The domestic induction heating appliance:
an overview of recent research
J. Acero, J.M. Burdio, L.A. Barragán, D. Navarro, R. Alonso
Universidad de Zaragoza
María de Luna 1, Ada Byron Building
50018 Zaragoza, SPAIN
Abstract-In this paper several research topics pertaining to the
design and modeling of domestic induction appliances are
reviewed. Each topic is summarized, stressing its most significant
advances and pointing to its future tendencies. A bibliographic
review showing some of the published papers during the last years
is included. The emphases and relative contributions of some of
them are also discussed.
I. INTRODUCTION
On January 2008, the Moreland’s paper “The Induction
Range: Its performance and Its Development Problems” [1]
turned thirty five of its publishing, being one of the earliest
references on the domestic induction heating field. During
these years, the domestic induction hobs have been becoming
increasingly popular, due to its specific features of safety,
cleanliness, quick warming and high efficiency. Some of these
features derive of the fact that the heating is directly generated
in the vessel, unlike the traditional contact heating methods.
Specially, the later feature is attracting the attention of
researchers devoted to highly efficient power electronic
systems.
Induction cookers constitute the domestic application of the
induction heating phenomena. In such devices, the desired
heating is produced in metallic vessels by a varying magnetic
field, which in its turn is generated by a planar coil fed by a
power electronics inverter. Basically, a domestic induction
arrangement consists of a planar turn winding situated below a
metallic vessel and supplied by a medium-frequency power
source, normally operated between 20 kHz and 100 kHz.
Therefore, domestic induction heating appliances encompass a
variety of technologies traditionally grouped in converters,
digital control and magnetic components, as it is shown in Fig.
1. In this paper some of the recent research carried out in these
topics is reviewed, as well as some remarkable milestones
since publishing [1] are listed.
The paper is organized as follows. Section II introduces
some of the background concepts and recent advances about
the power converters used in induction hobs. Section III
describes the research tendencies in the digital controllers
included in such appliances. Section IV summarizes the
concepts involved in the planar windings design, and finally
Section V draws conclusions and future tendencies.
978-1-4244-1874-9/08/$25.00 ©2008 IEEE
J.R. García, F.Monterde, P. Hernández, S. Llorente, I. Garde
Bosch-Siemens Home Appliances Group
Avda. de la Industria 49
50016 Montañana (Zaragoza), SPAIN
Domestic induction
heating technologies
Power Digital Inductor-load
electronics control system
Inverter Closed-loop Wire losses
topologies power control analysis
Modulation Spread-spectrum Inductor-load system
strategies implementation impedance analysis
Fig. 1. Technologies involved in induction heating appliances, specifying
the different aspects of them.
II. INVERTER TOPOLOGIES AND MODULATION STRATEGIES
Induction appliances take the energy from the mains voltage,
which is rectified by a bridge of diodes. A bus filter is designed
to allow a high voltage ripple, getting a resultant input power
factor close to one. Then, an inverter topology supplies the
alternating current (between 20 kHz to 100 kHz) to the
induction coil. Nowadays, burners of domestic induction
appliances are designed to deliver up to 5.5 kW. A schematic
diagram of the power stage of a domestic induction apparatus
is shown in Fig. 2.
Formerly, the power electronics was located in a forced-air
cooled separate box placed on the floor; however, in the later
nineties the application of the resonant inverter topologies
causes the integration of the electronics and the inductors in a
compact hob whose housing is compatible with the
conventional resistive cookers. Having in mind that hobs are
normally placed over an oven, an environment temperature of
75 ºC (167 ºF) is usually considered for electronics design
purposes and a highly efficient energy conversion is mandatory.
Nowadays, resonant inverter topologies are commonly used for
induction hobs. The most used topologies have been the full-
bridge [2]-[3], half-bridge [4]-[8] and two single-switch
inverter topologies: a ZVS one [9]-[10] and a ZCS one [11]. At
present, the half-bridge topology is the most popular one due to
its robustness and its cost savings [12].
Multiple-burner appliances including two or four inductors
are commonly manufactured. In a multiple-burner induction
cooker, the easiest approach is to use one inverter per burner
651
 AC-DC converter DC-AC converter Load Q1 Q3 Q5
Mains Cs1 Cs3 Cs5
vGS1 Load 1 vo1 vGS5
50/60Hz iL vGS3 iL1
Rectifier Filter Resonant inverter Leq1 Req1 Cr1
im VDC + + -
vm VDC vo S1 S2

Q2 Q4 i
+ Leq2 Req2 C - Q6
Cs2 Cs4L2 r2 Cs6
vGS2 vGS4 Load 2 vo2 vGS6
vm VDC vo
im

iL
Fig. 3. Two-output full-bridge resonant inverter implementation.
f = 50Hz - 60Hz DC f = 20 kHz - 100 kHz

Fig. 2. Schematic representation of the power electronics of an induction

cooker.
[2], [5], [9], or one inverter for two or more burners [13]-[16]
as other usual approaches, with some benefits as lower overall
cost and higher utilization ratio of electronics. In the last case,
a common technique uses a single-output inverter multiplexing
the loads along the time periodically by means of
electromechanical switches [13], causing a very low frequency
switching with power distribution and acoustic noise not
completely satisfactory. Recent solutions [14]-[15] trying to
avoid these problems have been proposed, although there are
still some limitations as lower efficiencies due to two solid-
state switches in series with load [14], restrictions in power
control when all loads are operated [15].
Recently an upgraded full-bridge inverter with two outputs
(Fig. 3) has been proposed [16] and this concept has been also
applied to the half-bridge inverter. It is a cost-effective
proposal that provides new benefits as a quick heating function
with an optimum utilization of electronics.
The full-bridge two-output inverter is based on the sharing a
common leg and it is also based on adding two low-cost relays
(S1, S2) for paralleling the independent legs when only one
output is required. Thus, the converter can be configured to
supply either both outputs or only one. In addition, the circuit
in Fig. 3 includes some resonant capacitors Cr1, Cr2, and some
snubber capacitors Cs1-Cs6, in order to get a zero-voltage
switching operation of main switches. Fig. 4 shows some
typical waveforms including the output voltages vo1, vo2, and
the load currents iL1, iL2 for several operation conditions.
Domestic induction cookers must control a delivered power
ranging between 50 W to 5.5 kW. In a series resonant load, the
supplied power can be controlled by means of the operating
frequency of inverter. Therefore, above the resonant frequency,
the higher the frequency is, the lesser the power is delivered. In
addition, some modulation strategies are typically used in
domestic induction heating, for example the Square Wave (SW)
control and the Asymmetrical Duty Cycle (ADC) control [17]-
[18]. In these controls, the output power is decreased when the
switching frequency is increased; consequently, at the lowest
power range the efficiency is appreciably lesser than at the
highest power range.
To overcome this problem, the switching frequency has been
restricted at the highest efficiency range, and the Pulse Density
Modulation (PDM) strategy has been used [19]-[20]. The
power regulation with the PDM is achieved by varying the
vo1 iL1
vo1 iL1
vo2 iL2
(a) (b)
Fig. 4. Experimental waveforms of the output voltages (vo1 , vo2 ) and currents
(iL1 , iL2 ) for the implemented two-output inverter. (a) Both loads operated with
output powers P1=1150 W and P2=820 W. (b) One load operated with output
power P1=1650 W.
intervals in which the current is supplied into the inductors.
The main drawback of this strategy is that the power is
supplied in pulses of low frequency, which entails some
problems like not compliance with flicker regulations and a
non optimal vessel heating.
Other strategy, still under research process, is the
Discontinuous Mode Control (DMC) [21]-[23], which consists
of forcing a zero inductor current (discontinuous mode) with a
reduction of the power delivered into the load. In this strategy
the dead time existing between the gating signals of the
switches placed in the same leg is considered like a control
variable (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 5). Considering an inverter leg,
when it is operating in discontinuous mode at steady state both
transistors and antiparallel diodes are off, the inductor current
(iL) is zero and the output voltage (vo)is smaller than VDC/2.
The DM permits to switch at low frequencies controlling the
delivered power at the lowest range. Therefore, with this
control an improvement of the efficiency with respect to the
traditional controls, specially at the lowest power range, (see
Fig. 6) is achieved. Moreover other aspects of the converter, as
the semiconductor stress and the balance of losses in the
devices remains similar as those achieved with the other
strategies.
III. DIGITAL CONTROL IMPLEMENTATIONS
The increasing performance and cost reduction of digital
circuits have made possible their application for power
converters control. Induction heating appliances follow the
present trend on increasing the digital controllers of the power
converters. The control circuit generates the gating signals,

652
 C1
+VCC

+VCC FPGA
iL CT vX R1 –
+ FF1 FF2 QI
SDII
RT D Q D Q
+
–
CLK CLK

VREF VREF
R1 SDIO

Current ΣΔ modulator CLK ÷100 CLKV

VDC
C2
RS +VCC
– R2 –
+ vY + FF3 FF4 QV
+ SDVI
D Q D Q
RI –
CLKV CLK
Fig. 5. Experimental waveforms corresponding to a half-bridge inverter
VREF
delivering 150 W inductor with DMC. vGS1 and vGS2 are the gating signals, iL is R2 SDVO
the current inductor and vO the half-bridge voltage.
Voltage ΣΔ modulator

Fig. 7. Implemented ΣΔ modulators.

achieve an efficient and useful product. Usually, a power

Fig. 6. Efficiency comparison between SW, ADC and DMC.
measures the input current and voltage and the load currents
and voltages. In digital controllers, theses signals are sampled
through A/D converters.
The design of an application specific integrated circuit
(ASIC) is particularly attractive because induction home
appliances are manufactured in enough quantities to justify the
non-recurrent engineering costs. In this case, the digital
functionality can be tested in prototypes implemented into an
FPGA.
The main advantage of the last digital approach is flexibility.
Besides, well-established and automated digital design tools
can be applied to shorten the design cycle. The design is
described at the functional level using a hardware description
language (HDL). Starting from HDL-based design, synthesis,
simulation and verification tools are available to target the
design to standard-cell ASIC or FPGA implementation. The
design can then be easily moved to a different process,
integrated with other digital systems, or modified to meet a
new set of specifications. Following this trend, we present
some digital VLSI implementations of a controller of resonant
inverters for induction-heated cooking appliances.
Perhaps the most popular feature of the digital control is the
automatic detection of the presence of vessel, which is allowed
in fact by the induction technology. Lately, some specific
features are also implemented in the ASIC. Among these
features, one of the most appreciated by the users is a reliable
power control. Power control is an important goal in order to
reference level is done by a knob or a capacitive sensor user
interface. In a commercial appliance, the user expects a reliable
and repetitive output power for a done reference.
Power control requires an accurate real time power
measurement. Moreover, multiple-output converters present
the drawback of sharing the same bus DC and therefore, the
power must be measured in each burner, which entails sensing
and processing signals at the medium-high frequency range
(from 20 kHz to 100 kHz) [20], [24]-[25].
Thus, voltage and current are sensed in each inductor using
first-order sigma–delta (ΣΔ) analog-to-digital converters
implemented in the ASIC [26], instead to use conventional
discrete ADCs which require high sampling rate and resolution.
Fig. 7 shows the signal conditioning block and the first-order
ΣΔ modulators used to convert to digital the load current iL and
the input voltage VDC. The load current is sensed through a
current transformer (CT). The current is converted to a voltage
through resistor RT . The modulator D flip-flop is implemented
in the FPGA. The current ΣΔ modulator sampling frequency
fCLK is the FPGA clock frequency. Besides, the voltage in the
load is estimated by measuring the DC bus voltage VDC, which
needs the previous knowledge of the modulation strategy.
It is also worth to mention another facility allowed by the
digital controller. In order to reduce the conducted
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) in the A frequency band (9
kHz–150 kHz) caused by resonant inverters, a frequency
modulation, as the spread-spectrum technique, is used and
implemented in the ASICs [27]-[28]. This technique allows a
cost-free noise reduction that, otherwise, must be accomplished
with EMI suppression filters.
The digital modulator has been modeled in synthesizable
VHDL and it generates the gating signals of the power devices.
Fig. 8 shows the gating signal generator block diagram. It
generates two complementary signals QH and QL with
programmable dead time to prevent switching overlap. The
gating signal parameters are stored in configuration registers.
REG_TS stores the switching period, REG_D the pulse width,
and REG_DT the dead time. QH and QL are generated using
counters and a finite state machine (FSM) RAMA. It has four

653
 MR

RST FSM RAMA

CNT_DT 4 A CMP
MCON
Config.Registers
A≥B EndDT EndDT and MR
4 B S0 S1
REG_DT

REG_D 9 B CMP QH
EndSC
10 A≥B EndSC
CNT_TS A EndC
REG_TS QL
A CMP EndDT
10 A≥B EndC S3 S2
B

Fig. 8. Gating signal generator block diagram.

fsw

Ajittter
fbase
t

Tjittter
Fig. 9. Frequency modulation parameters.

states. QH is activated in state S1 and QL in state S3. The

transitions between states are determined by comparing the
counters with the values stored in the configuration registers.
MCON is the control register. The FSM remains in reset state
until the MR bit of the control register MCON is set.
The modulation strategies are implemented by dynamically
varying REG_TS, REG_DT and REG_D, according to some
frequency modulation schemes. One of the most popular and
easy to implement is the triangular modulation, which consists
of varying the switching frequency around the working point
according to a triangular law. Therefore, this modulation has
time dependence. Fig. 9 shows the ratio between the triangular Fig. 10. Experimental results without frequency modulation and applying the
amplitude and its period, the EMI reduction depends on the triangular frequency modulation.
triangular frequency modulation parameters.
Fig. 10 shows the spectral analysis of a practical induction
appliance delivering 3500 W at 25 kHz. It can be observed that The efficiency of the heating system, ηind , is the ratio of the
a peak of 82 dBμV occurs at 50 kHz, which it is just twice the power transferred to the load, Pl , to the total power supplied,
switching frequency. Applying a triangular of parameters Pt , that is
fbase=25 kHz, Tjitter=6.4 ms, Ajitter=1.72 kHz, a peak reduction of
3,51 dBμV is achieved. Pl Pl
ηind = = (1)
IV. INDUCTOR DESIGN Pt Pw + Pl
Induction coils transfer the electrical power delivered by the where Pw represents the power dissipated in the windings,
inverter into the vessel through a magnetic coupling. The which causes a non-desirable warming up of the inductor.
windings for domestic induction heating must fulfil several Therefore, two ways could be followed to improve ηind : on the
conditions as sizing restrictions, power ratings, and high
efficiency in the transmission of the electromagnetic energy. one hand, improving Pl ; on the other hand reducing Pw with
Normally, flat-type spiral windings are used for cooking an adequate yarn design.
purposes [29]-[30], with an external diameter defined by the In this way, traditionally two topics have been covered: the
size of the burners. The number of turns of an inductor is analysis of the equivalent impedance of the coupled inductor-
determined once the required nominal power, the inverter vessel system, and the analysis of the winding losses. The first
topology and the mains voltage are known. Therefore, analysis is useful designing the resonant inverter, the second
designing an inductor the main degree of freedom is the one is essential to manufacture safe and efficient appliances. In
winding yarn, which is closely related with the induction order to carry out these analyses, accurate numerical three-
efficiency [31]. dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis have been often used;
however, analytical studies were addressed by some authors

654
 ηind

Twisted
Litz

Round

Tapes
cost
Fig. 12. Schematic cost-efficiency representation for an inductor wound with
different cables.

Fig. 11. Typical arrangement of an inductor system comprising the vessel

bottom, the cooking surface, the winding, and the magnetic substrate. (FEA) methods, which traditionally had been used to design
the domestic induction systems, become unpractical, specially
because numerical methods require long computation time and
for wires with a high number of fine strands. This fact has
they are more appropriate for design verification than the
implied the development of hybrid methods [43]-[45], which
design of an induction system.
combine a FEA calculation of the magnetic field needed to
Then, on the basis of some solutions where real conductors
estimate analytically the proximity losses in the wires. These
are replaced by filamentary currents [29]-[30], an analytical
methods have been also applied to study the effect of the
model of the equivalent impedance of the simpler planar
temperature on the coupled inductor-vessel system [46].
induction system (consisting of a bulk material representing the
The hybrid methods provide a resistance Ro representing the
vessel over a planar inductor) was developed [32]. This
solution was extended to cover a more general scenario, in losses in the wire. Therefore, in order to verify experimentally
which the winding is located between two multilayer media the theoretical models, the measured frequency-dependent
[33]. The later result has allowed the study of the effect of the resistance of a coupled inductor-load system must be
magnetic substrate shown in Fig. 11 on the performance of the coincident with the sum of both ΔR and Ro . This parameter is
system [34]. named the equivalent resistance (see Fig. 3) of an inductor
These models provide two electrical magnitudes related with system and it is defined as follows
the parameters involved in the induction-load coupled system
Req = ΔR + Ro (2)
(number of turns, frequency, electromagnetic properties of the
materials, geometrical parameters). The first one is a resistance, Fig. 13 shows the calculated and measured frequency-
ΔR , representing the power transferred into the load for dependent equivalent resistances corresponding to a 23-turn
heating purposes through the induction phenomenon. The other planar inductor designed to deliver up to 3500 W. The inductor
one is an inductance Leq representing the ratio between the was wound with a 20-starnd litz wire, and in this experiment
total magnetic flux and the excitation current. three different materials was tested as loads: copper, aluminum
Designing a domestic induction system, it is also essential to and ferromagnetic steel. The resistance was measured with a
define the yarn which minimizes the self-losses in the inductor. commercial RLC impedance analyzer (Agilent 4284A).
Throughout the time, different kinds of copper-wire profiles Similarly, Fig. 14 shows the frequency-dependent equivalent
have been used for domestic inductors: foils or tapes [35]-[36], inductance for the same experimental setup and loads. In this
round wires [37], and multi-stranded wires. The last ones are case, the equivalent induction is defined as
often divided in litz wires (those constructed according to a
Leq = ΔL + Lo (3)
careful strand-transposition pattern) having up to tens of
strands [38]-[40], and twisted wires (those with the strands where L has been separated in a self inductance of the
eq
simply twisted or bunched) that they can group up to thousands
of fine strands [41]-[42] A schematic representation of the winding Lo , and a contribution of the load ΔL . The origin of
comparative cost of an inductor wound with each kind of wire ΔL is the induced currents in the load, due to the nature of the
is shown in Fig. 12. induction phenomenon, ΔL is typically a term which tends to
Nowadays, litz wires are extensively used because a good reduce the self inductance of the windings.
ratio between the cost and the performance is achieved; Moreover, considering (1) and taking into account that both
furthermore, the number of strands of the cable and its Pl and PT are caused by the same driven current, which it is
diameter can be designed to maximize ηind at a specific assumed to be sinusoidal with an amplitude I , the efficiency
φ
working frequency [31]. However, the Finite Element Analysis can be rewritten as follows

655

Fig. 13. Calculated and measured frequency-dependent equivalent
resistance for different loads: aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), and
ferromagnetic steel (Fe). The different contributions of the calculated
equivalent resistance are also shown.
Fig. 14. Calculated and measured frequency-dependent equivalent
inductance for the considered loads: aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), and
ferromagnetic steel (Fe). The different contributions of the calculated
equivalent inductance are also shown.
1
⋅ ΔR ⋅ Iφ2 ΔR ΔR
ηind = 2
= =
1
2 ⋅ Req ⋅ Iφ2 Req ΔR + Ro
Last equation shows the above mentioned models can be
used to estimate the efficiency of the electromagnetic coupling
between the winding and the vessel. Applying this result to the
previously calculated resistances provides the induction
efficiency shown in Fig. 15. In this figure clearly is appreciated
that induction efficiency achieved with the ferromagnetic steel
is clearly higher than those obtained with the non-magnetic
metals, which is one of the main drawbacks of the domestic
induction heating appliances. Finally, Fig. 16 shows a design
of the number of strands of the litz wire on the basis on the
criteria of maximum induction efficiency.
V. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES
The aim of this paper has been to present the recent research
on some of the topics encompassed in an induction heating
appliance like inverters, digital control and inductors.
Fig. 15. Calculated and measured induction efficiency for the tested loads:
aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), and ferromagnetic steel (Fe).
Fig. 16. Optimum number of strands with ferromagnetic load at 25 kHz.
Nowadays, induction hobs have become a sophisticated device
but it is progressively appreciated by a growing number of
users. However, more research and development effort is still
necessary in some aspects: the efficiency of the power
electronic stages still can be upgraded by reduction of the
diode rectifier losses. For this purpose, direct AC/AC
(4)
conversion could represent an interesting alternative. On digital
controllers, System on Chip (SoC) implementations is being
evaluated in order to reduce peripheral components. The
reduction of inductor losses and the design of inductors
creating a uniform heating profile are still pending challenges.
Finally, it is still necessary an effort to reduce customer price
without sacrificing performance and reliability.
REFERENCES
[1] W.C. Moreland, “The induction range: its performance and its
development problems,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. IA-9,
no. 1, pp. 81-85, Jan/Feb. 1973.
[2] L. Hobson, and D. W. Tebb, “Transistorized power supply for induction
heating,” Int. Journal Electronics, vol. 59, pp. 533–542, May 1985.
[3] F. P. Dawson, and P. Jain, “A comparison of load commutated inverter
system for induction heating and melting applications,” IEEE Trans.
Power Electronics, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 430–441, Jul. 1991.
[4] L. Hobson, D.W. Tebb, and F.G. Turnbull, “Dual element induction
cooking unit using power MOSFETs,” Int. Journal Electronics, vol. 59,
no. 6, pp. 747-757, 1985.
656
[5] H. W. Koertzen, J. D. van Wyk, and J. A. Ferreira, “Design of the half
bridge series resonant converter for induction cooking,” in IEEE Power
Electronics Specialists Conf. (PESC) Rec., 1995, pp. 729–735.
[6] M. Kamli, S. Yamamoto, and M. Abe, “A 50–150 kHz half-bridge
inverter for induction heating applications,” IEEE Trans. Industrial
Electronics, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 163–172, Feb. 1996.
[7] S. Wang et al., “Induction-heated cooking appliance using new
quasiresonant ZVS-PWM inverter with power factor correction,” IEEE
Trans. Industry Applications., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 705–712, Jul./Aug. 1998.
[8] Y. S. Kwon, S. Yoo, and D. Hyun, “Half-bridge series resonant inverter
for induction heating applications with load-adaptative PFM control
strategy,” in IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conf. (APEC) Rec., 1999,
pp. 575–581.
[9] H. Omori, H Yamasita, M. Nakaoka, and T. Maruhashi, “A novel type
induction-heating single ended resonant inverter using new bipolar
Darlington-transistors,” in IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf.
(PESC) Rec., 1985, pp 590-599.
[10] I. Cohen “Evaluation and comparison of power conversion topologies,”
in European Power Electronics Conference (EPE) Rec., 1993, pp 9-16
[11] J.M. Leisten and L. Hobson, “A parallel resonant power supply for
induction cooking using a GTO,” in IEE Int. Conf. on Power Electronics
and Variable Speed Drivers (PEVSD) Rec., 1990, pp 224-230.
[12] S. Llorente, F. Monterde, J.M. Burdio, and J. Acero, "A comparative
study of resonant inverter topologies used in induction cookers," in IEEE
Applied Power Electronics Conf. (APEC) Rec. 2002, pp.1168-1174.
[13] G. Rilly, "Schaltung zur stromversorgung einer induktiven koschstelle".
European Patent, No. 0286044A2, 1988.
[14] Y.C. Jung, “Dual half bridge series resonant inverter for induction
heating appliance with two loads”, Electronics Letters, vol. 35, no. 16, pp.
1345-1346, Aug. 1999.
[15] Forest, E. Labouré, F. Costa, and J.Y. Gaspard, "Principle of a multi-
load/single converter system for low power induction heating,” IEEE
Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 223-230, March 2000.
[16] J. M. Burdío, F. Monterde, J.R. García, L.A. Barragán, and A. Martínez,
“A two-output series-resonant inverter for induction-heating cooking
appliances,” IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 815-822,
July 2005.
[17] J.M. Burdío, L.A. Barragán, F. Monterde, D. Navarro, and J. Acero,
"Asymetrical voltage-cancellation control for full-bridge series resonant
inverters," IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 461-469,
Mar. 2004.
[18] L. A. Barragán, J. M. Burdío, J. I. Artigas, D. Navarro, J. Acero, and D.
Puyal, "Efficiency optimization in ZVS series resonant inverters with
asymmetrical voltage-cancellation control," IEEE Trans. on Power
Electronics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 1036-1044, Sep. 2005.
[19] H. Sugimura, H. Omori, S.K. Kwon, H.W. Lee, and M. Nakaoka, "High
Efficiency Discrete Pulse Modulation Controlled High Frequency Series
Load Resonant Soft Switching Inverter for Induction-Heated Fixing
Roller," in IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf. (PESC) Rec., 2006,
pp. 2495- 2500.
[20] Nam-Ju Park, Dong-Yun Lee, and Dong-Seok Hyun, "A Power-Control
Scheme With Constant Switching Frequency in Class-D Inverter for
Induction-Heating Jar Application," IEEE Trans. on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1252-1260, Jun. 2007.
[21] S. Shah and A.K Upadhyay, "Analysis and design of a half bridge
parallel resonant converter operating in discontinuous mode," in IEEE
Applied Power Electronics Conf. (APEC) Rec., 1990, pp. 165-174.
[22] V. Belaguli and A.K.S. Bhat, "Series-parallel resonant converter
operating in discontinuous current mode. Analysis, design, simulation,
and experimental results," IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems I:
Fundamental Theory and Applications, vol. 47, pp. 433-442, April 2000.
[23] I. Millan, D. Puyal, J. M. Burdio, C. Bemal, and J. Acero, “Improved
Performance of Half-Bridge Series Resonant Inverter for Induction
Heating with Discontinuous Mode Control,” in IEEE Applied Power
Electronics Conf. (APEC) Rec., 2007, pp. 1293-1298.
[24] J. Acero, J.I Artigas, J.M Burdío L.A. Barragán, and S. Llorente, “Power
measuring in two-output resonant inverters for induction cooking
appliances,” in IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf. (PESC) Rec.,
2002, pp. 1161-1166.
[25] F. Forest, S. Faucher, J. Y. Gaspard, D. Montloup, J. J. Huselstein, and C.
Joubert, “Frequency-synchronized resonant converters for the supply of
multiwinding coils induction cooking appliances,” IEEE Trans.
Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 441-452, Feb. 2007.
657
[26] J. Acero, D. Navarro, L. A. Barragán, I. Garde, J.I. Artigas, and J. M.
Burdío, “FPGA-based power measuring for induction heating appliances
using sigma-delta A/D conversion,” IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics,
vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1843-1852, Jul. 2007.
[27] J. Acero, J.M. Burdío, L.A. Barragán, D. Navarro, and S. Llorente, “EMI
improvements using the switching frequency modulation in a resonant
inverter for domestic induction heating appliances,” in IEEE Power
Electronics Specialists Conf. (PESC) Rec., 2004, pp. 3108-3112.
[28] L.A. Barragán, D. Navarro, J. Acero, I. Urriza, and J.M. Burdío, “Digital
switching frequency modulation circuit for EMI reduction in a resonant
inverter for induction heating appliances,” accepted to be published in
IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics.
[29] M.S. Adler, “A field-theoretical approach to magnetic induction heating
of thin circular plates,” IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. mag-10, no 4, pp
1118-1125, Dec. 1974.
[30] W.G. Hurley and J.G. Kassakian, “Induction heating of circular
ferromagnetic plates,” IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. mag-15, no 3, pp
1174-1181, July 1979.
[31] J. Acero, R. Alonso, J.M. Burdío, L.A. Barragán, and J.I. Artigas, “An
electromagnetic-based model for calculating the efficiency in domestic
induction heating appliances,” in IEEE Power Electronics Specialists
Conf. (PESC) Rec., 2006, pp. 153-158.
[32] J. Acero, R. Alonso, J.M. Burdío, L.A. Barragán, and D. Puyal,
“Analytical equivalent impedance for a planar circular induction heating
system,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 42, pp. 84-86, Jan. 2006.
[33] J. Acero, R. Alonso, L.A. Barragán, and J.M. Burdío, “Modeling of
planar spiral inductors between two multilayer media for induction
heating applications,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 42, pp. 3719-3729, Nov.
2006.
[34] J. Acero, R. Alonso, J.M. Burdío, L.A. Barragán, “Enhancement of
induction heating performance by sandwiched planar windings,”
Electronics Letters, vol. 42, pp. 241-242, Feb. 2006.
[35] P. Hernández, F. Monterde, J.R. García, and J.M. Burdío, “Power loss
optimisation of foil coils for induction cooking,” in IEEE Industrial
Electronics Soc. Conf (IECON) Rec., 1998, pp. 371-374.
[36] J.R García, J.A. García, “Improved coil for induction heating,” European
Patent, No. EP 0936843 A2, 1999.
[37] J. Acero, R. Alonso, L.A. Barragán, J.M. Burdío, and D. Navarro, “Loss
analysis and optimization of round-wire planar windings for domestic
induction heating appliances,” in IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conf.
(APEC) Rec., 2006, pp. 553-558.
[38] A.W. Lotfi and F.C. Lee “A high frequency model for litz-wire for
switch-mode magnetics,” in IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual
Meeting (IAS) Rec., 1993, pp. 1169-175.
[39] F. Tourkhani and P. Viarouge, “Accurate analytical model of winding
losses in round litz-wire windings,” IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. 37,
no. 1, pp. 538-543, Jan. 2001.
[40] J. Acero, R. Alonso, J.M. Burdio, L.A. Barragán, and D. Puyal,
“Frequency-dependent resistance in litz-wire planar windings for
domestic induction heating appliances,” IEEE Trans. Power Electronics,
vol. 21, pp. 856-866, July 2006.
[41] X. Tang, C.R. Sullivan, X. Tang, C.R. Sullivan, “Stranded wire with
uninsulated strands as a low-cost alternative to litz wire,” in IEEE Power
Electronics Specialists Conf. (PESC) Rec., 2003, pp. 289-295.
[42] J. Acero, R. Alonso, J.M. Burdío, L.A. Barragán, and C. Carretero, “A
model of losses in twisted-multistranded wires for planar windings used
in domestic induction heating appliances,” in IEEE Applied Power
Electronics Conf. (APEC) Rec., 2007, pp. 1247-1253.
[43] C.R. Sullivan, “Optimal choice for number of strands in a litz-wire
transformer winding,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 14, no. 2,
pp. 283-291, March 1999.
[44] C.R. Sullivan, “Cost constrained selection of strand diameter and number
in litz-wire transformer winding,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol.
16, no. 2, pp. 281-288, March 2001.
[45] S. Wang, M.A.de Rooij, W.G. Odendaal, J.D. van Wyk, and D.
Boroyevich, “Reduction of high-frequency conduction losses using a
planar litz structure,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 20, no. 2,
pp. 261-267, March 2005.
[46] C. Carretero, J. Acero, R. Alonso, J.M. Burdío, and F. Monterde,
“Temperature influence on equivalent impedance and efficiency of
inductor systems for domestic induction heating appliances,” in IEEE
Applied Power Electronics Conf. (APEC) Rec., 2007, pp. 153-158.