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a) x 2 ° 2 2 2
2 § máx.c.d. [x , x – x, x – 1] = 1
x – x = x(x – 1) ¢ 2 2 2 2
§ mín.c.m. [x , x – x, x – 1] = x (x – 1)(x + 1)
x 2 – 1 = (x + 1)(x – 1) £
b) x – 3 °
máx.c.d. [x – 3, x 2 – 9, x 2 – 6x + 9] = x – 3
x 2 – 9 = (x + 3)(x – 3) §¢
mín.c.m. [x – 3, x 2 – 9, x 2 – 6x + 9] = (x – 3)2(x + 3)
x 2 – 6x + 9 = (x – 3)2 §£
c) x + 2 ° 2
3x + 6 = 3(x + 2) § máx.c.d. [x + 2, 3x + 6, x + x – 2] = x + 2
¢
mín.c.m. [x + 2, 3x + 6, x 2 + x – 2] = 3(x + 2)(x – 1)
x 2 + x – 2 = (x + 2)(x – 1) §£
d) 2x ° 2
2x + 1 § máx.c.d. [2x, 2x + 1, 4x – 1] = 1
¢
mín.c.m. [2x, 2x + 1, 4x 2 – 1] = 2x(4x 2 – 1)
4x 2 – 1 = (2x + 1)(2x – 1) §£
34 Opera y simplifica.
( )( )
a) 3 – x : 1 + 1
x 3 x 3
b) x + 1 · x – 1
(x – 1) x 2
2
c) [(x + 1 ) : (x – 1 )] · (x – 1) d) 2 · ( 1 : 1 )
x x x x x–1
a) ( 3 – x ) : ( 1 + 1 ) = 9 – x : 3 + x = 9 – x = (3 – x)(3 + x) = 3 – x
2 2
x 3 x 3 3x 3x 3x 3+x
2 2
b) x + 1 2 · x – 1 = (x + 1)(x + 21)(x – 1) = (x + 1)
(x – 1) x (x – 1) · x x(x – 1)
[( ) ( )] · (x – 1) = ( x x+ 1 : x x– 1) · (x – 1) =
c) x + 1 : x – 1
x x
2 2
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
= · (x – 1) =
x2 – 1 x+1
(
x x x–1 x )
d) 2 · 1 : 1 = 2 · x – 1 = 2(x –2 1)
x x
a) x –22 + x2+ 2 – 2 1
x x –x x –1
b) 2x – 5 – x–4
x2 + x – 2 x + 2 3x + 6
c) x + 2 – 22 + x+1
2x + 1 4x – 1 2x
a) x –22 + x2+ 2 – 2 1 =
x x –x x –1
x2
= (x –22)(x – 1)(x + 1) + (x2 + 2)(x + 1)x – 2 =
x (x – 1)(x + 1) x (x – 1)(x + 1) x (x – 1)(x + 1)
(x – 2)(x 2 – 1) + (x + 2)(x 2 + x) – x 2
= =
x 2(x 2 – 1)
x 3 – 2x 2 – x + 2 + x 3 + 2x 2 + x 2 + 2x – x 2
= =
x 2(x 2 – 1)
2x 3 + x + 2 2x 3 + x + 2
= =
x 2(x 2 – 1) x4 – x2
b) 2x – 5 – x–4 =
x2 + x – 2 x + 2 3x + 6
= 6x – 15(x – 1) – (x – 4)(x – 1) =
3(x + 2)(x – 1) 3(x + 2)(x – 1) 3(x + 2)(x – 1)
2 2
= 6x – 15x + 15 – x + 5x – 4 = –x – 4x + 11
3(x + 2)(x – 1) 3(x + 2)(x – 1)
c) x + 2 – 22 +x+1=
2x + 1 4x – 1 2x
( )
2
a) 1 – x – 1 x – 1
x x+3
b) ( 1 – 1 ) : 3 2
x x+3 x
c) 4 – 1 ( 2 – 1 ) 2
2x – 1 x x
a) (1 – x – 1) x – 1 = ( x – x + 1 ) · x – 1 = x
2 2 2
–1=
x x+3 x x+3 x(x + 3)
2 2 2
= x – x(x + 3) = x – x – 3x = –3x = –3
x(x + 3) x(x + 3) x(x + 3) x + 3
(
x x+3 x )
b) 1 – 1 : 32 = x + 3 – x : 32 =
x(x + 3) x
3 : 32 = x
x(x + 3) x
2
= x
x(x + 3) x + 3
c) 4 – 1 ( 2 – 1 ) = 4 – 1 · 2x – 1 = 4 – 1 =
4x – 1 2
2x – 1 x x 2
2x – 1 x x x 2 2 2
37 Efectúa.
a) x + 1 + 3 – x2– 2
x–1 x+1 x –1
b) x2 + 2x + 3 – 3
2
x – 2x + 1 x – 1
c) 2x2 – 3 – x + 1 – x + 2
x –9 x–3 x+3
(x + 1)2 3(x – 1) x – 2
a) x + 1 + 3 – x2– 2 = 2 + 2 – 2 =
x–1 x+1 x –1 x –1 x –1 x –1
x 2 + 2x + 1 + 3x – 3 – x + 2 x 2 + 4x
= = 2
x2 – 1 x –1
x2 x2 3(x – 1)2
b) + 2x + 3 – 3 = 2
+ (2x + 3)(x 2– 1) – =
x2 – 2x + 1 x – 1 (x – 1) (x – 1) (x – 1)2
x 2 + 2x 2 + 3x – 2x – 3 – 3(x 2 – 2x + 1) 7x – 6
= =
(x – 1)2 (x – 1)2
b) P(x) = (x – 5)2 °
No hay relación de divisibilidad.
Q (x) = x(x – 5) ¢£
PÁGINA 56
43 Tenemos un polinomio P (x) = (x – 1)2(x + 3). Busca un polinomio de
segundo grado, Q (x), que cumpla las dos condiciones siguientes:
a) máx.c.d. [P (x), Q (x)] = x – 1
b) mín.c.m. [P (x), Q (x)] = (x – 1)2(x 2 – 9)
Q (x) = (x – 1)(x – 3)
a) 2x b) x – 1 c) 1 + 1 d) 1 + 1
2x + 2 x x 2x x x–1
x–2
x+4
x
x+1
x+2
[ ]
Área lateral = 4 (x + 2 + x) · (x + 1) = 4(x + 1)2
2
Área de las bases = x + (x + 2)2
2
√( ) ( ) x 2 y 2
El lado del rombo es l = — + — = 1 √x 2 + y 2
2 2 2
(2 )
Perímetro = 4 1 √x + y = 2 √x + y
2 2 2 2
t= 60
2v + 3
B B' C
C'
A'
A D' D
[ ]
APARALELOGRAMO = 15 – 2 · x(5 – x) + 2 · x(3 – x) = 15 – [x(5 – x) + x(3 – x)] =
2 2
= 15 – (–2x 2 + 8x) = 2x 2 – 8x + 15
B P H Q C
10 cm
PÁGINA 57
x 2 + (a + b)x + ab = (x + a)(x + b)
1 –3 –2 6
3 3 0 –6
1 0 –2 | 0 El divisor es x 2 – 2.
Inversa = 2x + 1
3–x
El producto de ambas debe ser igual a 1:
3 – x · 2x + 1 = 1
2x + 1 3 – x
P ROFUNDIZA
64 Saca factor común en las siguientes expresiones:
a) 3x (x – 3) – (x + 1)(x – 3)
b) (x + 5)(2x – 1) + (x – 5)(2x – 1)
c) (3 – y)(a + b) – (a – b)(3 – y)
☞ El factor común es un binomio.
a) (x – 3)[3x – (x + 1)] = (x – 3)(2x – 1)
b) (2x – 1)[(x + 5) + (x – 5)] = (2x – 1)(2x)
c) (3 – y)[(a + b) – (a – b)] = (3 – y)(2b)
65 Descompón en factores x 3 – a 3 y x 3 + a 3.
☞ Prueba si son divisibles por x – a o por x + a.
1 0 0 –a3 0 0 a3
1
a a a2 a3 –a –a a2 –a3
1 a a2 | 0 1 –a a2 | 0
68 Efectúa y simplifica.
a) 2x
2
+y
(
3x – 1
x – xy 2x + y )
2 2
b) a – ab2 : ab2 – b
ab + b a + ab
2
c) 1 + a – 1 + (a + b) + b
ab b ab a
a) 2x
2
+y
(
3x – 1 = 2x + y
x – xy 2x + y )
x 2 – xy ( 3x2x– 2x+ y– y ) = x(x(2x –+ y)(2x
y)(x – y ) = 1
+ y) x
2 2 (a2 – ab)(a2 + ab) a4 – a2b 2 a2(a2 – b2) a2
b) a – ab2 : ab2 – b = = = =
ab + b a + ab (ab + b 2)(ab – b 2) a2b 2 – b 4 b2(a2 – b 2) b 2
2 2 2 2
c) 1 + a – 1 + (a + b) + b = 1 + a – 1 – (a + b) + b =
ab b ab a ab
2 2 2 2
= a + b – a – b – 2ab = –2ab = –2
ab ab
a) 2a – 3b – a2 + 3ab + 18b 2
a – 3b a + 3b a2 – 9b 2
2
b) bx – b + 3bx + 3bx + bx2+ 2b
x+1 x–1 1–x
( 2
)
c) x + y – x – y x – y
x–y x+y 2xy
2
d) (1 – x – y ) : ( x – y – x + y )
x+y x+y x–y
a) 2a – 3b – a2 + 3ab + 18b 2 =
a – 3b a + 3b a2 – 9b 2
2a(a + 3b) – 3b(a – 3b) – (a2 + 3ab + 18b 2 )
= =
a2 – 9b 2
2a2 + 6ab – 3ab + 9b 2 – a2 – 3ab – 18b 2 a2 – 9b 2
= = 2 =1
a2 – 9b 2 a – 9b 2
2
b) bx – b + 3bx + 3bx + bx2+ 2b =
x+1 x–1 1–x
2
= b(x – 1)(x – 1) + 3bx(x2 + 1) – (3bx + bx + 2b) =
x –1
2 2 2
= b(x – 2x + 1) + 3bx 2 + 3bx – 3bx – bx – 2b =
x –1
2 2 2
= bx – 2bx +2 b + 2bx – 2b = bx2 – b = b(x2 – 1) = b
x –1 x –1 x –1
(
c) x + y – x – y
x–y x+y ) x 2xy– y = [(x + y)x –– (xy – y) ] · x 2xy– y
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
=
2 2 2 2 2 2
= x + 2xy + y 2 – x 2 + 2xy – y · x – y = 4xy = 2
x –y 2xy 2xy
( )(
x+y x–y x+y ) ( 2
)[
(x + y)(x – y)
2
d) 1 – x – y : x – y – x + y = x + y – x + y : (x – y) – (x + y) =
x+y ]
2
[ 2 2 2
= 2y : x – 2xy + y – x – 2xy – y = 2y :
x+y (x + y)(x – y) ]
–4xy
x + y (x + y)(x – y)
=
= 2y (x + y)(x – y) = – x – y = y – x
– 4xy (x + y ) 2x 2x
PÁGINA 74
P RACTICA
E c u a c i o n e s d e 1.º y 2.º g r a d o s
5 4
2
c) x + 3 – (x – 1) = 5 x – x + 2
4 2 ( )
2
d) (x –1)(x + 2) – x – 3 = 1 + (x +1)(x – 2)
12 3 6
b) 2x + 3(x 2 – 8x + 16) = 37 + x 2 – 9
2x + 3x 2 – 24x + 48 = 28 + x 2 8 2x 2 – 22x + 20 = 0
10
x 2 – 11x + 10 = 0 8 x = 11 ± 9 =
2 1
Soluciones: x1 = 10, x2 = 1
2 2
c) x + 3 – x – 2x + 1 = 5x – x + 4x + 4
5 4 4 4
4x + 12 – 5x 2 + 10x – 5 = 25x – 5x 2 – 20x – 20
9x + 27 = 0 8 x = –3
Solución: x = –3
c) x (x – 2) – x + 1 = x – 3 – x – 4
4 6 2 3
( ) 2 2
2
d) x x + 1 – x – 2 + x – 1 = 0
3
a) x + 7 – 3(x 2 + 1) = 12 – 4(x 2 + 2)
x + 7 – 3x 2 – 3 = 12 – 4x 2 – 8
x 2 + x = 0 8 x(x + 1) = 0 8 x = 0; x = –1
Soluciones: x1 = 0, x2 = –1
b) x 2 + 2x + 1 – x 2 + 4x – 4 = x 2 + 6x + 9 + x 2 – 20
2x 2 – 8 = 0 8 x 2 = 4 8 x = 2; x = –2
Soluciones: x1 = 2, x2 = –2
( ) 2 2
2
d) x 2x + 1 – x – 2 + x – 1 = 0
3
3x(2x + 1) – 3(x – 2) + 2(x 2 – 1) = 0
6x 2 + 3x – 3x + 6 + 2x 2 – 2 = 0 8 8x 2 + 4 = 0 8 No tiene solución.
a) x – 1 – x = 2x – 2x – 7
2 4
b) (3x + 2)2 – (3x – 2)2 = 24x
2 2
c) (x + 1) – 1 + x = (x – 1) – 2 + x
16 2 16 4
d) (3x + 1)(2x – 3) – (x – 3)(6x + 4) = 7x
a) 4x – 2(1 – x) = 8x – 2x + 7
4x – 2 + 2x = 6x + 7
6x – 6x = 9 8 0x = 9 8 No tiene solución.
( ) 2
( )
e) 2 x + 1 + 25x = 1 – x (7x + 1) – 4
2 2 2
a) 4(x 2 – 6x + 9) – (4x 2 – 4x + 1) = 35
4x 2 – 24x + 36 – 4x 2 + 4x – 1 = 35
–20x = 0
Solución: x = 0
e) 4x 2 + 4x + 1 + 25x = 5x + 1 – 14x 2 – 8
18x 2 + 24x + 8 = 0 8 9x 2 + 12x + 4 = 0 8 x = –12 ± 0 = – 2
18 3
Solución: x = – 2
3
5 Resuelve.
a) x 4 – 5x 2 + 4 = 0 b) 4x 4 – 17x 2 + 4 = 0
c) x 4 – 3x 2 – 4 = 0 d) x 4 – x 2 – 6 = 0
a) Cambio de variable: x 2 = y
5 ± √ 25 – 16 5 ± 3 4
y 2 – 5y + 4 = 0 8 y = = =
2 2 1
x 2 = 4 8 x1 = 2; x2 = –2
x 2 = 1 8 x3 = 1; x4 = –1
Soluciones: x1 = 2, x2 = –2, x3 = 1, x4 = –1
b) Cambio de variable: x 2 = y
17 ± √ 225 17 ± 15 4
4y 2 – 17y + 4 = 0 8 y = = =
8 8 1/4
x 2 = 4 8 x1 = 2; x2 = –2
x 2 = 1 8 x3 = 1 ; x4 = – 1
4 2 2
Soluciones: x1 = 2, x2 = –2, x3 = 1 , x4 = – 1
2 2
c) Cambio de variable: x 2 = y
y 2 – 3y – 4 = 0 8 y =
3 ± √ 9 + 16 3 ± 5
= y = 4 8 x 2 = 4 8 x = ±2
2 2 y = –1 8 No vale
Soluciones: x1 = 2; x2 = –2
d) Cambio de variable: x 2 = y
—
y2 – y – 6 = 0 8 y =
1 ± √ 1 + 24 1 ± 5
= y = 3 8 x 2 = 3 8 x = ±√ 3
2 2 y = –2 8 No vale.
Soluciones: x1 = √3 , x2 = – √3
6 Resuelve.
a) x 4 – 4x 2 + 3 = 0 b) x 4 – 16 = 0
c) x 4 – 25x 2 = 0 d) x 4 – 18x 2 + 81 = 0
e) (x 2 + 1)2 + 6 = 5(x 2 + 1) f ) (2x 2 + 1)2 – 5 = (x 2 + 2)(x 2 – 2)
a) Cambio de variable: x 2 = y
—
4 ± √ 16 – 12 4 ± 2 y = 3 8 x = ±√ 3
y2 – 4y + 3 = 0 8 y = =
2 2 y = 1 8 x = ±1
Soluciones: x1 = √3 , x2 = – √3 , x3 = 1, x4 = –1
c) x 2(x 2 – 25) = 0
Soluciones: x1 = 0, x2 = 5, x3 = –5
d) Cambio de variable: x 2 = y
18 ± √ 0
y 2 – 18y + 81 = 0 8 y = = 9 8 x2 = 9
2
Soluciones: x1 = 3, x2 = –3
e) x 4 + 2x 2 + 1 + 6 = 5x 2 + 5
x 4 – 3x 2 + 2 = 0. Cambio de variable: x 2 = y
—
3 ± √9 – 8 y = 2 8 x = ±√2
y2 – 3y + 2 = 0 8 y =
2 y = 1 8 x = ±1
Soluciones: x1 = √2 , x2 = – √2 , x3 = 1, x4 = –1
f ) 4x 4 + 4x 2 + 1 – 5 = x 4 – 4
3x 4 + 4x 2 = 0 8 x 2(3x 2 + 4) = 0 8 x 2 = 0 8 x = 0
3x 2 + 4 = 0 no tiene solución.
La solución de la ecuación es x = 0.
7 Resuelve.
a) x + 2 + 3x = 5x + 6 b) x – 4 – x – 1 = –3x
x 2 x 4x
c) x – 3 + x +2 3 = 2 d) x – x – 1 = 3x – 1
x x 3 x+1 2
a) 2(x + 2) + 2x · 3x = x(5x + 6)
2x + 4 + 6x 2 = 5x 2 + 6x 8 x 2 – 4x + 4 = 0 8 (x – 2)2 = 0 8 x = 2
Comprobamos sobre la ecuación inicial la validez de la solución.
Solución: x = 2.
b) 4(x – 4) – (x – 1) = –3x · 4x
4x – 16 – x + 1 = –12x 2 8 12x 2 + 3x – 15 = 0 8 4x 2 + x – 5 = 0
–1 ± √ 81 –1 ± 9 x1 = 1
x= =
8 8 x2 = –10/8 = –5/4
Se comprueba sobre la ecuación inicial que las dos soluciones son válidas.
Soluciones: x1 = 1, x2 = – 5
4
a) x + 1 – 3 = 2 – x b) 3x + 1 – 1 = 3
x–1 x 4x + 3 x
c) 3x + 4 – 1 = x + 19 d) 1 – 2 = 22 – 5x
x + 3 2 4x + 6 x + 3 x x + 3x
6x + 8 – 3 = x + 19 8 4x = 14 8 x = 14 = 7
4 2
Solución: x = 7
2
d) x – 2(x + 3) = 2 – 5x
x – 2x – 6 = 2 – 5x 8 4x = 8 8 x = 2
Solución: x = 2
a) √25 – x 2 = x + 1 8 25 – x 2 = x 2 + 2x + 1 8 2x 2 + 2x – 24 = 0
–1 ± √ 1 + 48 –1 ± 7 3
x 2 + x – 12 = 0 8 x = = =
2 2 –4
Comprobación:
x = 3 8 √25 – 9 = 3 + 1 8 x = 3 es solución.
x = – 4 8 √25 – 16 ? – 4 + 1 8 x = –4 no vale.
Solución: x = 3
x=0
c) √5x + 1 = x + 1 8 5x + 1 = x 2 + 2x + 1 8 x 2 – 3x = 0
x=3
Comprobación:
x = 0 8 √1 = 1 8 Válida.
x = 3 8 √15 + 1 = 3 + 1 8 Válida.
Soluciones: x1 = 0, x2 = 3
d) (√4x 2 + 7x – 2 )2 = x 2 + 4x + 4 8 4x 2 + 7x – 2 – x 2 – 4x – 4 = 0
–1 ± √ 1 + 18 1
3x 2 + 3x – 6 = 0 8 x 2 + x – 2 = 0 8 x = =
2 –2
Comprobación:
x = 1 8 √4 + 7 – 2 = 1 + 2 8 x = 1 es solución.
x = –2 8 √16 – 14 – 2 = –2 + 2 8 x = –2 es solución.
Soluciones: x1 = 1, x2 = –2
x=0
b) √x 2 + 3 = √3 – x 8 x 2 + 3 = 3 – x 8 x 2 + x = 0
x = –1
Comprobación:
x = 0 8 √3 = √3 8 Es solución.
x = –1 8 √4 = √4 8 Es solución.
Soluciones: x1 = 0, x2 = –1
c) √5x – 7 = √1 – x 8 5x – 7 = 1 – x 8 6x = 8 8 x = 8 = 4
6 3
Comprobación:
4 4
√ 5·—–7 ?
3 √ 1 – — 8 No vale.
3
La ecuación no tiene solución.
1
x= 1 8 2
4 √ 5 – 4 · — + 4 · 1 = 5 8 x = 1 es solución.
4 4 4
Soluciones: x1 = 5 , x2 = 1
4 4
a) x – 2 = 0 8 x1 = 2; 2x – 3 = 0 8 x2 = 3
2
Soluciones: x1 = 2, x2 = 3
2
b) Soluciones: x1 = 0; x2 = 3; x3 = –1
c) x1 = –5; x 2 = 4 8 x2 = 2; x3 = –2
Soluciones: x1 = –5; x2 = 2; x3 = –2
d) x = 0; x 2 + 4 ? 0
Solución: x = 0
2 ± √ 4 + 12 2 ± 4 x2 = 3
e) x1 = 2; x 2 – 2x – 3 = 0 8 x = =
2 2 x3 = –1
Soluciones: x1 = 2; x2 = 3; x3 = –1
–3 ± √ 9 – 8 x2 = –2
f ) x1 = 0; x 2 + 3x + 2 = 0 8 x = = –3 ± 1
2 2 x3 = –1
Soluciones: x1 = 0; x2 = –2; x3 = –1