0);

.. [kitab]{} "book(icl>thing)" (N,CMON,OBJ) (H,0,0);
[buy]{} "buy(icl>do)" (V, PL) (E,0,0);
:[bought]{} "buy(icl>do):@past") (E,0,0);
[IJ{} ~l{(icl>person>hmnan)}" (PRON;SUBJ) (E,0,0);
. •,

16.6.5 Knowledge Base

Knowledge Base of L system is continuall bein ex anded b the members ofUNL associa-
tion and is available for use y anguage server developers. It should be noted that UW are English
language concepts ~ ;leoge bas-e is centrally available with UNL system. Sample knowledge
base is given below to give an idea of the way these words are stored. -
',, y~ -~- ··:.
-- > •• • • ., ., , -• •• : ·- ......

~
A(ghan(id>uw{(aoj>thing)}).., >-· ·
, • ,• .f -.,, ;<_• ,,
,,.,·: -, . · ,-:-·:;,· , · ,,, :1 -~
~~(icl>uw {(a~j>thing)-}} ·
\' African...Am.erican{icl>uw{ (aoj>thiili)})
, Ainu(icl>uw {(aoj>thing)})
. :-eat(icl>do { (agt>thing, obj>food)})
stomach(icl>do {(agt>thing, obj>food)}) - l
.apple tree{(icl>tree>plant).}
. almonp(icl>fruit{(pot>plant)})
-IP,ple(icl>fruit{(pof>plant)} )
~ricot(icl>~t{ (pof>plant)})
bclllana(icl>fruit{ (ppt>plant)})
lllango(icl>fruit{ (poP.plant)}) ,

Exercises
E~'llmples : UNL representation (monkey eats bananas)
[S]
{org}
Monkey eats at1tango ~
{/org}
{uni}
[W]
eat(icl>do ). ($)present.@entry:OO
monkey(icl>anim al).@generic:O 1
banana(icl>food) .@generic:02
[/W]
[R]
agt(eat(icl>e.lo). @present. @en~, monkey(icl> animal). @generic)
obj(eat(icl>do ).@present. ®entry ,banana(icl>food ). @generic )
{/R]
{/unJ}

I/SJ

The relation •ict (inclusion) is used to allow properties to be inherited from upper UWs
UW can be deductively inferred from existing UW. It is somewhat similar to semantic I'