..1.

·
~r··.·
---:-1
•

.I
. I

1
d
 ~J-
~~-:-

'.']
'•
~

*
~J;j\5 .)b J""~

~J;ji.S~I~~

f]
1_':::

.c•

D
<;
~-
~--.'
...
_.·
.
·~

~-···
~
. !
I

..6y-l).) J.).r.J\5"_, ~y-1:~\.::S ru

~~(.]"'~ J ~ JJj\S".)b * <.J"'..l.:.f.o : ~ t
~JJ)\5"
'rvo .;~ J.,l4..;-'~: ~l::- ~_,;
~ fo o o : jl_,.-.i
ul} :.-;1 ~.; .J..>I_,: utl;l "->'; ,, J ~J?
~*~:~J?
~ - -
~~~ c:>lr\5"-' ~I v .,..a-:~ I; I ....,. 9 ~
Jlu "ooo: ~
~ ~= ~~ J ~~.J~

''r' 'fO-V~'\ ~ J_,J.:.....:,,cjl..*:._;l.!J

~'foA'f~O _, ~' ''r'rO'f:

...
i!l7::.:~=-~
. .,. . :.:·---- . .
~·•.Jo ·~,.r...: · ; .. ' " . '
,J~I J~l ;:J ~I'~ .J ~) I.P-~.I.J JL ~;) jl ~ ,L.. ~")l..l ~
If.. LiS' :J ~ (.)Uo~l~ L.. ~ )\;S .J 4..!. .J ;:J oj.J; ~ .:J;b~J. <.S}_,:.....I.J ~ <.S4.--~
'rW j4.r" wi;IJA ~§ .J ,_;.":J.; .J JL..:..o ..l,j.JIJ.>. <.S;~ .J ~ ~ 4 .J o:J,_,..; tJ ~ .J ~
w~~ jii;L. u r-=..Jc.r ~ G <.SI..L> .~Tc.r ;:J ~ ~ ~ .J ~b <.Su..f.;-
•G ;:J ~y$ ~ ~ LS~~\; ~l....:..!.b L. ~lj;ll; ~) <J-I.J o:Jb ;!} c_};IP:.,.J>
y .r., ; :; .J <J l;... ..li.J IJ.>. LS; ~ 4 \; .1.!. 4 ,tub.r. ~")l.. I ~) _r!j .J .1.!.; .J r")l..I LS':>b I ~"]:·
,._.-.
~--

L)Uo~ j ;:J ~I.P. ~ .J ,)A.,;... c) I a.~ .J 04_,::.. ,cj~~y ,cji~.J..il ~

~ I; :; ~ <J.,:J ,~ <J-1 ji.J ,:;Y. h I; ~) ~~I ;4~ .J I.)""JA... wl...t.AI _r.; ~
.~bl Y..r L>'~ wy. .J ~")l..l ~~~
,~) ~~~ wl...t.AI ~ ~ ;)i;...~ .J ~Y- ~ U;.J <.Sl=....l; ;J 'c.sA\.{.!;bJ~
jloG <J-GJ -~'OJ~ ~.l. .J <.Sf-A'~'~ j~ J;_ye .J ..c.....!.j;l ;\11 ;l.!.:.il ~ v;J~
.J tw..~G ~ u JJ.Jc.r vyJ ~..L,ji.J ~ <J~L,.:, .J wl:A\.{.!;b ,c:,IJ.:.....!.ib ~
..l:-!.4 w~; r+- r'lf..~J ~ L.. cf.!Y- <.S~..~sL-
·- l

c 1
l

'··j
 ~J/ ~IAA .JLISP: J;f ~
' 0

ely: JJI ~
" fAoJIJ.;

" <\A ..I.A.A ' - '

.:liJs.l j ~I_,; ' - "
"
H' ~ .:liJs.lf.SJ.Jf; 0~ ,_y-
,r ~f.S.:lj_;j ~~ J ~~ ,_'f
,f ~~'-0
,0 NIL J T o}..J ,.s~~ '-r-
'0 o.)L.. ~~· -· ~..! ~ly ,.S.)I..I.AJ '- V
,y .~
~J w .r~
~ . ~ '-"
~I_,; ~.)lf; ~ )..:S '-'
"' SUB2 ~~ l -'t- l
'",, ~~ l- 't- r
'",,
ONEMOREP
~(; .;" IA~Lf jl o.JIA.;...,.I l -'t-r'

NOT ~ .
-· ~ -.. I..:
,, .r~
~.Jt.- {; ../";__ ~ -7 ~ (; , -,
I }U\J '-'
0-,
0

rr ~ly jl ~~.r.- ,_''

ff ~Ua:;. '- '"
f"\ ~~'-n"

rv ~A~:rJJ~
rv .~ ~o.)l.) ("-fA ~yl jl ~~ Y-'

rv Y~ d.>-~~ Y-Y
.. -
fA
;c,.l
.·. ·.
~·

:1
' '
r\ Jl> ~~~NIL Y-'f
r\ ~~~b .. ,~, ~w r-o
ff CDR J CAR Cjly Y -r
ff ,_s~ ~ 1.5~~ ,_sf_r. CDR .J CAR Y-P- t

ro NIL )ICDR .JCAR Y-P-Y

fV CONSY-V
fA J1,:;. ~.JCONS Y-V-t
f\ CONS~ 1.5~ ,_si.A~ _,~fY-V-Y

f\ -')~ ~.JJf.Ji,_rCONS Y-V-r'

I fo LIST Y-A
- ·.- . ~
ff LENGTH Y-4.
. I
ff lA ~ ll:-J "-! 4.S.kJ .r. "- '
44 \.j 0

ff ~)~~~ [~/f-to-t
fO r-t o-r
,_s~ ,.;,..._) ,_si.A~ ~ -'.;..,>../'!

f"\ ~ ~ ~ r:r-).J' ~A~ r-t o-r

fV ~ 0;--4 CONS Y- \ \

0\ ~~j.)l JI::...Zy: i ;- J.al

0\ 44 ..lA..o Y"- '
0\ EVAL Cjl; Y"- Y
or ~ l:-- b....o .):; o...l.! ~~ ~ l.,_i Y"-Y"
--·-
or ...lA:;I.S" r~' ~ ~4.J)J~_,; ~...lA:; r~'I.S'~ .)\:...!_,.; 4S"IJ d~ .r- Y"-'f
Of ·w Y"-o
< 1:~ ,, "",..)_
«0:;.rv-
Of 0:; ~ ji; "-! J:, J-!r JS L.o Y"- r
00 L.T.4.JJIJ~Y J:; ~l; ~~ Y" -V
ov ~li ~~ J:; ol.- "·I tj .Jl.f::- Y"-A
OA 0~ ~~ 4$~~ :;..),.. .):; ~ y Y"-'
0\ ~.r. Cl~ Y"-' 0

:. i
"\f lA~~: jJ~. J.al
)
"\f 44J.A..o 'f- '
"\f •)!; r) ~,IF 'f- Y
"\0 •)!J f)~ .COND·'f-Y"
"\"\ ~ r- 4$~Wai jl ~ ~~~ ~ T jl o~\A:-.1 'f-'f
"\V COND jl ~~ J~ J~ 'f-0
"\A \Ari.J; J~ \.Ja;. J COND 'f -7
"\A O~J (.$\A~} OR JAND 'f-V
"\\ OR JAND ~~j;l 'f-A
Vo o~ .~\Arv
.. ,. ..., ...., e.~ ·-=>L. 'f-'
... _, v--
V\ !..li~~ y~ ~ r- OR JAND l_r:- 'f-' o

vr .c.:-.A ~ ~ ~ J.. ..l.;J J.li \A~r- 'f- ' '

Vf JY. C:ll~ 'f- "'
v~ ~~ .)t.:r.,~r~($1A~ =~ J,aj
v~ 4.o..\i.o 0-'
v~ ~ ~ ~;I...I.A.o ~ ~~~~ ~ l.SI.r.SETQ 0-Y
vv l.Srlr ~ ~ ~~~ ~Jl;.. ~~ jiJBOUNDP .Jt.hJ.~ 0-Y'
VA l.Srlr l.S\A~ ~ l.S.Y..J 4.e\j.r. O- 'f
Ao ~l:=:- (.$\A}I 0-0
-1
SET ~lr 0-7 J
l.Srlr ~ ~ ~~ ~~ 0-V

A~ lAoJb.J ~lP~I ~ ~~c)~L..,: r J_aj

A~ 4.o..\i.o 7-'
A~ ...L..A.ot'·"
M .;-~ ~
I "Li>
~ ,jJ
. .r. 7Y
-
AV d~ ~6;. ~~~ 7-Y'
AV REVERSE ../,.r.,S:..... ~t; P-r'- t
AA tt../~11 ~t; ~APPEND P-r-r
A\ NCONS c),Y- 4;(.:.:. ;J;j£.., ~t; P-r'-r'
\o LAST ~t; P-r'-'f
\o NTH JNTHCDR ~I.Jr P-r'-tJ
SUBST ~~ ~t; P-r'-P
~~~~~~\A~ 7-'f
UNJONP-'f-t
INTERSECTIONP-'f-r
SETDIFFERENCEP-'f-r'
 ~'
I
; )

·~ --~

,_,::·j
~~::.: \f MEMBER f-f-f

,-
l
\f lus.~ 4 ~.}!..; .s..o~.r. 7-0
: I \"\ JJI~ ~~~ ~ lA~ 7-7

j -~ \V ASSOC ~t; f-f-t

\A SUBLIS f-r-r

k/t \A J.Jf~ ~ ~ 1.5.}!..; .s..o(;.;: f-V

~ f_,;

' DISPLACE, RPLACD, RPLACA f-A

0 0

'or lA~:~~
, or .s..o...l.i.A v- '
, or APPLY-TO-ALL~ V- 'T

'of APPLY-TO-ALL jf ,_,tA.;_,f ~, J.Jf~ I.S.J.;f. ~~ 1.5f_r.-fV-Y- t

IJj~ ~.J~ V-Y"
' 00
) '0 0 FIND-IF ~V-'f
\
SUBSET~\; V-0
' 00
- I
!
'oV EVERY~\; V-7

'oV ~Jj ~lA~ JAPPLY-TO ~ V-V

,0, ~~~~"~:~~
,0, .s..o..l.i.o "- '
'o\ ~,J t_d .J'u A- '1
"0 Lisp c:>4j "-! ~.Jiu ~.J~I A-Y"
.;,1 J t..d.) ~u :.) 4J,) ~ u')lo "- 'f
""
\\f Lisp c:>4j .J,) J..;_,:S'li ~.J~I A-0
\\f ~.)~I ~lr. &)1,>1} .).,> jl o.)\.4:.,...1 A-f

'r' ~..J/- I (.5-'..J.;..J: ~ ~

\l'\ .s..o..l.i.o ' - '
\l'\ ..)~ ~lA _;:S'I.;IS'- '1
\rr MSG :_r..J r} ,_,-
\l'f READ~\;,_ 'f

\l'O Cjl_; ~L. '-0

I
'
./ "''].
S:·

[]
A UTOLISP : j .).J ~
"' ..
\Y\ ~Jf Jpf: JJI J..aj ~J
\Y\ <\.A ...li.o '- ' ']
\Y\ Autolisp J~ ~o~b ~yl \-"
.J ~ b.o :·:J
'r' Autolisp \- 'f

'r'
H''r Autolisp
~y.l ~~~b)} '- 'f
J~ ~}:.•.:._y ~~b)) J_,...ol \-0
>)
\·:·_J
,,.,,., j~ ~;y ul;~l \-7
' "1
L •

\r'O AutoLisp J-' ~ ~fy: j ;_, J..aj ~]

\iO <\.A ...li.o "- '
\iA t.r"~) ~ly ,._,. [.]
H'A u:L....>-~fyr-r-1
:]
\fV ~.)B'JJ J~ ~lyr-r-r
\fA ~~ ~J.)_;l. ~~ ~ly ,._.,..
:J
\"\Y J ~l I ~
~y "- 'f
\\"\ o.J.;,;$ ~ ~ly Y-0
']
\VA ~ _r;. ~1,; "-r
\Ao ~~"-:\A.. ~ ly· "- y
IJ
\Af ~-
r~~~Y ~ I~""
- ']
\A\ ~I.C.:. J ~ly "- '\
~-1
\A\ ~.; !.S.JJ.r. J~ ~ 1y r-li- ' ::_.-J
\\r ~ _.) :J.:..:S J: ..J.;.I ~ ty- r -li- r
J
~1.} ~ly "-' :··1
''"
,,, ~'./ J~ ~lyr-1 o-1
0
~u..l

''" .r..~ ~ ~t.J ~ly r- 1 o-r

ro\ ~~JJJ J ? . J.;> ~ly "-' '
ror t..A. w ~ !.S.l.JJ.J ~'Y r- 1 1-1
roA t..A. w ~ .r. c.?.'.J~ ~'Y r- 1 1-r
r' o J: u t.?.".J~ 1 !.SJ.J.).J ~ ty- r- 1 '_,.,
r\f u\s."""'y ~J.;r. ~~ ~l_y- ,._'"
r\f ~t,;.:;td.S-~ ~ ;_,; r- 1r- 1
!:1
u
0~-l

LJ
~ts.~.JA rt; (J'Y Y- I Y-Y
~_,.. Jfs.~t (J'Y r- t r -r
JJ..l:l:- ~l.AJ:- ~LT.~,) y- '.,..
4i fo ~I,; y-' 'f

,.,,.,,., ~I> ~f...Lo: i ;- J.aj

,.,,.,,., 4.o J.A.o .,.. - '
,.,,.,,., wl> ~,) ~~~ ~.;1.,..- Y

rro l.fj{ J f..) l5JAutolisp Jy.- .J"' t.,SlA4.4{.;_.r.?_.r.: j.) ~ J.aj

rro y\jJ! ~ s.l~l 'f-'

rr'\ ~,);.JLS'Lt;. ~ ~,; 'f-Y

rr'\ .J5yl .A'.r...J f. 45.Jt::..:.Y ~ U ~ .J~I .J.,J.i;... ~ Asctext.lsp f-Y- I

r rv ,y:.. ~ chtext.Zsp "'- r- r

rr'\ o_r..I-'.J 0Lo5 0.JLZ .b>CLlsp f-Y-r'

rf o ~ (ir r-'.J Rectang.lsp f-Y-f

rf o ~ ~ 0".;5' ~_); Rpoly.Zsp f- r -t:l

rr' ~ ~..r':.J~ ~ts.~_,.. ,~, Jd.Zsp f-r-r

rfA A.J~Uj>I.J~~u~ 0.J.J'~45'.r. Fcopy.lspf-Y-V
rf\ o~.J 451A~_,.. ~I;:.;; I Ssx.lsp f -r -A
l'f\ ~ 4-I..J-' ~ ~ u--"!.;-t. ~.J.J-rP ~ .J...lA.:..o 0".J'vf45/.r. 3da"ay.lsp f-r -~
r0 o .Jf::..:. ~ t:_0.J-' ,~ 145 t.r. Slot.lsp f- r- t o
r0 o X!Y/Z 451A.J~ J,J> (.I! I;:.;; I ~Is.~.JA 00.J-' 45/.r. Axrotlsp f- Y- I I

r0 \ •~.J" City r:-..; 45 t.r. Fplot/sp r- r- ' r

ror •~ .J" 45IA4;!.J.J r-'.J 45 l_r. Fplot2/sp f- r- t r
~--
roo c.k- ~t..a..- ... .J ~ .Pr ~ 45/.r. 2 dcm.lsp f-Y- t f
rov Repon.lsp f- r- t t:l
ro\ Posit.lsp f-Y- I r
ro\ Findinln.lsp f- r- t V
r\o Newnd.lsp f-Y- t A
r\o NewsL/sp f-Y- I 1
,.,,, Layeroff.lsp f- r- r o
,.,,,., Mvlayer.lsp f- r- r t
 Cplayer.lsp f- r-r r
Insblk.lsp f- r- rr

.........!tl ..• ,_,,•

LJu:. ~.SLAr~
LA LJu:. e}_; I

'rVo ~
o
.
.. , ' p
M
.
'rVo ~~
'rAO "".;l.i "! ~l ... t.;t.J
'r\\ Lisp '-""'.;l.i ~!Jr-~ ~..JP
'r\T' Lisp ~I ~!Jr-~ ~..JP
t'\A ~'.r

~-].
c -
 )
. .· )

I
J

0:.l.r. ~ .~~ ~ r 0 ~ J.; _r..j "'lj I S,.,.S ,J i.S ~ ~ w k>j 0 ,J J.: '-;-' \.:S 0:.1
:~L...; ~,) ~I.,)Jj .,ljl 0:.1 jl ~ -')-' l.S~
~...::...:_..~.;::- ~ o)~ ~ ~L...;\.5" _}b).ti ~,JJ)\5 ~ ~ LS\j\ 0\..oJ..J.; jl.s_j~
01-*" o~l., ~~b.)~ J-' :r_y. 0\..:......,,J-' jl ~ J-' •..:.-..I o.) Y. '7"'\.:S 0:.1 JL:..:;I h
·~ L...;\.5" ~ .s_j~ J.j~ ~ IJ '-;-'\.:S 0:.1 y~.) _,> wk>j ~ ~

o)~ ~ i.SJ~ ~ LSL9T o.Ju ""-! ~ 01_r..l d _r;. ).) Y!.r 0\..:......,,J.) jl )Jb·- <> ~
i i
; I ·t'-~ J~ j.jlo.,Y.AllloLISP ,JAllloCAD LS.r$ -'l:. J.) lo J__,...:....
.~L...;\.5" ~b).ti J.jlo.)Y. ~j 0:.1 ).) Lo i.S~I) ,6\.f"lfl-: ~ _;;S.) jl ~
,J ._y.. ~ ·~ ~ ~ LS_r.5'1 \.::)JJ ,J l:..JJ ~"' _,> 01~ j1 ~~ jl ;~ ,J ~I J-'
.t'-)~~ )~ J_j_, ) } r1; '-;-'L-S 0:.l...; )K; LSI.r. ~~ ~., _,> t.J.)d. l.SJ~

*
.}.JJ)\5 .)b

~.JJ)IS ~I
: j
 n
::d

Lisp ....:.........\AutoL/SP ..::...:, 4-i J;, J Lisp ~j .~.A~ ..r! 0~j lSy$;,~ :J~ J;, ~l:S ~I

o:J Y. 0y5\; ~ JL. (..$""' :l.JJ.> j\0l ~~~ ~ ...:.........\ lS} ~l5 L54-i~j ,y_j ~Jj jl ~
....:.........\ ~ .r.-" J )J.! y1..,; LS4.i~j JY:' ~l> JL> J:l J
"~.f-a- J- _y. jl ' LSI~I 0~j ~I ~~ ...:;.........\ 01 Lisp ~\ J.~;, jl ~
;,..r!Jl5; ~l5 ~ 0~ J:,LA,j iW .s..; ~ )yl_r. ~ jl ~I (Artificial Inteligence) AI ...!..!.~~
;,)J.j~\ Lisp 01~ 4.; \) 0l) ~\.>. c:_.;k 01y~ ~0~j -:r.,l :lJY J:l ....::........\ ci~ oiJ ;,);,
,y_l J o~J JLS j\ ~):l (.f..\ 4.; \; J o..l..!. ~ :Jy"- t.)\; ~ J:l 0~j ,y_l l_r..j ~;,.J d.r"
~U Lisp-1.5 .;, );, ;, ~ J Lisp t_~l jl lS:Jl...:.j ;,\.Mj ~~ LSI.r. .J );, .~.AI;, I 0~ ..!..!. J

JL .s..; ~Lisp tj ,y_l0~ J.J ..!..!.~ ;,)J.j~\Lisp ~isp o.J} j10~j tj l.f..~;,j
.:J )J.j IJ lS.JJy-oi0JJ..A Lisp t_yllSL, J~ly jl lSJ~ ~...::........11962
.J Machine lisp ,UC/lisp ,Maclisp, Franzlisp ~j\ .x.;J~Lisp t_yl ,y_j~\ oj.Jyol
,, ].'
L
ji LS)..li...o '--! J o:J.J--: Commonlisp J Maclisp ~ 4.r. ~ ~L> ~u ~commonlisp
,...:,.......\ o..l..!. \\Y Lisp t_yl _r.. L. dL;\ lS~~lj l]:·
;e-.'

jl ~ lS~ ~lyk;, Y. ~\y>- J;,t; ~AutoLISP c_r-!.Yoi.A~ .r. 0~j jl o;,\..4.:....,1 ~

,4,jl.>-JLS ~W4- -dL..;>L.. ~l_r.-1 ~~~ ~~t.. ~1?.11-i'""lyk ,~t; ~1_,1 ~

J.JJ LSI_r. LSjL...... J..L.- ~e:-JL.a- ~ JtA- w~l:.......o ~ ~~J ~ly \""""' J ~ w JG;- _,!.;
.~;, ~~I JSyl J;, IJ .... J Finite Element
...I..!.~AutoL/SP J Lisp 0~j ..:,.>.t:.;. J;,) _;... ~jj ,~l:S -:r.,l ~)J~\ Q- .

..}J,;)S ~I ,,_;J,;jl.S' .)b#

1 . Lingua Franca 2 . Artificial Intelligence

 l I :. .
t..JJ ~

LISP

CJ
 , •...].
,; .: ~'

4..4...LU I - I
~ ~w\s.JU.I J-- "-:d..) ...::.......1 l.,o..)l..) .J d.Y oJ~J..) LSI<~.A..J.io JoW ~ u:.l
J.;SJy.aJ IJ ~o..)b jl LSI~ ~ly ~ ~~l_f'..) JY J..) . ..1...!.~~ ,~1 ~ .J ...:_.,~~..)I~ I

~d..) L>.JJ y:IJ ~~ ~~'.f ...J.,;_r:.~ ut> 01) 0 14,....,.J.;; J:. .J ..)).J 01 o.: wts.')\1145
.J.:..:.I~ . ::.. . . ,. ) "-: 0~ 01 ~f.~\.;,; .J o..)l..) i~l
"-: rY.JJ ~..::........! o...\...41 ~I) Lisp J..) ~ LSioi_jG....:l:) ~ly jl LS..)I,..U.j 0.)1..) .._;.-;. _,.; jl ~

~l.f'L>'" .J ~ _,...1 ~~~ IJ ~~ ~.} )..!.:.~ (:"!\Y .)~I.J ~ JI..:S J..) (:"!l.f' 0..)y: )5
~..1.:. ~ ~ ly -:r> L. L.Siy: J...:.i.o 0U. ~ ~ ...l:--:__f-! IJ ..) ~ j ~ ..)JY LS.} ~ l5 <~.A~..r.
,..::.....,.,! o...\...41 J..a.! t.f-1 0 ~ 4)..)

"'~'.;~I_,; '-r
.~ ~ .J ~.;_; ~.Y..}; ·~ .J:U ~~) o..)l.. ~ly ~~ly J...}L;,I ~~
·~~!) ..)~_J..) LS.JJf. ~ ~ly ~Ph,_,~)..)

[]
'..

2 ---+
PLUS 5
3 ---+
 D.)~ .J ci} <.5.).JJ.J 01~ ~ IJ; .J" .)~~I J.) Ll; er:.l . ..:..-....1 ((~)) Ll; cr.. I i\.j
...u..)~ ~\) ~ 01~ ~ I)

...u..)~ ~~~ .)1~1 lS.JJ .r. IJ ~l:.J w~ 45 ..:.........\ o..L:. o.)J.JT Ll_,.; jl J.J..G:-- ~11 .)
']
~ "': ,:,.1>- _).) .),:,_,)1
L-
j_,l ,:,..~.>- jl i -'..) ,:,.J.>. .),:, _j rS '--~~

---l ,:,.1>- _)..) '--:"' ~ '--!~

J_,l .J...l..J:. r. i -'..) ..)...l..J;. ~ jl j...>L,.. ·~ ...:.....-..j UL>- .J,:,.)_,i ...:.........,:, ~ ~c_.;l>-
-l
J j_,l ,:,.J.>. _r. i _,.:. ,:,.1>- ~ jl ~L,.. ,~ oJ..,;~~ .j,:,.)_,i-.::.....,,:, "': oJ..,;wl.,

,:, ..~.>- "': .J..>-1 _, 0:.: 0 ,:, _j .U L..; I \ ...jl_;l.u

..) .1>- jl .J..>-1_, ....>:.: 0..) _j rS \ LSI+--•

']
I 1-r-1 y:..:.

~ .Jf~f t.SJ.J.f. ,..:Ao_ a; 1 -r

~ .)~ ~ ~~L> 1..;-'ly. ~.;.;S~ ~ ~..r. I)~.)~ .J.) 45 if~
:J.j~~ J.ily~ ((o.,L;~~)) Ll; ~ J.) •.)_,.!.~ ):2:.!~ ~ 0:.\ J.) o.,l;~~ jl ...::.-....1

:J~ .l"l ... .J.:S ~~

~J. •
\J I~
-
•.:
_.,

9---+

2---+

i
9---+
__ !
REMAINDER 1
2 ---+
 n
l,'J

1
i ~"J.JJ ~_;c.- 461/, -l'
~.>,.;_,..;.if u'-> 01 jl-61 1 ~G.) ~ 0 :J.)J.) ~..>,.;_,...;.-..>" :J).) t!\; J.>-b <~..; .s d-lAd:J ,]
J~ 0l..r. .:J 1 b ~L> ~I ,~t; 0l..r. o-Ml ~I} ~SlAlS:J.JJJ ~ .J ...\.:..4~if 'f ...y.- _,_;>
.(\-i ~) ~ '\ ..r. '\' ~ ~ <..SJLo '\' ..r. '\ ~ .J

9 ----+
QUOTIENT f----+ 4
2 ----+
']
2 ----+
QUOTIENT I--+ 0 ~ ..]
9 ----+
']

11 '\' .6 1.5"~ .J (\ o~~~ ~) 'f ~l> ~~~,.;_;50'"~'\' _r.11 '\ 6 if~

.(i ~..>,.;~~ ~) -.::.-....1 0 ~~~ .J.;S!J" r- ;;; '\ .r.

~~L \..r:l j1 ~ ..:.Jl> r .J.J . ...:.......! ,f:" J.r'- J I.S.JJ.JJ .si).J .,S .J).J .J y:::- J ~ i.S.JI.L.j ~I ;.J

..J..;S ._,L.\Sl.J \..1>~ .s\..1> ...r.- J.r'- J I.S.JJ.JJ ••.J _j o.Jl.Q;..,..I ..l:_lo.J.JJI....:.........J....., ~I\..; ..S _;L. _}.... jl .L~~

I( B

5 :I QUOTE NT

~ :I PLUS

~·
~
12 10
..
7 :I REMAINDEER
3
:I I 3

3 . inputs 4 . output
 LA):.- 1 -~
.) _r.)S4J jl ~ ~ .J .)1~1 J..:.j~ .J J:.:.....J.Lisp J.) ~d.) jl.f..:_.) lSI~~~~
5 ..1.:.~ c-:1_,..; il_j ~ ifl....l ~ J!.o I.S~.J"'l ~~ ~..SI.r. ~~ jl ,J.j).)
uWS ~._j.J~
~ J.) ~l> IS~ pi)S I.S.)IJ...j .J .)1~1 ~._j.J~ ~_; jl ~J..- ..) _r.if o.)lA;..,.,I ~ ~

,J.j~if

:~1 - .... ~ ~)
oJ..oT Lis:p ) .) ..r:--"~,;~ l - - ·1 Jl!.. ...~.:>-
~ . -I
L>..:..,

A R2D5
ZORCH COP
-··.·.1 NANOO-NAN COMPUTER

MARYN yyy
:~·::_~)

ADD! X2-

YEAR-TO-DATE DEL

ANTIHISTURDAMANKISH

J.) ~ ~u.JlA:.. jSI)S ~}I~ ~.x...:.4 ~~~~AS~ J..Jj .J"'l ~ .J.)

_JAR2D j!.o) .~Tif ~L-. ~ ~ jl U_J~ J-- _J.) ~.>.:...:.4 ~~.) A.~.A; ).) ~ _J ~ _; .
.(AR2B

,..l..,L....;

AARO

'
87

PLUMBA

1-2-3-0

1492

318765432

-12

012

SEVEN
 n
~j

NIL .J T ;_;:., 1.51A~ 1-f

:jl..w).:-.~ ~l.x...!.~~ ~I.J \.:..- L5l).) .6 ~.JJ~ J~Lisp J~ oju ~ .J~

T ~ .J u..:.+.on

NIL ~\_;.Ju~n

L5\).)Lisp -~.J)~ Jt5:: (y::>- ~ ~~~~0~)~1yjl~l~ ~}L51f.NIL .JT

. .) f.~ Jt5:: \JNIL ~ T ~ .J.) ~~ly -:r.,l '-:-"\~ J.) .6 ..::..-1 o.x.:S ~~ ~ly L5~

o.)L..,
0
~~~ ~1_,; 1.5.)/~ '-v
L5}J-:_~ ~)\ ...u..)lf" ~~ J:,Y._r4 Jl_f.... .t.: .6 ..::..-1 ~t ~J~~ ~
~L; 0-:,l...l:S~ J_r.:..SIJ o..L.!. d.) L5.).JJ.J 0.)y_ ~...l&- ~..l:._,..!.~ l:...;,l 0T ~ ~_r4 -:r.,IJ.) .6
.(\-'f ~) ~.,_.;.~ o~\.;NUMBERP

2 ---+ NUMBERP f---+ T

DOG ---+ NUMBERP NIL

NUMBERP ~ {; ,_r: w '-f

A I~':
v--

~ \) L5.).JJ.J 0.)y_ ~ J? .6 ~ :r; L5~.) }~J..::; ~t ~.t.:L.:..o J_,k.t.:

.(\ -0 ~) .~).) i\.;SYMBOLP ~t -:r.,l.~).) o~

·"']·
·,
~~
CAT ---+ SYMBOLP T

;r'
····.]·.·
42 ---+ SYMBOLP ~ NIL ~'~-

r. -1
u
SYMBOLP ~ li v!!, W t -c::) j5:.:.

5 . Predicate
-- i'

~ Jl~l <SJJf. <AS .x..:......_., },_;..-:.~ ~ly <Sr- jl ~J ~\; JJ ODDP JZEROP
~\; t..?-" J? .J Y. ..u.l_,>- T L>T ..?-" Jj>- ~.;_;,~ ~ ZEROP ~\; ~ <SJJJJ J~ }I .x.:Sif
.(' -r ~) ..1-!.~ J) L>T l.SJJJJ .S .)__,..;.if T r..f'\L ODDP

35 ---+ ZEROP NIL

28 ---+ ODDP NIL

ZEROP .J ODDP (j (; .J-' v!: W I -f ~

J__,k L;w .GREATERP J LESSP jl..w)~~ },_;..-:.~ ~ly l.S.r" jl ~J ~\; JJ

JJI .)~ !)J Y. PJJ. 1.:. .J ~§<AS ..:......,I L;T ~\; jJ -:r..l ~ J ~J..,JI.f" .r. ~ly r---'1 jl <AS
.(\-Y ~) J:S ~ IJ fJJ J~ ~ ~

2 ----+
LESSP T
3 ----+

2 ----+

3 ----+
'V l,o.:.l.:.) e:;ly

f.SJL; ~~~ , -A
~~~ }I.J:S~ J_?IJ j-:?;.J:, 0::: LS.JL; ~IJ :,~3EQUAL }~~ ~\.;
.(\-A ~) :, Y. ..u.l_,>- NIL L>l ....?-" .J? ,.;..:,4 Jz:-o }I .J T .._?; .J? ,.;..:,4 ~
1

CAT ----+
EQUAL 1---+ NIL
MOUSE ----+

CAT ----+
~.·.·]··
EQUAL T ~- -·.

CAT ----+ ,.. -J

:-.-.·
L-".".

23 ----+
c 1
EQUAL .,__..,._.. NIL ~--· __]
87 ---+

c.r:~ W
EQUAL (; I -A 1
.~ ~
~ v--

:r....r-s
:~~ IJ JG- -s~J>.-.·
7 ----+

11 ----+.___ __
LESSP
.....
-4 ----+

-3 ----+
LESSP

12 ----+ ODDP
TWELVE ----+ NUMBERP

KIRK ----+

SPOCK ----+.__ __
EQUAL
.....
9---+

-9---+
EQUAL
L.....----'
..

0 ---+ ZEROP T---+

...
EQUAL
'·.·i

e'Y o_,lfj ~ _) L:S 1-1

C"!l_,...; ~I .~1~ .J---AT IJ ..:,.....,I ~..L-!. ~~Lisp J~ S ~~L. ~\; ~~J~ ~I\;

~y:- yo ('jl_,; 0~~ ~ ):S~ ~~_,;~ ~l ...l:..4\.j~ v U,~JI ~ r ~JI ~1_,; IJ l.Sic_;~\..:5
~- - !
.~jl..:~~ ~If"~ J ~

SUB2 ._k_~ '-4\-'

)J.L.. ji..L>IJ 1 0~.} r5 0\ ~J AS .J.;S w..;_~ IJ ~\; ~~__,>-~ .J.;S .,/)
,_r:- J.f- }I.J.:S~ r5 ..~.>-IJ ...>::_ '!.S~.JJ.J ~~ j16 ~)~ ~JI ~\; ..S:::. 0_,;5\; -~~ LS~JJ.J
_;..S ..1.>-IJ 'I' ~JII.S~.JJJ .t..: ~ ~~ ,_r:- J.f-'~J~ ~\; ~ .t..: ~~~ IJ ~\; lf..l
•..:,.....,I ~..~..oT '-" j5:.:. J;) ~..:,.....,IS~ 0\ ~ ~ SUB2 ~\; ~L....;. w.:__r; .;) Y. ..u.l_,>-

I SUB1
SUB2

SUB1

I SUB2 ~t; .J~ 1-~ Y:,.:.

I
r ~~}I Jl!..o ~l_.r. -~~ J~ IJ 0\ r\.j ~~l.i:.....I~SI..r. ~l5' ,~\; lf..l ~~ jl ~
.J~~ ~ \-\ o ~ ,~;) J._~ SUB2 ('j\; .t..: l.S;)JJJ 01~ .t..: IJ

6 ·I SUB2 ~ 4

SUB2~t; 1-1 o P.
ONEMOREP ~~ ,_,_y
6 .J.;S ~_r; IJ ONEM~REP r\.j '! 1..5~;) ~\; ~IJ-' ~~_,.;.~ S .J.;S ~)
rJ" 1..5-'.JJ_) jl ?Jf. J.>-1_) ..s:::. J.J'I.S~JJ_) ~~ 6 x.S~ J? _) ~,Y. JJ-:.~ ~\.; ~
-~~ ,_,, J5:.:. J" 1) ~L- ~ ~w ~L...; ,c_; ~ -.:........1

6 . Primitive functions 7 . Primitves

 ·~
-<:.J

I ONEMOREP

.I I
II
EQUAL
I
AD01 I
I

ONEMO REP ~ t; J-:. W I- I I ~

~ J oJ..:.~} .Ul.;l..l.>IJ ~ i p t.S~.JJ.J .6 ~if :.J..;S ~ y (:;\; 0-:l ~ ;:.w. ~

cr-1 '-:"'IY'='" .~~if' ~l.io JJI t.S;)JJJ ~EQUAL }rJ-:;:~ ~\; .h...._y .U:..r cr-1..?-"J.;->
t>l.r. 11 ONEMOREP ~\; J\.:..o t_SI_r. ...::........IW ~J ~ o...\....!. ~L... ~I; '-;-"ly. 0w ~c:;t
.(\-\ r ~) ~Lo_j 0~1r J v t.SlA~~JJJ

7
I ONEMOREP

.I I
II
EQUAL • NIL

3 ---+ ADD1
I
r- I

,_,, ~

~l1 ;,) "lA~lt jl o,)lA:......I '- ~- Y"

t.S~.JJ.J ~ ~IJ ~~ .J ..Ul..if~~~0J~(:;I;J.>b 1 ~.6..::........1t_S~...l$:.~~Lt
0~_? ~ 0T ~J .6 J.._;S ~~HALF iL; ~~\;..1.::AI_,.>if.6J.._;S~ }Jl:..ot.SI.r..~)..u
t.S~JJ.J ~ t_SI)~ J o~_? o~LA.:.....I t.SI~~\.:5" lj\; ~ jl HALF Cj\; . ...\....!.~ r ~...~.$:. .r. ~t.S~JJ.J

JJI t.S~J;J .~;b ~~JJJ J~ ~ ~l::>l J ..::.........! QUOTIENT Cj\; ~ t.SI~~\.:5" lj\; 0-:l ...::.........!
.J.;S ~ _y \-\r ~ ~ ....\....!.~~ r ~...~.$:. i J~ t.S~.J;J .J ..::.........! HALF Cjt t.S;)J;J 0w

8 . constants
 ->]·
,_--.

1
I

I HALF
I
, c
I
I
2 J QUOTIENT
I •

HALF
~
t;
v-:... t...,; I- I r' l.i'-
f(' &.

II

.. j
7 HALF 3
j
:-!

!-If J5:-:.

:~~
~ J:S J_;;) J o->_? ~\..Q.. ~~I; lS->J;J ,)~ J-> ~ J..oj~ 1WOMOREP r\.; "-! J~~ c;\j ~ _,
~l_d- ;-> T .~~ ~ t-'~ ~ r.J;_J-4 ;.l .:,1 t.f:" J;-> J ~.._. ~ ~ JJI->~ jl p;j-! ...L>IJ,. rJ-> ->~ ~~
\
' ' -~~NIL ~;r<"

.-> _r. o;,\.A;.....I SUB2 t:\.; j11WOMOREP }~~ t:\.; ;-> ~ ~1..1.:-i ~ J;-,.
-~~ r.S.lJ;J "-! ...L>I_, o~ 0,) _? .UW.I .:,I ;IS~~~ ADD50 ~ ;_r4 "-! ~\j -\

.J:S J_;.SI; lS.lJ;J 0Jy, ~ .S J..oj~ POSITIVEP r\.; "-! }~~ t:\j ~ -"f
.J....:.~ FRED _rL ~ ~ •r.S.lJ;J .S:. _r. T _}. ~~.Jij-L,..~J..oj~FREDP rl_j"-!S}~~LL; -~
 NOT~~~~(; 1-1 o

1.5\_r. .J no \J '-:"'\~yes LSl.D.LS.).JJ.J 1.5\_r. AS..:..........\ u '\ ~'' }~~~\;NOT

}I.J NIL ...f:" .J.ri- ..>.....:.~ T IS.).JJ.J } I Lisp [.)\.h....,\ J.) .»>.)~yes \J '-:"'\~no LSl.D.LS.).JJ.J

.(,-\Cl ~) .)Y. ..u\_,>T ...f:"J.ri- ~..>...:.~NIL LS.)JJJ

' )
:,._.j
~ r.>fA- J .lJb ~ , f~~..:;....,.\NIL l:WLisp J.) ~ ~~ ~b ~ _,;
.n-'r ~) .. :;. . . \ ~ ~I..S.lJJJ

FRED __... NOT NIL

1-1 p J5:.:.

lf.._r-J
.~r, I; J L,:. -.5 L,., J.:-.-.o

NIL~ NOT

12 NOT

T ----+ NOT f---+

9 . opposite
 (NOT- EQUAL) ~JLoL; .J~~ ~~ \-' o-'
J .;:_S J..,..:S I) c..9JJJ J~ 0~ Y. lSJ~L; 6 J..:.jl-; s"-:I.J ~~_,..>~ ~) ~ ~)
.( \ - \ V '-'~) J...:;,~ NIL 0 J~ u-:1 y)- J~ J T G0l 0~ Y. lSJ~L; 0 J~ J~ 0\ ,_?." J.;>
1

I hi
NOT-EQUAL
I
I EQUAL NOT •
I
I
hi

-·~- :!
I
NOT - EOUAL CJ (; J-: ~ I-! V Y:..:,

~L; .. J...:;,~ ((Tn 0 J~ <L: EQUAL ~JI~I.J ,_?." J? } I -~~ 6 ~ _t0w

uNILn 0 J~ <l..!_ EQUAL ~JI ~I.J ._?:" J? } I J NIL ,_?." J? NOT-EQUAL .SJ~L;

~I.J jl J~ ~ ~I J~ . ..:.-.;.1~ ..u-1_,.>- IJ uTn ..?:" J.;> NOT-EQUAL L5J~L; LI.J ,J...:;,~

lSJ~ _d. 6GREEN J PINK L5~~ J~ ~JI J~ .~1 o.MlNOT-EQUAL lSJL,L;

•J~ u-:1 "'--:.lio jl ~EQUAL ~JI ~I.J ,_?." J..,..>- ...G __,..;.~ d~ ~I.J ~ -s~JJJ01~~~

.(\-\A 0~) ~ y..u.l_,.>- T "'--:_lio jl~ NOT-EQUAL lSJL,L;~I.J$. J? ) J ...::.-....,1 NIL

·-_:.;_;

~·~ .. -

PINK
I hi
NOT-EQUAL
I
I EQUAL NOT • NIL
I
I
PINK hi T

I
I-lA Y:..:,

EQUAL CL; -:.r-:1..::1.:-: . ,._ ~ LSJL.o lS~LS~JJJ PINK J PINK .. i J~ J~ J~

..:.-.;.b ..ul_,.>- NiL ~ J? . ...l:SL$"' ~ IJ .5- ~ ~ly. 6 NOT ~JI (:!I.J J T ._?-- J.;>
.(\-\'\ ~)
'-'
 l
J
II ADD1 ADD1 ZEROP
I •
I
I~ J
1-l~y:_;.

.L~ \ 0\ L5.).JJ.J :$ L~ T,_;J~....., J.) 0\....?- .J.? -.5 ~~~ NOT-ONEP \\..; ~ 0 }~~ Ll.o -\
..J..:S ~ 1J L5.).JJ.J 0.)~ ~ 0.)Y. C...Jj .S ..l._:...-.:~ EVENPrL~ 0 }~~ Ll.o -"1'

j1 A _,s-~ LS.JL· 01 J)1 0 .)))) }1 .s ...Loj~ LEss-THAN-oR-EQUALrL~ 0 J~~ L~.o _,

.LL T 0i ,__r:- .J? v1y:-- ,.) Y. \ 3 .) L5.) .JJ.J

--~1.____E_Q_vA_L_____.
T
BILUE
GREEN 4._

r1
u
ill
.
.
 e'.,; jl' · ~~r.- 1- 1 ,
~ ~l_p-0"' .0 .;_;$ ,_;.,) ...::........\ 0j..J<\..4\.j.r. 0\_,j;j j jl .f.:~ J..: ~I_,; 0l:_?.
.x..5 ~~ IJ ~~ 3~ ~.;..;\~~PLUS~\; .0 .;_;$ ,_;.,) 3 .~L...; ~~ IJ ~~ "-
i\.j ..;_;$ o~~iPLUS ~\; 3~ 0l:_?. jl ~~ "- ~ 0~J} ..:.-.....A: 0l.r. ~I_,; if JL> er:IJ~
.~l:; TRI-PLUS \J ~\; er:l

TAl-PLUS

I PLUS

I PLUS I '
I I
TRI-PLUS (J (; ~~_r.- J-:. W I- r o y:_:.

.;_;Sr..Y""' o~L.:....o 4..5 J_,10w ·~if \J TRI-PLUS ~\; o~~\ jl d~ ~~J~

~_r; ~\; 01ys. .t.: ~~~n ~ 0T 0l.r. ~I_,; if 0_,;.5"1 ~~~o~ _? ~~ ~ IJ ~\;cr.. I 0~
.( \- ·n ~) ~.r. )5:: o..l.!.

3 ___.

4 ___. TRI -PLUS --+ 12

.-...·,

5 ___.

TRI-PLUS (j (; J-:. W I- rI P

~Alb>-'-' r
\; .;..;lo..l.!. o~LoT \..h.> i~ cr..~ JL> er:l ~ ~-.::.-....1 01......1 Jl:-: ~I_,; j1 o~lA.:.....I ~I~
~\; ~ ~).)"" )~ .0 ~1_,\..k.> jl ~ .x.:S i~ll) ~\; jl W o~l :~~\ ~i 3) U)~ )~

4$ -.:.,......\ J~\j ~(PLUS) ~ ~\; ~J~ 0\.r. .-.:.........\ 0T 0~3J3 lli .r.._r-; ~~~ U .;..;l_y~
.n-11 ~) ~.r..l;: t.S~3)3 01ys. a.:')~_,~ .;..;l_y~ 3 .xS ~ r ~ 1) ~~~~

10 . CasCading

, I
.·.·'
____ ...J
 1
j
3--+
PLUS error! wrong type input
FRED --+
]
·_·.·_,1
-·J
t-rr p.
.J
~ l:_ _;:..-.S ~l..k,j "-: IS~JJJ 0~b d.~~~ U ~ly ~ J.Y' J~ .6 ~ ~lh> jl .f..:.~~
.(,-rr ~) .>....:,~~ j~ ojl..,l.;l jl

2 --+ GREA TERP error! too few inputs

CJ
4---+ :J
ODDP error! too many inputs
7---+

1-rr- p.

.,~.;I_,;.; ~~t_j IS~JJJ ..:..k "-: ~L; .6 ..:.-..I~\;.."-: .kY.r .f..:.~ IS~lk.> jl ~
I) IS~..W:. ~l.i-! .6 _til~ Jla;l ~~ ~~ J..l) . .U~ i~l I) o.J...!, A.:-...1_,.>- ~
.('-r" ~) ~ ~ ~.r.

3--+
"J
i.:_·_•

QUOTIENT error! division by zero

0--+ ,-1
.;, _j

1-rt y::. ~J

.6 .til~ Jlail 0 JJ.j ~ l_r.j ...:........1 Jb Jf-.r. IS~l:.j ~I jllAI.h.>- ~ ISy$~~ ~J

..J.;S ~ Lk> J ~ 0J~ ~Sivt_j .r. JJI .J.:>.r 0W J~ ~I_,:: ~J

,y..~

...LS ~ r.)~ J r)'"" 'i J;, ..s~JJJ.r. '.) JJ' ..s~J.JJ ..s ~ w.,_.rU ') ~~..; _, ~J
..u~__,. u el; ..s'.r. ~~~ ~ .r..j ~.)~ -r t.J

w
 JS.,;' ).) 01.) .r.JtS J ~ Y"' r"\

I ZEROP AD01l
I_j
"'

I I
..u.)if t) ~~~ "'-":" r.j l:l.; ).) -r

I .. I
I , PLUS EQUAL •
I
I
..

I ~~ 1-1r
,.;I ~ J.z:.> _,....T ~ .J u.~ J .,1~1 ~~b _, JY- ..r. d_, tf .J.l ~ J..a.! J.-1J_,
.J.;.S o.l\A:....I -G ,A 1.51-G~\.:S (:!IY ~
.x...;.~l.f" NIL ~ T .._r:- .J.;> LSI)_,~~ c;ly jl ~ _ra>..: ~_, \..2. }~~

NIL jl ~ ~ LS:r.?;,/' ~c;ly J_, ...u..,l.f" ~ ._;.- T J:-- .J ~ ~NIL ~

. ~ \~ ' ' ~
..ly:;.~~
..._4.,__r; (:!IY jl o.)\A;....,I ~ ~~y~ W ..,_,..;. .-4.,_~ o.)\A:....I jl J:i ~~ ~(:!!.; ~

.~1 C:l;J_, o.li.A::......I.lJY Uoo.lb jl ~ ~ ~..:...:t; ~ .~jL: ~~ (:!IY LS,r' ~ ~o..L.!.

~~_r.-'\' ~ }._i-:::J...:; (:!1.;- \ :~ o.l\A:....I..ci_; .J.l jl ~~y~~~c;l.f~L...LSI..r.

::·:.,
..)~j LS.l.JJ.J .,\..u; LS.r.?J~ LSI.r. ~l.f
:.J..j ~I.S"' LS~~.) ;.) ~;~t4.1_.) jJ..s _)a;;l .. ~b.);_,.,;..r.LA~T~~_p~.;.o-1;~1;-
::1

~.~~JJJ c.'-J;
number number f.$~J.s. .,r:-J~ J f.$~.J.s. i$~J.JJ 4 cl,; _,
number T/NIL NIL'-! T .,r:-J~ J f.$~J.s. i$~J.JJ 4 ell_,; -T
symbol T/NIL NIL'-! T ~J;> J J:.- i$~J.JJ 4 t:;l_,;-r
symbol symbol J:.- fJ":' J ~ J J:.- I$~J.J J 4 t:;'_,; - "f
any symbol (T,NILJ.,r:- J~ J j:t~:~ i$~J.JJ 4 tjl_,; -0

•I 11. True

. ',
<>_ . .i
 l
·-·_-'-~
·. ~

.•.1·- "' tAo_,!.J ~ tt,;t jf lA~ r- 1

t"""l ~~ J:l ...:..........1 o..J..,;, .t...:>U List processing language -:,1~ "'! ~I J:l Lisp

1·~ ~ Lisp ~U.d:J ~.S§_r4 ~ L,.~ . ..J..,;,~~ LISt Processing jl ~Jl.a.:>-1 LISP
•
_}
l
...wl_y~ t"'J\.:.5 J:l ..:..;~ J L,.o:Ji:J i.J:Jb)) ~ l_r-j ~~JbJYJ. ~I>~~ j1 ~~
-:,1~ ~ ~~y~ r IJ ~l_y ~~:J ~I_Y- .M.: ~ J:l ~ J_,k.Jw .~jL_; IJ ~f.?';/'
-~~~):J...:.....-;:-1

f.J·- "'~ lA~r -r

0 ~~ ~h:J.,; :J r-~ d:J .JL.,:.j ~ .Y .J 1 ~ "'! ~~ ~ •:JJ~ i} J:l ~ r
w~~ J ~u~ ~ -:,1~ "'! ~ ..:.........1 ~f.?'; -:,T ~o...l.!. ....:..:._y i} ...:..........1 -:,T _);-I:J
..xS..f' o.r->-~ ~L> J:l ...:.....-;:-1 -:,1~ "'!_;~IS~~ d-L,. f.?'; -:,T _);-I:J

~ J ~ ·~ ~) jl ~ J .:J_r;.~ f:.}r j~ _?1_,; ~ ~ ~ ~.o..J..,;, ~j i)

:-·1
.:J )b :J .Y':" J ~ _?I_,; ~ ~ ~ J:l J ( ~ J"""' ~) d:J ~:J\..la.j" ;;.·.J

:..:..........\ a...Lol ~ jl Jl.!... ~:JI..la.j" ~IJ:J

(RED YELLOW GREEN BLUE)

(AARDVARK)

(2 3 A 7 6 KB)

(3 FRENC HENS 2 TURTLE 1)

::J):J ~.Y':"J ~ ,._., ~\),) ...J..,;,~ ~ ~ Jol!. ~~_,;~ ...:.....-;:-1 ~

(BLUE SKY)
(GREEN GRASS)

(BROWN EARTH)
.l

.U..0 \j ....>:.:. ~ IJ ~ 0T 6 '-;} _; 0: I "-: ..J.:j L: ..::.-..) . _. . . 0: I j1 ~ ~I y 1.5" J L>-

-.:........J S-.;_ _r.:->1 ~ 6 ~~ ~~.) ~ y ..J.:..l:.:-; _r:-;1_,.,; _J.) ~I)~~~ yk o.)l.) )} ~ )L:S).)

·~ ~ r L.S 1).) .J ~~1.5" ~ J~ ~ ~

(BLUE SJ(YJ

(GREEN CilviSS J

(BROWN EARTH)

((JOHN F KENNEDY)

(SB LINKAL)

(RTB RALDON)

(STM SKAN)

)AB(

(AB(C

AB)(CD)

((A) (B))

(A(B(C))

(AB(C)
····-

(AB(C)lJ)

~J,.,bt-r

~..:..-.) ~ J _,_1 ...:.-..I ..:__.) J.) .) Y':" .]--4 ~~ .)\...L.,j jl ...::.,. J ~ ~ ~ J _,.1
0~ ........ J-:_j 0~~ ~ ...::.........1 01 ~l;.,;. J~ ~ jl ~ ...::.,.~~ jl ~
:~

(ROY ROZ ROSH)

(MEII (Af:f)) MAT)

i (A (JJXZ) (Z6))
i..'
(FOO 937 (GIJ.:I·.:P)
 ((OPEN The door wall) -

((123) (456) (789)) -

(((ALL SOME ONE NONE)) -

(Q SPADE) -

(7 8)

(8 Square)

(2 DIAM) -.J
;--]
~-.. ~~
JG:- ~~,NIL r -f '

u
~L.;, I··~
'+'"' ..::........J- cr..
· 1 •.) _)-"~ ...>" o..l-...ol.;
- JL>- .:......-J
- ~J....:,l.,
. .S..:......:.I,J..;.~..;>t" J~
--
~
I.::_-
,0 .._r--::'
- I

.() ...:..._....1 ~ ~~~ ~ .J j~ ~~~ ~

d) ..)_,.::. .S..:......:.j rNIL ~ 0J~ ~ ~ '.1~ i) jl_r}- ~ ~1_,;...>" JL>--.::........)

.J.:.__r:-: JK; r IJ (A ()B) ~~y~ (A NIL B) 1.5~ ~ ,.r..'..r.l:.: ..))~.) Y':" .J () ~ .JNIL 0-::-: --]
·-

lA~ ~'" &-'?.' v-=:wr -"

.J 1-'-' J5:...:. ).) ~ J _,.L 0~~\..>. jl 0\o ~ j 0 )~ ~ ~.J ~l5 ).) ~-.::........)

.~ _,.::.~ ci} ~ ).) ~.,J..;IoJ....:. o.)l.) ,jl..:.; i - ' - i

....:..._...I ~ .J.) LSI).) J _,.L ~\..>. cr.. I ·~~ IJ J _,L. ~\.:>. 0.; ~ 1-1 ~ _,.)
CDR .J (Register) ''I' 0~ <J" _,.)T 0\.:~ :..;..; _r.$.r. _,.)CDR)}.:_.)~ .J CAR)~---'-:_

. .) _,.::.~ ~L.;, 1_, ' i 0l:i ~~.) ._:.,l:_~ ~ (_,.) ~ .h.ili ~)

1..>..::....:1 ~J.:::l:.J.) J_,L, ~ 0L:.~l> _,.) IJ LSio~j ~ 1~) J:.A .0 0lLSI..r.
~L> ~ l:. ~ ~ -~~ .)..).&. ~ ~.d.))...:....-...;r .~~~ V'J.)I.)_,Y'J.) 1) ~~.A:~
~.J ~ ~1_,;...>" .01_, 0lo).--Z ..)Jb.)) ~ ~ ~ Y' ~ _; ~l5~L>- ).) ~.J _,L,

..) )bit.; <J" )j -J.;S _,lj ..r. .1~) ~ Y' -:,:.I~ J

~J....:.L: 0~.) J _,L. ~L>_,.) ~ ~ ~ Y' r ~ ~~Y"...>" J _,.L ~\..>. r -:,.:.l.r.l:.:
l: CAR ~J.) t_rOY' 0T <J"-'.)T 0.)_} o_r?-:, 0_,~ ~ .1~) o~ J..I.J:S )}..r. .1~)

12 . Contents of /\dress J•ortion nf Rq~i.,lcr 13 . Contents of Decrement Portion of Register t]

 .,·.)
/J ~L.; \'f u,..:S~L..; 01~ ~ .~ ·~~ t..Su,V"'JJT .:l.r?if Wj~ JY.fo J~CIJR
.J;.;~>-) d- ~ J _,L ~L:;. ~ . ; Y-:7"\5 )..l-o )J -~ J~~~?. 0 ~ u,; ~~ ...G rl.5"
j\ J-U, ~ o~J 0~ J_y> J~ jJ 0:.1 ...::.........1 J y;- yo J~ J:l ~~ )J 6 J.r?if f. )J I)

~ \J J~ ~l>-_r ~IJJ ...::.........1 .~ ~ U,~)JJ J~ ~L:;. ..::_;~)\11 6 ~ ~l:­

~ ~ ·~ r ) .0 J..:_J~ ~ J:l CDR J CAR -~ J:l ~ 0"1_6.- " ~ S.: . : _; J~
.JJ }if o:J\..:,::....JLi.~p JJ ~yo~ 0JIJ 0~ <..Sly: J.JJ cr.-1 ji.:J _,..;,if UL:;.} ~~ 01~
.t....... jl t..Sic~j ..::_;J~ ~ .0 ~if (FOO /JAR BAZ) jl ~ -1'-\-\ ~JJ
. ..Gio~ oJIJ 0\...:_; J _,L ~\._;..
.· .,i

~ rl·l
FOO BAR BAZ

(FOO BAR BAZ) ~Y-1-t ~

BAR BAZ

(BAR BAZ) ~r-t-r ~

CAR CDR
half half

FOO .JBAR .JBAZ l.Sl.Ar l.SI;b ~'~ jl~ ~ ~J_,L. ~jiCAR W

c:r.._t>-T ~~ .J .),;I.) o;l.!.l o~j jll.S~ J_,L. ~ J_,L. ~)I CDR W .J.:S~ o;l.!.l ,...:....,.,\
:.;L;. t:r-l.JI ~;.)T <Jw ~ ~ ~;.)T ~ J:.:~ ~~.r.~ .J.:S~NIL ~ o;l.!.l ,.>...!.4 J,.,.L
~ _/..,_.) v;~ ~ ~ dL;. ~ ~ ~I.J;.)N/L ~ J.:.-!.4 db }tl> ~ .~1 0T J__,.L...
J.) I; (BUY ONE GET ONE FREE) ~ 'T-'1" ~ .~1 d _,L ~\._,;. 0.J..l: ~
,)I <).)b ~ W l.SI.I. .J; ~I jl.~l ~ 0 j..ol.!. ~ ~I.J.A.)~ <Jl..:.,j d __,L. ~L;. ~l>
~ ·• I

14 • Pointei'a
~ oJ\..;.1 ~~L> -:r-._,>-1 jl CDR ~ ~ ~ -~~~ <:~1 d).... ~l> D ~ L>lo~j ~
.h..Qj .J.bl> J:! d-' ..:.........! o~ ).~· J~.J:JONE ~ ~IJ:J J-.5 ~~ ~I:J ~ _,; .:J):JN!L
~ ~l:...o ~ S..:. ~ o)\..;.1 o~j -:r-.1 jl ~L:;. ~)~ .J ~.J:! -.r; .J:S~ Jli..;.ll) G:- S..:.
1
_..lj ):! ~ t.> <..)""') :JI S..:.

BUY
JRII

(BUY ONE GET ONE FREE) ~ Y-r' ~

,0T ~
_;--
,. _. _., J-.5 ...:......,.,1 ~~
~.::...-
I.- I .I.:·-)
)~
.t'~ o..;
.t'~~
J,.;_;-- - )
•I ~
~J~ \.,~I
•• -
\.j

,01 ~~ jl ~ J-.5 J.:.:!Y. o~ ~.:...;.T ~~..::........) ~ <Y-1 jl ~ .J.:.Io~ L:..:.l (~~..::........)

~ 0_P"I_, ~:J ~~ LS):..:._y W)y.P ~I) ~J ~A J-.5 ~j :J~-' ~:JY. ~ :J_,>
jl L5lo~j ~ 1-'f J5:...:. ~ J~ LSI_r. .J.:._,.;,~ L:..:.l }".r.;-"lSJ:J 01 0~ o_r->~ ~A
J-.5 J_,10w . ..U:J~ 0l:.j ,~~~(A (B C) D)~ :...L:A:J ~~ J..SIJ J_,L.. LS~~l>
wJ~ ~ J..S,(B C)~~~ LS~ .J:!..::........) S..:. :J_,> 'J~ ~ jl ~ ~.J:! ~~
...:.........lo~ o:Ji:J 0l:.j d).... LS~~L:;. ~_,1 ~ jl }",J::!.~ ~ ):! J).... ~L:;. S..:.

1r1·1 ~qiTNII
D

If I• I ~'r'+Nil ,,.J
:.··,
R c ' ·'

(A (B C) D) ~Y-f ~

}I ...L.!.~~ (RED PYRAMID)_, (BLUE CUBE) ~_,.):...l:A.) 0l.;.ji-D-' ~

.t....: ((BLUE CUBE) (RED PYRAMID)) i~ ~.) 0L,:.jiJ ~-'.) ~ljl ~.~.:Air.
''-.Sio~j 0k:>-l.... -:r-.1 ~~__,! ~ ,~1 o~ o.)b 0L!..; '\'-D-\ ~).) J-.5 ~~~ ~.)
~ _,.) J.U 4..5 -.:.........1 ~ S..:. .)_,....>- ~ _rA .~1 0~ _,.) ~ S..:. j..L.;.
. ..L.!.~~
 BLUE CUBE RED PYRAMID

. -~

(
I
(RED PYRAMID).J (BLUE CUBE) Y-c:l- t ,P.
Nil

~Nil
BIUt CliBI IUD PYRAMID

((BLUE CUBE) (RED PYRAMID)) ~ r -c:l- Y J>..:.

)~ ~b LSlA_?I_,; 0..l.!. ~L;I4 ~_A •S ~~ ~ .:r-.1 :..l:...tl~ 0L!.i 'f-r ~

·-·l
1..5l..r. .~y!.~ ~L;I '}.r.;-ol5 J~ 01 1..5lo~~ r) ~~J~ t.AJ,.,_L
uli:1 ~1...\.a.j ~ ,~
(((PHONE HOME))) J ((PHONE HOME)) J (PHONE HOME) ..::...-:J "-""' ~ J~ .:r-.1

I .,
: .l-:5
- <\.>.y-

PHONE HOME

(PHONE HOME) ~ Y -r- t Y:..:.

I \ II I~·I _____... NIL

.. :-! II I• I ,.---I___.--·
. . I, • NIL

PHONE HOME

((PHONE HOME)) ~Y-r-Y Y:.:,

II I• I Ill> NIL

lI 1·1 Ill> NIL

'): -•'
II 1·1 1I I·I Ill> NIL

PHONE HOME

(((PHONE HOME))) ~ Y-r-r' J>..:.

.. \
' .. !
 ·:]

.~.l ~k; 1_, (MA (MAN TOU) (SHOM VAZ)) ~ jl lS)".r--;-"IS~L ·~:, i ) -T

CDR JCAR ely r -f

.(r-v ~) .).)}1..5" j~ ~ 0-: jl ~ cJ_,I ~CARL\;'-:--"\~
'1
. )i

(FROB) ___. CAR FROB

r-v~

u ...1..:.5'1.5" IJ ISJ\S 0w ~.) L\; 0:1 . ..:-..I (( 'c cJ_,In '"lj\; 0:-l 0l..r. ft. iL; ..5..:.
.(r-A F> ~.)1..5" i~' _) _,.L ~L>. J_,l ~} <0L:..;

Y-AP,

,]
~o.) _j o.)Li.;....,\ CAR L\; J.) (.$.).JJ.J 01~ ~ 01_,;~ ~~-' .)\~\ jl Lisp 0~j ).)
JL.o L>'..r: .~.)~ ~ !) J_,L.. (.$~.0L>. .~~ .._j")\;>_r.~~-' .)\~II.::)

not-a-list i~ ~.(r-<l. ~) ~J..,_CAR L\; ~ 0.)JJ.J 01~ ~ \JFROB ~~~~}I

·.) _,..;, 1..5" r U; ~...:-..I ~ _r); IS~ IS.)-' J-' L> 1..r. Lk.> i ~ .6

FROB ___. CAR error! not a list

15 . first
 u ~I i..S~ ,) i..Sl+-- r.i..S:l.JJJ ~ r~ jl ~ ~..d ~CDR L\.;
o..li~~ ~CDR r.~~ .:JJ101~ ~CAR }I ~~J J:l .:J Yl..f" ~CAR L\.; .h..... y
.~l_r.l_r. (BAR BAZ) ~ (FOO BAR BAZ) ~ jl CDR •"-'\-\ ~ 1 ;, .~1

·, .]
I
(FOO BAR BAZ) ---+ CDR (BAR BAZ)

(A B C D) ----+ CDR ~ (B C D)

\ ,1

(FROB) ----+ CDR NIL

FROB ---+ CDR error.' not a list

i
c.-:l !.S~c.-:l ~.Sir, CDR J CARr -7-\
• •.•.• J

1.5~

.~1 o;,L.... 1 l:---: i..S~ ~ i..SU~ i..SJJ.r: CIJR J CAR L-1_,.; ;, ~

: JL:..o i..SI.;: .~;, ~ .~~~~~~<::_I jl ~ r:' 11 ~ r ~1_,..:: ~t5

' i
((BLUE CUBE) (RED PYRAMID)) ----+ CAR (BLUE CUBE)

((BLUE CUBE) (RED PYRAMID)) ----+ CDR ((RED PYRAMID))

((A B) (C D) (E F)) ----+ CAR (A B)

((A B) (CD) (E F)) ----+ CDR ((CD) (E F))

((WEEPING WILLOW)) ----+ CAR (WEEPING WILLOW)

((WEEPING WILLOW)) ----+ CDR NIL ~J

~J
cDR J cAR .J.;.,.,..;.J JL!.o ~ r-~-D F
'-l
NJL ;!CDR JCAR 'f-r-'\'
.('\'-'o -.;lS....::.).::-...INIL..NIL :lJJJ ~\J..J.CDR JCAR ~ly .f."J.I-
:J
r~]

~-~'

NIL - + CAR NIL LJ

L]

NIL - + CDR NIL ~J

~']-
~->.:.
CAR J CDR ~'.f 4-SI_r. NIL f.5.JJ.;J r-Io ~

~]

;_J
f;:;;}
 :) ...l:.7}7~ ,...::..........I..L:S'\_; :JJY ~\..:) J-\J:J .OCDR JCAR :JJ_JA J:J ~ly; ...:_.,\5:.;
....::..........1 1.5:JJJJ ~) ~ ~JI ox.:S ~CAR­

.~\~ IS. ~) ~ ~_,1 _, ...::..........\ r._S:J.JJ.J ~ .0 ...::..........\ ~ ~x.:S ~CDR~

.:J_r;,~N/L,NIL jl CDR _,CAR-

·.:1
I

(POST (NO BILLS)) ----+ CDR ~ (BILLS) ----+ CDR

((POST NO BILLS)) ----+ CDR r---+ BILLS ----+ CAR

NIL ----+ CAR

(POST NO BILLS) ----+ CAR

(POST NO BILLS) ----+ CDR

[
.I
((POST NO) BILLS) ----+ CAR
 n
tJ1

'.'l'
·,

CONS l"-V
:_ts ~ CONS .:JJJ(f""' J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~L..... ~Sir. CONS ~L;
~ _,1 01y ~ J .xS ..:....!lu:J IJ j_,l l5:J JJJ .S ..:.......I 0l CONS c::; \; ~ J ...:........1 CONStruct
~ ~ Jl:- LSI.;: .~L...i JL....) IJ ...?-' J.f- ...r.:" _, .U:J )} i J:J l.S:JJJJ ~ jl ~

.~L...i ~ _,..; 'r-\'

A~ '(ABCOJ
(BCO)-L:F

SINK=&
CONS (SINK OR SWIM)
(Oil SWIM)

CONS~ I; .JJUtS' jl JL!.. p r- t t ~

0:Jb)} 0l ¥J .S ~j~ (iJl.,) GREET i\j ~ ~\; ~~_,>-~ .S .J..;S d:')

('r-\ 'r ~) :..l.!.~ !..S:JJJJ ~ J:JHELLO

I~LLO 1 co~ I I
I I

(TIERE BIG BOY) -& (HELLO THERE BIG BOY)

(Ill SUITH) B (HELLO '" SUITH)

CAR j>..o J:J JJI,.SJJJJ 0Jb)} _, J _,L :._;\.>. ~ J~l CONS ~l; ~J ~1_, JJ
...:........1 J _,L cr.. ICDR j>..o J:J i JJ f.5JJJJ J
CONS ~l; .k....._,.; IJ(HELLO THREE BIG BOY)~ :J~I j>l_,.. ,r-H' ~
. oU:J ~ 0 L:.,j
.tS .u:J~ 0L:.,j r-rr-r u~S::..!. ,~J~ 0l.!_j I) coNs t!\; LS:JJ)J ,,._,i_, ~
 Y' 0~..,.; ~ _; r- \ Y"-Y" J5:..!. ...U..l ~ -.r' L.a:.;.l _, ~ lSI.Y. IJ ..l;. ~ J _,1-, ...>..:. CONS L! 1.;
...u..)~ <JL:,.j \.A.lS_,JJJ .1..... y IJ CDR J CAR ~
....::....-1 L>_,b)) ..:.JL> J_, r-\r-r ~ 0w r-\Y"-'f ~

-qE-Nil
THERE BIG BOY

)
.j
rn
HELLO THERE BIG BOY

. !

I\

HELLO THERE BIG BOY

.·.. I
':'.'J
II I• I 1I 1·1 1I 1·1 1I I· I 1))- NIL

l HELLO THERE BIG BOY

c.s!~ ~ u!.r. u"'-'..J&i ~ r-tr-f ~

Jl> ~J CONS Y-V-\

NIL ...>..:. r.,_, c;S.lJJJ } I JJI lSJJJJ jl )a;,j.J""f' ,~1 Jl> ~~NIL ~~ jl
.~1 J.,l ,.S.lJJJ c:>w 0T ~ ~ _,Y. ...lAI_,> L>~ ~ ~ ,~1.; ,_r:- J.;> ,..l.!.4
FROB

()

Jl> ~ .J CONS ~I; Y- t r'-c:) ~

 ~
.. )

CONS 41.S~ I.S~~ ~~I Y-V-Y

~ ~ ~ 41f.".J.f- 4..l.!.~ Jl>- _r.? ~ ~ 4CONS ~l; JJII.S;)J;.J cl$J"'l
.er-n·-~ ~);)Y. ..v.l_,.;-..s~
.l
J

(FRED)
CONS ((FRED))
NIL

(FRED) - +

(AND WILMA) - + __ CONS

___.
((FRED) AND WILMA)

(NOW IS)
CONS ((NOW IS) THE TIME)
(THE TIME)

.~j~ ~ J:JI_,;I.S"CONS 'f-V-Y'

I; (FOO BAR BAZ) ~ 4~ ~ jl o;)~l 0J~ ~I_,.>~ -5 J.;S ~)

~.r'" ~llf."J~ .~w u_r.NIL JBAZ JJif.S;)J)J 4 ~~_,;~ G;lS' lf-.1 .~j~
. (Y- \ Y'-V ~) JA:J~ I; (BAZ)

BAZ
CONS (BAZ)
NIL
CONS ~t; ~ ~ ~~fY-ff"-V ~

BAR
CONS (BAR BAZ)
(BAZ)
CONS ~t; Jf ~t:.. Y-ff"-A ~
 FOG ---+
CONS
: ~,1
. J (BAR BAZ) ---+...._ __ __,
(FOO BAR BAZ)

CONS ~lir-lr'-~ y:_:.

.
i; IJ (FOO BAR BAZ) ~ J ..J...:.:.~ o~li:......l ~l.f 0\.:r.- J-JJ jl ~~~}I~

.(r-' 'f ~) ..:.........l.r..j..::.; )y.P ~ )S0\.:.r.- ~~jL; 0.f.....~ ~ jl o~l£......1 0J..l:

I
.J

FOO
CONS f----+ ( FOO BAR BAZ)
~
BAR
CONS ~

r--+
BAZ ---+
CONS r---
NIL ---+

CONS~(; k-.y ~ _,~/r-l'f p

'.·->.-.I.
LIST 'r-A
o...l.!. ~Lisp )~ ~ _ra>.: ~l; ~i.S~JJJ Q,;:,.....,~ ..s:.,_ jl o~\£.....1~ ~ ~L.., i.SI.r.
.· J
• I

i.SI~ _t ~ IJ ~01 J ci }IJ ol~~ I.S~JJJ ~l..u.; _rLIST ~l; .~~,f i~IIJ JlS 0:1 ~ ..:.........1
.('f- \0 ~) ..t..:.~ ... J i J~ ~ ~i J~ I.S~JJJ J JJI ~ ~JJII.S~JJJ ~ .;.;S,f ..:....-.)

FOO ---+

BAR ---+ LIST f---+ (FOO BAR BAZ)

BAZ ---+
~ ~IY0""' )~f J-' D..:........,).)..::.....-) ~\Y0""' rCONS L\; 1.~~.) .s )_,.k.:.,w
..) _;:~J"' 1) o~ d.) ~.9 _,)_, .)l..w ..rusT L~; ~~..>. ).) .~~ ~b LS)-')-' _,)
]
i.S).JJ.J _r LSI.r. .S ..:....-..1 ~J_,.L.. jl ~~ ~~j ....>:.: 0)}L: ~ J)L/ST ~-'
~ .J:S~ ..:.....;L:_J) ~ ~ -L; !J u,s).JJ.J LIST--~ jl CAR ~ .)jl...0""' J_,.L.. ....>:.:
BAZ ,BAR t.S.).JJ.J "'-' jl ~ h LIST L\; .S ..l-'>.)0""' 0~ (c) r-' r-' \; (~I) r- i 7'-'
.J:S~ ..:......... J.) ~ .$..;_ Foo J

:]
:]
FOO BAR BAZ

rn
FOO
rnBAR
rn
BAZ

,...]
1'00 BAR BAZ i,;._

(FOO BAR BAZ) LIST~(;~([.

LIST ~ (; _,~ Y- I f- I Y::.

'"'B'"''
SUN----+IT
NIL -----+
LIST (SUN NIL)
LJ

, ., B "'"00"
LIST ~(;)I J~ ~ Y- If- r ~
'. ~:Jl

. "'--: IJ V2 .J J 3 1 ,.S:!.JJ.J 01~ ~ IJ VI 6 .J...;S ._;,_,__r; ~I; ~I_,>-~ .J...;S ~ j

.~:J ,.J·:~ <..?-" .J? 01r ~ IJ (VI IS NOT V2) ~ .J o:J _? ..:.,jl;.J:J i .J:! ,.S:!.JJ.J 01r

I
IS___.
LIST
.i
NOT ___.

r-tr-r' y:_;.

jl Jl.:- ~ ...l:~ ~ ~ IJ LIST .J CONS Ll_,.:: :J ~ 0-::: 0 .JLQ.; 6 0T ,_sl_r.

.-.::........1 0~ o:J )} r ).:S ):J ii..JSr

ABLE ___.
. !
(
CONS (ABLE BAKER CHARLIE)
(BAKER CHARLIE) ____.
·:::/
I

ABLE ____.
LIST (ABLE (BAKER CHARLIE))
(BAKER CHARLIE) ____.

ZORT ____.
CONS (ZORT)
- '"1
NIL --+
'

ZORT ____.
LIST (ZORT NIL)
NIL ____.

IJST .J C<>NS ~L; J.} r- tV j>:..:.

 ~~
.J..?.r. 1.) Jl> t.S~~ n-.. 1
' }

FRED
LIST 0---+
LIST
WILMA ()--+

FRED --+ NIL --+

LIST CONS
(AND WILMA) --+ NIL ---+

FRED

(AND WILMA) --+..__ __

CONS
__,

l
.J

LENGTHY-1
]
j-<:..;.) JA.)~ r~IIJ !.S.)JJJ ~ J.).) y:- y ~l:.s. .)l..w .._;JWLENGTH t!~

.(r- 'A '·

'' ..
.. · ]
.

(ABC)-B-l
Hll-B-0
( ABC) (DE F)) -B- 2
-B-
AAlltlYARK """'! not a '"'

LENGTH (i Li _,J..Jt) jl ~ r.,JL!.. r- t A J5:-:.

 lA~ ~.J 4: o.:r...J4.4t;..r. r- 1 o

CONS 3 CDR 3 CARLl_,.; j.) .r.JlS:.: ~ 01_,.;~ -0 ~ 6 ..J.:.l ~1_,.> ~ u-:.1 J.)

. ....:...>\.) ~ i.Sj:.J.vo\..; .r. ;o~ YL.o j-> ~ ~r ):S J.)

~jl~ ~ r..'~' y_, 0-'

J3 .J.;S o.ll..i.:.....ICDR Ll jl ~~Y~ ~ _?' jl ~ j)_,l ,_jl>-01_;: 6 ..J.:..J.:.l
(1-\ '\ ~)~..0'~ ~ ~~~ 0 3 _r-:1J ~ ,J-:".J.l ~~~ }IJ\.:...o 0l.r.

(FEE FIE FOE FUM) ~ CDR (FIE FOE FUM)

.. 1
!
-~-. ~-_;

CDR ,._, l;
\..:
r- I~ ~
(..i

-~~1.5" (FEE FIE FOE FUM) ..:........) jl ~ .J;:-"3.) 6 FIE ~4 ~~.) ~ y

.(1-'fo j.-<....;.) -.::.-...1 ~~CDR jl ~ -:J_,I

(FEE FIE FOE FUM) ----+ CDR CAR 1---+ FIE

..;_;$ ~~IIJ i.S.l..JJ3 ~ jl ~ .j-::-"3.) ~I_,.; CAR _,CDR Ll; .J.l ~_; ~
.(1-'n j-<....;.) .)).) o~ ~ -.::.-...11-isp J.) 0\<0~\..:S t:'.f jl ~CADR t:l; IJ ~3 u-:.1

I CDR
CADR

CAR
I ~

I
I CI\DR L;' Li r- r I Y:..:,
I
 ;::--]
'.o;,.:.--

7]

,-l
~ J
(FEE FIE FOE FUM) ---4> CADR FIE
'_.-l
. J
CADR Cit; J' Jb r-rr ~
c~]
-.:- .. ·-·
~-:>

CADDR L-\Y jl ~\__,.;~ -~ 03_r.:: \J --=--:J )_r.ds- :..r--" y ~~~}I

CDR~._;, 0l ~l>- jl 3 CDR •IS:J3J3 --=--:J jl I..J...::I .6 ...:.........\ 0l ~\.; cr...l.u); 3 •...l.:-:_l..; o:J~I
.(r- \i ~) .U:JL.>" .01) .y.-J.;> 01~ ~ \J j-ol>- CAR ~ ~ J:J 3 Q}

(FEE FIE FOE FUM) ----.. CADDR FOE

dl.Q;\ ~ --.~•..:.~ ~b :J ~ J ~ 3:J k ,CADDR ~\.; ~ !.S:JJJJ ~ J:J }I JL>-

(r - r 'f j--<...;. ) ~ ..ci IL5"
~J

(HUMPTY DUMPTY) ____. CADDR NIL ']

.~..lif ~~II;~~ CADDDR L\.; .0 ~;-: J"".J.>. _,

.0 ~I; ,:,i t.f:" J.r'- ,L~ (FREE)~ CADDDDDR L\.; t,.S..lJ;J }1-T
LJ
1.5~ ~ 1.5\..\~ 4 .)_;~f. Y-' o- Y

.~1 ..r..l; 0t5:..ol .:;.; Jy.P / ' 4..J. CDR 3 C'AR Lly ~_; 45 J..;S ~ y ~cr... I 4..J.

~ 3 C'AR 0l ~ ji.CDR IS:JJJJ jl I..J...::I 45 :J):J \J ~J cr..\ CDADR L\; J~ 1.5\.r.

\J CDR J CAR ,__d~ L-\Y jl J~ ~ ~-I J:J . .U:JL.S"' .01) IJ .y.- J.;> J Q} CDR

:~L5" 0 _u, l...:.A

 ---------------------------------------------------------------

., ur. ((A B C) (DE F) (G HI))

I CDR ((DE F) (G II/))

CADR (DE F)

CJJAJ)R (E FJ

CADADR E

i
. :.:j

Function Result

CAR (A B)

CDDR

CADR
i CDAR
.J

CDDAR

CDAIJDR

~~~~J~~~~Y-'o-r'
!
.~L..; 0:.~~ t.S~~ ~ ~ \J ~ ..S:.: _,~ -:r.lJI ~~_,>-~ 6 ~ vP)

t_Si_r. •..l.!.~ "'-:)JI ~ J o~ ~ 0-'-~ ~ _,~ ~) .S~.S~JJJ 6 ..l;_j~ ~L; J\.5 -:r-1 .sl..r.

~ jii.J..::I J.:. ~ .~ L..; t.S~JJJ ..::...-J ~ ~JI -:r..f.-.. ~ IJ What ~~~~}I J\.:..o
-:r..f.-.. ~ IJ What ~CONS L l; ~ ~ J ~ _r=, U \.>. ~ er:J Jl l; ..!.:.~ CDR .s~ J JJ

.('t-rD ~) J-;.S o..l.!. -..Jl> ~ er:JJI

 WHAT -----~~ CONS ,,-.]
; .

CDR

SAY- WI IAT Cj (.; ~_,....- r- r () ,Y:..:.

~- J.;..AJCONS
. r -II

~ ..__<._~ c}-.:: J-1 jl . . J-~L:.- ~ -~~ --~ y CONS(:::\.:: ~u,,_9 J;J ,\j_,~

.c'- r r JS::..;.) .) Y. .ul_,~ 1(, ):J.ok ' .

··]··
L_,
A --+II
B _____.,
I CONS ~ (A . B)
I

i _,..j ...:..-.....\ (A. H) ).)~ ~ ~ J~ ~ A./3 ~U.~:J.JJJ ~1.:: CONS ~L; ~

.:;~ i--_j J-I . .:J_,o.: ..J.:,i_,.>- r-rr-' ..,K..;. ~J.r-:' ~ _,.;.J-::7"\S ).) ).)~ ~ ..:::,1 _;..:_~

..__<..,_ i_,_j \-\r-1 J-C ..U.:J~ \JNIL .J_,.L J.._,..>-1 ~ ly:_j -~ ~ ..__<..,_ o~.)

..u.) 1.5" .J L.:..; IJ B J A ._,L.. L;. • ..::.........:J

,,
"

16 . dotted pair
 -I
. I

CAR J\.:..o 0\_r. .x..S~ ~ )-'~ ~ ~ x..S~ )S ~ ~ .0 ~1_,; A.~ .r.

~ U,jl 0.JJ.r. ..Giy~ Lenght J.J x..S~ ~ ),.J:zL; ~ 0JJ.r. CDR 3

.("-IV ~)...I.:.L..i

(A . B) --+ LENGTH ~ error! not a list

...d'~ .;lS'.;1-'.Jaii ~~Length tt; r -rV cP

0\J_,L, 0~-Gl.> 3 ,).;.; ~1.0 _u,~ 0\..:..; IJ 0)J...o ~--':\-\A~

:..u,~ .01) IJ _r..j i} ~n ~~ IJ ~ ~ .0 ~\_,.>.-:; ~l5 jl _}1.~ rt..f' }~
i
- _j

(ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ... )

-l
i A B c

0 -~·1 )
. -
·
;-'..J L. 1·
y L-
\.:_;-\
!
:::)

(T) --+
NIL ___. LIST CONS
NIL --+

--' T--+ (IN ONE EAR AND) --+

..
LIST LIST
I
NIL ---+ (OUT THE OTHER) --+

)
I
.I
T ___. (IN ONE EAR AND) --+
I CONS CONS
• _j
NIL --+ (OUT THE OTHER) --+
c -~

i__j

)
-~.J
(( Brevity is) (The soul) (OF WIT)) ']
((Are Two Levels Better than one))

(A (B (C) D) E)

(((((Fred)))))

..J:S .UW.I ~~A),:, I) ~.,...a.:..s. j.:> 0 ..!.:.)~DUO- CONS il..; ~ ~l.; -'f
F l
-~··J
..J:Sif ~ I) ~ ~ r jl ~ (.r.A j.:> ·e:Y i 1..!S -()
-..· ~
j

'J
.J

L]
 )
:.)

.i
 1

w 4f. ~·I
.. )) ) ~.
jJ

r
44...tiA -1
ij'l ~~j;l )~;...;. y ili ~ ~)~;...;. y ~~ i} ~ l.f..I.:...!.T ,Lisp ).) u~ Lbl jl ~
~jyT~ ~~I jl J.J .~j.f~ cJlA:....II.AI~ jl t:}Y u~ i~l ~1_,: ~~ t; .~1
.)Y. j"0LT ~ ~ ~1_,: ~~~ )l:...;, y .~W oJ~I ~ jl ~ ~~ ~ ~A ~
:~1 _r..j ~ ~~l_;.o ~l)b .f.~j)l )t:...;, y J.J
J.) ,Jj..,_.;.~ J-_,_.k.J uA:r Jl:--: ~~~ J\;..;.Y ,f.JJ J.) .61.f..tAvli.r. ~lA.A

-~ 0t:: J.l.; tf>IJ ~ ~~j;l )l:...;,y

.~1 ...:....>IJ J~.} ~IS ~.J ~ ~~jJI Jt.:..;, y .r.r
<::-!1~ .r..L \; ..UJ~ IJ 0K.ol cr-1 ~~j) J\;..;.Y .~ lAoJb s-:r:- ~1_,.; Lisp J.)
.J.j _,..;. o.)l.Q.:;..-""1 ~.) ~ly l,)l_r. ~J.J).J 01~ ~ J.:..ii__P.

EVAL ~t;r-r
...W~~Lisp uJ~ .l"~~j) EVAL ~.J-~1 Lisp ~~~VAL~\;
:J~ (.)l..r.

7 ~ .) ..,_.;.~ ~~jJI (ADDJ 6)

T ~ .)..,_.;.~ ~~jJI(ODDP (ADDJ 6))

12 ~ J ..,_.;.~ ~~j) (TIMES 3 (PLUS 2 2))

(T) ~ .)_,.;.~ ~~j) (CONS T NIL)

(T.T) ~.) _,..;.rf ~~jJI (CONS T T)

17 . Eval Notation
 u~~.J-' o..W ~~ ~l.,ir'-r'
) ..w J~ ~~~ j-:.1. ~I fL> Li.\p 0~0 J~ 1.5-\.:j) i~l.r. ~1_,.9 L.S~

•...G r:f 1.5-l:j) 0L.;..) ~ .s.: ~ .)~~~-,

..;.; r:f 1.5.\.:j) 0l.;.J ~ .t.: NIL .J T ~ .):..J L.S~~- 1

23 .l...;.) r,f 1.5-l:j) (23)

r .l...;.) rv"' s.\.:j) r
NIL .l...; rJ"' 1.5-L_j) NIL

er-:J.JI.J. :...:._.~> wJ~ wJ.r-::' ~ ~~ .J)J J_y>;-.J ~l_,i _;._.;, ~ JJY J.) -i

i l_j 0 \... _,.J'')) ..l.:..;;:...J, ~ \.; 0 \... _,)) .)""" \.:.s. ~ .J ~ \.; i Li o.J.;.;$ ~ ~ ~ jI ~
i
.-._..\
.J __....;, 1.5.\.:j) L\.:: ).) oJl£......1 j1 ~ .0\... _/) S..: ...:.....-..I ij':l .(~1 L\.; l.SJ.JJ.J LSI.r. 0~.)

1.5-l:j) SUB/ 0\... _/) ~ 4 IJ.:..:I (SUB/ (PLUS 3 7) 0 )-:-'" 1.5-\.:j) J_,.l;;-4 .t.: ,J\..:..o L.SI.r.
.._.,:\.:j) 7 .J 3 ~ 4I.J.:;I (PLUS 3 7) ~~;.._, LSI..r. ....:.....-..I (PLUS 3 7) 0w 0\... _/) 0:.\ .J.a}
..;:, .r:-
3 ~ .)r.f ~l>.....3

7 ~ .) _,..;. rJ"' "'-:-" 6- 7

10 .s.: :J _,..;. rJ"' "'-:-" 6- (Plus 3 7)

(SUBJ w )-~--'" (..S"!~j) .t.: ~1_,; rJ"' ~..:........\ o...l.!. d...:-6- SUBJ ~\.; t..S:J.JJ.J .6 Jl>
.~ji:J.Ji (PLUS 3 7))

9 ~ .) _,..;.r..f" ~6- (SUB! (PLUS 3 7)

...UJ~i~' ~ ~~j.;l_;t.:...;,_,;,..aJi~' ~.Sf~ .;t.:...;,_,; 45~ ~~~,.. -l'

,.L!,~ o..W ~,_; ~~~ ;\.:...!.~ u J.r:' ~ .6 0 ;~ _;'b ~ ..:........1 ;\5:..!.T ~lS
i
. I ;.) IJ ,._ \ ..~ sl~ J~ y J\!... LSI.r. •.) _,..;. d y t" (..S"!4_j;l ;\.:...!. y u J.r:' ~ ~I_,; rJ"'

=~AJa;

3
TIMES r---+
~

5 --+
PLUS ~

I
'-·~-- J 6 --+

... )
 []

(TIMES 3 (PLUS 56)) -1

'"ll~Jrr.r
<' t;:>>4J'Wr'-G)
. .J •
.S NIL J T wT jl ~ ~j ~~,f' ~~ (T) uJ~ ~(CONS T NIL) uJ~
.,
uJ~ ~~~ y-5'1 ~J ...w,.,...:.~ ~4_j)0L!.~.,> ~~Lisp :Y..J LS~~
:J;S ~~ IJ (CONS FRED NIL)

(CONS FRED NIL) - error! FRED unbound variable

J.:S~ :JJ_y>J. '~ ~ ~ uJ~ ~NIL JT jl _y):- ~ L,.J.-- ~ lSJJJ.EVAL

tJ.__}o:JL. Jl> .Jj_,.;.~ o~\.j y' oJ...!.j~~~..l.:....!.~oJ..j ~rU f._:J\.A.. LSI)J .S ~.f..~~ J
,]
". . s:Jw.J~ J.:-il~ u ~Jb _;~ ,_r.JJ ~ ~I):J.~ _,..T~I_,>-1) ~~~_ya;J-.JJ
.:JJbr\.j 0:J~ ~ ~d-JJ t.r..l.~oJI..i:.....llS:J.JJJ wl.fs~L,.0T_;I~~4L,.~ ~4.3)~)~
J
G..:;.....~ wT EVAL~J..::-A:J )~ (') J_,....i J.U ..:;.....~ ~ LS~ />_;I J..i olS"__,A
~ ):J o:Jb 01~ "-! ~...L.!.~ J c,S!~j) ~ )~ o:.;T WJJ: I) oJjl.....:i4 .J oJ~ 'f' ~~
FRED uJ~ ~FRED .~1 J_,..j ~ ..:;.....~ LSJJ .r. ~~j)0ju ~~I.:J_;$~
(CONS "FRED NIL '),JFREDuJ~~r.FREDJ.J.J Y:.rJ"~4_j)mbound variable error!

:~A~):J l)f._j U)~ Jl> .:Jy:.~ d-4__;) (FRED) UJ~ ~ :]

(CDR (WE HOLD THESE TRUTHS))
-·-·•]·
,!_ ·~·

:J.:S~ lf-4.)) GcnR wt.._;) 1~1 r.EVAL

(WE HOLD THESE TRUTHS) - error! WE undefined Function

jl o:JlA.:.....I ~. j_j~ (WE HOLD THESE TRUTHS) ~ cJ.4.)JI·~ jL:,i ~~ lSI.r.

~ J:J .:J~ ~1..,.> ':J~ ~ I.SJJ _r.EVAL :J~ W:J ~ r...?> "-: J:Jlj J__,i ~ ..:;.....-:}..;.
l..i~j) (WE HOLD THESE TRUTHS)uJ~ ~-(WE HOLD THESE TRUTHS)
:]
::J _,.;.~
(CDR '(WE HOLD THESE TRUTHS))- (HOLD THESE TRUTHS)

18. quoting 19 .variable

20. unbound 21. consume

 .. I

.-.::........\ o.MT 0T 0_,.>.: _, J_,j ~ ..:.-..~ t.>l).) t.>U.~ ~~~ jl Jl!..o ~ ~\J.)
(CADDR (MY Wife ROYA)) -+error! MY undefined function

(CADDR '(MY Wife ROYA)) -+- ROYA

(PLUS 1 2) -+ 3

'(PLUS 1 2) -+ (PLUS 1 2)
(ADDl (PLUS 1 2)) -+ 4

(ADDJ '(PLUS 1 2)) -+error! wrong type input

~ ~ADDl ~\; 01..» f)~ -.:.......10\ _):,L> .t.: ,~~ Jl!..o ~~~ JJ ~ ~ tk:;.. ~~
.J.:.Io.).J J..~ ~ ~ "--! \) 0\ ,J_,j Ji; ..:.-..~ ~~J5'~ J_, J...!.~ .).,U:.

~J_? fo 4-t J,Y..r y~ r-P

.)}.,..AJ.) 0T 0.)_? ..;.__,..,1; ~ _, ~L; .))__,..., ).) J..,i jii t.S).>t..:.-..~ .t.: .1Y.r JL-
Lisp 0~j J.) lk>. i~ .J..:;,~rf' Lisp 0~j ~y"-"\.; .r. 4d-l:....!.T t.>l.r. t.f.Y- u.r. 't5J.J.r#
undefined function _,unbound variable t.SL2.i~ .-.::........\\.h.>. ,J.~.) J t.SI.r. ,J..Y- J~ )..L.!..A
.-.::.......,\ J _; Jii ~ ";)..&. 0..l..!. J-__,. ., \) ;, t>- ": ~.r--
(LiST 'A 'B C) -+ error! C unbound variable

(LIST 'A 'B 'C) - (A B C)

(CONS 'A (B C)) -+ error! B undefined function

(CONS 'A '(B C)) -+ (ABC)

(PLUS 2 '(ADDl 2)) -+ error! Wrong type input

(PLUS 2 (ADDl 2)) -+ 5
(LIST 'BUY '(TIMES 27 34) 'BAG) -+ (BUY (TIMES 27 34) BAG)

(LIST 'BUY (TIMES 27 34) 'BAG) -+ (BUY 918 BAG)

('FOO 'BAR 'BAZ) -+error! Foo undefined function

'(FOO BAR BAZ) -+ (FOO BAR BAZ)

. .i
~ILSI..r. .J.;$ y; ~ ,.)_;:... ..,....='\.:s. jl ~~_,;~CONS .JLIST ~\_,; jl o.)IA:.....\ ~

....
)
)
I :,YW oJIA:.....I J _; ~ ..:.-.. ~ jl U.01..» f) jl ~IJS.)""' LSI..r. ~ ~ J_,k.
'(FOO BAR BAZ) -+ (FOO BAR BAZ)
((LIST 'FOO 'BAR 'BAZ) -+ (FOO BAR BRZ)

(CONS 'FOO '(BAR BAZ)) (FOO BAR BAZ)

'.J -+
 ,_;~G..- 0~ jl ~r~ L.r.-: ):J ~1_,;1.5""' <A..S :J)b 1) j~l u-:.1 _r.:>-1 ,_;. 3 )

:~o:Jli:......lr
- ]
(LIST 33 'SQUARED 'is (TIMES 33 33 )) - (33 SQUARED IS 1089)

:...W_,..;.~ ~~ d-'J:J 0~ ~~ o:Jli:......ILJST L\; jl ~~~ 6 ,_;)~ ):J

'(33 SQUARED IS (TIMES 33 33)) - (33 SQUARED IS (TIMES 33 33))

(CONS 5 (LIST 67))

(CONS 5 '(LIST 67))

(LIST 3 'FROM 9 'GIVES (DIFFRENCE 9 3))

(PLUS (LENETH '(1 FOO 2 MOO)) (CAD DR ' ( l FOO 2 MOO)))

(CDR '(CONS IS SHORT FOR CONSTRUCT))

.~ ~ \:!J IJ -Jl 01_,-;u-• ~ h J -:.........1 i f y "'-";" jl \.1..>. ..S ~_,;.: ~~~1.5"" \.1..>. ~5I)~ ~ r.j ..:..>1).~~ -"I'

-..!..::--:~ I) ii...IS/' ~ ..:..> )~

(CADDDR (THE QUICK BROWN FOX))

;J
(LIST 2 AND 2 IS 4) ~ ·.]
..... __ .

(SUBl '(LENGTH (LIST T T T T )))

(CONS 'PATRICK (SEYMOURE MARVIN))

(CONS PATRICK (LIST SUMOUR MARVIN))

~~J.;I.;l:..Zy.;J ~t; ~~r-v

·..l::J.J o..Ul:...ol) V.0T ~ki .._f3) 3 ..l:~ e:;l..f :J~I P _A~ lSI~ )L:..;,YJ:J
-~~ IJ SUB2 \lj ~ tf cr.. I jl JL:..o i- r ~ J:J
 I
. J

·.-: ")

~_; ,.) rc,5" o.)~l ~~ jl ~.b:- ~ly 0.).? ~ L.S'.r. ~\.:.j) )\.:;_.;, y ).)
)~I (~lo.) _} <..5)£\.; ~0\ <..5\_r. )'~ .0) 0L:,...,\.; ~-' 4.; ~\y 0~ .P) .S ~\ <.J-\.7.

L\; ~~ -.::Jb- J-_1).) .~lo.)_}o.)l.i.:......\X jiSUB2 0Lo.P) <..5)£\.; <..5\_r. .S J..;S ~} ,J,;_,..;,
-~~ .r..j w J~ 4.; \J ~\.:.j) J\.;:..;. y J.) SUB2

(DEFUN SUB2 (X) (SUBJ (SUBJ X)))

o ...:.....,.,1 ~L •oJ-:.J i__,_.; S-.-_ .~\ L-1_,_; ~_r--; L.SI.r. n L.Siojo i)DEFUN

-u, Lisp ~ L.S~L:j J.) DEFUN ~l_j . .))..W j~ J} ~...:-"':A>- 4.; 0\ LS~0~ _p)
,~\;it.;:~~ <..5I).) SUB2 ~\; ,.) r<f -.::...9\.:. DEFINE \.:. DEF r.DE LS~w J~
(SUBJ (SUBJ X)) 0T ~..!.: J (X) 0~ f)~SUB2 ~\;il.;~l~\; ~..l.:J~0~ f)~
...w~<f
:~<.5" IJ ...l:.b:- ~1_,; ~_r.s jl J\.:.... ~ ~~ J.)

(DEFUN HALF (N) (QUOTIENT N 2))

(DEFUN SQUARE (N) (TIMES N N))

(DEFUN ONEMOREP (X Y) (EQUAL X (ADDJ Y)))

(DEFUN GREET (X) (CONS 'HELLO X))

(DEFUN BLURT (X Y) (LIST X 'IS 'NOT Y))

..J..;S o.)l.i.:......l NIL_, T jl_d. 4.; ~ r jl ~\Y<f .~e,Lo }') ~ d _r-o <..5l_r.
~0Lo ~) ~ ~ 4.;~ J L.SJLo ·~\; ~_r.s :..;..!.: ).) ~ --'~ .)l..u; cS ~k; ..:..,j,) ~
.. i
...WL
(DEFUN TOTAL-COST (QUAN PRICE I-IAN-C/IAJ

(PLUS (TIMES QUAN PRICE) HAN-CHA))

..J...;S ~ d-4j) )~ y jl o.l\..4:.....\ ~ \) .T-j JL..

.J.:S ~~ \J Au.l rr .;1_,; .$ .J...;S ~_,...;CUBE r\.; "--! l5":\.; -\
.J.:S ~~ \J .l..J.s. J.l ~l:-· .$ J..;S ~_rU AVERAGE rL "--! l5":\.; -1

...S dJ~ J.l J .J..:...5 ..:....!~J.l IJ i.S.lJJJ -.:.-.J J.l u 0 ~~ i..SJ_,..b 1.; LONGER-THAN L\.; -i

:,_._.}

:···)
: i 22 . special form
 -~~NIL:.> J.r" 0'.1 ~ J~ J T .Jl t:--'4 ,~ y, .s~ .r"'L:s. ~I.;.....; .sl)~ JJI
~ ..5:.: ~ ~ 0~ ,.Jl L.? J/- J ~ ..5:.: ..Ji-s~JJJ .S J.-:5 ~~ADDLENGTH iL; ~ ~\.; -'f
'1
-~~ ) } _)l..,;,l ~ .Jiy"': IJ -s~JJJ ~ .r"'L:s. ~1.;......; -~~ 1~1 J~ _)l..;,l

:J.-:5 ~ y .r-) .~ --A:~ t'i.; ~ -D

(DEFUN CALL-UP (CALLER CALLEE)

(LIST 'HELLO CALLEE 'THIS 'IS CALLER 'CALLING))

~(CALL-UP 'FRE 'WAN) ~ -~~ iL; IJ l_.,.Jl k ......... lij'j t'L.; ~I .sir. .JL.. } ) ~1.;......; ~

-~rlf'
,-]
:...:.........1 ~ y:- r .r-) UJJ-" "':CALL-UP t'i.;)-s~~ tf -r ~--_.

(DEFUN CRANK-CALL (CALLER CALLEE)

:.]
'(HELLO CALLEE THIS IS CALLER CALLING))
,.]
~.:_:

~l; u.;rJ .).) o(- ;.J tY .)~ r -A

..:.......I~ ;,JY er:.l J;, J_, ~~ ~ -...s:l:j) JL:..;,Y J;, ~\.;~~~}I
o;,J_,I !NTRO i~ ~ ~\.; ~ ~~ ~L; J;, \.k.>. f:_j J~ er:.l _J.;j~ JlA.;I \.k.>. f:_jJ4-:;-

(DEFUN lNTRO (X Y) (LIST X 'THIS 'IS Y))

(INTRO 'STAN 'LIBIN) -+ (STAN THIS IS LIVIN)

"--! ~l.::->1 _, ~ Y .J X~ J;, INTRO ~\.; LSL!.0Lo _f) .tS ~~ ~I;, ~ y

.;,)_,\ J..,i ~ ~~ ~ 1) y Jx ~~~~I.;~~..:......-...;);,-~)~ J..,i j-.4; ~~

.-.:..-I 01 LSL!.0Lo.}) .}~ );, oL;.:-.!.1 ~~\.; ~~ );, oL;.:-.!.1 ~.,k .J~
l.!.0Lo f) ~ );, l.k>-
(DEFUN INTRO ('X 'Y) (LIST X 'THIS 'IS Y))

(DEFUN INTRO ((X) (Y)) (LIST X 'THIS 'IS Y)) . ]

~-.-·J

-~)~ _?1.;; l.!.0Lo f) ......;l_,kl ~~\.; ~~ J;, AS -.:..-I 01 \.k.:.. tj ~J~

(DEFUN INTRO(XY) (LIST (X) 'THIS, IS (Y))
(/NTRO 'STAN 'LIVIN) -error! X undefined Lunction: ,-J·
~~

j.ii ..::..... ~ ~ ~ \.; ~~ J~ ~ .Y':" y LS l.!.0 Lo .}) LSI.r. ~..:.......I ~ l> J;, l.k>- tj ,:_r:o .>-'
:-··.:)

(DEFUN INTRO (X Y) (LIST 'X 'THIS 'IS 'Y))

(/NTRO 'STAN 'LIVIN) -+(X THIS IS Y)

o...W ~_r; oiA~ ".;.jA .;" ~yr-~

4$1.f..tA ~ 4 0__,.:5"1.-.:...-.1 o..W .:~\.:j ~ ~o..l.!.j ~_,..; ~\_.,; ~ -=>).)-")-=> 0_,:5\;
~)~ 4$ ~~ tA~ jl ~~~.:> o..W ~_,..; ~~ ~ .~_,..;.~ L:...!.l ~J.j,:, }r.J" ~_,..;
~ c:-:1__,...; LSlA ~ ~-=> ~..f o-=>j IJ.....::> ~I; 4$ .._sA~ Lisp 1 .:~ . .:> ~..f d.:~~ t,.,.J ~
SQUARE ~\; ,J.j,:, }.._sA Ul> .....4.:_~ jl ~~\; ..::.,~ 0\.:4 1 .:~ J o..l.!. ~_,..; ~\.. yl1 _,.k

:.u.:~..f )} o.:~li:......l.:~ 1 y 11 N ~ ~~\; Lr.-1·~~ ):2.; 1 .:~ !1

.· j
(DEFUN SQUARE (N) (TIMES N N))

i.f.\.:.j) -=>JY' 11 (SQUARE 6) ~ly.._sA 4$ .J..;S ~} ...:.......lo..L!.j ~_,..; N 1~1 J-=>

~~ (TIMES 6 6) 4$ ~..f N ~~ ~ ~r ~(TIMES N N) 1 .:~ 6 .:>~ .~-=> ) }

~ ~)..U: ~-=>r.._sA ~_,..; 6 -=>~ ~N -=>r.._sA o-=>j IJ.....::>SQUARE ~\; 4$ ..f~ ..:~_r!.
:.:>.:>}If 0-l.!.j ~~ OJ4.J.:>NSQUARE Cjli 0.1:-oJ

I (SQUARE 6)

N= 6 (TIMES N N)-+ 36

-I
:_:._.i
L SQUARE -+ 36

(DEFUN ONEMOREP (X Y) (EQUAL X (ADDI Y)))

(ONEMOREP 7 6) d.\.:.j) ~ }!.~ o..l.!.j ~_r.J Y .JX ~lA~ 1 \5' LSI~! 1 .:>

:..cilr.J" J~A;I .r..j ~ l.:.i ~jb J';'!

' - (ONEMOREP 7 6)

X= 7 (ADDI Y) -+ T

Y=6 (EQUAL X (ADDI Y))-+ T

L ONEMNOREP -+ T

..•.... J
 -~ lo_j ~ y ~..r..j l.S~J~ ~
* (SQUARE 4) ~4 i .P -Jiy ~\.;- l.SI_r. ...f*
....::........1 o..l...!..i ~~SQUARE ~\.j -Jy;
i~- SQUARE - UNDEFINED FUNCTION

* (defun square (n) (times n n)) SQUARE ~\.j ~~

~~-SQUARE SQUARE ~ \.j J _r.!
* (square 5) 5 i _J:J -Jiy ~\.;- (,.$1_r. ~ §
25 SQUARE ~ \.j ~
* (grindef square) SQUARE ~\.j ~pi:J -:,t..:..; O)~ ..P l.S'.r.

•...::........1 o..W. o.r.?-~ SQUARE ~\.j -:,1~ ~ j~IS J:J ~

(DEFUN SQUARE (N) (TIMES N N))

~.:A..a>..•!.. ~ G:Jr-~ ~ -:,T l.S'.r. 6 ~\.j i\.j 6 :J):J ~.J GRINDEF 0\.j
4

.(:J )J.j Jl;:s-IAutoLISP J:J) .~:J -:,t..:..; \.j 01 fJ

0

~..r. ~ts:.;r- to
Defun .;t •.,tA::....f ~.J~ ~t; ~_,..;- t
l}"f I..W'l il_j ~ (..$)\.:..;,j Ti V.JJ.j)T i\.j ~ -J__,.::.....:.:y; o~b):J -:,l~lu ~
~ -:,T l.S.JJJ.; ~IS .J ....:........I 01 l.S~l.S:J.Jj.J .J ~~\.j ,_;_rA ~l.r. J-.JJ ~ 6 ...::...>L.. ']
..L>I.J "--" -:,T ~ .J :J ~ ~:J.JJ.J -Jiy ~ IJ (..$:JJ.&. ,~\.j ~ ..w.~ )} }I Jl!.o J~ .J:S~
.:Jr-~ ~jA.x.(3+x) WJ~ ~ ,J:S .U\...,.;,1

u J~ ~ IJ V J\:.,;, y ,..w,~~ Lisp 0~j 01)~~ jl ~ .6 TO t.i JIS~ 0~

:..::.........1 O:J).JT):J .r..j ~~Lisp ):J ~\.j ~.rY
(LAMBDA (X) (PLUS 3 X))

.:Jr-~ ~__,...;A.(.x;y).(3x+y2) uJ~ ~ IJ.j'.J )::...;.y J:JF (x, y)= 3x+y2 ~\.j
::J)b G_r..j \)Lisp ~~j ):J ~\;IY-..1

(LAMBDA (X Y) (PLUS (TIMES 3 X) (TIMES Y Y)))

o...l.:..J J:J d.J.j'.J Jl.:..!. y 4....::........1 DEFUN .1:-jl.. IJ.j'.J u J~ 0l:: -~~ 6 J.,k ~w
...w. ..L..A~I.J>• ~.;,.;,T ~
M
M ~

23 . Alonzo Church 24. Lambda

r-.l.·
'j
25 . John Mccarty
 ,:, t... .l~l ,:,.J~ ~ '..Ji - r
~~ 11 "y 1J /\0 1..;--'~l_;. u J.;S ~~ ~\.; ~~_,>-~ 4.5 J.;S ~)
LA...:...:U <.SJJ.Y. 11 J_,> u~ l_r..j ~J )J..j _j~ r.SJJJJ ~ ~ ~I; cr.. I 4.5 J.;S ~ y -~ ~
~~ i~ JJ J)J..j r.SJJJJ ~ <.Sj~ 4.5 ~L,.j~ df-4 1J ~\.; 4.5 ~~ ...l.AJ~ i~l
:~)~ Jl>- 11 0~ ._P) ~ ~ ~ ~0T
(DEFUN TEST () (TIMES 85 97))

~..,-(TEST 1) ~!.;.._ J JJ J~ _j~ A 'l"fO ~(TEST) ~~ ..::.Jl> c.r..11 .)

:J _r;. (..$" _r..j r.S \.h.>. i Li.:; ).) .J.-..4
error! too many arguments ....:..........! J\:_j LA0Lo .J) JIJ...j" Hk.>
')

~.J.)~ 4$lA~.J ~~~ 4SI.A•)J> -r'

0~4 1 J.., J..j__,..;.~ ~~LA~ ~J__,..;.~ oJ_j I~~\.; 4.5 ~~Lisp 0~) J.)

j JJ./>.., J..jl~ I) Gr.S~J ~I; ~~t }I .J:JJ J~ ~1 l>- '-k~ _jl o 1 ~..,J ~~t u~
.) o.J.....:. ~~ OJ~.)J ~d.)JJ ~I; i~lt)\:_ 4 JJ LA~~~~ 0~ <.SUo<.S.)JJJ <.Si).) LA0T
.J_r;.~ ~Jl>- ~~ _jl ~I; c.r.._;~l ~01.:4 JJ J J..j _r$~ )) oJL4::......bJyo ~I~\.; r.SI.r.
:JJ J~ ~.))~cr.. I Jl:...o ~ 4
(DEFUN DOUBLE (X) (PLUS X X))

(DEFUN QUAD (X) (DOUBLE (DOUBLE X)))

J.;S vP) .(X) ~IlLS:::. r_SJ.)J.J r_SI)J QUAD J DOUBLE ~\.; J.) _/> ~IJ.)

(DOUBLE X)~\.; J.) J.) r.?~IJ 0)-li.ox ..::.Jl> c.r..IJJ.J.;S 1-;-"l....>-IJ (QUAD 5) ~~_,>-~
4.5 .)_r;.~ .))J (DOUBLE (DOUBLE X)) <.SI.r. <.S.).JJ.J 01~ ~ J o...l.!. ~~ 'o ).1.4..
.J Y. J.Aiy> 'I' o 0T t..f:" .J/-
(QUAD 5)

X=5 (DOUBLE X))

I(DOUBLE5)

X=5 5+5

LDOUBLE-10

X=5

(DOUBLE 10)

X=lO 10+10

LDOUBLE-20
I
X=5

...___ _ _ _ _ _ QUAD -20

(DEFUN MAKE-PAIR (X Y) (LIST 'A X 'AND 'A Y))

(MAKE-PAIR 'WIN 'PRA) -+ (A WIN AND A PRA)

(DEFUN SWITCH (X Y) (MAKE-PAIR Y X))

(SWITCH '1WO 'Ol.fE) ·-+ (A ONE AND A 1WO)

MAKE-PAIR~\.; L)l_r. ~L)J.JJ.J ~ _, -.:...........1 Y _,x L)J.JJJ JJ l.)I)JSWITCH ~1.;

~1.; JJ ~ L)l_r. Y _,x L>t_.,~ ~JY:.IJ" o..~.jl_,.> !)SWITCH~\.; -5 l.f"~ ...~.j)}f. f)
...l.jY:.IJ" o..W ~~

(SWITCH TWO 'ONE)

(A!AKE-PAIR Y X)
X=ONE
Y=TWO
~o MAKE-PAIR of ONE and TWO

Y=ONE
L MAKE-PAIR re1ums (A ONE AND A TWO)
_ =TWO agin
Y=ONE again

L SWITCH remrns (A ONE AND A· nvo)

:..l.jy:.l.f" "o~ ~~, oJ4JJ

:J Y:..J" ~~ f-j ..:.; J~ ~ MULT it.; ~ ~t; ~ .J..;S ._;, j

(DEFUN MULT (X) (TIMES X Y))

:~y:.~ Jf.JJ i~ -:r.-1 4 ~~~I) IJMULT ~\.; ~ .J..;S ,._r- }I JL>

(MULT 5) -+ en·or.' Y unbound variable

.-.:...........1 0~ ~~ ~ ~ Yllk>-
MULT jl ~~y~ ~~k; ~~ IJy 0ll,)JJJJ ~ .J..;S ~~ ~t; ~lr }I
:~ oJlA=.....I

(DEFUN DOUBLE (Y) (MULT 2))

(DOUBLE 5) (MULT 5) -+ 10

(DEFUN SQUARE (Y) (MULT (Y)))

(SQUARE 5) (MULT 5) -+ 25
 (QUOTE) J.,i JZ •J.!..J r.;i -f
.;)).J,f.r. !.S;).JJ.J c.,w "': ~ c.,T 1..;--'1~ ~ ~~ ,.s;).J).J ~SIJb D.Ju i} tJ.-1
(QUOTE FOO) -. FOO
(QUOTE (HELLO WORLD))-. (HELLO WORLD)
:-?_,..;,~ o;)~l QUOTE !.S~ "': (') J_,! ~ ~'}.;. ji~..S.J.Jrl i} J)
'FOO -.FOO
''FOO-. 'FOO
(LIST 'QUOTE 'FOO) -. (QUOTE FOO)
(CAR "FOO) -.QUOTE
(CDR ''FOO) -. (FOO)
(LENGTH ' 'FOO) -. 2

APPLY .J EVAL -{;)

IJ "'-:--'~ jl e:L ~EVAL jl o;)~l ~ .~iLisp 04j J;) 4.Jil:!l; ~EVAL
:;) _,..;. ~ ~ L;,
'(PLUS 2 2) -. (PLUS 2 2)
(EVAL '(PLUS 2 2)) -. 4
'' 'BOING -. ''BOING
(EVAL ' ' 'BOING) -. 'BOING
(EVAL (EVAL '''BOING))-. BOING
IJ !.S).JJ.J l:!l;~ ;)Jb ~.J l:!l; tJ.-1 .-W4,fLisp ~.Jil:!ly jl ~;)~APPLY
:.xS J~l !.S;).JJ.J ~ !.S.JJf. IJ c_,I.J ~luJ
(APPLY 'PLUS '(2 3)) ..,. 5
(APPLY 'EQUAL '(12 17)) -.NIL
(APPLY 'CONS '(AS (YOU LIKE IT)))..,. (AS YOU LIKE IT)

~.r-J
-~~ I; j....>l> ~ J .J..;S l.f-4);11; .r..i ~1;\.:-~ jl ..s...__,.,.
(LIST 'CONS T NIL)
(EVAL (LIST 'CONS T NIL))

(EVAL (EVAL (LIST 'CONS T NIL)))

(APPLY 'CONS '(T NIL))

(EVAL NIL)

(EVAL (LIST 'EVAL NIL))

 f]

Ul ~~~ l: 4 ~ -:r.-1;.) .~1 ).) ;Y..r. LS.)~j ~I jl u~l>...o ;.) ...:.j.)

.~ _,.;,~ o~\.; ~ r. ~1_,; \::;1_,; u:.l.~).) o~ ~I; u~l>...o ;.) ..:...!.) J_;::S 4$ J.J.._,.;,,_r
..x.:S~ J_r:S ~ G..:;.,'::J\> ~...:.j.) .r. OJ~~ _r:. ~1_,;

j.} ~ ,[p f-Y

o)?.J
r]
JJ 4.) r-~ .:.,.j~Lisp LSt_.,."-.i _} i~ ;.) 4$ ~I~ _r:. ~1_,.; -:r..Jo.)L... jl ~IF

..;._;.S .Ul,i,ILisp tj /'~I; 01 ~~y~ ?I;~

:J
?I ...::........;.)G .k _r:. ~ J ..::........;.) .k _r:. ~ 4,1. _r:. ~ :~1 0\... _}) <~...... LSI};) IF
4.1.~ ?I JJ ..)_,.;.~ ~~j) J ~l>...o 01 ..:........;.) .kr. ~ 4J.:SI..1.:; ~ 4.b_r;.
I; IF jl Jt.=.- ~ ~I;.) ..) _,.;.~ ~~j) J ~l>...o ..:........;.)\.; .k _r. ..:.-....j d ..:.~)} .r.
.~1 o.AAI ~ _r:. ~G ~ ~.; ~; ~\5 ~4 4J~ /';.) ·~~
,.J-.
* (if (odd 1) 'odd 'even)
':; .. ·
...··:
~_-

ODD
*(if (odd 2) 'odd 'even)

EVEN
* (if symbolp Joo) (times 55) (Plus 55))

25

IF jl .~ W o.)~l _r.j d~l>...o LSt_.,.u ;~ jl ~ly ~ 4,1. _r. ~ <~...... / ' ;.)

26 . conditionals
 ~ ).1! 6 ~j~ ~1.; ~~__,.>~ J..;$ .._;:,) .J..;$ o.)~\ ~ly ~~ ~J: ).) ..L_:j\y~
:J.:S ~L:- \) IS.).JJ.J ~...u:.

(DEFUN ABS (X)

(IF (LESSP X 0) (MINUS X) X))

1_;\ ~.) Y. ?.::.o; __,5 ~ )~S.).JJ.J }i ..) ~~ ~~ ~ ~ IS.).JJ.J ~~ _r:. ...::-.....,; J.)
.(-.:........J.)\.j .1 _r!.) ..u..)~ )} \J J..)y>- ~.)~ _?..:.;§ ~ jl }IJ.J(-.:........J.).1__,..;.)J.:S~~
:.) ~~ ~L:- -.:.......,).) .1..,...;. ..:.....-...,; ~-.:........\ ) } .r. .1 _r:. ~b-
* (abs -5)
i
' .~
5

* (abs 6)

.xS~ J_r:S 6 ~~ \JSYMBOL-TEST i\.j ~IS~~ ~1.; IF ji~S~.) JL:.o J.)

:..u..)if ~l:...o i~ ~ ~~~ ~..::., )~ /' ).) .J .r.?- ~ -.:.......,\ J.:.-.. ~ IS.).JJ.J ~~
(DEFUN SYMBOL-TEST (X)
(IF (SYMBOLP X) (LIST 'YES X 'IS 'A 'SYMBOL)
(LIST 'NO X 'IS 'NOT 'A 'SYMBOL)))

- -·~ I') SYMBOL-TEST o.;..;.

;.J...:....., ~ -
-~ ~
1.; )
·1 Jl!.o ..l:>~ Jb-
* (symbol-test '!ega)
(YES LEGA IS A SYMBOL)
* (symbol-test 1246)
.. !
(No 1246 IS NOT A SYMBOL)
..:.....-...,; (.r-A.J.) .J J=. _r:. ~ ,<JT ~ ~.JI ,.;...;.~ ~ .J.) IS\).) l:z;jiF }I

.~\NIL 0T ~J.)\.j .1 _r:. ...::.....0.... .J ~J.) .1 _r:. ..:.....-j ,<JT

:r..~
01..,~ ~ .~ Y. C:J) ~~ 01 }I.~~ I.S~JJJ 01_,;s. ~I; 15 ~~ .0 -4)~ MAKE-EVEN rli ~ ~\; _,
.sJI;I !..?-" J? 01_,;s. ~I; j...>l> J ~~ _j .U\..,.;1 01 ~ ~ .~ Y. ~} I.S~JJJ ~~}I JJ .J.A~ J.~ !..?-" J?

--4~

jl r-i; ~ ~ Y. ~ .\.S"_rt> J .Ul....;l0i ~ r-i; ~ ~ Y. ~ ,) .s~J;J .IS"_rt> .0 -4)~Further rli ~ ~\; -r

.J.:S rS 0i
..J..:S ..:..-..:JI.S~ _r- ~;'"'!I; ~01 J ~ ~ I.S~J;J 01_,;s. "'!I;.,~ J~ .OORDERED rli"-!-4)~~\.; -'I"
 o}!..J j} ~ COND f -r'
J::> ol_,>j::> ::>l..u.i r ~ 0l LSUoLS::>JJJ 6 ._::_..,\Lisp J::> ~')S J:. _r;, LL; ..5.:_ COND
:..::_.._.,\ .r..j w J.r-:' ~ COND w J~~ ~ ~ -~ .r-..f ~ )J ~ _r;, LS~ \..,.;j
(COND (COND-1 ACTION-I)

(COND-2 AC110N-2)

(COND-3 AC110N-3)

................ ················
................... ....................

(COND-N ACTION-N))

action-] _, j_,l U.~ ~ ~ cond-1 ~~ ~ J~ ~..Q..f )S ~A COND tY

0~ ~ ~ ...::_.._.,\ \-'::> w~action-2 _, \-'::> ~cond-2 _, j_,l w~ ~ ~
r1
. ...L..:.~..f \In w~ action-n _, \In ~ cond-n l_J

~~ •::J::JJ--: ~) ~~ ~ ~ _, ur- J_,l ~ ) 0 _; ~ ·~L; cr..'

J..f )::J
:J
e:_:L; '-:""'\~ _, ~\.:.....a \J 01 ~ .k Y...r" w~ .x.S ::> Jy>.r. ..::_.._., J~ ~ .:r-J_,I ~ ~L; 0:.:.:1

..~..,..;.~ .ci} ~J~ ~~ w~ _, ~\..,.;j .J ..::_.._.,IJ§lo w~ ~_,_;-> 0w

6 J.;.S ~ ~ _, .ci _}' IJ IS:.~ J.J ~ ~ J ~ 6 J.;.S ,_} _T.-4 ~ L; ~I_,.> ..f J.;.S d:')
"-""cr..' jl riJSr )::J _, • ..::_.._.,\ 01 ~ LS.J~ ~ _, ~ §" ?xr. ·r .)~ ~~ ~ ~ J.JI ~~ ~~
...l.)l.J.: \) '-:""""' ~ i ~ "..:..J I> ;]
:...L..:.~~ compare.~:__,; \\.j .._::_..,I ij~ w~ .t......)~.t......·~)::>~ .Y':" _,..:..Jl>"--"0__,.:;-

(DEFUN COMPARE X Y) El
(COND ((EQUAL X Y) (LIST 'NUMBERS ARE 'SAME))
.. :
.:.·]· __
i!:.'·,:..·

((LESSP X Y) (LIST 'FIRST 'IS 'SMALLER))

((GREA1ERP X Y) (LIST 'FIRST 'IS 'BIGGER))))

:~-.5" IJ COMPARE LL; jl Jl!..o ~ ~~J~

* (compare 3 5)

(FIRST IS SMALLER)

*(compare 7 2)

(FIRST IS IJJGGI:R)

* (compare .J 4)

(NUMBERS ARE SAME)

g ..
.
 ...:.-1

--------(COMPARE 9 1)

--------(COMPARE 6 (PLUS 3 2) 6)

--------(COMPARE (TIMES 2 3))

IF ~L>. ;~ J.:S "-!_\.i. I;~ _r, LS~L2.9 .)I..J.....j _r. ...Lily i f COND .~ ~ ~L..o L\.; J.) IF J COND
...u..) i f r~' ') ~ r- "-!_li. ~ 1..0

~_rZ l.S~ L.ai .;1 ~ ~fp ~ T .;1 o,u.:_,, f- f

J~ "--!_li. ~ o~~ v--; .(...:........ J~ ~ T l_r..j) ..:.......I ...:........ J~ ~ T ~ r ...::.Jl>
0T ~Lk.. ,~ ~ ~~~ .J ~~j) 0T ~ .kY.r w~ ,..l.....r. T ~ _r, ~ ~ COND ~\;
~I.....::W ji ~ ~ .6 ~ .r. ~l> ~ COND ~\; J~ ol.S"~ .6 ~~ v--; ---'-!.~~ ...:........->.:
.~ _,.;. o} ~ JJ 0T <.5l_r. ~ _r, --'-!. ~ ,~ I~ ~
Jy!S ~4 J)J ~.J .6 J_,.;.~ d /'-"'WHERE-IS i~ ~ ~\; .6 .;_;.S , f }
JJ.Y' J~ .J ~)~ J~I0..1.:J .J -.ru4 ,01.* ~ .w <.5l_r. .1Ui ~\; cr..l.xS ~ IJ _);..; ~J.Y'
. .U.J~ UNKNOWN i~ _!..:~ <.5\A _,+!.

i (DEFUN WHERE-IS (X)

- j
(COND ((EQUAL X 'PARLS) 'FRANCE)

((EQUAL X 'LONDON) 'ENGLAND)

((EQUAL X TEHRAN) 'IRAN)

(T 'UNKNOWN)))

w.; .w ol.S"~ ..r-; ...:.......I o..l..!. t}_r, T ~ COND ~\; jl ~ cr..?T .6 ~ l.o.j ~ y
o~b 0T action J-:.1.r: ~~~ .J l_r.-1 o..l.!. U_r. T ~ .6 ~ cr..?T ,~ I~ ~ J.JI
:J _,.;.~
_! * (Where-is 'london)
ENGLAND

* (Where-is 'paris)

FRANCE

* (Where-is 'Tehran)
 IRAN

* (Where-is 'Rasht)

UNKNOWN

COND jl _A., JL!A J-' l' -£)

jl JJI ~ 0.)1.) ~ 01 ~ J d$.) ~if~~ EMPHASIZE i\.j ~ ~\; l~~:..:_IJ.)
:..L..!.L. , f "awful" ~. "bad" )·1 J "great" ~"
. 0uood" ~1_:,..

(DEFUN EMPHASIZE (X)

(COND ((EQUAL (CAR X) 'GOOD) (CONS 'GREAT (CDR X)))

((EQUAL (CAR X) 'BAD) (CONS 'AWFUL (CDR. X)))

*(emphasize '(good mystrey story))

(GREAT MYSTREY STORY)

.J ..1..!.~ GOOD...; 01 ~ ~JI d$ .)~ o.)b !.S~ ~ !.SJJJJ ~ .>..;$ ~} JL>

,.) Y. ..u.l_,> NIL d- ~ '-:-'1~ J o..l..!.,; i~l 'Y~ 0~ jl..5..-_ ~ 0 J.r-:' !.f., I).) JJAD...;

*(emphasize '(good mystery story))

NIL

~..L.!.~ ~~.) 1..5'-I~BAD J GOOD ~SlA~l> j! ~ ~ J} c;\; .1.!.~ Jl} o\5'_,.., dJ

:.).P!J"' o.)LA:......I T jl ~ iJ..?-1 J.)
(DEFUN EMPHASIZE2 (X)

(COND ((EQUAL (CAR X) 'GOOD) (CONS 'GREAT (CDR X)))

((EQUAL (CAR X) 'BAD) (CONS 'BAD (CDR X)))

(T X)))

:~1 NIL jl ~ ~~~ ~ \SIJbCOND c;\; d$ ~_p ~ ~ly,_f' JlS iJ-14

*(emphasize '(good day))

(GREAT DAY)

*(emphasize '(bad day))

(AWFUL DAY)

* (emphasize '(long day))

iJ
(LONG DAY)
LJ

~.
'
 ~ply; .J~ iJz;. .J COND f- f
lSl:.l..a.j ~ ...l.::S 0\y:..J JS" "-: IJ COND 0 J~ ...5:.: J,.:.J_,; 1.5" lS~I~ lSI_.,\.1.>.

,..:_..,\ ..l.:.~ ...:JL> t_.Jr "-: .1 Y..r" 1.1> ~ ....W r\J"' t_.Jr ~~~ .J:l ~ .h.Qj COND
~,WHERE-IS ~L; J:l Jl:__o lSI.r. ...::.......\ ...:JL> 0\ ~ r W ~ .kY.r 1_.,L) Cy.:"'.J:l
.:;\ J.J:l ,J_,I ~r J:J ~ } ) } l-5\.r. J.J ..::.......\(EQUAL X 'PARIS) j_,l ...:Jl> J:J ~ r

~ L,...:JL> jl ..5..:y. jl ,~ r W }I ((EQUAL X 'PARIS) ... ) ::J _r$1.5" )} ~~~ ..5..:

..) Y:.~t}_r. ~~~..5..: ~Ju! ,_r->-ILS~...:Jl>.J:J T ..W~ ,...:JL> 0\ ,.;_;,~ ~ ..5..: ~\;loS~

...::..-,.! ~\..; il..b J ~ il..b aS~~ , •..LoT COND 15 L2.o)~~ ~5!.r. aS .r.j .))_,...jl S-_,_.J"';.) _,

(COND (SYMBOLP X) 'SYMBOL

(T 'NOT-A-SYMBOL))

(COND ((SYMBOLP X) 'SYMBOL)

(T 'NOT-A-SYMBOL))

(COND ((SYMBOLP X) ('SYMBOL))

(T 'NOT-A-SYMBOL))

(DEFUN MAKE-ODD (X)

I (COND (T X)
·. I
v.:, :i

((NOT (ODDP X)) (ADDl X))))

.._.. ~ ~ _r)l...~..>) ,:,I IS.)J;J ~ j1 ~ il..tS"" .6 ~ .S ~j~ WHICH-ZERO i\..; "': ~\.; -r-

.· i i~ '~Y. ~ 0i ~ l..r-'J~ }! ,FIRST i~ '.)Y. ~ 0i ~ ~_,1 }! ...:.-..! ~ (.L~ 15~

-~~NONE i~ o;~ lf-.1~ ;~ _, THIRD,~y ~ 0l ~ l..r-'r }!.SECOND

~.Y...J ~~r~OR .JAND f-V

.S .J..;S ~~) ..l_:Aiy~ .J..;S .._;:,} .~Li.sp 0~j J.) oY.,J i} .J.)OR _,AND
.01) ij'l i~ ,~.:;T ~ LSJI) .r. 0 J~ ).) _, ~~ l:_ ~ )}.r. 0~ ~ ).,1 ~ 4.k _r. ~
6 J:S~ I~~ J J~ J:JAND ly:_j ~:J _,.:;.~ o:Jli:.....IAND ~\; jl J~ 0:-l LSI.r. ..) _,.:;,

\.: ...:JL> ..5..: .S J:S~ \~ ~ dJ~ J:JOR ,.;_;.~ ) } .r. 0\ dJ~ ~v1r .))_yo~
:J~ J:S ~~) 6 J.:.jl-: ~\; ~~_,>-~ .J..;S ~} ...L..:.~ )}.r. t)l LS~...:JL> jl ,~
 ,..~]
.
.::_-_--

~.G 1.: J ..::.......J> '0 0jl ~§ J '0 jl ?):r. ~~ ~,); ~l.S.lJJJ

(DEFUN SMALL-POSITIVE-ODDP (X)

(AND (LESSP 100)

(GREATERP 10)

(ODDP X)))
..
f..j (..)LA..:.Jl> jl ~ ~l..b- 0.) Y. )}.r. ~ ~j~ ~\.; ~~..,.>~ .t;S ~) 0.,:51
• \..."II
.·J:S -.r:. ) )
(DEFUN GTEST (X Y)

(OR (GREATERP X Y)

(ZEROP X)
'']
~-'-~·
(ZEROP Y)))
,--1
~--.:J

OR.J AND~~).) 'f-A

'']
;_ __

.J LA0~j f-L... J.) ~~ 4 uJI.A.:.. ~~ J ~ (..)I)JLisp 04j J.l OR JAND

IJ LA..:.Jl>. ~AND~ ...::......1 uJ~ ,y..L_AND d.\.:j) 0yli ...l:..!.4~ ~...::......1 w~\.:J
~ o~_;A dJ ....::......1 NIL 0T ~l_ro:- J ~IIJ"'NJL ..:.Jl> ~ 4 .)J_y;...I.J.) ~J:SIJ"' ~\...}
..).)},_r_r. o...l.! ~\...} ..:.Jl> ,y.y>T ~AND ~l_ro:- ~...\..!~NIL w~l..> jl ~
:.>..::=S ~ _yAND tf.~j) .lJ.J-0 J.) J~ ~ ~
*(and nil t t)
NIL

* (and 'george nil 'harry)

NIL
* (and 'anush 'ramtin 'matisa)
MAT/SA

* (and 1 2 3 4 5)
5
Cjt_j J .).)_}~r. NIL y.:-S; ..:.Jl> ~JI ~<)I ~l_ro:- , OR tf.~j) 0yli c.r'LI_r.
:.)_,..;.~ ~__,.:..o

* (or nil t t)
T
 * (or 'rozi 'roza 'roshan)

ROZI

* (or nil 'roya 'gale)

RO}~

"~ofA_?~~~L.l'-1
.>..U .J.l ~ ...:.....:.~ ~ ~ J..:lo.> _? U:~ HOW-ALIKE iL; -'-: ~I.; J..;S ~}
:..l:S~ ~ ') ~.S.>.JJ.J
(DEFUN HOW-ALIKE (A B)

(COND ((EQUAL A B) 'THE-SAME)

((AND (ODDP A) (ODDP B)) 'BOTH-ODD)

((AND (NOT (ODDP A)) (NOT (ODDP B))) 'BOTH-EVEN)

((AND (LESSP A 0) (LESSP B 0)) 'BOTH-NEGATIVE)

(T 'NOT-ALIKE)))

* (how-alike 7 7)

THE-SAME

* (how-alike 3 5)
_l
BOTH-ODD

* (how-alike -2 -3)

BOTH-NEGATIVE

* (how-alike 5 8)

NOT-ALIKE
; . j
r Jt;S J.>AND jl ~ .J OR jl r ~~I}~~~\.; s:..:_ SAME-SIGN~\.;
.(?':}..s. ~ J.:_IA)) ..l:S~ J?!) f.S.l.JJJ J.l 0.JY. ~ ~ J ~ J o.J_r-i o.J~I
(DEFUN SAME-SIGN (X Y)

(OR (AND (ZEROP X) (ZEROP Y))

(AND (LESSP X 0) (LESSP Y 0))

(AND (GREATERP X 0) (GREATERP Y 0))))

~ olS"r ~blf" .~1-.::..Jl> ~ ,sl).> ~ o...l.!. o.>~IOR jl SAME-SIGN~\.; J_,

.J ~AND ,OR ,s~..::..Jl> ~ ..> Y. .J...t~l_,> T yj OR '-:--'1~ ~.J...\1~ T '-:-"'!~ ~~L> 6.....1 jl
.>1 Jt=- ~ ~ .x...!.L; r u.0T ):. ~ LSU....:JL>- ~w ~ ..l:JI:.~ r '-:"lr. ~ Y'
:~ ~ y SAME-SIGN

* (same-sign 0 0)

* (same-sign -3 -4)

* (same-sign 3 6)

* (same-sign 3 -6)

NIL

:;:~

T '-:"'I~,.) y i _,.) 19JJJ ~SJL• \.: _?Jj: J_,l IS.)JJJ o\.5'r aS ~j~ GOREQ i\.; ~ 1.5}~~ (:;\.; -\

J .J.S _r.l_,.:_,.) I) .jl.) y C--'j) ~}I-' J.jl... .r. T .JI_,; ~I) .jl.) y.)}-' ~(..$.))))}laS ~j~ ~\.; -T ~J

-~~ ~ T .r. IJ .Jl..;,., J~ <f.. I,;}- J.)

l: _, ~l: 4..:;--: .Jl i _,.) 1.5.)-'J-' _, _r>.) L: ~ J_,l IS.)JJJ aS ~l: T ,J'>J~ ).) .Jl t-~ aS ~j~ ~\.; -r
']·
..

-~L: tl: i -'.) 1.5.)-'J-'.)r L: .Jj J_,l \.S.)-'J-'

f..!i~~ '-:-'~~~OR .JAND ~ l'-1 o

l.,)l_r.-1 ~~ .J:> ./" ~ .J.:J_r;.~ '-:".r-::-" U.~_r. OJ"J ):. ~ ...:r.,l ~OR .JAND .:·_j_]
"····.'

yl~ ~I l: .J .J.:J:. }r..r" ~:. lS~ LSI_r.-1 jl lS_r.?_A. .J :. y>- lSU,...:.....--j ~

.:.y:;.~ ~ o..L.!. ~~jl :.)y ~f. f]

..;..;$ ~ y ~.:.........ll.,)J.JJ.J 0:.Y. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~.J ~ .r..) l:!\; .t..:
(DEFUN POSNUMP (X)

(AND (NUMBERP X) (GREATERP X 0)))

.S ~~ ~b ~ y ...u:.~ T yl_r. ~..L.!.~ ~ .J :.J$-POSNUMP l:!t; l..)J.JJ.J }I

~~.f~ IJ (GREATERP X O).J (NUMBERP X)}~~ l:!L.; .JJ j;- '.J~ l:!\; J:.
.:._r;.r.f _roll; l..b:;.. rli:; ~..L.!.~ :.J$. ..5..:POSNUMP l:!\; lSJ.JJ.J }ll.r..) ~ly;- -~~~
 .•J·" ~ ~..tS:: "-1 J~ J.li lA~.rZ f-, t
.~.) i~l ~~_,;~ y;, 0\ ~ .;:JIF JCOND 0.)_r.;~ ~ I;OR JAND t!IY )S
:~..):I~ o;~J.) I;POSNUMP t!\.;

(DEFUN POSNUMP (X)

(AND (NUMBERP X) (GREATERP X 0)))

:~ j:~ ~.;_;,~ ci; ;\5..:AND L5~ .~...J_IF 0l;.) ~ ~l> .~...J_I; L!\.;~ Jl>
(DEFUN POSNUMP-2 (X)

(IF (NUMBERP X) (GREATERP X 0) NIL))

J-1;.) ~4 }I a.;_; u-:~)) (NUMBERP X) ~ \.~ r. ~ 1~1 ..:..Jl> J-1;.)

~0\ ~l.; J .) _,..;.~ d.~j) (GREATERP X 0) ~ ...:.-....;.) .br. ~ ~.;_;,~ T ~r
-.::.-......9 ~I y. ~ L! \.; '":-'I y. ~.;_;, ~ ~I~ ~ ~ _r. -.::.-......9 _?I J J ..)Y. ..u, I__,>- L! \.; ~ 4
. .) Y. ..u,l__,.> ~...:.-..I NIL ~ ...:.-.... ;.)L; .1. _r.
.r..) J-J; )..l:~ ~~_,:-.,_AND L.S~ .I...J. COND L\.; ~I; L\.; ~ ~~~ .JI
:J....:S o.)LQ.::......I
(DEFUN POSNUMP-3 (X)

(COND ((NUMBERP X) (GREATERP X 0))

(T NIL)))

. J
i o.;_;, ~L... COND ~ r. t!\.; jl o.)Li::......l ~~WHERE-IS t!l.; .1...J. h.);~ Jl>

:~~_,;~.)Y.

(DEFUN WHERE-IS (X)

(COND ((EQUAL X 'PARIS) 'FRANCE)

((EQUAL X LONDON) 'ENGLAND)

I
\ ((EQUAL X 'TEHRAN) 'IRAN)

(T 'UNKNOWN)))

:...:.-...1 o.J...:. o.)Li::......l IF )l.r..) ..:..JL>;.) ....:.-...1 ~ r. ~ ;~ L.SI;b L!\.; 0:-l

(DEFUN WHERE-/5-2 (X)

(IF (EQUAL X 'PARIS) 'FRANCE

(IF (EQUAL X 'LONDON) 'ENGLAND

(IF (EQUAL X 'TEHRAN) 'IRAN 'UNKNOWN))))

"'--!X ..:..Jl> J-1;.) ..J...:.~ TEHRAN ~L.S.)J;J ~ WHERE-/S-2 t!l.; ;.) .J..;S ,_;:,} Jl>
~ i.S:lJJJ CJ:l Y. _r.l.r. ~...:...-.\IF~ WHERE-IS-2 t!\; .l..i~ •.)_,.;...f ~~TEHRAN J.:.-
.S ...:...-.J:ll.i .1 _r...;..........., 4.J.IF Cj\; ~~ )}.r. ~ _r. ~ CJy; .J:S..f ~Lo) \JPARIS
LONDON .S r-ub~ _r. IF~ ~..;.......J:ll.i .1 _r...;..........., J:l .J:S..f ~J ...:...-.\IF~ :l_,>

~ o ; ~ p.)IF ~~LONDON 1$.lJJJ 0y; ~\1 .) ·..lt.~.,f 0~\IJ 1$:l.JJJ 0_,Y.

~ Lo) \J 1$:lJJJ CJ:lY. TEHRAN J o:l_} ~\r ..;......\IF~~ c_,T ~ ~:l _,> ...:...-. J:ll.i .1 _r.
J 1~\..;.......,\IRAN ~ ...:...-.J:l .1 _r. ~,...:..,_.\TEHRAN 1$:lJJJ CJy; ~I J:l .J:S~

TEHRAN,LONDON,PARIS :l)y jl ~ ~ iJ:lJJJ ~ t..JJ~ J:l .:l~..fiRAN ~l_r.

..).) }.._yo lr.l UNKNOWN~ ,f-1 IF jl ...:...-.J_,\.j .1_r. ~ ~f-1 ,..L.;.~

,o,.l.;, ~~AND J OR jl o.)\.A.;.....I 4~ 1-S~:l u J~ 4.J. IJ WHERE-IS t!\; Jl,;..
"..l...:....J
. - - . ..f

(DEFUN WHERE-IS-3 (X)

(OR (AND (EQUAL X 'PARIS) 'FRANCE)

(AND (EQUAL X 'LONDON) 'ENGLAND)

(AND (EQUAL X 'TEHRAN) 'IRAN) 'UNKNOWN))

T' ....:.-.-.1 ~ ......, 1.511 b ~ .U.l..f ~OR ~ IJ WHERE-IS-3 Cj\; ~I .l..i~

~\; ~ l$.lJJJ ~ o~/' ..l1 b..:.. o ;-,J.lAND /'J ~\o,.l.;, ~AND ~jl•~ .._,

~ ~ c_,T ~ ~ J :l:l}..f c_,~l OR~Jiy jl...:.-.....j ~.f-1 \; 1~1 jl ~; .s.: ,:l_,.;. d.)
t:-4 ..U.lc_rO 0J~ ~l..J ~~~ t)l_,:...s. "-! IJ 01 ,J:...S .lJyi-_r.NIL jl_r-S. ~~~ ~JI
~JL.. TEHRAN 4LONDON ,PARIS 4~.lJJJ ~...:...-.\NIL t..J J.J41 1 .lAND ~.SlA..:. o ;

)4 J-:l _,> r J.l ~~~ wT ).lAND ~~~ ,.)Y. )).r. ......, ~I jl ~ ol.!T' .,.l.;,4

NIL _r-S. ~l_r. AND wl ,...:..,_.\NIL jl ~AND......, jl rl..lS'T' jl r J.l ~ WY: J .).) }t.f

u...; _f:-o J.r. OR ,...LA~ NIL jl ~ l..:"'l.r. ..AND " - jl~ ~ w1 ~ ~ J ..u.)t.f

jl ~I u J~ NIL jl ~ ~l_r. .J..:.S..f ,_;.Jlj-5 C"!l; ~4 wl~ ~ IJ w1 J o..W

I.SJJJ. OR,,.l.;,4 NIL _r.l_r.,AND 4......f- ,_r:-J.f- o~f- JJ IRAN, FRANCE ,ENGLAND
J t:-4 ,...:..,_.\NIL jl ~ 0~ J o..L.!. ~_f:-o UNKNOWN~,..:.... ; lf.._;-->l
..)Y. .ul,.,.> UNKNOWN

fJ-
'.
,_ .
;r..~
..l~ o.)~IIF jlx5 ,x4 ,x3 ,x2 ,xl ~l.Al.PJ;J 4AND ..:J;~ ~~ !)lyif 4.~ 4$ ..1..:-!..f--! -\

..J..;-5 o.li.A::.....I AND J OR jl ;~ J IF jl ;~ COND ~~ "'!COMPARE C::\.; ;.l - T

 rv d>! e'.,;"-, r
Jh:...o oj-'J"'I ..::.-I NIL ~ _, T ~01 !.S:J.JJ.J _, ,_r. _,_r 6 ~ ~l.f ~J Y. ~l.f
~ ~ly- ~J Y. ~ly- h:J it.; .:J );, 01_,1) :J _r.)S; ~IS :J ~ _, ).:! J ~ .sl..r. J Y.
.t..:>-L.... LOGICAL-AND iL; ~ ~\.; ~IJ:J .:J _r..l;~ IJ J~ \.:. :JJ _r..:J~ hi; l_r..j ~..:.......1

:..:.......1 !.S:J.JJ.J _J:J !.S.JJJ. J Y. Jk:.... J~l 01 ~-' 6 o...l.!.

(DEFUN LOGICAL-AND (X Y) (AND X Y T))

...:.......INJL \.:. T ~ 01 t:-"4 l_r..j :J);, u_,I.A:;AND ~ ~\.; 0-:l

* (logical-and 'ROY 'RO)

T
* (and 'ROY 'ROZ)

ROZ

.. 1

. !
; i

27 . Boolean functions
 '-l
.::;~
. :1

4.4~ ()-'

.J:..J..fl.f" ,-o,~ L5~ ~ ~o...liJJI.f" )~ ~1_,; 0l..o f} ..::........:J ).) ~ ~~ ~ ~

~ O)~j.) I.~ I; 0~ 4)~ j .,.lj,) }tf W:.rs 1..) r t f )l..:V-1 ~ Y.f ~\; ~ tf~ ~~cr.. I
~ 0_,;.5'\; ~ d-~ ~ ~-~ ~ _r...)~ 0:.1 JJ 0:.1 ji ..J.:.:.ll.f"J.) o..L:..i W:.rs ~I.>
....li.) Y. ~ L5~ ~ .~1.) .) JY. .1. 0.01

o..L:. W:__r; c:_!ly il....; ).) J ~ ~l>- ~\; ~ ~ ~IJ '· L5rlr L50> ~
~.) _r-> ~..L.!. ~_r; 0~ i~l :r-> ).) LI.J 6 ~ L5Jt;T ~~ Jt;T .J..:.)lo-.5" d~
....lil~.) 0:.1 jl ... J ~ L5~ ~ ~ "i~ 0~ _j y~ .~.)~..?" i~l

~ ~ 4.; .JI...tio ~ ~_,/_, ~ (..5/_r.SETQ ()-r

}I ..)JJI.f" )5 ~ ~ ~ ~)..\Lo ~ 0.)1~ ~ L51_r. ~ -.:.........1 oj..J i} ~si~TQ

)...IA.o ~ ,...L..:,~ o...l..!. ~_r; }I J •L5r\r 0 J~ ~ IJ 0l SETQ .1..!.~ o..L:..i ~rs ·~
.J.:S1..5"' ~J~ ...1..:. ~

o~L...:.... ~ ~ ~ _r...)\A- 0.)1~ ~ L5l_,--: IJ SETQ jl JL:....__.o ~ ~I J.)

:]
•...:.........1 o~ ~_r; 1-t::l J.) VOWELS:-01..5"'
*vowel~·

VOWELS-UNBOUND VARIABLE

..) rl.f" L5r\.r" VOWELS~ ,SETQ ~\; ~

28 . side effects 29 . local

30 . global variahlcs
 * (setq vowels '(a e i o u))

(A E I 0 U)

* VO'ft>efS

(A E I 0 U)

* (lenght vowels)
5

* (cdr vowels)

(E I 0 U)

* (cddr vowel'l)

(I 0 U)

* (setq vowels '(a e i o u and some y))

(A E I 0 U AND SOME Y)

....::........1 o}.) y> ~ IJ LS..l:.~ )..lio VOWELS 6 ~~

* vowels

(A E I 0 U AND SOME Y)

* (lenght vowel~')

.J:;-"Y .xS~ 1.5.l.:_j) IJ iL.; .:.r.,ISETQ ...:.-..1 ~ i\:,SETQ J.) lS.)JJJ -:JJI
::I

,.) r.,f' 1.5.~j) )J.i. -:.r..l J.) r...f' o.)l.) )) ~it..:, 1...5l.r. 6 ...:::.........1 LS)..lio SETQ J.) L5.)JJJ

:J\.:.... ...G).) LS.)L_j.) f.J\5 ~~ )J.i. )_?,; jl 1...5.;$).:.; 1..5l_r. LS_r-.1.,...:.. 1...5~ ~
* (setq long-list '(abc d efgh i))

(A B CD E F G HI)

* (setg first (car long-list))

. I
__ I
A

* (setq rest (cdr lang-list))

(V C JJ L F G II I)
* (cons first rest)

(A B C D 1:· F (1 II I)
]

* (equal long-list (cons first rest))

* (list first rest)

(A (BCD 1: F G II I))

.~ 0..!·.... 1.7"' .,sU. ~ ,<~,_., _rLONE-LIST 3 RES1; FIRST

L>rfr ~ ....<': ~_,_}'~.JL;. ~_rS ;)JBOUNDP ~~~ ~-r

.0 ~~ IJ ~· --<-:_ 0~ \.: 0~ ~,....c ~l_ys"BOUNDP C::l' jl o..)k.....,\~ ' ]
:..) Y. ~ly> NIL 0 J~ ..:.r-.1 _r}- J..) 3 T ''-:""·\~ ,..) Y. o~ ~~}I
- ]
* (boundp 'ji'ed)

NIL

*fred ~ ]
FRED-UNBOUND VAREABSE
.01
;:.:.J

* (setq fred '(fredrick wen ton))

(FREDRICK WENTON)

*(boundp 'ji-ed)
kJ
T

.J
*fred

(H~EDRICK WENTON)

Ul.> ~_r; jl IJ --slo~ ~_rr.; ~ ~1_,;:.: \.: o...l.4l rl) j-) 0~1 -:r.,l Li.~p )..) .J
~ ~\; -:r.,l ~I..))..) i'C MAKUNBOUND .o~ .ci} ~ J..) J\S -:r.,l --sl.:: ~ ~\; .~
 .(.))j_j J~iAUTOLISP J.) ~ jl) ..)_,.:;.~ ...::.,jL_Lisp t_yi ~Lo.; J.)BOUNDP

* (setq bell ' (ding dong))

(DING DONG)

* (boundp 'bell)
T

*bel

(DING DONG)

i
·." .]
* (makunbound 'bell)
BELL

*bell

BELL-UNBOUND VARIABLE

"'.r ~ (.) lA~ ~ "'~.) 4A (;f. () - ~

f' 0lA.f) 01~ <~..; d.)~ jl ~.)\..4.:....,\ ~~J ~I.;~ ~I.;~~~ Jl LS~~IJ jl ~
~.1~7 ) 0--:.l LS)}.r. LSI.r. ~.) J-JJ ~ ...L.:.I~.) _j 0~1 y_; ~ \J ...}JJ cr,.l ...:.........\ J.)

.~1 LS_,....,I_,...., LS~ ~ J.) u~J\11 LS)~

J__,k<~..; IJ <~..;l.!. j I.S~~ ...}J} 01~ 1.; ..l.::L..J ~~ ~\.; ~~y~ ,;..;.S ~)
j5) u~JU,I cr,.l LS)¢ LSI..r. LS_,....,I_,...., ~ ~ jl ~~.f~ W ..)),) ~ .J:i!b- J.l ~b
0w J.) .;.;!_,;~ ~\; ~ ~.1..!. ~J} LSI<~..;L!. j ~ ~~f' ·..l.::L..) ~.)\A;:....,\ (...}J} 0\_r...o

LS)¢ LS_,....,1_,...., ~ ~ ).) .61) (total) ...}J} 01_r...o J5 ~ ~J} .)l..w ~~).) ~ ~eY
..6 0l cr..J.w.. ~ G~ ~ 01;:-o J ~ ~.) y::. ~
(DEFUN SOLD (GLASES)

(SETQ TOTAL (PLUS GLASES TOTAL)))

~JI )..l.io ~ <~..; IJ TOTAL LS_,....,I_,...., ~ IJ.::I ~~SOLD~\; jl ~.)\.A;.....\ J~ <~..;

TOTAL LSI.r. ~JI )..l.io ~<~..;(PLUS TOTAL GLASES) uJ~ LSI..r. l.;:.j ..;..;.S ~~

jl ~ J ~~ TOTAL I.S_,....,I_,...., ~ <~..; IJ ~ ).J.io ~~ IJ.::I ~.~,..olj ..r. cr..IJ.) .~).) j~

 ee-l
·.-J

* (setq total 0)
0

:]
*total

0 ,J

* (sold 1)
1
']

:}
.._._:_)
* total
1 L1
~SOLD~\;~ .~1 )-oTOTAL )...li.o IJ.::.:I-6 ~I ~J ~I ~SOLD .sl_r::-1 ~JJ
-..:; J~ J J:S~ \~ IJ 1 )...li.o GLASES ~ ~ ~ J ~-I.: .:J r~ Jl..:V-11 0l.o _f)
:J
TOTAL ~ \J )~ 0-:.l SETQ ~L; J o~ "'-:----'\.;:......1 ~ y; (PLUS TOTAL GLASES)

1 )J..io ~TOTAL JJ ':J:J }~ OJ...:..j W:__r; O)~j:JGL4SES ~ 'Jl5 i~l jl h: ..U:J~

::J r .c:>- J} ~L;. j 4 ~- :. r j~ .6 ~ ~} .~\ tSrl.r"' ~ ._s::_: l.r..j ~lo~ _;~ - ]
t':J~~ ~..;
..r"".. - _,_r.JJ
:J
* (sold 1)
2

* (sold 3)

*total
5

* (sold 3)

8
:J
* total .>·-:-•·J
8
 · .. 1
~~c.> lA.)I()-()

_,~ -~-'(..5"' ~\) .0 ~ .JJ>- )~ }>l>- ~~PLUS .J CAR ~ J ~ Ll_f

...:..,\)\ .J:, y$(..5"' )} o.)LQ..:......\ .) JY ,J:, )-' .0 ~~ 0\)\ }>l>- ~ G~ Lly _r.. \...... •..l:..:_\. 5""
) ~ -~~ )31 .~-' ~ \.: _? ~_r; \J G, ~ _r..-'~ .J.:.J_y ~ SETQ ~~
I
. i .J o.)
I
J-' \; ....I..M(.5"' \..,....;, ~ \) 0 j~\0:\ .-.:..,\)\!.f..\) o.)\...i:......\ 0\.;\..S::.A\ .J:, )-' J- j) L\;.) Y- ~ .)_)~

"" C:::L; jl ~ .J~-> 01.f>- ~ i.S~"'

...J..:~ e. ~ .J o.) .rc- ~~ i) 1..5~ L\.J ~
"" ~ ., JY-..r.
.~ SOLD L\; ., ).J ~L.;. j 1..5U,~ J-.J} ~ J,-0 J~r .~ ~) •y::->-1 J~ ~ J-'
~ TOTAL 0l }.:..SJ-' J.J ,_,_, _? J-'W ("SALE-RECORDED") HJ-.J~ ..:....9L:_J-'n ~~
I
.I :.,_,..;, ~~
SOLD~\; 1..5\""'~ ..J..:~ ~~~
I ......
• :· •• t
* (de.fim sold (glases)

(setq total (plus glm·es total))

'sale-re(·orded)

SU)fJ

* total

I
* (sold 2)

SALE-RI:·c·oRDEIJ

* total
10

J..J} ~~
~~ J-' "LL; ~4 ·-' ).) . .:_,J~ .J.l .) Y- :_;.A: J.) SOLD ..J..:~ L\; .0 ~ ~ y
jl L\; ~I J.J ..).) }~ .r. ...:...-..,\SALE-RECORDED i~ ,:,w .0 i .JJ ~ J~ "-: ~
....:...-...\ L5r 1r ~ ...>:: J.) J-.J} JS )..l.i.o 1..5)~ ~ ~
l
J 1..5\).) J:;i_y (..5"' .0 ..::..-..\ COND ,.) .r!(.5"' oJI...i:......l ~ J~ ~ jl 0l J.) .0 ..S..~~.) L\;
-.:....9\.:J.) .J ..:....>-IJy; ~ ~ y ~~~~:.;I_;;-~ jl J~ ~\J.) .~~ ~-~....:, :_ ,;; J-~

~ 0:_y--k j\ t_!l; .s__.. 0--:.l.k~ )\ 6 o~ oJ\...i:......l t_!\; 4,......, j\ )50:\ ._sl_r. ....:...-...\ o~l)
 '."]·
·'
r.:.-_

rl
,J
(DEFUN BANK (TRANS AMOUNT)

(COND ((EQUAL 11~NS 'DEPOS) (MAKE-DEPOS AMOUNT))

((EQUAL TRANS 'DRAW) (MAKE-DRAW AMOUNT))

(T '(UNKNOWN TRANS))))

(DEFUN MAKE-DEPOS (AMOUNT)

(SETQ BALANC (PLUS BALANC AMOUNT))

(LIST 'DEPOSITED AMOUNT 'NEW 'BALANC 'IS BALANC))

(DEFUN MAKE-DRAW (AMOUNT) '']

~--_.·..

(COND ((LESSP BALANC AMOUNT) '(INSUFFICIENT FUNDS))

:c]
(T (SETQ BALANC (DIFFERENCE BALANC AMOUNT))

(LIST 'DREW AMOUNT 'NEW 'BALANC 'IS BALANC)))) :J

:~o.:l\.,i.:....,I,J.:I~\....., .J$ ~ly j1 ~~Yi.5" J3ALANC ~ ~JI )J.i.. ..5-.: r).:li.:l jl~
~]

*(setq balanc) BALANC <.5\_r. ~JI )J.i.. ..5-.: ~

25 0 _; .r-;-o \S .._j y1 j I ) J.i.. s.:_ J ~ -]
* (bank 'depos 25)
DEPOSITED 25 NEW BALANC IS 275

* (bank ·draw 200)

(DREW 200 NEW BALANC IS 75)

*(bank 'DI~W I50)

(INSUFFICIENT FUNDS)

* balanc
75

'. j
L._.
(DEFUN SOLD (GLAS)

(SETQ TOTAL 0)

(SETQ TOTAL (PLUS GLAS TOTAL)))

 (DEFUN SOLD (GLAS)

'SALE-RECORDED

(SETQ TOTAL (PLUS GLAS TOTAL)))

SET ~l;{)-f

J.l.:jJii.JL., ~) J~ ~SET ~\_;J~ ~ 0J\.A; 0:-l ~ ~~1 SETQ x.;L., SET ~l;

:~~ \JSET jl JI.:A ~ ~~J~ .~ oj:.J i} ...5..;_SET 0:-l.r.l:: .J:,_r:,~

* (set 'extras , (lettuc cheese))
( LEITUC CHEESE)

* extras
(LEITUC CHEESE)

* (!>·et 'necessities '(meat bun))

(MEAT BUl'./)

* (set foo , baz)

; FOG-UNBOUND VARIABLE

* (set 'foo 'baz)

JJAZ

~.r'r ~ ~ .)~ ~~~-v

rlJ; ~l_j ....>..;_ i.JL., f) 01y ~ ~~1 o..W W:_~ IS.r"l.r" J_,k ~ .6 LS~ }I

.J:S~ ~IIJ r ~ ~ J.ii ~ y J_,k ~ ~ 0\ ~.) r.

)~ .~ • _ .. -2> ~ <L>.r-1..,..... ~ r) J:, ;~~ .) Y":") ~'.f 0Lo f) ~ ).) .0 <f..~~
<L: ~\_; .6 .jl.>j) .J:,))~ )~ r ~ 0;_yP ~) o..W .)~ ~_r.; ~~l; J>-b
~..L:.,.;.~ o.) Y. l.S.r"l.r" ~ ~ .6 d )_rP ).) ) o..L.!. u~> w..__r; jl L~ ~..l..,.. )~ '-;'I~

.:J
---~
*(setq x 'gbal)

GBAL

*x

GBAL
* (defun rebind (x) (list 'Value 'of 'x 'is x))

REBIND .-.:........1 o.) Y. LS_rl_r ~ ~ 0\ 0~ _/)~~I.;~_,....; .]

* (rebind 'whoop) ..) _y!;.,f o.)j I~ whoop 0~ _/)~REBIND l:\.j
'--_]
'
~._:
.

..) _y!;.,f u~ ~..,....; jl Oj~_pX ~0~) '-:-'~~ ~ jl ~

(VALVE OF X IS WHOOP) ,.-]
~-: ·_
~-~--

*x
GBAL

iJ

:J
'.
L~

:.)
~J

!J'
(--
,_,,._,

f]'
'
~-
.
•1
 4.4 ..lA..o f - '
,~1 ~~ ~JJY. u~ i~IIA0T JIS ~ ~L;I Cjl.f ~r ~ ~ j...a.i I.Y-1 J:l
I.Y-1 4 Ja! I.Y-IJ:l ...lilo...L!. ci} )ii J:l ~ J I.Y-1 ~l..r. ~~<l..i~l:S'" Cjl.f ~ Y:.r.J" oJWI.J

.J.:_,.;. r..f" t;...;.T lA 0T J IS : ~ J Cj Iy

.J....4Af·" t· · rr
- ..r~~(jY?f. -
.,r-1;. J:l J T·0T ~~ ....L!.~ ~ ~ 0T I.S:l.JJJ }1.0 ~I c::;l.f ~I jl ~LISTP
::JY. .al_y>NIL UJ_r.P I.Y-1
* (listp 'step)

NIL

* (listp ' (a step motor))

* (listp nil)

~I y.:i:- J:l J .AAJ...f" T ~1_,::- ...L!.4 fl JI.SJJJJ }I .0 ~I !.ShJ Cj\.; ATOM

J JI.Js.l .~1 _.r..l;Li ~ ~ ~ ~Liy,. LJ5 ~ fl LJ5 .~\NIL J ~1_,::- UJ_r.P
:.x.:-...; .< s-1·'?. I o\.1. ~
"<"- .r
" r--; . 1.\.j I'.J!.)• '~
J". ~
~
t~A
"\ u- ~ ! A ..
r.r.-
*(atom 3)

T
 * (atom 'stip)

* (atom '(atom))

NIL

* (atom nil)

..:l_y!;r.f' ~~ ~ ~ ~ ..::.......1 ~I ~NIL

~1..~.> ~ ..l.!.~ ~ 01 r..S.:l.JJJ ~ 01 .1 _r. ~ ~..::.......1 T _r.l_r. dol~ r..SI).:l CONSP

T ~~~ JVIL ~ JL>. ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~_; 0-:.l ~ ..U.:l ~ IJ J .,L ~l> ~

*(consp ' (a step motor))

l T
I
i
* (consp nil)

NIL

T J ~I...P." ~.;_;,~NIL 0l r..S.:l.JJJ ol5yo ~ ~..::.......1 r..Sh.) },_;-:.._A:; ljl; NULL

:.) Y. .ul_,.>
*(null (cdr '(foo)))

*(null (cdr '(foo bar)))

NIL

I
!

I
:

I (LISTP DOG)
-.:.:_ J
(LISTP 'DIG)
 (ATOM DOG)

(ATOM (CAR DOG))

(CONSP (CDR DOG))

(CONSP (CDDDR DOG))

(NULL (CDDDR DOG))

(ATOM (CDDR DOG))

(ATOM (CDDR NIL))

~~~~~lyf-r
o..Lol " ~ J;:, LENGTH ,LIST ,CONS ,CDR ,CAR J.:jLo ~ly jl ~ ;:,\..w

~if 0~\4....5 ~\y .;:,~...>" o;:,\;:, ~Y ~\ );:, y} (:;\Y j\ ~Sf..:.;:, ;:,\,.W • ..G;:,Y.

.~ SUBST 3 NTH ,NTHCDR ,LAST ,NCONS ,APPEND ,REVERSE

REVERSE ./,r~ Ci\.r r-r-'

:-.::........\ I.S;:,.JJ.J ~ ,r~ ~REVERSE (:;\; ~ly;
*(reverse '(one two three four five))
,]
(FIVE FOUR THREE TWO ONE)

* (reverse ' ( 1 i ve))

(VEIL)

* (reverse 'live)
INPUT NOT A LIST
:.]
~-

* (reverse '((one two) (three five)))

((THREE FIVE) (ONE TIYO))

J ..:,.......\ ~ ,y_j ,_?-).:>- o.x.;S l...l" ~ Reverse ~~...>" _r->-1 J\.:..o J;:, .tS .t,j .f.;w
;:,JY J;:, J.:.~ .tS ~Sf..:.;:,~.;:,).;.; )I~~~~~ .tS d~~ J>b ~~ .r.
.x.Sif )\LIST !.S.JJ .r. .h;j ~\;...r-IotS -.::........101 ~~1..1: Reverse
:..u.;:,~ ~ \J LS~ ~ ,_;j)REVERSE
 ·.:1

* (setq vow '(to have and to hold))

(TO HAVE AND TO HOLD)

1
i * (reverse vow)
(HOLD TO AND HAVE TO)

*vow

(TO HAVE AND TO HOLD)

((~~» ~\J L_APPEND 7-f-Y

:...L..:.~\.5" ~ ..s:.:_ j>b 1 J r.SJJJJ ~ JJ ~jAPPEND ~\.; ~J

*(append '(we hold) '(these truths))

(WE HOLD THESE TRUTHS)

.l
J *(list '(we hold) '(these truths))

((WE HOLD) (THESE TRUTHS))

:~~ i1 CONS JLIST ,APPEND ~iy Lr.:-! 0JlA; ~I JJ

* (append '(we hold) '(these truths))

(WE HOLD THESE TRUTHS)

*(list ' (we hold) '(these tnttlzs)

((WE HOLD) (THESE TRUTHS))

* (cons ' (we hold) ' (these tntths))

((WE HOLD) THESE TRUTHS)

..
:J.:..:.~ ~ ..s:.:_ ~ ~ ~ \J.c5JJJJAPPEND ~\.; 1 J CONS JLIST ~)\>..r.
* (append '(rice and) '(beans))
(RICE AND BEANS)

* (append '(rice and) '(beans))

ARGUMENT MUST BE A PROPER LIST

I
'.·.j
··---·
 l

* (cons 'rice ' (and beans))

(RIC'/:,· AND BEANS)

~ _;w:, 0.:~_;$ ~ "-: 0 .~...>:.:"-:NIL...>:.: 0.:~_;$ ~ L_APPEND 0.:~_,)1

:.:~~~AI CONS _,LIST ~1_,; .:~Jy J.:~ ~l> J.:~ ....::.-.....1.:~1~1

* (append , (1 2 three) nil)

( 1 2 11/RU::)

* (append nil nil)

NIL

:~~ ~1.:~ IJ ij':l~.SJ.JJ.J .:~l..w / ' ~l.f<fAPPEND ~\.;

*(append '(a b) '(c d) '(e j) '(g))

(A BCD 1:· F G)

*(append '(a b))

(A B)
r]
NCONS J_,L 4,jt>. oJ.jjl.. ~lY r-'r -'r
(CONS X NIL) x..iw ~.:~_,.,;.,f d.:~0~(NCONS X) 0J_r&' ~ .6 ~\.; .:r..b~ r

'
']

: ...::.-.....1
* (ncons foo)

(FOO)

'::
* (cons foo nil) '---]-_
~,_;_-

(FOO)

* (ncons ' ( arti heart))

((ART! HEART))

•...::........1 ,.,I,., ·.,...;(LIST X)\., (NCONS X)

..; • .,I • ..;.. •

~.. '
 LAST ~\J 7'- r'- 'f
:JL:.... L.SI.r. .:J:J }if j~ J).... L.SL,..t,jt> L.S..r"' jl J).... c,.:.y>-1 <1..J. LAST~\; '-:-'I~
* (last '(all is for))
(FOR)

* (last nil)

NIL

I
:. ·I NTH ;NTHCDR ~I;J 7'-r'-0
il nCDR .
~ lj\; ~4 ..>...:.~~ ~ ~ _, (n) :J~ ~NTHCDR ~\; LSL,.L.S:JJJJ
.:J:J }r.f j~ L5:J.JJ.) -=--:J jl
:l,.J\.:....
* (nthcdr 0 ' (a b c))

(ABC)

* (nthcdr 1 '(abc))

(B C)

* (nthcdr 2 ' (a b c))

(C)

* (ntlzcdr 3 '(abc))

.. l
NIL

CDR -:r--ain )I CAR Cj\; ~ 01 ~4 ~ w_,\.4; 0:1 ~ ~..::...-INTHCDR .J::J'LANTH

~J..Q..p o1 W 1.5I):J ~ jl rW- ~_,1 ...::...-1 f.S:JJJJ ~~ ~ 1 Wn .~~}if j~ L.S~JJJ ~

...::...-1 ... _, ~ : 1 W 1.5!)~ rW- ,J.:AJ~
* (nth 0 '(abc))

* (nth 1 '(a b c))

B
*(nth 2 '(abc))

c
f]
* (nth 3 ' (a b c))

NIL

SUBST ~.~
· "'·b- li r-'f'-r
.J:S cr:.}::l:::-- h;:, ~ L.Sl:::-- ~ IJ ~ ~~ S:_ J;:, \.; ;:,);:, ~.JSUBST ~\.;
cr:..f:.l:::-- L5:J.JJ.J ~I ~ ~o~ cr..?'-: l:::-- !.S:J.JJ.J ~I ~ ~..:........I l.S:J.JJ.J
_,...;. ~.5I):, ~\.; cr.. I
o\.-.1
~ -<:

: Jl.;...o lSI_;: .;:, _,..;.if ~~I CJIJ;:, ~~ l:::-- ~ ~ ~ .J o~

* (subst fred 'bill '(bill jones sent me an itemized bill))

(FRED JONES SENT ME AN INTEMJZED FRED) IJ
!.S:J.JJ.J ~ 0~ ~ ~\.; "-:-"1..,9." ~;:, _r:.:, ..::.j\.:_ ~ J:, o~ :.r..?'-:. l:::-- ~}I ,]
L;.
..

:;:,;:, }.5' .T.

* (subst 'bill fred '(keep off the grass))
(KEEP OFF 1HE GRASS)

*(subst 'on 'off '(keep off the grass))

(KEEP ON THE GRASS)

.J xS,f ~ (01 lSU.~ :.r..}..}.JJ:l ? ) ~ il.,.; j.:>b J:,SUBST ~\.;

:~:,if ~~IIJ ~l:::-- ~
* (subst 'the 'a '((a hatter) (a hare) and (a dorm)))

((THE HAlTER) (THE HARE) AND (THE DORM))

~ ~ ..) ~ ~_,...; (35 46 78) .:........J o J.r' ~ .:;iJ.) ,LINE t.S.r"l........ ~ .S ~~ IJ J)-~~ _,
-~~ IJ .r..j t.S~O J~ jl ~./"

(REVERSE LINE)

(CAR (LAST LINE))

(NTH 1 LINE)
 (REVERSE (REVERSE LINE))

(APPEND LINE (NCONS (CAR LINE)))

(APPEND (LAST LINE) LINE)

(CONS (LAST LINE) LINE)

(APPEND LINE '(VIOLETS 9 12))

(SUBST 8 46 LINE)

I; ..:.,TiL.;_, .J.:..S ~I; ..:........:J_;J> j1 _r:-.s- <.Y-.r->-l J ...!..:--:~ ~L; .LAST C::L; jlo..)\..4;.___,1 ~ -T

C::\.; j1 LAST LSl:- ~aS...!..:--:~ L5~ ~I; LAST-ELEMENT C::\.; _f-._.);~ .~_,l.i~ LAST-ELEMENT

. .L~ o..)\.i;....l REVERSE

....:_......l.r.l.r. (A B CD)~ (TACK-ON 'D'(A B C) C::\.; '-:"'1~

t-'~ ;..l :JL:... LSI.r. ...))..) _r.l; ~.) ~ -:.r.._,..>-1_, ci }I; l5..l-'-'-' ..:....-.)aS...!..:--:..,~ BUTLAST iL; ~ ~\.; -'f

.~..) ~1__,..>- I; (ABC D) ~(BUTLAST '(ABC DE))~

i
!

4S-~ ~lp <t: {A~f-'f

./' ...w__J<f ~ ~ IJ ~ '-:" _,..=;-)~~ ~ J~ 0_}'U _J w~ ~yo L5J_,T~

L5~o~ ~~ L5~ jJJ ~ ~ ~...WLo .~ _r:.~ ./'lj; ~ ~ J~ J~ .1U! _?I..~.> r_r.; yo
L-1_,..; o-:.1 .J:JJJ~ JK: ~ ~ -:r>L... LSIY. ~I_; jl L5~l..u.; Lisp J~ .o _r.?.J .)l..u:.l ~JL
"IJ.:..j )~
·)
I -

UNION r-'f-'
.0 ~~ -01) LSI~~ J ~ ~ L5~J)) 0i~ ~ G~ ~ )~ .0 ~)~ ¥J ~I.; ~I
: . ::.. . . .1 ._;Jro ~ ~ -'~ l41 ~ ~~) )~
* (union '(finger hand ann) '(toe finger foot leg))
(FINGER HAND ARM TOE FOOT LEG)

* (union '(fred john mary) '(sue mary ferd))

(FRED JOHN MARY SUE)

1• • j
* (union , (a s d f g) '(v w s r a))
~.- -J (AS D FG V W R)
 []

INTERSECTION r- 'f- r
0i~ ~ 01 C:-'~ J ......:...:.1.) .r. 0.)JJJ 01~ ~I)"'->-~ ).)INTERSECTION Ll;
:X-..;__}~"'->-~ J.) Sl_,:.-.;,1 ~JT ~ ~i..:.J ).) ~..:.....I
* (intersection '(fred john mmy) '(sue fiWI}' ji·ed))

(FRED MARY)

*(intersection '(as d f g) '(v w s r a))

(AS)

* (intersection , (foo bar baz) '(.xam gmp bletch))

NIL

SETDIFFERENCE r-'f-'1"'

0 1".>- ~ ..::.;)~ ~ ~~ .01) J i.S.)JJ.J 01~ ~ "'->- ~ J.) :_?} LLJ ..:r-1 ~ 3
.~lo~ __;..i.>. s _;-::.. . r~ 01 ).) ~..:.....I
* (setllijference · (alpha bram charlie de/w) · (bram charlie))
(ALP/I/! IJELTA)

* (setdij]erence ' (alpha bravo charlie delta) '(brm·o echo foxtrot))

(ALPHA CHARLIE DELTA)
LJ
* (setdijference ·(alpha bram) '(alpha bmm))

NIL

"J
MEMBER r- 'f- 'f
J.) y$..5" 0.).JJ.J 01y ~ IJ ~ ~ 3 tr' y ~~MEMBER }~J-:; Ll;
~ ~~~~~I~~ J.) tr' y }I .:6<.5" .5'"" J.--! IJ ~ J.) ~ y 0.) Y..) ~ y ~
~4 ~I 0l .J~.) ~~ ~ 3 J§~ ~ y 0l ~ ~ 3 1 ~ .).) },f ..r. ~
..) Y. ..uly->- NIL ~~~ ~.) ~ ...:.,.jl:. ~ J.) ~o9JJ.J ~ y
* (setq ducks ' (lwey dewey lauie))

(IJUEY DEWEY LOUIE)

~
.
.
 I
\.·>..·.l

.. I

* (member 'lmey ducks) ~..:-...!DUCKS~ j>-b J:lHUEY ~~

(HUEY DEWEY LOUITE) ~: ~ly.-

* (member ·dewey ducks) ~..::-..\DUCKS~ j>-b JJDEWEY Ll

(DEWEY LOUIE) ~: ~ly.-

* (member ·louie ducks) ~..:-...!DUCKS~ j>b J:lLOUIE ~~

(LOUIE) ~: ~ly.-

* (member 'mickey ducks) ~..:-...\DUCKS~ j>bJJMICKEY ~~

NIL r.?-: ~ly.-

~,:~
j1 ~/''-:"'I~ L~ oL ._A_,__rJ (SOAP WATER)~ .:..>.;_ra "-!A 15_,.....1_,..... ~ 4S .J..;S vP _} _,

(UNION A '(NO SOAP RADIO))

(INTERSECTION A (REVERSE A))

(SETDIFFERENCE A '(STOP FOR WATER))

(SETDIFFERENCE A A)

(MEMBER 'SOAP A)

(MEMBER 'WATER A)

"-! 1.; .Ji J ci} ~5-lJ.;J .JI_,;s. "-! 1.; ~ ~ ~ 4S ~.f.! ADD-VOWELS rL ~ ~\..; -T

~ ~ .:;i j1 .~~(X A E Z)..;; .;~ ~ 15-lJ.JJ ?t Jl.!..o 15l..r. ..J.:S .Ul.,.;lvowels = (A E I 0 U)

. .) j~ (X A E Z I 0 U)

lA~~ ~~~y~o.AU_r.r-~
lSJ_r.)LS c:-:'~ jl o:l\..4:::._...,1 J lA~~ ~J .t.: 01_,;~ ~A~~~~ J:l
._,;.I~) .,s ~~ ~\; ~1_,>.-: 4J.;S ~) .:l ~ j> \) lS_i.!y~..• l.;J'! YLo 4t_.,.0T ~))J'!
:l Y. "John Doe" o..l.!. dJ r---'1 }IS\:... .J.:.IoJIJ 0\ .t.: ~6 ..l.!.4 ~l.t.: _r.? ...S:..: 0JJ'.Ul...,;l
t""" I ~l:.:>.
, , .J.:S U-I· .J...). "Ms. Jane Doe" .u. I..r·1 ~ Y. "Jane Doe" .r'(I j "Mr. John Doe" "'-'. IJ 01
""' ~ .
. ~ )~ ~ 0 ')~ 0w "'-: 1') 01 ~~ Y. _;:..:; L5l)~ ')§~

cr.. I J j I .J.;S ~ yS..::; -~ L5 ~ J> G"'-:

0 I') 01 ~ ~ I.A::.; k .J.:.._,. cr.. I 0~ .J j> L51.r.
. -0 l:, ~) ~ _;:.; ~ L5 ~ .J JJ r-" I .6 J.;S '.5"" J .1. IJ .J!.........
:~ IJ .J.:...- cr.,l j> ..f.JJ 0_,.:5'1
* (defun titledp (name)
(member (car name) '(mr ms miss mrs)))

TITLEDP

* (titledp '(jane doe)) .~ )~ ~ y:- J titledp ~ ~ J~ "Jane"

NIL •..:.........! ~ ~l.r:- u--;

* (titledp '(ms Jane,doe)) ..:........ltitledp ~ ~ J~Ms .64...;Tjl
(MS MISS MRS) ...:........I NIL _d. ~!y:- ~

IJ ~10""' r-"1 JJI J~ .6 L5kill0~ Y. ~ Y' l:, _}~ .6 ~I~\;:_;;-:;. j L5~ o.b.._r4
:'"--~

.~1 o.,L.;, o~~l t'""'l L5~J...l..:>....4 ~l ..w'jl ~I J~ ~I . ..u.~ ~ .J

·l

* (setq male-first-names ' (John richard fred george))

']
(JOHN RICHARD FRED GEORGE)

* (defun malep (name) (member name male-first-names)) ']

( .·
MALEP

* (setq female-first-names '(jane mary wanda barbara))

(JANE MARY WANDA BARBARA)

* (defim femalp (name) (member name Jemale-fiJ:\·t-names))

FEMALP

* (malep barbara) ~ ..:........1 ~ _r4 RICHARD L;,T

•. 1
NIL .~1 NIL J ~ ~l.r. ~J

rJ
I)~~ y.; ~~ y.; L5l)~ o.,L.;, o~b ifL..,I }I .6 J.;S .j,__rU I)~\;~~ JL>.
.x.S .UL;I ~01 "'-:
 .UL.;\\1 MR OR MS _r.:; ~ 0l; j L;_ 0b ..r" ~ ~?. 6 -.s: l..!lil; ~ ..::.JG- Lr..IJ~
.x.S~
* (defun give-title (name)

.J (cond ((titledp name) name)

( (malep (car name)) (cons 'mr name))

((femalp (car name)) (cons 'ms name))

(t (append '(mr or ms) name))))

GIVE-TITLE

* (give-title '(miss jane adams))

(MISS JANE ADAMS)

* (give-title '(john p poblic))

(MR JOHN P POBLJC)

* (give-title '(barbara smith))

(MS BARBARA SMITH)

* ((give-title '(p j maloney))

I
'-:·)
• ._ j
~..

(MR OR MS P J MALONEY)

~ ~ u~Lo ~ \.JS' .J.:..- ~ (\ ) : jl ..W ).~~· ~.J.:..- 0:.\ j> J~ ~ uts::.;

..J.:........o d- ~ 0J _} 0l>.;..o I ('1") J .J!...- j I ~ .Jb 0J _} 0l>.;..o I J ~y (\ )

"J.JI~ !)l_y ~ lA~f-f

~ .--4.)~ U,~ jl oJlA.:-.1 ~ ~~y~ 6 ~ !.S~J ~Sl..!l0~L... ~ JJI~

·.
i
i
~r ..J.;S ~ u,~ jl ~·01y ~ ~~.YL5"' ') u,~ r )L:S t_4' L:. ~JJ~
lSI.;: ..x,..,__f(J"' !.S~ 0T ..L:lfiJ 1.5~ r jl ~ -:r-JJI J.) Y:.r./' o...L:-ol; n 1.5~ ~

31 . tables 32 . entity
((ONE UN)

(IWO DL'UX)

(71JREE 1ROIS)

(FOUR QUA11~E)

(FIVE CINQ))

ASSOC ~\; r-r- \

IJ J 3 ~ ~ J->-1~ ~o..L.:. ..::...jl:_J~ wls.UII.Y'L..Iy: \; ~ )~ ~ _, v!SSOC ~\.::

...
~I J~ IJASSOC jl J~ uu J:.~ ~ .J? 01~ "-: IJ _);.; ~JY ,s~ J o~ _? ~

~~ J:J o..l.ol 'J'~ J~ ~ ,s_,_;l) J ~I wW5 J 3 ~ .J.._:.S ~) ·J...:..:.::.:~

~~•.:.......,!
J.)~ ~ Y. ~I_,>- J~L9 ASSOC ~\.; jl o.)l.i::......l ~ o~T ~.) ~ o~~ WORDS i\.; "-: L>rl.r"
:..l:-!L:.; \J .) _,>- ~.) JY ..::_,W) LS_,......;I)

* (assoc 'three words)

(THREE TROIS)

* (assoc Jour words) '-·

1
_jJJ

(FOUR QUATRE)

...u.)~ IJNIL ":-'I~ ril..l:-;JJ~J.)i.S.)JJJ~~..-~Lh.,.IJL>..l)S",.l;I_,.:ASSOC ~\.;}I

* (assoc 'sir words)

NIL

~.) _? ...:...j\.:_J.) IJ ~I~~ ol5'r ~ ~jl..: ~\.; ~~_,..>~ ..$ J..;S ._?) Jl>
,.).) } f. 01 L>_,......;l) J.)L...o ~ ~~\.; ":""\~ :J
: J~ .~L...; o.)l.i::......ICADR j1 ~~y~ ~\.; 0-:IJ.)
* (deftm translate (~;) (cadr (as soc x words)))
TRANS LA n:·

* (translate 'one)
UN

* (translate Jive)
CINQ
 SUBLIS r-r- 'f
i~IIJ ,__;.:~\.:.;- 0-:~ ~~y~ 1$ ..:.;_,tA; -:r-.1 ~ ~.::..........ISUBST ~ ~SUBLJS

-:r..~G:- -~ r jl i _,:J ~ .~1 Jb.JU; ~ ~ ~ ~ J..oL.:. I.S:J-'J-' -:r-J_,I ...u.:J

: Jl:_o .:J _r;,~ o:Jb SUBLIS ~ i J:l !.S:JJJJ 01~ ~ 1$ ~I JJ~ j>-I:J J:l j_,l ~
* (sublis '((roses.violets) (red.blue))
' (roses are red))

(VIOLETS ARE BLUE)

* (setq dotted-words '((one.un)
(two. deux)
(three.trois)
(four. quatre)
(five.cinq))

)
. I
I ((ONE.UN)
. I

(TWO.DEUX)
(THREE. TROIS)
(FOUR.QUATRE)
(FIVE.CJNQ))

* (sublis dotted-words '(three one four one five))

(TROIS UN QUATRE UN CINQ)

JJf~ ~ ~ I.S)?..J4.AL;..r. r -v
J ..;:_,l>:.~_,_.. jl J_,~ Jl!.o J_,k ~ -~~ ~IJJ IJASSOC :J_r.J\5 jll.f.-4-Jl!.o
.~1 o...l..!. o_r.:>~ THINGS i~ ~ LS_,....I_,.... ~ ~ JJ ~ .J.;S~ o..Lb~I).A~0l0~ ~
:jl ~I ..;:_, J~ )_,51-. j_,~
((OBJECT! LARGE GREEN SHINY CUBE)
(OBJECT2 SMALL RED DULL METAL CUBE)
(0BJECT3 RED SMALL DULL PLASTIC CUBE)
(0BJECT4 SA-fALL DULL BLUE METAL CUBE)
(0BJECT5 SMALL SHINY RED FOUR-SIDED PYRAMID)·
('JBJECT6 LARGE SHINY GUREEN SPHERE))
 -~
~-:J

3 o.) _? ..::.jL:_J"' IJ ~ ~ y \; J.:jl-; DESCRIPTION iL; .~..; ~\; ~ly ~ jb-

·~"' J..~ .._r; 3_}- 01.f-.c. .~..; 11 0l w~

* (defun description (x) (cdr (assoc x things)))
DESCRIPTION

* (description 'object3)
(RED SMALL DULL PLASTIC CUBE)

~iy L5" ~..~.: 1 } ..:.........,~ 11 oJ..:, d"' t_r0 y .J"' ~ ~u~ y.a:i- u 3la; ~I_,.;..: }I
:J..:,~ oJ..:, ~Union~\;~ .JSetdifferences ~\; .J"' jl ~ J.:jl_;differences il.;.!..; ~\;
* (defun differences (x y)

(union (setdifferences (description x) (description y))

·-.. ·].
c-
(setdifferences (description y) (description x)))) Q.-=··

DIFFERENCES cc-_-.}
"-.!.

*(differences 'object2 'object3)

(METAL PLASTIC)

U.0l 0~ ~ .J..:,~~plastic ,__<:_ OBTECT3 ~ Jl>-1 "'~ 1metal..5-.:.0BJECT2

:]
:~~ .r..) W)~ "-: J.JJ..:::- ~\ J"' .J..;-5 0..1.::~ iiJS.I' ~tj (.)"'LI_r.~I__,;~IJ

((LARGE SIZE)
(SMALL SIZE)
(RED COLOR)
. _··]..:
··-;-
._·

.... ,,__~· .
(GREEN COLOR)
(BLUE COLOR)
(SHINY LUSTER)
(DULL LUSTER)
(METAL MATERIAL)
(PLASTIC MATERIAL)
(CUBE SHAPE)
(SPHERE SHAPE)
(PYRAMID SHAPE)
(FOOR-SIDED SHAPE))
 ~~.) )} QUALIIY-TABLE il.; .t..: LS.r"'l.r"' ~ S.: J.>b J.) \J JJ~ u-:.1 }I
:..u..) .01) J>:" J.;'- 01~ .t..: IJ o.J...:. d.) t.S.)JJJ ~ ..S ~_,;.: ~t.; ~\Yif
* (defun quality (x)
(cadr (as soc x quality-table)))
QUALIIY
* (quality 'red)
COLOR

* (quality 'large)
SIZE

-···.I J.) ..S ..l;_j~ ~L; ~QUALIIY __,DIFFERENCES c:;ly jl o.)Li::.....\ ~ ~~y~ Jl>.
...li).) WJLQ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ).) ..s J.:S i~l J.) A\) r_r; _J-4
* (deftm quality-difference (x y)
(quality (car (differences x y))))
QUALIIY-DIFFERENCE

* (quality-difference 'object] 'object6)

SHAPE

* (quality-difference 'object2 'object4)

COLOR

:r,__;A..J
..J.S~ ~ IJ J__,~ ~ ...:..>~~ ..)I..I.N" Lisp J..) ~__,1 c:;L; ii.JS -\
J.-L!. ,J__,~ J..) .s~ .;A .J...:.~ t..JT ,J\5'~_,.; __, ":""'\;S ~ J.-L!. AS ~.i~ BOOKS iL; ~ J__,~ -r
.c-..1 o~y i\.j J ":""'\;S i\.j

":""'\;_)~~~ 4..5 ~L..._; ~ J o..)_j o..)lA;....I 'Y4 JJ~ jl 1$ •..l..:-!.~ WHO-WROTE iL; ~ ~L; -i

.e-...~S"t.4 lS..) J) J

•.l.......!_~ I) __,1 ":""'\;S i\.j) o..)_j ,;....H-u..) I) o~y r-"1 AS~~ ~L; 'r o)W ,)-'..~ ;,1 o..)lA;....I ~ -'f

DISPLACE .J RPLACD, RPLACA ~!_,;f-A

ox.;._$~_;>.-.; u~ ~ jl ("re-plak-dee") RPLACD .J "re-plak-a" RPI.ACA

J5" ~ ~\; JJ ~ ~~ ..,lj~if J_,L. 1.5~~\.>. jiCDR .JCAR ~~6:- ~4 .0 ~

 r~
k:;_.j

* (setq x '(hi there))

(HI THERE)

* (setq y x)
(HI THERE)

* (rplaca x 'look) J -./J...., ~ l> )·I J .Y-'-"

I . . I I ·I CAR
U-' .J ) ·-
.r-::"-'
(LOOK THERE)
*x
(LOOK THERE)

*y
LOOK Tl-IERE

* (cdr y) :]
(THERE)

BOB ~NIL jl J __,.L ~L> jl ~ ~ .J;) ._r J;)T _r.dU

*(rep/ad (cdr y) '(bob)))
(HERE BOB)

*x
(LOOK THERE BOB)

.J.;-5 o;)l£......1 IS\~ c.>L..::.>L..... ~ _;:>L.....I.S\..r. ~~y~RPLACD jl

* (setq eire (list Joo))
(FOO)

* (rplacd eire eire) c·:J

._,·

(FOO FOO FOO FOO FOO FOO FOO ... etc.

:J
.);b ~.J ~\; ~1 ...::........1 RPLACD.JRPLACA ~\; J.) jl ~j JJISPLACE ~\;
:J..:S ~ Y IS~;) IS~~ J.).) y; Y lS~ )~~I; J __,.L LS~.t...il> jl ~ W J.) .AS
* (DEFUN DISPLACE (X Y)

(RPLACA X (CARY))

(RPLACD X (CDR Y)))

* (setq y , (fee fie foe))

(FEE FIE FOE)

* (displace (cdr x) (cdr y)) ISI.Ja!\.:.. Jb:-L..... J.) y, x CJ_,.:SI

 (FIE FOE)
*X
(A FIE FOE)

*Y
(FEE FIE FOE)

#1l4ol # 1!512 #1]247

•! lrl·
t
·I I I ·I -qE-NIL
A B c

"1 SOnS #15.!14 #1574o

II I• l ·I ! I· •cp3-NIL
FH FIE FOE

~f...Wl.> .;(.;;;,:.(.... .;.J ~t_,.:..:.f ,j.J~ (FEE FIE FOE) , (A B C) ~LA~ f-_ I ~

i
. I

#1l4ol #11512

I A
.. ,
.·.:.:]

#1'i0h'i #15!14 #15746

I
_.! FEE ~.-.. _ _.FIE FOE

~ 4! Y 4S'Jl> .;.J .c.)~ o.;I,.;I(A FIE FOE)~ 4! X, DISPLACE~(; Jf ~ 1'-Y ~

..JJ_r:.~ ~_r. ~ ~ .;t;,;.L.. .J.J Jt.> ~~.J ,J.A.J4S" (f':".J (FEE FIE FOE)
 r~,

~-;.:J

~...L.i.A v-'
..) _r..l;~ lS.)JJJ 01~ "-: IJ 0 1y _r..L 6 ~I~\;,~ ...s:.:_

APPLY-TO-ALL~ V-t'
Jwl .s.)JJJ ~ ~~ s.;...s:.; !.S.JJJ.I) ~~.; ~ ~ ~ .))b ~ 3 ~ u;.l
0:1 '~~ u:...l: .x.S ~G.)~ ...S:.:. Cjr 6 ~~~I;~~.,>-~ J.;S ~) .~~
:~~ ~ IJ ~ ...S:.:. 0JJ.) .)1~1 Cjr .,~.;1__,;~ 01;
* (defun square (x) (times x x))
SQUARE

* (square 3)
9

* (square '(1 2 3 4))

(1 2 3 4) NON-NUMERIC ARGUMENT ..)Jb !.S.)~ CJ~ .J) "-: e:_~l

IJ ~ CJJJ.) .)l.u-1 \L-; t::.r ~~y~APPLY-TO-ALL ~ jl o.)lA:......I ~~I

:J.;S ~ \,;..-
* (apply-to-all 'square ' (1 2 3 4))
(1 4 9 16)

* (apply-to-all 'square ( ) )
NIL

\ -~
u
 APPLY-TO -ALL jl o.)\l:.....l4 ~JJI~ tSJ.;J! u~..W 15I~IV-'i'-\

1.5)~ WORDS \\_; ~ L>r\.r" ~ ~ J:J \J .7-j J_,~ ~1_,.>-lf" .;_;S d:')

(ONE UN)
(TWO DEUX)
(THREE TROIS)
(FOUR QUATRE)

i~l J__,.9 j_,~ l.SJJY'. IJ .r..j u~ ~lyifAPPLY-TO-ALL L:!l; jl o:J\.A.-:.....1 ~

* (apply-to-all 'car words)

(ONE TWO THREE FOUR FIVE)

* (apply-to-all 'cadr words)

(UN DElJX TROIS QUATRE CINQ)

:~~I~ .t.......,;l) ~L:..:;J ~ ~ ~ J:Jtj 0_,.:51

* (apply-to-all 'reverse words)
((UN ONE)

(DEUX TWO)

(TROIS THREE)
(QUATRE FOUR)
(CINQ FIVE))

:J.;S ~~TRANSLATE i\_; ~~I; ~lj'lf" ~j ~ ~

I
I (DEFUN TRANSLATE (X) (CADR ASSOC X WORDS)))

~ IJ ~I uW l.S.r- ~ lS_,.-jl) l.S~J:Jt.- ~lj'if .r->1 ~I; jl o:JI.A.:.....I ~

* (apply-to-all 'translate '(three one four one five))

(TROIS UN QUATRE UN CINQ)

. ~J
 "]
~J

'l
t.JJY ~.)~ v-r
...))..)..) y-; .J a~ .J..)APPLY-TO-ALL ~\; J..) o..)Ll::.......\..)J.Y c:;l_,; 0..) _? ~ i.SI..r!

Jl>..:APPLY-TO-ALL J..) \J ~\; t'""'l ~I_,; if~ ...::.-....IDEFUN ~ ~\; ~~ •J-.JJ er:J.JI
)..) L_;;- 41) ~l_j w ..:.-.,.,I(.Jl \.J..) ...f.JJ ...l.!_..l...J_..)SQUARE ..))j-4)..) ~~ ..c..;L- •..l!_.r.-:
\~:} L5U.w)~~ jl ~~y~ ~l_j ~_;;- 4 W.:~ LSI_r. .~~ W.:~APPLY-TO-ALL

: J\.:... .J.;S o..)Ll::.......l

* (apply-to-all '(lambda (x) (times x x)) '(I 2 3 4 5))
(149I625)

FIND-IF~ V-f
I.S.JJ..r! \J J..i-:::J-:? s:.,_ ~ ..)Jb ~.J ~ ..:........\ U. ~ jl ~..)~FIND-IF
}..f-.::...}-::; .t..: ') ~ ":--''~ er-l.J' ~.).)}if ..r. i.S~ .t..: ~4 ...~.!_~ Jwl i.S..).JJ.J ~

* (find-if , oddp , (2 4 6 7 8 9))

7

.1
.1
*(find-if '(lambda (x) (not (oddp x))) '(2 4 6 7 8 9))

i.S\_r.NIL ":--'\~ .~..~.,; ~ ~4 }..f-:,,J-::; ~ .~ ~b _,....:'~ jl ~~}I

,-]
:..) _,.;.if )..)L..:, ~
* (find-if 'oddp '(2 4 6 8)) ··.··]·-
~~··

NIL
~]

SUBSET ~l;V-~ .• l
-~-~J
a..)J}r. \J }~ ~ .1:.:1__,..;. ~ .~ ~y er.).Jii..S.JJJ.FIND-IF ~ ..l;_..l;_.l
ul&. ~ y i~ jl ~ ,J ~4 ~ . ..:.......1 JS SUBSET J.J ,..L.!,if ~ p ,..) ~if ;J
..)l..u:.l ~ ~'r. }I ,J\.:... i.S'..r. .J.:.:Sif )I}..r. G}~~~I__,..;. .s ..:........\ i.S..).JJ.J ~
:_]
:~W ~ .r....i .}-.JJ ~ ..l:.4 ,..~.,;_,..=, ":--'L;..:;I 'i.S.l.JJ.J ..)l..u:.l ~ J..) ..)~ y ..))
*(subset 'oddp '(1 2 3 4 56 7))

(1 3 5 7)
'-.J
;;.._

LJ. -
 *(subset 'oddp '(I 3 5 7 9 10))
(1 3 5 7 9)

* (subset '(lambda (x) (greaterp x 0)) '(1 -2 4 5-7-9 13))

(1 4 5 13)

* (subset 'numberp '(3 apples 4 pears and 2 little plums))

(3 4 2)
.. !

* (subset 'symbolp '(3 apples 4 pears and 2 little plums))

(3 4 2)

* (subset 'symbolp '(3 apples 4 pears and 2 little plums))

(APPLES PEARS AND LITTLE PLUMS)

.J ~l.:.J.) IJ ~ ..::........\ J.)u ~ ~~ IJ COUNT - ZEROS iL; ~ ~I.; .r..j J.)

•.)).) .)_J>:.J ~~ 0l ).) ~ J:S ~

*(subset 'zerop '(34 0 0 95 0))
(0 0 0)

* (defun count-zeros (x) (lenght (subset 'zerop x)))

COUNT-ZEROS

* (count-zeros '(1 0 63 0 38))

* (count-zeros '(34 0 0 0))

. I
.3

*(count-zeros '(1 3 8 9))

NIL
 EVERY e{jV-f'
.k.JI~ ~L.S:.JJJ ~ __,..o~ ~ 6 ..::........1 T ._; JyP 1 :. £VERY _f.k. "-:-'IY.

:J~ .:.Y. ~ly>NIL "-:-'IY. ~UJyP 0-:l ~ 1:. .x.:.S o:.J}.r.IJ :.y:- y },.5-:::..)-:::,
* (every 'nwnberp '(1 2 3 4 5))

* (every 'nwnberp '(I 2 A B C 5))

NIL
<"]·.
',

"----

* (eve1y ' (lambda (x) (greate1p x 0)) '(1 3 4 5)) <f·.]

L_.
T
LJ
* (every '(lambda (x) (greaterp x 0)) '(J 3 -5 4)j

NIL

T ~ ~;I ~ly:- ~.,t; ~ I~ 11 NIL ..5..:_ 1..5:.JJJ ~ 1..5~ ~EVERY _f.k. }I

:..::..........1

* (every 'oddp nil)

~.J) i.SIA~.JAPPLY-TO _}:.W. V-V

c:;l.i .5..::. ~ (Jiy~APPLY-TO-ALL jl o:.l..i:.....l ~ 6 ~~:. ~~ 0-:l f:J_r:. 1 :. ~.·J.
~ --

1..5:.JJJ ..::........::J .5..: ~ :.J...l.>....o ~_f.k. 0-:l .:. _r:, Jwl ..::........::J .5..: ~~ ....>.; ...>.; ISJJJ. 11
'')..
-,-: .._ ·
..::........::J .5..: 1..5~ J.;S .._;,} J~ 1..51.;: ..xS J\S IS:.JJJ ..::........::J ~ ISJJ.Y. .,t;l_;~ J ~
~~

~ IJ i J:l ~ J:l :J y:- y ~~ ~~~ J ..l.!.~ :.1)1 ~ L.Sh:. ~ J :.1)1 i\.j ~!S:lJjJ
:~:. ~ JJI ~ 1 :. :. y:- y :.1)1 ~ ~ _;
 - ::,-1
., ..

* (apply-to-all '(lambda (x y) (list x 'gets y))

, (fred wilma george diane)

'(jobl job2 job3 job4))

((FRED GETS lOBI)

(WILMA GETS JOB2)

(GEORGE GETS JOB3)

, I (DIANE GETS JOB4))

I
ij':J 4..l..!.l.: ~b l.S::..JJ.J .)::. "': ~'-::;:.>!APPLY-TO-ALL J::. o::-lA.=......I ::.JY' ~\; o~~
. I
i ~1::- _r. ~ ~ ~ .)::, jl ~yJ> jl )~~ ..;.;,5 o::-li:.....l ~ )l:S )::, ~.)~ jl ~~
4~ J 04 ~ "': ~ ~ ~.JI 4..l.!.~ .r.l.r. ~ .J::. J::.::. y:- y r='~ ::-I.M,; ~~ .::. _r;.r.f

: J~ l.SI.r. .~_r;.IJ'" ~p w~
* (apply-to-all 'plus '(1 2 3 4 5) '(60 70 80 90 100))
(61 72 83 94 105)

*(apply-to-all 'plus '(1 2 3) '(10 20 30 40 50))

(11 22 33)
I
.. I
:J~ 01~ "': ..x.S ~ ~...L...:.4l.SlA~ l.S.JJY. .;.;I_,;IJ'" ~EVERY

I
* (every 'greaterp '(11 22 33 44) '(10 20 30 40))
- .I
T

1
j

. I
~--J
 l]
~·]
~--·

4.4 ...t.4A ;\ - 1
(.$1~1 (.$~c..L:.I ~~ jl ~(Recursion) ~lyly-9 .l _,> ~(.$.} ~lS" f __,.1&. J.l

0_,.5'W _,.5 (.$U..t..o'W r. J.) IJ 01 jl c.)L.a:....l ~_,k .J ~~I ~J..a! d..IJ.) .J...!.~~ w~

.~W ~ y ._;; .J.l 0-:: dl:> IS~~ ~ ~~ ft. ..::...;L~J.) f.SI.r. ·~~

..fYJ ~.)LoA-r
f.S.ll)l ~.) )~ ~ .J f __,.1&.:....:, r ~ 4; ~lS" .oJ jl ~ ~ ~ ~ ~SU.JL.... ).)
J.) _; _,J .~.) Y. .)1)1 ~.) ~I jl j }.J ~ J~ ,J..:.;....!,I.) .U~ 01 ~L- .J w~4J ~ .S ~.) Y.
.s ~ ~~).) .~w J> 1) ~.JI YL- ~~.i~ .kA.; .J .)Y. ~ .J J:.S )~ ~L- ]>..
.)_,...;.. YL- J> ).) .;} jl ~A~)~ .s ~.) ..l:A'.» ~.)~c.f f~~ ;} .J ~)~ -:r-:
.J:S~ c.l\..a:....l

.J.:-5'1~ .JI L>l.r. IJ ~ ~ 0.JJ.l .)) .)1..~1 .S .ul_,>~ _;} jl ~Jl.o j.Jfo..

.; } .((~IJ.:::- I) ~ 0.)).) .) ) .)I~ I,, =~f~ .JI ~ .J ~1..15.;} A I).)_,> ..::........:J 0'-} )l.o
~..::........:J .)~ ~.JI.S ~~ .f ~ ~lyc.f .hi; ~n :J..:.S"c.f J4J;I ~IJ'W .J ~ (.$1o~ ~
,(( ~ 4 ..:...,....1.))
.l:z.4j ~ . ..:........1 .) ) ~~ .)IJJ;.I jl ~IJS' ~IJ: ~I_,> c.f ~ J .Jn :~fc.f 0'-} Jl.o
.((01 ~.JI LJ
:.l.J-!_r..j WJ~ ~ ~)l.o ~ .((./:. "! ~fS'~o~.)~~.JI~~ ~n:~.Jc.f .}}
[]
(3142 5798 6550 8914)

:J.....,~~ .;..,J jl ~AI.JI ...l....Jc.f d- ykt> ~ LS.?J ~.)""";""' J ~~lc.f ..rS ~)l.o ('].
~--~

((~..:...,....!.)) .r..) ~ jl.)~ ~Ji 41,,

r·J.
~-

ill.
'
 (3142 5798 6550 8914)

~ ,)~ ~JI er:;1 Lo ~ ·<<~,)) W ~ ,)~ -r.lJI ~.r->-n :..1.J..},f _j}

:..l-:_y,f 11 o..li~~ J ~I,) y: IJ

(5798 6550 8914)

,)) ,)~ ~JI ~.r->-n :J..J...J-,f _;}<<~...:-...I,))~,~ -r.lJI\.:)n ;J....,.,_;;,f o~T J

:J.J__},f j~ J (6550 8914) ..l-:_y,f J ~by; 11 .r->-1 ~ jl ,)~ ~JI (.r.l 1 Lo j~ «·~
~,) 1 ~ (.)--} 1 Lo ·«~,)) ,)~ ~JI ~.r->-n :J.J..},_f _j} <<·..::........1,)) ~ j1 ,)~ ~JI ~.Tn
y} _j} .J.:S,f )_?.; 11 J.-11_;..... J (8914) J......:.yr_f J ~~,) .r. 11 ~ cr.._,..>-1 jl ,)~ ~JI
1
... !
.~ 1 ,) y. ~~ ~ er:;1 L.. ~"-;'-'};cr..~ .J.A.),f 11 ~~~ 0w

Lisp~~.;~ ~.)Lo ~.)prA-r

,)l..u.l iL....; o~.r"> ..::........IANYODDP 0T it.; .6 8~ Lisp 0~j ~ ~I.; ~~1 1 ,)
~~~ ~.>..,.;.~ , ) ~jl ,)~ ..5..:. Jil--l> }I J NIL ~\.; 1..;"1~ "..,L;,~ ~Jj r.S.lJJJ ~
:,) Y. J.AI_r T ~t;

(DEFUN ANYADDP (X)

(COND ((NULL X) NIL)

((ODDP (CAR X)) T)

_; !
i' (T (ANYODDP (CDR X)))))

~JI 0~J""l .~~ Ltiy: J-:1J. ...:........!NIL y; Cj\.j ~~~ .~~ Jl.:>- r.S.lJJJ ~}I
.J.:Sr.f ~ •..:........I~ ..:-..:J CDR .6 ~ i.SJJ.;:ANYODDP ~l; ,.>..,.;.~,)} ..:-..:J ,~
TRACE iL..; "--: oj.u i) ~ jl ,J.:Sr.f )S .._; AANYODDP ~l.; ,~1~ ~.) ~~ ISI.r.
~Sir. r.f.Y J~ ~ oiJ J ~,)r.f 0L:..; IJ ~l.; s-~1 ~I.Y' TRACE ...:...-I o..l.!. o.)\A:.....I

•..:........I ~.f.~~
* (defun any oddp (x)
(cond ((null x) NIL)
((oddp (car x)) t)
(t (anyoddp (cdr x)))))
-j ANYODDP
* (trace anyoddp)
(ANYODDP)

)' -J * (anyoddp '(3142 5798 6550 8914))

-

__ }
·-·-·~:l
Enter ANYODDP:
X = (3142 5798 6550 89140

Enter ANYODDP:
x= (5798 6550 8914)
Enter ANYODDP:
x= (6550 8914)
Enter ANYODDP:

x= (8914)
Enter ANYODDP:

I x= NIL
ANYODDP=NIL
ANYODDP=NIL
ANYODDP=NIL

ANYODDP=NIL

ANYODDP=NIL

NIL

* (anyoddp '(2 4 56 8))

Enter ANYODDP:
x=(2 4 56 8)
Enter ANYODDP:

x= (4 56 8)
Enter ANYODDP:

I x= (56 8)

ANYODDP=T

ANYODDP=T

ANYODDP=T
T
.J ~.JJc.f' T "': ~ly. ,~1 ~) (56 8) ~CAR (Jy; ~ J.;S ~ y i .J~ J~ J~
.~~ }c.f'..r. ~w c::;t
 ~ j .J ~.; Lo ;.; ~.J-' ~Li)(..A -1'
J._ 1 _,.:St;n :..L...of.:.f _;) jl _,I.J:.S.f c_)a..11 Jl_,!-. J a~ 1 .}) ~ hJ 1 4 ~ 1 L.
JJ .J)~ ~ IJ .,1 ~ ..u.l__,.;.~ .,1 jl ~ o...L.!. ~ ~ 1 L. v'll_,!- jl AS_;) .nY·· -~ 0
~_i--:. 0 J-_ 1 __,:-St; :J..J...J~ .} y .JJ_r. ~ J ..U.J t---'~ ~I_,!- ~I ~ & .J..J...f~ ~ 1 L..
~)) :~.J~.; .,J .J ((Y~ ~ 'f J.. 1 pu :J..J...J..f ,:._. .;1 t... .,,"t J.. 1 pu 1 o ~ _,..aL,t;..
J

~l; .,...; .,J nYJ .,._;.~ ~ i J.. 1 pun :..L...of.: ,_sA hJ 14 ~ JL..,,'f 1 y y-A r J.. 1 _,:S\,;
J

i
I
n~~ ~ r J.. 1 pt;n :..L...o f.:../~ 1 L. .nr 1 ~ ~ r J.. 1 pu ~ i J.. 1 _,:St;)) :..u.J~
J

JJ ~ _rP \ ~ ' J..Jpl.!n :..u.J.,f 4..Abl J ((\ J.. 1 pt; JJ y _rA r ~n :J..J_.f~.} .,J J
l
·.I
.r..) u 1 ~ ~ 11 .}) L5~4 ~ ~ 1 L. ~I 1 J. 11\ ~ ~ J._ 1 pl.! _, ~ J._ 1 pu

Factorial (5) = 5xFactorial (4)

Factorial (4) = 4xFac:torial (3)

Factorial (3) = 3xFactorial (2)

Factorial (2) = 2xFactorial (1)

Factorial (1) = 1xFactorial (0)

Factorial (0) = 1

I )..lA.A .J. J. 4 ~~J ~4 ((YJ.,._;.~ ~ 0 J,.Jpl.!n Jl_,!-. ~ ~~~ .tS.;l LSI.r. ~

u-; ... J ~'(' J._ 1_,:St; ~ J..J..4 ~'f J._ 1 p\.9 0..,.}1~ LSI.r. J J.;.SI~ 11 'f J._ 1 _,:St;
·.· ,j
:..1.:--i.~ _r..j u 1 .re' ~ 11 0 J._ 1 pu .J:..- ~ ~~J ~JJ J.:.ily~

Factorial (1) = 1xFactorial (0) = 1

!
.··.I Factorial (2) = 2xFactorial (1) = 2

Factorial (3) = 3xFactorial (2) = 6

Factorial (4) = 4xFactorial (3) = 24
Factorial (5) = 5xFactorial (4) = 120
o\S:jl _;b\.> ~ _;) jl J ~I \ '\' o .r.l.r. 0 J._ 1 pl.! 1 1...\A..o ~ ~ ~1 L. ~.} ~~
~~~ & ~ LS.r.;- y ~ ~n :~ ~ ~ 4.}) ..).J ~ .JI~ 11 J-I.J!..- yl~ a.)

·. J J_r> .._;.,1 .JI )): ..;..A.$ ~ 1 ~., ,, .J.,..;.~' ~~ J.. 1 pu ~ ~ Ja.o •...1...!.4 ul~
((.~~) ~~~ ~ ~1)..>1}
 Lisp J~j .J-' J.JpU t=:.J~I A-~
:.l;S~ o..Ul.!...o .7-j J~ lJLisp 0~j ~ ,J.up\j ~\.:-. u~
(DEFUN FACT (N)

(COND ((ZEROP N) 1)

(T (TIMES N (FACT (SUBJ N))))))

: ~ IJ <1..4~ ..r. 0~ .J j> r..}.JJ JL>-

* (deftm fact (n)

(cond ((zerop n) 1)

(t (times n (fact (subl n))))))

FACT

:~ .J,;,..r ~ ~r IJ u~ LSI.r.-1 ~A~ J:S~ .....<..SWJ..J.TRACEL:\:j

* (Trace fact)
(FACT)
* (fact 5)
Enter FACT:
N = 5
Enter FACT:
N = 4
Enter FACT:
N = 3
Enter FACT
N = 2
Enter FACT
N = 1
Enter FACT
I N = 0
FACT= 1
FACT= 1
FACT= 2
FACT= 6
FACT= 24
FACT= 120
120
''''\
·_.· (

~ ~~~ o~ ~~~!) ~y jl6.)iA::.,...,/A-f'

- I ~~ J\!....o i.SI.r. ...l;S ~~tA.::......I ~ ~L i.SI.r. ~~y~ ~1_,.>1) ~ _,.> ~JJ j1

I
\ liN jl ~ ~ JV ~ ~..u:. ~ }4 .6 ~j~ COUNT i\.j ~ ~l; ~~_,.>~ .J.;S
- I : .x.S ~~I
(DEFUN COUNT (N)

(COND ((ZEROP N) NIL)

(T (CONS N (COUNT (SUB1 N))))))

\
:..1..:5~ ~~l.4:......1 ~1_,.>1)~ _,.> J.JJ J CONS jl, COUNT e:;li
I
I
.·.. J

*(COUNT 5)

(5 4 3 2 1)

*(COUNT 0)

NIL

* (trace COUNT)
(COUNT)
*(COUNT 3)

I Enter COUNT:
- j

N=3
.I Enter COUNT:

N=2

Enter COUNT·
I
. i N = 1

Enter COUNT·

I N= 0

!I COUNT= NIL

COUNT= (1)
; I
:_ _)
COUNT= (21)

COUNT= (3 21)

(3 2 1)
i_l
I ..

->•·-~
 "'.''1
,. _j.

~J.J..j'--:N \; ' jl ~N ~ .)..\s. ~ }~ 6 J.J..j'--: ~\; ~~ ~1.,>- }I J~

~ y->-T ~ IJ r.S~ J.jl_r: .6 L5I~~L:S (:!\;Lisp J-' l_r..j ~-'Y. .uly>- .J}Y:.-' ~ )S
o.l~IAPPEND ~\; jl ~~ .J.:..- ~~ J> L5l.7. ....::.....,.,! o.J...:.j ci} }:zj J-' .J:S .U\.....;1 ~
w~ ~-' _,..;.t.f" ~L COUNTUP ~\; .k..... y 61J 0 \;' ~ _,~1 J-.JJ _r..j J.J~ .J..;S
:~~ ~I J-' IJ.COUNTUP ~\; U:_~ ~ ..u-'t.f"

(DEFUN COUNTUP (N)

(COND ((ZEROP N) NIL)

(T (APPEND (COUNTUP (SUB1 N)) (LIST N)))))

* (cuontup 5)

(1 2 3 4 5)

* (countup 0)

NIL

.) f.J.i_,. ~.J.J_;.J ~.J, l5 .J.J.;.J ~.j.J

~
(;~
·-
N APPEND 4.1 APPEND 4.1 COUNTUP

0 -- -- NIL ~-·.]·

'"-
1 NIL (1) (1)

2 (1) (2) (1 2)

3 (1 2) (3) (1 2 3)

4 (1 2 3) (4) (1 2 3 4)

5 (1 2 3 4) (5) (1 2 3 4 5)

COUNTUP ~\; ~~ J-' ~o-'~ o-'~ICONS jiCOUNT ~\; ~~~-' 6J).vw

•...::.....,.,1 o.) _? o:li;:;.....IAPPEND jl

¥ .J ~\; ~1 ....::.....,.,1 wl.,>-l}.l .,>- ~\; ~ 6 o.J...!. w.:_~ BURN ili ~ tf"!\; ~I J.l
J-' i-5-'.JJ.J .,Js. .,l..u; ~ IJ ~ y .J .xS ~l:J.) i-5-'.JJ.J wly ~ IJ .)..\s. .J ~ y ~ 6 .lJb

..u-' )} ~ W.JJ-' L5u,~

 (DEFUN BURN (ITEM N)

\ (COND ((ZEROP N) ITEM)

. I
J
(T (LIST (BURN ITEM (SUBl N))))))
-1 * (burn fred 2)
((FRED))

* (burn 'jim 5)
(((((JIM)))))

i
-__ :)
* (burn 'mohr1)
MOHR

* (burn 'koln 0)
KOLN

ili .~1 o..L.!. o.)tA:......I ~1__,>1).)_y;- 0~L.. 0TJ.) J.5 ~~ IJ IS~.) (jt ~IJ.)
J.5 i J.) I.S.)JJJ jiiJ JJI I.S.)JJJ o~1 J .)_r.$~ 11 I.S.).JJ.J J.) (jl; If.. I •..:.......I REMOVE (jl;
.J:S,_f 1...~.>
. ..::........1..:.....-J
~ ~~

(DEFUN REMOVE (XL)

(COND ((NULL L) NIL)

((EQUAL X (CARL)) (REMOVE X (CDR L)))

(T (CONS (CARL) (REMOVE X (CDR L))))))

. .l
:,:j
*(remove 'a '(dab a j c))
I
·- i (DB J C)

* (trace remove)

(REMOVE)

*(remove 'a '(dab a j c))

1
~. ~ .. J
Enter REMOVE

X=A
L = (DA BA J C)
Enter REMOVE

X=A
L =(ABA J C)

Enter REMOVE

X=A
r].
L:..
L = (B A J C)

Enter REMOVE r-1

L.:J
X=A
f.-].
.,
X= (A J C) "--

Enter REMOVE

X=A
L = (J C)

Enter REMOVE

X=A

L =(C)

Enter REMOVE
X=A
L =NIL

REMOVE= (C)

REMOVE = (J C)

REMOVE = (B J C)

REMOVE = (B J C)

REMOVE = (D B J C)

~ J:l 0l ::J~I ~01_,.>1) :J _,.> 0~L. ~~ J~ LSIA:J .r.JIS jl .h_:J ~

IJ ~L> ~ ~ ~~_,.>~ 45 ~~ ~) .J...:.~~ YJ:J y LS~ LSIA~ 0~
jl ~ly ~ J~ If.. I LSI..r. ~..~..:::~ ~...::........1 o..J...:. ~ y J:l y LSIA~ jl 45 ~ 0JJ:l
~ :JJY IJ ..::.-....:J ~f...JdJ.r-. J.,;l_y~ '+iMEMBER l_r-j .,;_;.S o:J~IMEMBER C::;\;
 MEMBER ~l; ~..l.!.~ .:> y:- yo (A B C DE) ..;;,., 1 ~ "": ~ ~~ ,Jt!.o LSI.r. •.u.) 1 1)

..___.........-J 1 .:> ~J ...U.:> ~ (Member) ~ S--:. 01~ ~ 11 D J.-:..-.. ~I 1 .)\,;

•.:>)J.j ) } ~ c_r.._;~J_r-l. 1 .:> l_r..) ,~(Member)~ ~D J:.-.. ((A) B (CD) E)

~"":a~ LSI.J:...- ,.:>),;, )} ~JJ.:> ~ J.) ~ .6 ~b- J.) 'J.:.-..r ~ Y':"- "!'"

J.jla..l.!. ~ ..b-IJ LS4J_,.L jl ~~ .6 ~I f.SJJ~ ~c_r..llS1JT.)4 ~.) 1~ . .J.-.1~

l.f"JJ! 0_,:51.~1 CDR iL; ~ lS~.) J CAR iL; ~ ~ ,o}.> J.:> lSI).:> J.>.IJ J__,L. ~ J
:8.~ _r..j 1 .) 11 01_,.>1).) __,> 0lo..:>-L ,_;.JJ jl ,.J!..-

i
. :i

(DEFUN APPEARS-IN (XL)

(COND ((NULL L) NIL)

((ATOM L) (EQUAL XL))

(T (OR (APPEARS-IN X (CARL))
. I
(APPEARS-IN X (CDR L))))))
l
* (trace appears-in)

(APPEARS-IN)

* (appears-in 'd '((a) b (c d) e))

 -::1
;j

Enter APPEARS-IN:
X=D
L = ((A) B (CD) E)
Enter APPEARS-IN.
X=D
L =(A)
Enter APPEARS-IN:
I X=D
I L =A
APPEARS-IN=NIL
Enter APPEARS-IN:
I X=I
I L =NIL
APPEARS-IN=NIL
Enter APPEARS-IN:
X=D
L = (B (CD) E)
Enter APPEARS-IN:
I X= Jj
I L =B
APPEARS-IN=NIL
Enter APPEARS-IN:
X=D
L =((CD) E)
Enter APPEARS-IN:
X=D
L =(CD)
Enter APPEARS-IN:
I X=D
I L =C
APPERS-IN=NIL
Enter APPEARS-IN:
I X=D
I I L =(D)
I I Enter APPEARS-IN:
I I I X=D
I I I L =D
I I APPEARS-IN=T
I APPEARS-IN=T
I APPEARS-IN=T
I APPEARS-IN=T
APPEARS-IN=T
APPEARS-IN=T -
T D
'·
··.··
'·

[~]
w
 I
l

_)

I
·. i

:.1

:··1
[J
 J

4.4 ..Li.4 ~ - 1
,lAJ~~ ~U u ~I vli .r. ~ jl ~~"i/o" ~ ~ J? /,S:JJ;J

.J ,S:JJ;J J..L...J .r..L... J J- .>- 4fL...J 4}yb; 4Q..l..:..A:J 0L.:.,j ,slA;_,.::.;Lo 4lA)j 4~:J
. ..l.!.~~ ~ J?
~\ ;:J ...::.-.\Lisp ,slA0~j e.~\ ;:J ~wG ;,).>-jl ~ ~ J.r-> /,S:JJ;J
.:J).J.i :J y:- J 4..l.!.~ lA0~j w J!ly :J;_y> ~ ~\.>. ;,).J.il.=......\ 4,_r' .ra>
\} ~ ~("message") MSG jl a:Jli:.....l ~)i/o Jl.:..:-o j i.S.JJf. 4~\.:S jl ~ If- I§~

~4-i~j e__,;1 ;:J ~~\Lisp ;:Ji/o ~1_,; a:JJ~ j\Read .~\Read ~l; J {..l.!.~~ oju

jl _jo:JL. 0l jl o;,l.2::....,\ J.J ~ ~J? ,sl_r. :J;1..).;\.;,.,.,\ ~l; ~ MSG .:J_,..;.~ ..:.j~ Lisp
...::.-.\ ~:J ~\y

d .r- (..)lA_r!GLS'~- r
I; c.).r> ~lA _?;IS~~ 1~1 401 jl ,s?.fli:; J j .J:-;-"15 jl yb; ..:..j~;:J ;~ ~ ""]
L
jl JJ o:JY. lA~\ J lA~ ~ ~ ~ J.:...!,~~ lAC..:.) jl ,s\4_j.J c.}? ,slA_;5"1;15 .~~
.J:J ~ utA;S;LS jl ,sl.t..:.....!.; 0;~ ~ c.}r ;SI;IS ~ .~ 0J~ 0~ ~
;~w tAJ\.:..o lf-I;:J ..;.;S ~ _,; .r...i ,slAJ\.:..o ~ ...lj _,..;.if c..:.y 4:J;b ;I} J ; ~ ~~
']
L.
0 L.;.;, __,.;.. "': ;, I~ I J.:.j Lo .._j J .;> ...tj _,..;. ~ J.. ..l:-' ..5;:r_ .._j J .;> "': ..5..:::; ~ J J .;> ~if ~
,sl~ 4..l.!.~ ,_}? 8; ~ ,S:JJ;J }ISTRINGP J~J-.=? ~l; ;:J ...tj _,..;.~ ~\.;.-
: ~b ..ul__,.> T .1.\.1.
* "strings are things"
"strings are things"
 * (setq a "this object is a string")
"this object is a string"

* (stringp a)
T

*a
"this object is a string"

: i * (setq b 'this-object-is-a-symbol)
THIS-OBJECT-IS-A-SYMBOL

* (stringp b)
NIL
·. J
MSG ;):!J j.} 1-r
T ~ ~ J ~~?. .S ~I LSioju r} (~ J2.4.l; "message" uJ~ 4.J.)MSG
J.:~ l..21LS.:~JJ.J .x.S~ J.:~L:, Jl:..:-o.} t.>.JJ.J". .S ~I J ~~)I J~ ~~ ~j) J.J .:~.:~.JI.ff.
~I JJI ~.:~ ).:~ .:~ y:- .J oju ~yli .J.:I .:~Jyo ~I J.:~ .J.j.:~ }l.f ~~ ~y ~ .J o..l..!. ·•·-:·).:>c.oMSG
r
T J.:-.......l..21LS.:~.JJ.J jl ~}I ,~1 .J.:I ,J.j;,}~ ~~ J..,i j4; ~'.J..s, .:~ y:- J ~.J..l.: WJ.;>
yl.; T J.-- .J o..l..!. jA::..o ~..b.;."-! J~ j LSLo.; ~K. 'J......J~ J "-!MSG ~.J ,..l..!.4
..:~~~
01~ ~ T .}.-- ji.S LS.:~)y "-!·~~~I J.:~ IJMSG jl o.:~I..G......I LSI..r. Jl!.. ~

.J.j _,.:;....5' ~~..b.;.~ J ~ L.21~ J.;> .:~)y ~I J.:~ ..>..;5 ~ y o..l..!. oJI..G......I LS:JJJ.J

..:~ Y. .ul_,.> T ..r.l.r. MSG _,A ~ ~ ~ J.l

* (msg ''Alas ,poor vorick" "I knew him well")
Alas ,poor vorick i knew him well T

I
.. .! * (msg "Alas 'poor vorick" t "I knew him well" t)
Alas 'poor vorick
I knew him well
T
* (msg ''Alas " ''poor vorick" t t "/knew him" "well")
Alas poor vorick

I knew him well

T pl·.
~. .
'-·

:..L:SIJ'" J.)L.,.., i~ CJI_fs ~ IJ ~ ~ ~j)MSG, .r..j Jl;..,. J.)

* (defun greet (person)
(msg "Hi there , ''person ""f"' t)

(msg "How are you today ? "t)

GREET []
..

(greet 'fred)

Hi there ' fred!

How are you today? !;-'
' ..· ]
~ '

·~1.5" IJMSG .) Y!Jl$" jl _}.,_.) JL:.., ~

* (msg "2 plus 2 " (plus 2 2) t "HOW about that?" t)
2 plus 2 equals 4
HOW about that?
T

* (defun square-talk (X)

(msg x "squared is " (times x x) t)
SQUARE-TALK

* (square-talk 10)
10 squared is 100
T

* (apply-to-all 'square-talk ' (1 2 3 4 ) )

1 squared is 1
2 squared is 4
3 squared is 9
4 squared is 16
(T T T T)
 .xS '-;"'~ I; "Mary Had a little lamb" ...:..> ;l:>- , J~ _; L.5JJ.T. .S ..1..:--:Y: MARY iL; "-: U"'-!\;-'

!..SJJ ;~ •1.5~-ls- L.5~JJJ ~ c.J4;~ ~ .S ~Y: DRAW-LINE i\..i <~.: c.JI_,..>-1) ~ _,..>- 0l.....:.>L.. ~ U"'-!\; -1
- i

(DRAW-LINE 10)

* * * * * * * * **

~ (m, n) L.5~JJJ ~..ls- J~ c.J4;~ ~ S ~~DRAW-BOX iL.; <~.: c.JI_,..>-1) ~ _,..>- -Jl.....:.>L... ~ U"'-!\; -\

·.I
(DRAW-BOX 5): Jl.. 1..5l.r. .J:S y~ 11
* ..:;....."':N.
11
~m x n l.)"""!._;t..
i
.. 1
*****

*****

*****
I
:_ _) *****

.i
j
READ ~Lr ~ -l'
,~..u;. ~ J.j\y~ ~ y ~I) J.j\__,>~ IJLisp ~ y ~~~I ~L; READ

J~ READ 0~1~J!} ~ .~~J~_y_ ~y ~j) ~ 0l ~4 J (...L.!.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

·-4JJIJ~ J _r:S..::...::..; ,Jl:.:-o,; jl o~b S-:_ 0J..jl_,> LSI,;: IJ,; ~l5 J..:/i ~ c:;Li S-:_ J>l~
I .~1 ~ 01 f-) .k.;. ~ .1,.4\,;.r. jl oD o.)li:.....l ~4 -~ IJ f-) LS~J\.!.o
'-I
* (defun my-square ()
I
::_:·:)
(msg ''please type in a number?")

(setq x (read))
-• .I
(msq "The number" x "squared is "(times x x) t))
I
I MY- SQUARE
* (my-square)
please type in a number? 7

The number 7 squared is 49

T
* (my-sqare)
please type in a number? -4

The number- 4 squared is 16

.J
T

* (defun square-loop ()
(my -square)

(msg t "would you like to square another number?

Type YES or NO ... ")

(setq a (read))

(if ((equal a 'yes (wquare-loop) 'goodbye))

SQUARE-LOOP

*(squale-loop)

please thpe in a number? 2

The number 2 squared is 4

Would you like to square another number? Type YES or NO ... no

GOODBYE

~I_,; f.. L.., 1-~

~..w).) .l.J--::>;".JAUTOLISP ~ jiLisp 0J..Lo ~lA0l:j J.) 4..5 i/o ~.JI c:;l__,; jl f1
t-il
. .>.;...;,~if PRINT .J PRINC ~RINl 4TERPRI

,f.".J? J~.} lS\-.j 0~ .6.) _,.;,if~~ .J .l.JJif 1~ ~~ 0~ c:_h.9 LSI.r. TERPRI c'
'.·.···]'·
' '
&.

..l.i _r?if LS.l.JJ.J CJI_f.&- .t.: IJ Lisp~ y ~PRINC .JPRINl.) _,..;. ~ J..:.~ .k.> l.S.JJ.J'!
. .x:.Sif ~~ J~ _; l.S.JJ.J'! .J

.t.:L.:...o 4 ~y ~PRINC ~l> J.) . .x.Sif ~~ CJl ~I.J 0J~ .t.: IJ ~yPRINl
.~Lo) ~ y _r..j LStAJl:..o .t.: ..x.Sif ),:jJREAD
* (setq a "where fore art thau 'Romeo?")

"where fore art thau 'Romeo?"

* (PRINl a)

"where fore art thau ' Romeo ?"T

*·(princ a)

where for:! art thau 'Romeo?T

..) _,.;,if ....A:.~ _r.j 0 J~ .t.: PRINl .J PRINC t; \; .J.l jl o.) ~I ~PRINT ~ \;

(defun print (x)

f']
~
 (terpri)

(prinl x)

(princ " "))

PRINT

* (apply-to-all 'print '(0 1 2 3 4))

2
'i
. '
! 3

4 (T T T T T)

.~1 .r..l; 0~1 y_; ~_,1 ~1_,; jl o.)Li:......l 4MSG ~\; ~~

:~~ ~~TERPRJ _,PRJNC ~_,1 ~1_,;) o.)lA.:......I4 ~~_,;~ IJMSG :}.._, i)

( DEFUN MSG (X)

(COND ((EQUAL X T) (TERPRI))

I (T (PRINC (EVAL X)))))
J

J..>. \; .S Lisp 04j.) JY J.) ~l:lS' ~I\; . .J.--. J~ 0~ ~ ~ ~I).) '-:'-'\.;S d_,l ~

.J.:.) ~ .vJ~ IJ.) Y. oJ.:.)} '-:'-'~IAutoL/SP ~ S-.:.) j L.S.)~j

0~L.... jl j+: ..SJ.) J~ ~ J_, ~ ~AutoL/SP 04j J.) ~~~~I

-~ )~ ~ ~ i.SJ.J~ j_,l ~ ).) ~~ u.) r.Lisp

If.. ~1_,; 0~ ..l.ol).$" j_,l ~ ).) 6 ~jl-'.liJi _J.)~v..l~~~'.) y:.~~ y

..l:J_,.>~ .1. i.S.)~j ..l:~.) )y ~ i _J.) ~ w~ ).) -~4o..)}"1.1::-;l~isp04jJ.)l.S..):.J4..4~ .1.

AutoCADLSI_,--;6~ _,..;.~~1_,;~.1 Y.r'.) )y~f..I)L.SJ~-J..:IoJ.:~J_,I~J.)IJ~~~ ~S
.~).) .)_,.:>:-_,AutoLJSP 04jJ.) ,~1} u~ i~l 1.5l_r. \,s.r' _, ~ o~ ~_,..;
o.)\..i:.._.l ~L>. ~l_r)" jl ,~ly-5 u~ 4 '-:"""""~ 1.5\_.,?- _,_r-' l,.i.S..).JJ.J
..
-~
~

- .»• \;..;.II~-~1
J....AI
~

~ L. s .x.:.S~
~ JLS _, ~yoi,.A~ .r: jiAutoLISP L.S.r$.)~ i~ J..) .6 ..:.......I ~f.. I h.)~ y
..>.: _,..!..j ~ 1..'- r - - . }:s>
o.) J_,T j_,l ~ J;) 01 ~I_,; _rSI _, ,..::..-.,1 Lisp 04j jl L.S14:>-l.;,AutoLISP .6 ~~ jl

d.) c__.--=. u~ Jyb ~ y; i j:J ~ J:J ,~ ~ 0T J.) S ~l_y .) _y>; _, If.. I 4 ,o~
.~1 o~ .01) ~~ .)JY J.) 1-f-\_.,J~ i _,) uJ~ J..).J ~..i.ilo~
 '"]
';
~
~--
.-
:. :

,...,·
J

,,
d.__j
I& •
rJ~~

AUTOLISP

r::a
~
 .-.. !

1
i

.-·.)
 ',·.~].··
..

~~ ,_,
~ 1~ .U .U4~Lisp ~~ 4...41_j_r. 0~j jl o.U o~~ Ll_j..r. ~AutoLISP
~~ ~ .x.Sr.f ~\) W LSI..r. 11 0K.ol ~\AutoCAD .~\ o.U ~AutoCAD L>))i\) '].:
...
.....

j~ ~ ~L> ~I} ~..r. 1 l5'4 ~b 11 ~Y- aly.J.) L~.j_~.AutoCAD )ji\) jl o~lA;,.,.,I

.J.;S y; ~~)~

1~ u ~I o~~l J LS..,$.)4 LSI.r. o~L..... ~y4...41_j.r. 0~j ~ AutoLISP

<~.....;) •..:.........\ lSJ.Jy-PAutoCAD d~..\Lo LS..,$~L_ ~ If-\ ~ ~JJJ)I ~ .~1 .,r..J.;......;l.h...il
LSL,.4...41_j r. ~iy , f AutoLISP ~.J ~ .(..1.::-:. k; ~\r ..6_yl 4 L>j ~IS ~I_);. "-:-'L:S"

~L> ~I} l,$~.)..r. 1 \S ~ ~'14 ~ 04j ~I J~ ~~ Cj\Y ~~ 4 J ~_,.;.: \1 macro

. ..~.::-:.k; ly.-1 ~ J ~~ .AS"yiLSI..r. L>~~ LS~0~} ~lyr.f 04) <J.-14 -~1.:. ~.)

~ -~~ ~ly i J~ ~ jl i .r-- J...a-9 1 .) ~~J~AutoLIS~ 04) _ri. ...51 .) LSI.r.

CjiY j1LS1 l:-: ~.) ~ ~ J ...:;.......,IAutoLISP 04j 1 .) _r.=..- ljiY ;::;r 01y ~ "-:-'\.:S i J.)
[]
·~,f f.i i J.) ~ J.) JJI ~

AutoLISP _;J i.AoJIJ tlyl 1 - t'

~J.j _,$r.f 1 ~ o.)lA=......I.)1 yAutoLISP 1 .) ~<f.. l..2lo.)b t_yl d.~ JS Jl:...!.T 1 ~ ~

:~1 o..W. .01) _r..j ~ ~ ).) ;o····
,,;, .. :.

~~=Symbols

~~=Lists

.)\~1 =Numbers
(REAL = ~ .)i~l- '1 JNTEGER = ~ .)\~1-' : J.jl~.) J.) .)\~1)
~J =Strings
 (J-1.9 }~) J-1.9 }~ y =File Descriptors
~ _rP .Y' ~ L I =Entity names
d-~1 L5~"-c ~=Selection sets

~ly =Functions

1.51~ JJI~ =Paging tables

(···1 :.X..:.~~ _r..j cr.~ L5J~I...::.-;N. ~ 1.5l).) ~d.) lf..l jl ~y.AutoLJSP J.)
Symbols = SYM
Lists =LIST
Nwnber=REAL or /NT
String= STR
File Descriptions = FILE
Entity name = ENAME
Selection sets = PICKSET
Function =SUER
Paging tables = PAGETB
)
I
.J:J_r.$..5" ) ) ~ .)JY J.>t5 J_,1 ~ L5~ 1.5lA~ J.) lAd.) lf..l
~ ~~ ~.)J~ lf..I.Y.~ ,.x_.:,~..f' ).)..::.-;N. ~ 'y .)1~1 WJ~ ~ ~ .)1~1
~l..,.U -.:..j,) ~ L5J~I.)I~IwJJ....::J A.:~ .)IJ.s-I . ..L.!.~~ +i'tVrV \;- i'tVrA .)1~1

. .
·.··;_·) . J:J _y:;, ....>" d.) 0 L:...;

~~ 1.5l_.r. ~l:.:_.) wJ~ ~ .Ji!l>. ,..L.!,~ 1..5)..li-o r 1..5!).) J:JI_y~ lA~J J_,.b
..)Y. .uly> _;51Jt5' 0 0 .r.'.r. ,..:...:\j L5~~) L51.r. J _,1 _r)l..l> '~; ~ ~ ..)?-....>" )}
'!.l; ~ly lf..l.~l ~L ~ ~ly \.: L51ol,j~\.:S ~ly 1..5~ L51JbAutoL/SP

..X..:.~....>" L5 ~ "-" J L5 ~J.) ~I} L5 ~.) f.J t5 1.5l_r. L5f..Y'--"' \.j .r. U"" L IJ
:.)Y::,...>" ~ _r..j vZJJ ~~I} ;. ::..d...a.:~>..., 0~ 1.5l_r.
.J:J r<J" d.) 0L:...; (x y) '-? .r" (Jj 0 )~ ~ L5~ _J.) ..bl.ii: L5~ _J.) ..b~

(3.0460 4.7800) : J~

.J.:S<J" ~ IJ Y 0~ ,)...liA ,J--A.J.) .JX w~ ,)...liA .:r.J.JI ~L> If.. G.)

.J:JY::,,y" o.)b 0L:...; (X Y Z) --? .r" ~ "-" 0 J~ "-! L5.h: "-" ..b~ :1..5-h: .s........ ..b~
;j
(401 562 -12036)J~

, J l..li...o l_r-4 .J-""' J Y ~ , ) ..li...o r:.r---o .J.) , X ~ ,) ...lio .:r.J .J I ...::.J l> If.. I J.)

.J.:S...>" ~ IJ Z ~
 ']'.
~. _._·
~-

J
AutoL/SP _?4:-~ '-r'
.;ft ~} ~~ .;)).) )} } ~~ ...5..: ~...::........\Interpreter w J r ~ 6LISP r 03J"

• .U,.)~ .0\) \) ij';J ~4 ~~ j\ ~ 3 o;) _j ...::...,.;~).) \) t_SJ3)3 .k;,.

.J J..U }~ ~-.J 3 y- ~~ .)1~1 ,~ ,\~lt_SI_r. ~l><..o ~- u.ll

. ..l:...!.~~ 0\..;.,Y-" ~L.. ~~I_,;

.J.j _,..:;.~ ~G- ,..:...,....\ o.W o;)b ~ ~~ ~ 6 LS_r..J\.i.. ~ ~~- ~

<I.;\)~ _r..J~ c:;G u:.l ..)_,..;.if d:'} o.,.t..;. ~yU c:;G ....>:.: 0J..;--o ~ ~ -c
..)~~ .01) 0~,l) 0T ~ c:;t ~~ 0)..;--o ~ ~ 3 o} 0~ ,/) 0)..;--o
,.J.;.-.S _r..~ \JAutoLISP 0)~~ ...5..: ,JSy-71 J.) "Command" i~ J:~ J.) }I
0~ ~ o~ :ib· "J.) J~~ ~ t.S3J.r! \J ~ 3 ~~ \J 0 Jl;-.->- 0lAutoLISP

,y..IAutoLJSP -.::,........\ ~ ".,.t..;.~ ~Li 0):~ u:-1 }1.-U;.)~ J.:_~ (Command area)

. .,.t..;.~~n = \ 3 1 3 r3 ... 0TJ.)6n> :J.:S'JJloiJi~ []

j~ _r.jly; 0T .)~~ ~ (,O.,.t..;. ..r..r 0 ).~~ ).) 6 ...:_.....,\c) p~ 3 ...:_.....,\ ~ .)~ ....>:.: n
:].
~ J.:. ~ _j ..::...j~).) \)if~~ _}I.~! o..L.:.,; _r..~ ~ _;:.;1~ ~~ t_Si_r. 6.) ).) .) y;- 3 ~-

(,..1.:_.)

~ u:-1 i~l ~}I -..l:.J~ \JRETURN"w.) ~ 3 o.)~ ..r..r ~ _;:.;1~ ~ .)\..u;

~ 3 "·~vo~ ...>:.: 1~1 "J.j~ d~ ~ t.S3J_r.n> r j~ 3 J..!.j ~U; "Command"~~

..;.;S ..r..r ~ _r.;ly; ~ .)\...w ~

']
~-

l.$_,;.1 [.$lA-'!-'.) 01 ' - f

•.)~ ..:....9\:,J.) ~J._I.! 03J.) jl \:, 3 ~~ ~ J.:.> jl J.j\y~AutoLISP t_S.)3J3
..;.;S ...::.:_l>-) 1) _r..j t.S~.)b)} ..1:.~ "JL>- r ).) 3.) ?-~r~k..a.l.:.;.... t.S~~ ~J-3J <~_...., ~
:..l.!.~ _r..j.) )y ~ ~ _.,:S\}5" ~ ~L.;, J.j\y ~ ~~ ('"""""\ (~I

( ) . ' ";

:,..!.;.;.)if~\) ~\j .)\~\ \:.3 ~~ ili 0\:.4 _r..j t.S~ p}S"(~

() . "'; (space) (EOF)
LJ..
..;.;S ..r..r .1>- ~ ).) ~~_,; ~ 1) 0 )-:-~ ....>:.: < y !]·
~:.o.....:.·

.J...!.~if ~\j ..>.:. J.)~ ~~ 3.) ~ ~\j ~ ( 0

j~ d 3 .;.;$ .)~1 ~pi)$"~~.} jl ~~_,;~ IJ c:;ly 3 ~~ if\....,1 ( o
0~AutoLISP J:Lio J.) ..SJj: 3 ..5..::;§ .....J3_;> -~~ tJ_r:. .)~ ~ ~ IJ ~~ ~
-~~~

[))
~
 - y · )w
.6 J...J.j\ . ...Wk.;
- y ~ "-" \...- "+"~~\.....WI
\..}r' -
. - y~ I) ~u
. ~
:JI~I ( c
...l.!. ~ + 'i "1 v?- v G - 'i "1 v rv 0-::-! J.:. ~ ~~ ~ .:l-' ~
~ )..lio .J o.:l ~ o:JL.Q.::.....I ~~ LSJ~I i) jl ~ .>..:. ~ ~ :JU.~I ~ LW LSiy: ( C
.4 d-' J.j\J~ J:L! o.o5 ,35.7o ,31.460 ,2.4 .~k; u.:l ~ jl ~-' ~ ') ~~ LSJ~'.)
.J.:ly:;. ~u~ .:l~ ~ 0'r ~ .J,.;\_,;~5 ~; ~ ~ .~ J~ J:L!- .45\.:.
.:J_,..;. _r..~5.0 0J_ro ~~I ij'J
J.:l .~1 o..L.!. .!..bl>-1 J_,! ~ ~~ .J.:l ~ .6 -.:........(..,_?1)5 jl L514..LL~ ~J ( C
~~ u-:.1 :J~.) .~k; o:JL.Q.::.....I (backslash)\ ~~ jl ~~y~ J_,! ~ ~~ .J.:l j>I:J

: -.:........1 o.MI _r..j ):J ~~ ~ .,s ~:J~ ~ 1) 1.5-~_.,JS ~~.:l _?1)5 ~ olr ~
.~1\_?)S~~\\

...:.......\escape~~ \e

...:........IJ..:.~ .k;.. ~ ~ \n

.. :::......... !return~~ \r

...:.......\tab~ ~\t

.~1 ~ LS~ J:Jnnn JS LSI):J .6 ~:J~ IJ LS;SI)5 ~ \nnn

:.:l __,..;.~ J.:.~ .k;.. ~ i~ JLa::.;l ~~prompt LG ;:J \n .:l _y;;- 3 JL:...o LSI;.
prompt "\n Enter first point:")

~ y WJ~ ~:J_;$~ )} J.L9 J.:l .J o..l.!. ur- '~·" ~~ ~ .6LSI~ \.:. ~

~~ WJ~ ~ .J,.;)J.j LS,r-7~ ~ o1,.4\.j.T. LSI,r.-1 J.:l ~y wiJ~ ..:!__,..;.~ o~L;
o1,.4L;.r. ,.r.- .k>- 0l y>-1 G ";" ~~ jl ~..l.!.~ ~r d-' :J?- ) } J.L9 ~ r ):J J.j\y-~
..:!__,..;.~~~
: J L:...o LS '.r.
; This entire line is a comment

(setq area ( *pi r r)); compute area of circle

AutoLISP ,;-' ~,;l.::...Zy ~-'b,;l_,i J~f' -~

IJ ~~ .6 ..:.......I oD o:JL.Q.::.....I c:;ly LSI.r. I.T'L> LSVd:J Ji} LS~ jl ~~I.:S i .J.:l ~ J.:l
: JL:...o LSI;. .J..:..:l ~I_,.> c:;ly iL.; ..}.J"'..A J.:l
(moo <string> <number> .. .)

J.:l ~~ ·~ J ~1,> 01 ~ ~LG J>-1.~ ~ .:l.JJ.J J.:l .6 ..:.......I LS.r-:;- -:r.).JI L\.; iL; .
 .J..:....!.~~ I.SJ.JrP ~\.; .)~ 1..5l_r. 6 ~~l.f..~Lo f) .)_r:-~ rlt ).)~ f LSL,_r.;ly;
..)Jb ,.)~ !.Sh.) .J ~J ~ ,c_,Lo f) J.) tYI.A.> ~ C~l"moo" ~\.; y.:>-1 J~ J.)
~.S.)..LJ:. 1.5~0Lo y-S) ~.5I).) ~~y~ moo ~\.; 6 ~I~ ~I LS~f"... " .J:a; "--"' ..::-'Jv;.
. ...l.!.L~.c _:.
·1·1...;;7~

:J..:....!.~~ _r.- y:_j.) )y "moo" 1.5l_r. ~\.;.} TA J5:..!. .rl....l.r.

(moo "Hello" 5)
(Moo "Hi" 1 2 3) f']·
~-

:..J..:.:.......
-~ - moo ~
\.; '-"
. cl.1. f._)· '-"
. cla,Jl:...,

(moo 1 2 3) ...L!~ ~J J.:.~ 0Lo f) -:r-J.JI

(moo "Hi") .~1 ij':l ~S.)J.s. 0lo f)~ _;.;1-l>
(moo "do" '(1 2)) . ...l.!.~ ~ ~~Y~ 0lo f) (.r.:A.J.)
,,.-.]
_r.;ly; .r. =.J'Jv;. ,.) r rlt Ll.i ~ ).) ~~~)~_;51..~..>- 1.: J ~~~ Jr ~Lo f) }I . -

:J~ L.SI.r. .J:S~ <l.bl:.-11) e,T ~.J_? .J.) ~.).)~ f ~-]_-

--

(foo <string> [<number> j)

1..5.)..u. 0lo _,..5) ~ .J ~I LSI~J ij':l 0Lo _,..5) ~ L.S\).)foo ~\.; ..::.JL:.- ~IJ.) ~]
.J..:....!.~~ ~fooL\.; LSI.r. y:._j .))y ,J~ 01~ "'-: ....l.!.~ ~~.) d _r, 0\ J.) ~~y~
(foo "cath")
(foo "cath" 22)

:~ .r.- y:_j.) )y J.J

(foo 33) :.) ).) \)':JL.S\~ J 0Lo f)~ tYI..l>
(foo 12 25) ...L!4 1.51~ J J.:. 4 j__,l 0lo _j) :~1
~
(foo "Hely" 13 15) ·~ ~ ~ L.S.)J.s. 0Lo f)~ jl ~
.;_-_-1
J

jl:J J.)_JA ~(.;~/ t -f

:..:........\ y:_j ~ ~AutoLISP ~y<~...oli .1. .J 1.5)\~\=\J 1.51.7. ij':l wli\.5:...1 tYI..l>
.~1 ~\.;.. 640K tY\..1..>- .J Hard Disk LSI).) _;~IS~ -'

.':14 ~ ..JSy-1 '0 ~ -1

\J e,T 1.51~1 J-.)).) ol~ ~ ~ \JAutoLISP,':J4 ~ .J \ o ~AwoCAD <~...oli_r. ./>
~

J.u .~ \j':lAutoLISP 1.5)1~\=\J J ~ 1.5\_r. ~\.>. ~ ~ .x.S~ .:_r--o\.;

acad.ovl
wl~ ~_r>-T JoL!. readme.doc J.u .~\AutoLISP <~...oli_r. 1.5\_r. =~.) ~__,; J-u

g-. -
 ,-I
: I

. ..L.!.~~ ..l$'yl ' ' ~ )~ o..l..<>l ~ y:- Y.

J:J IJ acad.lsp ,}_ L9AutoLISP ~~ __,.;.~ ly.-IAutoCAD ~ ~ },_)..;_l_r..__, ..S J~.J""'
W ..S ...:.....,.,! ~ 01J.: er:I ..J:Sif (LOAD) J~ JSyllS.JJf. ~lA _yl J)=. ~ ~ y:- __, ...:..> J~

0..L.!. ly.-1 ~ 4-il _J ~_f.: J.. \.9 cr..10.JJ~ ~J.:)~ ij:J ..lS'yl)~ ..S\) ~ _y> oi__,.;J~ ~ly ~ly ~
.J.i rif ~~;...... ~ ~~ .» ..lS'.Y 1

.- ... ,.
 ~-]-
Autolisp .;::J ~ c;'.Y L

4..4 ...t..U r- '

~ ,6 ..:.......I L.S.:>..U.:..O ~I_,; LSI),:, LISP ~J.:..:> ~ .u..l~ JJI ~ J.:> ,6 J_,.b 0w

i J.:> ~ J.:> J_,k.o ~ &~..; -~ ~Autolisp ~ jl ~LISP~ L.S~~ J.:> ~~

..:........I ~ ....:........1 o..LAT ~ j ll-1 J.:> ~Y' ~ 01y .~..; Autolisp _r.:..- ~ly ~ ~1..;-"1..-:5 .-_--]
- .

•'-

o~l-.:.A IJ ~I r ~.ll-1 J.:> J6- ll-1 ~ -~~ oJ.:..:> JJI ~ J.:> IJ ~ly ll-1 jl l.SJ~ ~ ]
~Jy-:> l: J.,;lyif i~ lf-1) •.:>rif o.:>j I..L..::> L,Jl i~ ~J .~..;Autolisp ).:> ~t; y. ..;_;.Sif
..:> Y. ..U.Iy ~l.; -=---:J jl ~ ~)I ~~t; S.:. i~ (J,..;,~ oJ,..;, ~ j .S)j: t: ~ ~
:J.,;rif ~ ~.:> o.:>r "-:~I_,; ·~if ~I J.:> IJ ~~ ~ J ~I_,;~ jl L.S~

~~J ~l_,r-'
4.1.1.....> ~ l..i- Ull
([LX) (expt) (exp) (abs) (1-) (1+) (*) (-) (+)

(sqrt) (rem) (min) (max) (gcd) (float)

'' . ]·'
__

ti_ __

(sin) (log) (cos) (atan)

(append) (assoc) (car) (caar) (caaar) (cadar)

(caaaar) (caaadr) (caaddr) (caaer)

(cadaar) (cadadr) (cadddr) (caddr)

(cadr) (cdaar) (cdadr) (cdar) (cddar) (cddr)

(cdaaar) (cdaadr) (cdadar) (cdr)

 (cddaar) (cddadr) (cdddar) (cddddr) (cdddr)

(cons) (last) (length) (list) (member) (nth)

(reverse) (subst)

(getenv) (getvar) (quote)

I (set) (setq) (setvar)

1
:>:_::f (apply) (command) (defun) (eval)

(foreach) (lambda) (mapcar)

i
i
(menucmd) (progn) (repeat)

(cond) (zf) (while)

(=) (/=) (<) (<=) (>) (>=) (eq) (equal)

•·,·.·.·
·.··-1·

(and) (atom) (bazmdp) (listp)

(minusp) (not) (null) (numberp)

(or) (type) (zerop)

~~~; ~l_y- A

~.)~lair ~'.f- Ult

)
(strcase) (strcat) (strlen) (substr) (wcmatdz)
·': .\

( angtos) (ascii) (at of) ( atoi) (chr)

(itoa) (read) (rtos)

'fV Autolisp J:. .r.-sv c:;I.Y
']

(angle) (distance) (inters) (osnap)

(polar) (redraw) (trans)

(graphscr) (grclear) (grdraw) (grtexJ)

(grread) (textscr) (vports)

?.J.;> I ~:JJ;J ~ly-- ' .

~ W ~ j/4.5-'.J.;.J (j'.Ji- UJI

(getangle) (getcorner) (getdist) (getint)

(getA:•vord) (getorient)

(getpoint) (getreal) (getstring) (initget)

(prinl) (princ) (print) (prompt) (terpri)

(close) (findfile) (load) (open)

(read-char) (read-line) (»rite-char)

(write-line)

(xload) (unxload)

(ssadd) (ssdel) (ssget) (sslength)

(ssmemb) (ssname)

(entnext) (entlast) (entsel) (handent) 'J

L.

(entdel) (entget) (entmod) (entupd)

(tblnext) (tblsearch)
;.]··
"""'
,-.·.
[]
'
..._,;.,:....
 (ver) (alloc) (expand) (function)

(gc) (mem) (vmon) (trace)

(untrace) (*en·or*) pi nil

(cvunit) (trans)

(-) (boo/e) (logand) (logior) (Ish)

I
: .!

~~.) e'Y'r -r
~ JY' J~ . .>...:.~!.$'" AutoLJSP ~ly jl ~ _y. ~ ~ .J ~ y ~ .b Y._;-4 ~~ .J~~

t:--'l; ~ "--: .bY.yA 0T .J ~~ ~~~ _);.i J~ ~ J.:~ IJ ~ 0j\.9 S:_ -~l:.J (::IY
~ )~ oJ.:.:S d _r, l5U,~~ ...l.:.~l.f" ~..1$. S:.: ~ ,~l:_) ~ly ~~ ...::.......1 ,__?-" .J.]>

)~ ~~~~ iL..; .}1 .~ '0~)'; ~ l:. ~ j;L:.J jl ~ .J? ~J,;;. tj oJ..:..:S ~ ~t!\;

.~ .>-: ..ul_r> ~ ~~ s:.: '~ .J? t:--'~ '~~ ~ tf jl ~\; ~ 0L. ~)

..>...:. .U.I_,> ~\; jl o.M1-.:........~ ~8 )~I~ -.J,b... ~~ ~~ ~l..l$.1 ~l:.) 0~
1.5~ ~ 0l ~ 6 ..::.......1 ~ ~1~1 ~l:.J 0~ S:.: i ~~ _r. 'fV ~~ ~ JL:., 1.5l_r.
,~t; ~ 0L.}") ~~~ljl ~ jjl..~..> .}1 JL> .~Y. ..v.l_,.;.. \O ~ ~..u:., \CJ)rrrrv
~ IJ lj\; ·~ .J J:SI.f" ~ ~~ ~ J.....L:JIJ ~1~1 iL..; ,_J ~~ ,..L.:,~ ~ 1.5~~
...v.~l.f" .01) ~ ~~ s:.: 0 )~

If. L...::.- ~I_,; r- r- '

~ .J ~}'lo \; ~-.Y..~ .J ~ jl ~ -.:........1 i.S~..k.:A ~l:.J ~1_,; lS\)~ AutoLISP

: j I J..:.j ).~ ~I y ~I .~ _r:;, 15" J.o L.:. IJ

(+ <numgerl><number2> ... <number N>)

~~~I)~)~ oJ..:..:S d_r. (.9~ 1.5U.0Lo }") ~(.ljl,.;~ l:. ~) ((+)) ~\;
...v..)l.f" .01) ~~ ~ ~\.;- 0 J~ ~ IJ ~ .J J:SI.f" ~
Y> J.J .~ Y. ..v.l_,> ~ .)~ ~ ..1..:..!.~ ~ .)1~1 iL..; ~ ,_;)~ )~ ~~\; ~
.~ Y. ..v.l_,> ~ .)~ S:.: ~\; ~ ~.>...:,~ ~ .)1~1 jl ~ jjl..l>- olS
- -~ '· :U.Jl;..o
 'r'\ Autolisp J" ~ c;'Y"

* (+ 1 2)

(+71423)

44 ;]
(+357911)
~?J
~---.1
35

(+ 3 7 1.2)

11.200000

(setq a 4)

(setq b7)
7

(+ a b)

11

(- <numberl > <number2> ... <numberN>)

\) ~.) J:Stf rS ~JS..: jl ~;; ~ \) 0lA.f) ~\~i.t.J5 (~ 4 J.:.y~;) "-" ~l;

:~I _~..j 0 J.r-:' ~ 0~ Jl.)) .J:SI.f'" i~l ~~ jl ~\~\ .t.J5 J.:.); 0 J.r-:' ~

number1 - number2

(numberl - number2) - number3

(number] - unmber2) - number3- nwnber4

(- 42 7 53 1) .)J..)J lj l;
(- (- (- (- 42 7) 5) 3) 1) .~I.JJ"'..JJ ljl; J~~

.J....!.~I.f" ..r..j 0 )~ ~ _r->-1 J~ I.S_r.:':' 0~

((((42- 7) - 5) - 3) -1

42- (7 + 5 + 3 + 1)

~ ~~ ..S:.: 0 J.r-:' ~ ~ ~.J..:..!,~ ~ ~~ )~ o.x.:S ..::.S_r;. ~~~~ i\-.; jl

 -I
i

.)~ s.,_ t;\; ~~_?. ~.;..;.~ ~ ~~ .)1~1 jl ~ -Fl...~.> }I 4.5 JL> J.) •.)Y. .ul_,.>
0 J~ ~ ~ ~.;..;.~ ~I.) J~ ~ 0~ _f) 01~ ~ .)~ s.,_ ~}I .~I ~
. .)Y. ..u.l_,.> ~ jl .)~ 0l -Y..);
:~JI.;_.,

(- 3 2)

(- 2 14)

- 12
- ..]
(- 47)

- 47

(- 86 23 12 13 2 6)

30

(- 97 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)

54.0000

(- (+ 74) 9)

(- ( + 85 7) (- 49 6)

49

(setq b 8)

(setq a 7)

7
. !
I (-ab)(- a v)

-1

(* <number < > number > ...)

If.. I ~ly.- .~l.:..!. times \\.j 4 j_,l ~ J.) 4.5 ~I~\; 0w (~_,..;) ((*)) c::;\;
..::..S_r. .)1~1 ,~ }I ..)Y. .ul__,>- ~~ ).) .)1~1 ~ ).) ~ ~..,..; ~I> 0 Jr ~ c::;\;
~.;_;.~ ~ .)~ S:.:. Jjl..l>- }I J ~ .)~ S:.:. ~~ ..J..:...!.4 ~ ~ ).) o.x.:.S
·- .\ ..)Y. .ul_,.> ~ .)~ .s..,_ ~4
i
' ... .I
' f' Autolisp ;.:..~ d.i

(* 3 4)
.J
12

(* 3 56 8 1.0)

720.0000

(* ( + 6 2) (* 8 9))

576
.,--]
~ .

(* 0.44.6 7.1)
f]·..
·~_ ·
13.064000

(* (- 1) 3 4 1.0) ., ..
"J'
-~

:::~--
.

-12.0000
'']
: __ _

(/ <number! > < number2> ... < numberN> )

.J •.. .J ir .)~ .r.IJ ~ ~i .J.) .)~ .r.IJ .)~ ~ t.; .)Jb ~.J (~) "r' ~t.;

~_r:, ~l> .T. j_,l.)~ ~ 4~l; J.-1 ~ .J..:.) 0~ ~ ..6 ~ iln .)~ .r.IJ ~ (']
:J l:.o LS l.r. ..) Y. .u.l _,>- .) l..l!: ! ~~
v]
L·
(/ 96 4 3 2)

(I 96 ( * 4 3 2))

96 /(4 * 3 * 2)
~l; ~ 4x....;,~ ~ 4~).) ..:...S_r. ~l.; ~ 0~}'} J.) .6 LS.)I~I ~~}I
~ ..\...! ~ ~ 1_, ._j"'}..> ~I ~ o.J...Al ~ ~ "-:"I~ -.:.J l> 0-:.l J.) •.) Y. ..u.l y> ~ .) ~ S:.:.
~~~ J...S JL>- ).) ..\...!~ ~ .)~ ~ .,1.;\y~ .h..O ~ .)~ _J.) ~ ~l> l_r..j

J.J.) y!~ ~ .)~ 4J~I..::...-,..; ._j_L,.. ~ .6 ..\...!~ ~ .)~ S:.:. ~I~~

LS.)~ ~l; ~~~ 4..\...!~ ~ .)\~1 jl ~ .kA.i }I ..J...Al .u.lr ~~ ~1_, ~~ ~~~
..)Y. ..u.ly> ~

:U.JL:.o
(/ 72 6)

12

(! 6 72.0)

'[]-
~;. -.
...·.
 0.083333

(I 180 9 5 2)

(/ 240 16 3 7)

(1 + <number>)

(1- <number>)

r l_r..j .J,;Io..L,;, L5~ ~OJ}~)::.(~ L5~) 111-n .J n .UL..;~) Ill+))~\; _J:J

"'-! ~~.J ~ .J o::..J ..:....!\.:)::.I) L5:J.J).J ::.~ ((1+)) ~\; .J,;.J)~ )~ o,jj)_....;. 01y "'-! ~\; _J:J

IJ L5:J.JJ.J ::.~ 111-ll ~\; . ..:..........1 J::.L..... (+ <number> 1) ~ ~\; cr-.1 ~ ...1..:.5"\.f" .UL;I 01
jl o::.lA:......I ...:..........1 J::.L..... (- <number> 1) ~ ~\; 0:-l ~ .JAIS\J" 01 ji..~..>I.J s:.:_ .J ..:..jlu::.
.: .rif ~ _,; .u1> s:.:_ )::. <number> ::.~ Jy; ~IS\.: 1.5::. ~ ~ljl 1.5l_r. ~I; cr.. I
(1 + 2)

(1 + -2)

-1

(1- 1)

(1- -1)

-2

(1- 3.4)

2.40000

I (+ (* 3 4))
:~::::J
13

(1- (I 2 4))

-1

(abs <number>)

. \
.J,..;,~~ <number> )J.i.o Jlk..o Jjj ~0T t--'~ . :. . . . . \ (ABSolute) ~ absn ~\;
11

J
I ' ff Autolisp J:> ~ c;l_,;

.~1-s::.JJJ ;:,~ jl ~ ~~ ~l:...r. tl.; u-:1 ~J 4...l..!.~ ~ J ~ ~ ;:,~

.::. )::. L>:.~j::. .7.1\S 4"-:.Jij ~ _r..:.IA..o LSI.r. .r' _ra>..: ~I.; u-:1 jl o:.LQ..:......I
(abs 7)

7
(abs -3.687)

3.687

(abs (* 2 -4))

(Setq a -12)

-12

(abs a)
~]:
12 ~-:--·

(exp <number>)

.1 y_y-o 2.718282 "-:.l....; 1 ::. <number> .:~.u. ~ ~ 1 \3J ~~ ~ ((e.xpn ~\.;

..
?... -1
'

..:IY. _ul~ ~ ;:,~ ~ o)~ ~\;If-\ ~4 .::.~~1.5" ,.]..

~-~-

(e.xp 2) :~J\.:..o

7.386056

(e.xp 1)

2.718228

(e.xp 5.0)

148.413200
\]
(expt <base> <power>)

~ <base>.)~ 0::.1 _,\..:........J: ~I.; u-;_1 ~J . ...l..!.~if (Exponent)~ (~I» ~I.;

~ 4..J...:...!,~ ~ ::.1~1 tf jl <power> J <base> ;:,~ _,::. ./> jl ...:........1 <power> 01y
i]•
v.

~ ::.~ ~ 4.J...!,~ ~ 4J:. 0T j1 ~ ~l..t> j l J ::. Y. .ul__,>- ~ ::.~ ~ ~I.;

,.) Y. .ul__,>-

(e.xpt 9 3)

729
 (expt 3 3.0)

27.0000

(frx <number>)

..:........1 0T tj ~} ~ _;~ 0JJ.; <number> ~ _;l..lio 0~ _;_,T ..:........J.: (j\; 0-:.l ~

-.Ull_;> --.;..G.- IJ 0\ Jl.:..&.l ...::.-....,j (j\; 0-:.l ~..l.!.~ ~ ~..u:. ~ <number> }I el_, _;~ _,

.S...S J...: ~I_,; \of" IJ ~..u:. ~ -~)~ 0_,\.4j Jl:-: ~..u:. ~ 0~.} ~}~ Cj\; 0-:.l ~ ~~-~.J
:~ ~} ~..l.!.~ a~ _j o~tA::......I Fix Cj\; j\6 ~Cj\; ~
I (defun round (a)
(fix ( + 0.5 a)))

ROUND

(round 6.2)

6.000000

(round 7. 72)

8.00000

(Fix 47)

47

(Fix 868.45)

868
•
(Fix- 99.99)

-99

I
·._ I
(float <number>)

-;--1 01~ d..; I_; <number> ~ ''float" Cj\; . ..l.!.~l.f" (ixn ~\; ~ .r. Cj\; 0-:.l ~-'
o~tA::......I ~1_,; J~ ~_,.-.... Cj\; lf-1 ji.J:SI.f" J..~ ~ ~..u:. ~ J...: I_; 0l _, ..::,.jlu~ !.S~J.JJ
~ """

. ..l.!.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 01 )~ IS~_,)_, 0La §)

-4 """

6 ~ rl.f"
I (jloar 9)
J

9.0000

(float 56.3)
56.3000000
\ fO Autolisp ;~~~If

(float (/ 43)) ...::.-1 1 ,r.l.r, (/ 43) ~ ~IY'!'" ::]

1.000000 ...::.......11.000000 ,r.l,r. 1 1.5l,r. float ~IY'!'"

(gcd <integer I > < integer2 >)

4.S .)).) ~J (J...!.~if Greatest Common Denominator ul.JS ~) 1gcdn ~\.;

.J.) .J:S ~ IJ <integer2> .J <integer}> ~ .)~ .J.) ~ ...S~ ~ i ~ rJ..?J:r.

o jl ~~.).,As. .J:l rJ-1 o.)_J~ .~~ ~ .J ~ ~ ~ ~\.; ).) o..cl..::..S_r. I)Lo _,j)
.J...!. J.Aiy>- J.)~ \1..> i~ ..li,.,...:..; ~ \$.J o..l..!. _}j .)i>.A }I ...::.-1 i"'Y9V \.;
(gcd 24 78)

(gcd 36 -78)

error? improper argument

Must be a positibve number

(max <numberl> < number2> •.• <number N>)

(min <numberl> < number2> ... <number N>)

..::....-:J J.) .)Y'!'" yo .)l..u:.! ~ .J ~§Lo ~ ~; ~ ,minn .J ,ma.tn ~1_,; ~

rY-1 ~).)~.).,As.~ ~l..l> }1.~~ ~ ~ ~ ..l:.ily~ .)l..u:.l rY-1 ...::.-1 ~\.;
..lily~ ~ ~ \.; ) .) o..cl ..::.$_r. .) l..u:.l ..:.-....:J ,.)Y. J.AI y>- ~ .).,As. ~ ~ \; ~ ~ ..l..!, ~ .) I..As. I

•..l..!. ~ IS _ra:.s. ..:.....-:l ..::....-:J ~ Jo W.

(max 27 32 3 -10) ~--.)·.·
:::.·
R:_-:.;:

32
~ .'
'. ']_.·
(max 47 862.2 987 987.0000) L

987.0000
~ l
w
(max -3 -5 -6)

-3 ;·]·.
'

(min 43 2 0 -1)

-1

(min 23 2 49.0 2.0000)

2.00000

@
.. -
 !.S.JJ ..r. ~\; .J~ cr.-1 __r.:JI; lSI..r. apply~\; jl ~~_,.;~ ~ <tfninn .J Hmaxn ~\; .J~ ~JY J~

..J.;S 0~~1 ~ ~

:JL:..o
(Setq a '(23 46 29 40.1 -4 89))

(23 46 29 40.1 89)

(apply max a)

89.000000

(apply min a)
!
.I -4.000000

(rem < numberl> < number2> ... < numberN>

~~ .J i.J~ ~...w:. .r: ,- >~~~~(REMainder~) rem~\; ¥ . J

~~~~~~~ ~.J.:..!,~ ~b d _r!. ~ 0lo .f))~~~ .J~ jl ~ }1 ...:.....,.,1 ~cr.. I OJ.j~~

o..l.!. ~ 0l ~I.> _r. ~~ ~ ~ .J J.j~~ ~.rP h~ )~ ~j ~?l \; i .J~
IS~~ ~\_; ~ ~.J.:..!,~ ~ d~l i~ Jl -~~J~ .01) ~~~ 01~ ~ OJ.j~~ .J
.~ Y. ,.U;I_,.> ~ ~~ ~ ~\; ~ ~..l.!.~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~1..1.>}I.J ~~ Y. .ul_,.> ~
:lAJl;:...
(rem 361 17)

11

(rem 16 4)

0
(rem 4 16)
l
I 16

(rem 4.0 16)

16.00000
!
'!

(sqrt <number>)

..xSI~ IJ <number>~~ i .J~ ~) '~Jb ~.J (SQuare~~) 1fSqrt 11 ~\;

:~ Y. ..u.l_,.> ~ ,..l.!,~ ~ ~ .J ~ ~~ ~ <number> ,~\; u._l ~~

(sqrt 16)
)
;;;·J
 ''fV Autolisp .J~ ~ c:;IY"

4.00000
--·]
.-.-.'

(sqrt 37)
~ ]
6.082763

(sqrt 2.0)
1.414214 r~.l
L:]

~.)~ J ~\!.l!..o ~ly,-, _,.

(atao <nnmberl> [<number2>])

,y-~ ~lyl; 0J~ ~ ~~ ,J..j~ ~b J~ 0~ _}) .5..:. ~ ~~ ~l; JJ }I

~l; ~ JJ CJ~ .J) _JJ y. }I JJ ,J..j ~1.» .01) (radian) CJ4JIJ ~ _r. <number>
.J Y. ~~~ <numberl>/<number2> i.J"" ~ ~lyl; 0J~ ~ ~~ ,.;.:.,..;,4 .t..:...!.IJ JyA.>
:~J~

(atan 1) ~]

0.785398

(ataiz 2.0) \]"

'..':_

1.107149

(atan 4.0 5)
0.726642

(atan 2 0)
""]
~.:.:
~ -·
...
L570801

(cos <angle)

((COS)) ~G ~ ~4 ~b ~ )J .~1 <angle> CJ~.J) ,y'_f.:-S~\.:- ((COS)) ~G

...0~ ~b....o 04JIJ ~ .r. IJ ~_,lj
:~Jt:..o

(cos 0.5)

0.877583

(cos 2)

-0.416147

(cos 3.14159)

-1.000000
 (cos (atan2))

0.447214
l
(log <number>)

.)~ ~ ~ ~~ o:.l .~1 <number> 0Lo ~} ~ ~JtS:J ,~\.; o:.l ~~

.~I i ~Lf. ~ .)1~1 ~)~ ...1..!.~1..5"" ~
(log 6)

1.491759

(log 10)
. ·_)
1
2.302585

(log (exp2))

(exp (log 2))

2.00000

(sin <angle>)

...r. <angle> 4..:..Jij •.xS~IJ <angle> 4.-:.JI.J..r~.)Jb~.J (~inn..r~~\.;

I
J
..) _y!.,f ~} 0~.)1) ~

:~Jl;.o

(sin 0.5)

0.479425

(sin 1)
;.,,j
--···-
0.871479)

(sin 3.14159)

0.000000

lA~ f..SJ.; ..r. ~~~I_,; r -r

LSlA0'-!j f.. L.... J.) ,~~J .J LSI.t..:.....!.J ~I_,_; x..i~ , AutoLISP ~I_,_; jl ~

•.)Jb.) y:- .J Lisp J.) ~ ,tA~ I.S.JJ ...r. J~ Cjl_,; J.J .J.j _,.;.r.f ~~ :r.; ~__,;4..4\.j...r.
I ~Sir. I.Sx-; JJ.i )Y.I .J J.j _y!.rf ~~ AutoLISP J) ~ ~.)~I_,> <.r; o:.l jl .6 .._r!ly
; i
-~ '-" J.:.-.. I.S.J) ...r. 0~
~ ~ ...l.!.4 ~~ .r..L. 4.) ~~) d..u:-1 '~J.:.-.. ~L.;. ..u1_;,f ~ ~

~ I 4 .J "setq", "defun" c::'.f ~ .6 ~ ~ jl i _J.) ~ 01y ~ .6 .),) },f .)~1 ~y ~

~-~-

...]
,
 \ f'\ Autolisp ;~ ~ d.Y

~ t_.r#Y' ~ 01~ ~ JJ.J~ J~l .s ~ .;ft .JJ} ~ ~ ~J r.f' u.r!r "quote" ,J

,c) i\j ~4. ~If. Auto LISP JY:..f' a.J.jl__,>-1) ~L::- "--! .S 0\.. j .;ft .J a..L.!. .Ul...;l atomlist ~-].
, .

.J:S.f' ~ 1
1 atomlist I~ I

~4 \ • f.lf. d__,k J_,L ~.~I a..L.!. -..::.:;..L J_,L <.5~ jl AutoLISP .Ji;l>.
.c-1 ~ I..J""JJ\ ~ <,SI)J J (~I ~4 \ r J,.,k 0-!.IExtended memory 1 J) J1 b
i\_j .t...: JajL> f.J" JJ\ ~ 'JY:..f' .Ut....;l atomlist "--! J J~l J..-.. ~ .$ .f'~
0\ 1 J J...-. )J.iA AS .))J J_,L ~y ..r. ~'l'J Ja.;L> I..J""JJ\ J..I·.A:4..f' ~\....a=>-1~
.J Y:..f' <.S)~
0w ~ J_,L JJ 0l 0..L.!. a.r.f-~ a~ .J_,..;. ~~ ~ ..>:.:_ uJ~ ~~}I
...L.!. d ..l>I.J J_,L JJ.Y' 1 J Lisp~ JJ .$..::.-..I ~.JJ
~\j..r-! l.SI.r. ,w,~ .J l..!.~ l.SJI~ .J J~l J1 yo 1 J diS u\.&.~1 ~IJ
45 J ~ ~ y <.Sr ~}I AutoLISP lSLb~ .~1 ~I Jl> 1 ~ ,~J _, ~ _,> ,_,..-'..Y
~\jf. (.$JbJI} ~L> 1 J .S ~Lb..lS jl ~.r' J~ ,..L.!.4 l.b~ J l.b~ .J2!l>- <.S.Jl>
•.J.j _,..;. .f' 1?.1 , .J.j)J J.r.-_, ,_,..-'..Y
jl ~ LSI)J ~ i\j }I .x..:.4 ~b piJIS ~ pl..l> ~ 4tAJ...-. iw .f'L...I :-]
~'" ':.

JJY J_,L ~.; 0-!..A: J J.,$~loS~ J _,L LSt..ai ~ JJ i\j 0!.1 J__,k ,..L.!.4 ?GIS~
...:..s.4 ~ 0!.1 ,J:Sif OJL!.I ,~1 ~ ~IJ i\j ~L!. .s .Ji;L> )I lSI~ I.)""JJ' ~ ,_)ii
y. .~J ~IS 0~1 ..l>- b' IJ aJ~I JJY J.:--.. JIJ...j' .JJ }if Jt.....!.l .Ja;l>. r.- ~ljl
d J~ 1 J 0\ jl ~~~ al! _r. .J JY:.if aJ.J)I atomlist "--! '.J...;S.f' ~~ 11 ~ 45 0lo j
0lo j ,..L.!,4 _; ,_}~ )' atomlist J ,.,k ~ _r.. J_,..;..f' ~ atomlist J>b 1 J ,.J.iS oJlA.:.....I
.J Y. ..u.l_,.;.. ~ ~ 0J _} I..L.:; <.SlY. ~
~l.> jl ~.r" ~ ,f.-,_J ~l; <.SlY. ~l; ..>:.:_ jl o.Mi ~..1.: 1 1J.A... jl oJlA.:.....I
~t 1 .) ,wt...J) ~ wly ~ wl .JI ~ _, ~J ~ ~ ..>:.:_ ~ G<.S)J.A... 1~1 .s ~~
:J l!.. <.SlY. ..J...;S 0 J lA.:...., I I.S X J
(* (/ 180 pi) rot)

(setq a (! 180 pi))

(*a rot)

~ 0~.)11 j111 ._!_,1j ..l>-1_, 45 ~t .~W LS)JJY- 0~1-l>- t ,.)_r.- ~ly ~ y jl

(setq rotang (rtod rot))

- (command "insert" blkm ip x y rotang)

 (commad "insert" bllon ip x y (rtod rot)

"--! ~1.; ;:,~ 0.));:, );:, "-olj J..~ "":-'~ "--!l.:.... ~ 0::.)} ~~lSI.)'! ol) If.,~
:~1 0~ .f)~ 01~
(commad "insert" blkm ip x y (* (I 180 pi) rot))

I?.\ ox.:.S o:.lQ.:.....I .k.... y o..l.!. ~L. ~ly jl .i-'-'...r' ..r.l.r. o:. i:..J...b- lSI.t,jl>..:\.:S ~ly
.~1 iJ" y-::-o 0T ~t:r lSI?.\ J.J ~ 0l0~1lSI_r. ~I> 0yt.; ~I~ ....li_,..;,'.5"

(append <listl> ... <listN>)

0:-b i~l ..rl-! lSI.r. 11 ..:....-.J ~ ~~~..s" AS~ yo lSI.r. c..r' ~ ~c:;l; cr.. I
.~\ ~ )~ ~J..;S "o_o..; ~ ~ J>b "--! ~~ lS.JJ f. W~
•..~.:....!.~ ..:....-.J...::,;Jy-::' "--! ~ ~ ~ "append" ~\.; );:, ox.:S J _r;. lSL,.0Lo ..P}

~::. ~L; .)::.) ~::.~ ~ l,.~ 0T 0lo.:>L. AS ~I ~1.; o~,....., jl ~ "append"

~) 1 ::. ~~ ~~ ~U;.J AS ~I~\.> J-U~lSI):. ~1.; ./" .(..1.:....!.~'.5" "list" .J "cons"
.. l
-~~ _r..j 1 ::.11 "append" ~I.; ~.J jl ft. ..51 :. lSI..r. J~ ~ .J:.S :.~I J>lx _r.. 1 v\..;.r.
:LAJ~

(append '(a b c) '(de f))

(abc de f)

(setq a '(this is))

(THIS IS)

(setq b '(a list))

(A LIST)

(append a b)

(THIS IS A LIST)
(append '(de f) '((f h i) (j R l)) '(m on p) '(q))

(append '(x y) (List 'a)

(XYA)

(assoc <arg> <association - list>)

...l.!.~ ~ .rW- lSI):. AS::..r!-'.5" d ~ ~ (~ ~) association-list

-~----·
: ••• j'
..
 r-,
~

\0\ Autolisp .;~ .r?'-'" t:'.i

r-... --:-_1
.. ·

J~ l; ~Jb ~.J 11assoc 11 ~l; .~_r;.,f o~\.j ((~JJ ~~ _r..j 0!.1 jl ~ _r> _r::W;- -:r-J_,I

IJ t---'~ J .>:S ~ 4...:.......1 ~ ¥lSI)~ .1$ ~ 0~ _j I~ L5l_r. 11 ~ ~n

~ 0loj .~~ ~ ..l..!.~,f ~ u¥n jl0l ur- .J.5 ~ ~ ~JI UJ~ ":
J__,...k ~U ~ jl _ro-5 4 "assoc" .h....~ 4..1..!.~..::...-..:J _r..j~_w,~W,.Q~~~ J~

...l.!S,f

UJ~ ~ IJ 0\ J.:~ 1~14.J..._;$ ~ J'~)\11 ~ 0.JJ~ ~1_,.;-,f .1$ 0~) / '

·..l=.J_,T )~ ~ ~ L>~ ~~.; D '

'

=~,f ~ ~ jl JI!A _,~ ~ 0!.1 )~

(setq animal

'(

(cats persian siamese)

(dogs shepherd terrier) f']_.

~-

(jorses morgan quarter) .

) "']
' '
~-'

(setq persian
r1
'(
u
(fur long) r·]·.·.
~: -, :
..

~'

(face flat)

(assoc 'cats animal)

(CATS PERSIAN SIAMESE)

(as soc ' face persian)

(FACE FLAT)

~_,1 jl ~ ,:.r.:-oJ~ ~ _, ~ ..::.-....) ~ i\.j ~ 4Persian ~,f .1$ J_,k 0w

•..1..!.~~ animal~..::.-....) jl..::.-..) _r..j
• ..WI -
.•....l.....-1
- _,r: - y~ ~

(assoc 'face (eva! (cadr (assoc 'cats animals))))

(FACE FL4T)
 J ".) .J-: ~~~ ~ ~ "-: .)J~ ·~ ~ J.) ~ ~ LS~ LSI_r.
jl ~ ~ ~ ~ j1 Jt;.o ~ .~ J~.) f) ~J ~ LSI_r. IJ ~ ~ ~~_,;~
-~ ~ Y ~...::..........1 o..l.!. ~L. ~)

(setq phone '(("HAN' "5 - 347')

("DARA" "5- 428")

("SARA II "5 - 203")
I
))
i

.I
,·_:!
(assoc "HAN' phone)

("HAN' "5 - 347')

~ ili .k.O ,.x...;.~ ~J 01 LS~~ _r..j .r"~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~_rU J.)

I
. I
I
:r.; cons c.:;\;~~~~ ..:.......-::-l ~ ..)~~ J"'l\J; atomlist ~ J.) (phone ~I J.))
~ IJ d~JU,I o.,L;J~ jl ~ ..:.......-::-l ~ ~IJ c.:;\;~ jl J~ ~I J.) .~1 ~ j:lj
·~if .~I o.).} .)~1 ((COns)) jl o.)\A:....I

.)~1 .x...;.L; ~L..:...o ..l:i5 ~ ..:.......-::-l _r..j J.) LSI).) ~ ~ ..:.......-::-l ~}_rb :)..b>-1

..)Y. .ul~ ._s:~.) j:lj i J.) ..:.......-::-l.r..) u~Jli,luJ~ 0:-l J.) l_r..j -~~
:~Jt!.o

l Database d~ JU,I ~ J.) 01 ~ l:..o ~~if IJ ~ ~ .kY..r' w ~ JU,I ~I J.)

. l
. .)JY.~ ~ ~ uW.) ~ AutoCAD
. i

:~:_: l ·((-1. <Entity name: 600000014>) (0. "LINE") (8. "0")

(10 1. 0000000 1. 000000) (11 9. 000000 1. 000000)

i
_i (car <list))

(cdr< list))

Jl!.o ~.}~~~I J.) .~1 o.>..o1 JJI ~ J.) J.a.i" J_,k ~c.:;\; J.) <Y-.1 ~ y
·i
.J ..) _r:;.~ ~L61
:~J\.:..o

(car ' (a v c))

(car ' (a v c))

(VC)
 n
LJ

'O'i Autolisp J:. ~ t:'.Y

· L~
~ u·1 ~ . ') ~- )·1
· """'I ~· \J..f>
. ·T "cdr" ~..L.:.L. ) b~ ~. r..r
l.L:, ~- .Ye'l

(cdr '(0. "LINE"))

f"']·
"LINE" ~- _·..

· ·1
·) J..:..j
) Ls ~
. . J.j .r-'.5' .) b.... I "cdr"
.- .J "car" ~ . - - ·1
l.; .J .) ..__5
.r ) .S ,_;;;~
.~ - ~
Iy -

(caar) (caadar) (caaaar) (caaadr)

(caadar) (caaddr) (cadaar) (cadr) (adadr)

(caddar) (cadddr) (cadaar) (caddr) (cdaar)

(cdadr) (cdar) (cddar) (cdaaar)

(cdaar) (cdaddr) (caddr) (cddadr)

(cadr) (cddddr) (cdddr)

(cadr <list>) , (caddr <list>)

(car (cdr <list>)) , (car (cdr (cdr <list>)))
(car '(a b c))
B
(car (cdr '(a b c)))
,.
~- ~
]
c
(car (cdr (cdr '(a b c))))
'].·
~--·;

~ IJ t+T wlyl..f" 4$ ,,)_r:.l..f" .)~1 "cdr" J "car" ~1_,; jl ~.; ~l.; ~ J ~

:.)~~~.!..:..,.,.))~
~_;...:..-I IJ ~ J.) .) y. _,_. ..r-.:' l.:...s rJ-.} .._;_, r._ .k.O .S ~ ._r: 1_,; J _,I ~.)

:~y f..J u.;~ ~ 1.; J_,l ~.) wly~ ,~.;..:, ~.)1.) ~LSI.;: ..x:.Sif

(setq tl '(a b c de))

\;
t!
(car tl) (car tl)
(cadr tl) (car (cdr tl))
(caddr tl) c (car (cdr (cdr tl)))
(cadddr tl) D (car (cdr (cdr (cdr tl))))
(cdr tl) (B C DE) (cdr tl)
(cddr tl) (C DE) (cdr (cdr tl)) ··.''
[)
'.
~c-_,)
..

(cdddr.tl) (DE) (cdr (cdr (cdr tl)))

(cddddr tl) (E) (cdr (cdr (cdr (cdr tl))))
 ~ c-.::J ~ jl ,. ~ ~ .r..) ~\;.s. ~ ~ ~~_,.; c:}_,.; jl ~.) (.r-4JJ
:~b ~1_,>- .r..j ).) o..L.!. oJb ~ ~l_r. .x.;S~ ~~II)
(setq sl '((a b c d) (e f g h) (i j k l)))
J.)L....o 0J~. Cj Li C:""-:
· L Cj Li
(caar sl) A (car (car sl))
(cadar sl) B (car (cdr (car sl)))
(caddar) C (car (cdr (cdr (car sl)))
(caadr sl) E (car (car (cdr sl)))
(cadadr sl) F (car (cdr (car (cdr sl))))
(caaddr sl) I (car (car (cdr (cdr sl))))
i
I' • • ~ (cdar sl) (BCD) (car (car (cdr (cdr sl))))
(cdar sl) (CD) (cdr (cdr (car sl))))
(cdddar sl) (D) (cdr (cdr (cdr (car sl))))
(cdadr sl) (FGH) (cdr (cdr (cdr sl))))
-l
J (cddar sl) (GH) (cdr (cdr (car sl)))
(cdaddr sl) (I K L) (cdr (car (cdr (cdr sl))))
lj
..x.:.s<.f' 2~~ i), ~ ~ ~\;.s. 45 .,lj y!.tf ~~_,.; JoW.,Cjl_,.; ji~J(_r-4 >-'
:J l!.o ~ l.r.
(setq tl '((a b c) (de f) ((g hi) (j k l)))
J.)l.....o WJ~ t; . L
Cj <::"" ": 0 Li
(caaar tl) A (car (car (car Tl)))
•. --I (cadaar Tl) B (car (car (car (cdr Tl))))
: . .J
(caadar tl) D (car (car (car (cdr (car tl))))
:__ -] (caaadr tl) G (car (car (car (cdr tl))))
(cddaar tl) (C) (cdr (cdr (car (car tl))))
(cdaar tl) (B C) (cdr (car (car tl)
(cdaar tl) (E F) (cdr (car (cdr (car tl))))
(cdaadr tl) (HI) (cdr (car (car (cdr tl))))

.r...i jt ~\;.s. c~~ ~~ ~J 45 x.jlotf ~4 ,)~ ~.) ~~.r. Cjli JJ ,~~ ).)
.J..!.41f "f ~ ~\A~
(setq fl ' ((((a b c))))
JJL....o u J~.
Cj t <::""-:
· L ~
\;
(caaar fl) A (car (car (car (car fl))))
(cdaaar fl) (B C) (cdr (car (car (car fl))))

_r.j _r->1 Cjl_,.; ~.i jl ~I_,.; If ,_;j>b (.~ ).) ci J )I} ~\;.s. ~If.~.) ~l.r.
:Jw.:S oJ \A:..... I
(cadr (cdaaar fl)
 J
c Q
(defun caddaaar (X)
r,.-J
~
(cadr (cdaaar X)
)

(caddaaar f1)

(cons <new - first - element> <list>)

1 ,.L!, ~I_),~ I.)"'L...I ..r. 01 0~L... ~~I ~I_,; jl_h:. ~"cons" ~1.;
.(~ICONStrnct ~"cons" ....:.........!

J..jly~ ~~I) •.xS~ ..:..,;~),) 0\..o.J) ~.JI01_,:s. ~ IJ ~~ ~ ~.JI cons

~JI ~ -:-1 ~ (j~ ~~ ....:.........1 ~ ~ y) 1..5~ 0\..o .}) (..l.!.~ ~~(~I):. ):..o
r.J) 0\..o.J) "cons"~~. J,) ol!.;A .~1 r.J) 0\..o_}) ~~ ~ .J ~~ J.JI 0\..o.J) ~01 ~
~L; 0\...J) ~.JI '~ ~.JI ...l.!.~~ ~ "- ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ,..l.!,~ ~I ~
,~1 ~I ~ ~ "cons" r.J) 0\..o f) 0w ,~ ~ .J ~ ~ .J....a:.s. ~.J,) ,..:........I cons
Jli..;.l ~_ra;s. .J,) ~~~~I) t>.rS .Jail>).)~ ..:.A.::-~~ ...l.!.~~
''.]~·
·,

ol) ~ .~1 C:~l J.li "cdr" ~~ Ja..... y 'Jb.JaAj ~ ~ jl _ra:.s. ~_;>I ..xS~ t:..~

.~1 "cons" ~1.; jl oJI.A.::.....I 'Jb~ ~ ..:.-...:J :.~1 ~~_:;

..'']•

:L,.Jt!A
(cons 'a '(b c))

(ABC)

(cons "These" '("are" "strings"))

tJ
("THESE" ''ARE" "STRINGS") rJ··
"
(cons '(a b) '(c d))

((A B) CD)

((A B))

(cons 'a ())

(setq a (cons 'b 'c))

 (B. C)

(car a)

B
(cdr a)

c
(cons '("another" "string") 'C)

(( "another" "string'').C)

.h...._,;~~~ .)~1 ~L.w ~..SI.r. ~~~I; ~li ~~ Jl!..o ;J :J_r.;IS

___ ._1 ~ ~L; ~~-~~ o...l.!. ~y ,ciJ u;_JJ' oJL. d~)\11 J-Li ~ (J.J;J jl ~"cons"
.l:lS" ,~; ~.JI ..xS~ J~l ,~I lSI~; IS~ JJ ~..SlA~ ~l;b ~I;~~
..L>IJ .;A~ ..::........I4.S~ ~ .r...J d~)\11 J.Li ~ J.::S ~;.~I J..) y. "-! .bY.r ~ .r...J

: ...l.!. ~ .1.> ~ ; .) ._;I.e. ')1.1 I

"John"

"555- 2345"

"Joe"

II 555 - 4242"

"Jim"

"555- 6742"

·""':"::" .r 0---·-
• -- ·~4,.o
. .)
(defim bldist (/ sublist [name l a)

; creats two empty lists to put the data in

(setq association - list () sublist ())

; prompts for a file name

(setq [name (getstring ''file mane to read:"))

;open the file

(setq l (open (strcat [name) "r"))

;reads the first line in the file do the loop

(while a

;read two lines for each list

(repeat 2
, OV Autolisp ;.:. .r?-" ~1_,;

;put the current line in sublist with cons

(setq sublist (cons a sublist)

;read the next line of the file

(setq a (read-line l)) :l

)

;when two lines are read reverse the order of; sublist to

;put the key at the begining of the list ..

~~.J
' .
"
(setq sublist (reverse sublit))

;add the sublist to the begining of the list

(setq a<ssociation-list (cons sub list a<ssociation-list))

;clear out the sublist

(setq sub list ()) f]

;end of he while loop

(close l); close the data file

(setq association-list (reverse a<ssociation-list)))

a ..~.AT _.r.j J;, ~~ J;,jL, ~ ~ ~ ,~1 ('j\,j .b..... y JY..J-" J.. \,; 0J.jl_;>- jl ~
.:J~,/.>~1

(('' John" "555 - 2345")

(" Joe" "555 - 4242")

('Jim" "555- 6742"))

0\ ~\.;.$ .J ~~ 1 -> c.S->.JJ.J 01y ~ IJ ~ ~ ~ ~ 8~ 11 IJ"-!l; ~11 .>

:J.:S~ J;I.J <..i~")\1,1 J..L! ~ J>b ~ 11
(defun svlist (/ slist sublist fname l)

;prompt for name of a - list to save

(setq slist (getstring ·~ - list to save: "))

; converts string to symbol

(setq slist (eval slist))

; prompts for a file mane:

(setq fname (getstring "File name to write:"))

;opens the file

 (setq l (open (strcat fname "w")))
; as long as there is anything is SLIST de the loop

(while slist
; sets sublist to the frist sub - list in the a - list

(setq sub list (car slist))

; return all but the first element in the list

(setq slist (cdr slist))

; while there is anything in the sublist

(write-line (car sublist) l)

;write the first element of the sublist

(write-line (car sublist) l)

. "I
! ;return all but the first element in the list

(setq sub list (cdr sub list))

) ; end of while

(Close 1); close 5the data file

)

I (last <list>)
I
o..L..!. ~ c:;b- <Jl... }') )J .6') ~ ~ ~ ~_;>-T 'J)) ~J "last" c:;b-
'~~ _?..; ~~ ~~ c:;b- ~l.r. ,~1_,... jl ~J~ •.J:S ~ ,~~ 01~ "-! IJ (~I
,.)Y. JAI~
:lAJl!..
(last '(a b c))
c
(last '((a b c) (d (e f))))
(D (E F))
:·"· \

(length <list>)
I
I 0L...f) JJ .0 ~ ~ &- ~_;\'4 JJ ,~~ ,)l..w ~ "length" Cj\j ~ J

.~1 ~ .)~ ~ ~ t;\j ~I ~l.r. .J....!.4~ oJ....!. ~· c:;b-

:lAJl!..

--~
 ,J
'~\ Autolisp .;.:. ~ c;l__,;
1
(length '(a b c)) ;]
3
:]
(length '((a b) (c d (e f))

2 ~]

(length (cadr '((a b (c d (e f))))

--~
3

(length '())
~]
0
~;]
(list < exprl > ... < exprn >)

~l; 0~ _J) ):J 45 ~ ~ ~ (1-.}':l~ ):J '~~ ~l..l.,j ~ "list" ~l; ~.J
[]
....:.........1 ~ :J~ ~ ~ ~l; (1-.1 ~~~ ...W~(J" o..W ~4
:J~ '']
~-.:'·

(list 'a 'b 'c) .-.]

~~-~
(ABC)

(list '(x y z) '(ox p))

((X Y Z) (0 X P))

(list '33.1 '47.9) rJ

(33.100000 47.900000) '.]·.
' '
'•

J~ 'lS~ "-" .J LS~ J:J v~ LSI):J d~ ~~~ :J~ILSI.r. "list" ljl;

4...!. .J 01~ ~ GLSI~ u~ 45 ~~ LSivG.r. ~~~ .>.;$ ~} ...W~(J" ~

:.xS~ rxr ,)~1 ~ J_b:: •4lj.r" J ci} ~ lj.r" ~ jl ~~ ~
(defun doox (ip) ; ..W4LS~ .J:J ~ ~ ~4 ip
(command "line" ip) ; J__,l .k> LSI.r. tJ_r!. ~
(list ( + 2 (car ip)) (cadr ip)) ,. J_b- jl ~~ ...:.........G ~
4

(list(+ 2 (car ip)) (+ 2 (cadr ip))) ; J_b- ' jl ':l~ ...:.........!) ~

4

(list (car ip) (+ 2 (cadr ip))) ; J_.k.;. 4 jl ':l~ ~ ~

"C"

[] '
'

rl
ill~
 (member <expr> <list>)

~ ,~1 o..Lol ~\; 0Lc. }') );) .61) ~ ~ 0));) ;));) ~-' "member" ~L7

\; <expr> 01 ..r'~ ~ ~ WJ.r-:' ~ ~4 ~~ 11 01 }I,;);)~ <expr> J~;) ~ _, .xS

, "member"~\; C:-4 WJ~ Lr..l.r.f:- 1 ;) .;)~'..5" JL....) ,~1 (.9JJJ ~ jl ~ Lr.,_;>-1
.;) Y. ..u.l _,>- nil

(member 'l '(j k l m no))

(LMNO)

(member "these" '(" are" " these" "string")

(" these" "string")
. !
(member "THESE" '("are" "these" "string"))
nil

~~,.;_;Sr.$"~ "assoc" J "member" ~ly .k..... _,; 11 ~ ~ 0JJ.) ~if~;_,

.J.j);) J} '~ § ._j.)_j> .J _$JY. ._j.)_j> GJL> );) ,Ltt,~) ~ ~~ oi.Sf

(nth <posit-num> <list>)

.;));) )} <posit-num> ~-"" J;) ~~I LS~ ~ ~4 .011 1 "nth"~\; ~J

~~ ~ <posit-num> jl .~1 ~ jl ~)w ur-.) ~I)~~ jl__r'~ ~_,...,

.'~~ PJf. '~ LS~ ~ J;) ;) y:- yo ..r'~ ;)l..w- <posit-num> }I ...:.......:1 ~ ~
.;)Y. ..uol_,>- nil ~\; '-:--'1~
:Ut.Jl!..o
(nth 3 '(fj hi k))

(nth 5 '((g h) (1m) (no p) q))

I
;:;:J nil

(nth 0 '(j g h i))

(nth 2 '((a b) (l q) (stu)))

(STU)

(nth 2 '((he l) y (a) (r o) y (a)))

(R 0)
' '\ \ Autolisp .J.) ~ ~1_,;

~1
(reverse <list>) t~.<J

~ UJ~ ~ J o).J 1..1"~ ~~ )i.i jiiJ !};)JJJ ~ _r:ol:.&. "reverse" ~t;

~-]

WJ.)--'&' ~ ~ ~ C~..}~G_ J) .kU r~ 0.:.~ ~.)"'~ .oU)if .01) ~.Jyi­

.).r?tf"
(reverse '(d e f))
(FE D)

(reverse '(g h (i j) (l m))) ,.-]

L_·
((L M) (I J) H G)
"'"1
~ t.SI..~I ~ IJ ~~~I~ ~~.i~ "cons" ~t; ~ ~~~.) 45 J__,k0w .f-_j

~1_,; if ~~W .U~I _/.-,_)~IS~!"-: IJ ~~~I~~~~ j l ..;_;$ .Ul.,.;l h.)

(B C D E F) ..:.........J 1,;:1~
-
.,.t .-:1 .u IJ
•
F - ..T...;...,-• .re'! J\!..o .I,.;'~
r-'-1 ...l...all ,-1 . 0 oJ\A.;;:....I "reverse"
- ~
t; J·1

=~ ~ .Ul.,.;l
(]
:L<·

(reverse (cons 'f (reverse '(b c de))))

(BCD E F)

(subst <new - arg> <old - arg> <list>)

0.:l___-S!~ t.SI.r-: IJ .,SJJJJ <list> 0JJ) (SUBSTitute~) "subst" ~L..;

~-_]_·
_,51 ...l;_ L-; cr..~ 4- J ~y-; L: IJ 0T L; ,..l:S~ .J-"':"- ~ <old-arg>
<new-arg> '-

.JY. .ul__,.> ~ 0J~ ~t.S)JJJ ~ 0w ~t; t:--"4 ,..wl:-i )JJJ ~ J) <old -arg>
,..T]-
IJ ~ y. ~ly(..S""' ~ "subst" ~t; ~J "-: .~1 Lisp J} ~ ~ ~ly jl ~ "subst"
..;_;$ J~l ~" :. ;;; ~~ )U,I ~ 0JJ)
rJ
;-: -·~
h_".."

JJ ~ 0~ _r.- ~ IJ ~ ~ ~t&.)U,I ~ J) ~ a.i J.,J2:..o "-: "subst" jl o)l..i:......l r:l

LJ
~L; jl JS" Jf.J\5' t.S~ 4 .hi; ~I JJ .~.) ~I__,> {(ul&. ~ y ~l&.)U,I ~lyn ~
.~..,..;.if t;..;.T "subst"
:LAJl!..o
_;.) ~jJJ ul&.Jlkl "-! ~..Li ul&.UI ~~ "subst" ~w jl oJI.A.:.....I J)y jl ~

:~1 ~ t.SlA~ rJ•

;;_

(setq phone '(("John" "555-2345")

("Joe" "555-4242") :]
L.

("Jim" "555-6742")
'J-c
{·-·
("Jerry" "555-4234")

)
[J
 -- !
J

J::. IJ 0T ..l;:Aiy>lf' .J ~I ci~ ~ ~~ oJW ~~Joe~~ ~W ~)

o)-.....!. ~.) .A;S u~> ~ ~ jll) r-:.~ o)......;. ~4 1..~1.-l::A::. ~ ::.y> ~

:~W cr..J.-,.. ~ IJ ~ ~
(setq old (assoc "'Joe" phone))
(" Joe " " 555-4242")
(setq phone (subst '("Joe" " 555-9696") old phone))
(("John " "555-2345")
("Joe" "555-9696")
(" Jim" "- 555-6742")

("Jim" "555-4234")

~ J::. o..l.!. ::.~1 ~ ~b .-.:t I.SI.r. ~~::.~ o.Ul..!...o _r->1 Jl!.o J::. .o·~.f 0w
.~1 o..L.!. o::.~l Setq t;l_j jlloe
i .::. ~,_f o::.lA.:.....I _r..j 0 J~ ~ ~::. ~ ~ I.SI,r. "Subst" ~I.; jl ~::. Jl;.... J::.
(setq tlist '((a b) (c d)))
:.J.....:S • .e ·I>. "z" L. I) "b" 1-i.;>
- 0-!-r'- ..~...AI
- .J>· i f ~.J.....:S
- ~., • •
. :)
I (subst (subst 'z (cadr assoc 'a tlist))
J

(assoc 'a tlist))

(assoc 'a tlist) tlist)
((A Z) (CD))

(subst '(a z) '(CD) tlist)

:::. _r!.r.f ~I~ ~ ~ ~ J_,k.o ~ ~ ...L...Jt.f p ~ o~ _r->1 J-.JJ

(setq ol (assoc 'a tlist))
(A B)

:::. ~,f' o::.\A.;....I "b" IS~ ~ "z" lf..J._,_ ~ I.SI_r. "Subst" t;l_j jl 0__,:51
(setq nl (subst 'z (cadr ol) ol))

:::._,..;,~ ::.JI.J ~ ~ J::. ~o...l.!. :.~I vi.)"__ ;.;~~~ J::.

' I
(setq tlist (subst nl tlist))
((A Z) (CD))
I
1

~LA.:;t ~1.,; r- f
~ AutoCAD 0.JJ::. jl _r..::.lio 0.J..ily> ~ ~ I.SI_r. ~ ~ ~ly ~~ly <.5~ o.J}
•.J..i~~ o::.\A:;....IAutoLISP
 ' \ f' Autolisp J~ ~ L.l_,;

(getenv <var-name>)

~ IJ ~ LS~ ~ .6 -.:........1 ~ .Ja.;L> ~ J ~ LSI}.) W J..o~ ~

w~JU:.I ~If.~~.) LSI.r. ...L.!.~~ DOS _r::--4 ~~ ~ jl J\!...o 0:-J"J.r-- ..) ).)~
.~W ~lr .)y> o~.) ~ .bY.r DOS ~t=$" ~DOS .r---" .)J.JA J.) ~
:~JI!...o

(getenv "PATH')
"c\acad"
(getenv ''ACAD")
"\ acad"

(getvar <var-name>)

0Loy$} .~1 JS'__,..;I J.) LSJ~ ~ ~ ~ )J.i.o ~ "getvar" ~\.; ~.J

J.) ~t.; ~ ~ ~0Lo .J) .6 ~ J~ J.) •...l.!.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .J..:. ~ <var-name>
~ J LS4:t=S" J.) ,JS'y-1 J.) ~ ~ LS~~ ..)Y. .uly> nil ~\; t:--"4 ~,;_.;,~ ~
J

J.u ~_; ~LS oJ.:.....b.) 0L!.i ~ LS.JJ .r. SETVAR-RETURN-?-RETURN 0Lo} h.... y
.~I d.~.)

(getvar "menuname")
ACAD
(getvar "orthomode")
0
(getvar ''pdmode")
1
(getvar ''pdsize")
nil

(quote <expr>)

~\.; 0w ~<<' )) ...:.-~ •.).) }~ j~ <expr> ~ ~6- 0.J~ "quote" Cj\.; ~ly:-
.~1 o...l.!. o.)b 0l.;.j Jl...a.:>l u J~ ~ .6 ~!"quote"

(quote a)
A
(quote (+ 9 7.1)
'(+ 9 7.1)
 '(+97.1)
(+ 9 7.1)

(set <dym> (expr>)

"'-: ,..L!,~ (( 'n ...::......,..~LSI),:, S r..JJr J,:, IJ <expr> )~ ,,:,Jb ~-' "set" t!t;
. .U,:,~ <sym>
(set (quote a) 6)
6

L
.· i
(set 'a 6)
6

(setq a 6)

(set 'X 4.0)

4.000000

(setq <syml> <exprl> ... [ <syml> ... <exprN>]

I!
.il_,.;~ "setq" t!t; ..u,:,~ ~ <sym> "'-: IJ <expr> , (SETQuote) "setq" cY
.J.A,:, ~ <sym> ,:,l..u.; c:.>w ~ IJ <expr> LSJW~ ,:,IJ.A;
'-! IJ oj~l ,:r..IAutoLISP ..x....!.4~ JL.Q;_jl ~I ~I_,....; jl "defun" _, "setq"
'"setq" .J:S o.."liA:......ISetq (jl; j14.4~.Y. loS~ y. J.."l ,J.:.-.. ~_rU LS'.r. S .,U,:,~ w-=.yvli.Y.
:C:;(
·~ A.J• •.x.;S .Ul.,;l
I..F~
atomlist A.J
• ')
I If- lA u.:-
I .•.. ..t:..ily~
- S ~ ~ Iy - t'"t""'"'
··~"defun" -' "set"

J_,....k4.....; ~ .uli_r. ~~I ~.r' l_r..j.,:,}'~.k~l4~4_r->IC::!I_,.;jlo,:,~l J.."l jJ,:,

.,:, ).:~ atomlist
(setq x 98.6)
(setq d 45)
(defun test (a b I c d)
)
(setq c 47)
-l
(print c)
(setq x 62)
(print x)
 r-·.~
,,,J

,-1

(setq d "0")
(print d)

(print d)

45
(print a)

nil

~~~~IS~ .. l..r""" uJ~ "-! ..l.ily~ j.:-.. ~~.1!_.) ~I J~ J.) 6 J__,k0w

'! r-" "d" J...-.. ,J~ ~ J.) .~ljl~ atomlist J__,k "-! 6 ~I ~r'l..r""" ~.hi; ..) y:.

)J.io .~1 Q...W. ~_r; (~\; 0.JJ.)) ~ UJ~ "-! r-"-' (~\.; jl U\.>.) ~..r"""l..r""" wJ~
:··,
r.l_r.-10~4 jl ~ _, .6 ~ ~~1 0..W.I_r.-l Jl> J.) ~\.;AS JL>- J.) ..l.ily~ "d" J:--.. ~~~:l

~ 01_,;~ l.r..j ~I ~I }l> J~ o..L:. 0~ i ~ ..)y:.~ If.~)~ ,~1 )Jk ,~\.;

·"b)} o.)~l.) J_J-4 tA J4-' LA J~ '.) y:. .0\...,;1 atomlist "-! &T 0_,~ IJ J...-..
.•_~]
~L. ~ L.SI~~l:S" ~1_,; il,j jl 6 ~ 1-.i ~.) J~ ~ il,j ~~I i~ J.)

:~.f-! .r..) ..::..;J~ "-! IJ ~;~}I J~ LSI.r. .~ o.)~l

~]
(setq assoc 2 0)
2.00000

..)Y. ~~~d.~.) J.li h.) assoc ~\;

:tAJ~

(setq a 47)
47

(setq b 63.1)
63.100000

(setq a 23 b 45.1 c 29.2) iJ

29.2

UJ~ ~Y-?T ~b..."-!~\; '-:--'1~ ,~w o.)~lu)~ ~ jl }I "setq" Cj\.j ).)

:~W ~ y..j UJ~ '! lAuJ~ ~ 0~1 ~l_r. ..).)}~ j~
command: !a
23
command: !b
45.1
(setq x 36)

-
d. .
.
 36
(setq c x)
36
(setq c x)
X

J ~_,..;.~~\.::.-X ,...:,_,I8J...!, o~~~ (( 'n ..:;......~ jl X jl ~ ,_r.:>-lu)~ )~ 0~

. ..li~~ ~4 0)~ 0w "-!

(setvar <var-name> <value>)

~ ~ G <value> )J.i..o \; ~)~ ~J ("SETVARiable" ~) "setvar" (j\;

..,.~

J~ 0l::--o J~ -4. ~ <var-name> .~~ ~ <var-value> 0lA §) J~ o.>....!. Jl....:Z>I ~

...W4_r..- ~ ~ ~ J (~~) ~ ~) ~.r.? )} J_; JZ ..:;......~

,r.- .r..~l..iA :~J~ J~ -4.4 ,~__,..;.~ d~ ~ <var-name> "-! .6 <value> )J.i.o
I
I u~ ~ <value> ~Jb J\..la:jl INSBASE ~ ~ ,J\!..o lSI_r. ...l.!.4 <var-name>

I
lSI.,r. J ~ ~~ ~ -4. ~ SNAPANG r- _ . ~ lSI.,r. J ..l.!.~ lS~ ~ 4 J~
I
...l.!. 4 ' 4 ~ ,CMDECHO
. ..l.!.4~ JSyl J~ SETVAR 0~) "-!~ "setvar" ~\; jl o~~l ,_;.JJ

:~J\!..o

(setvar "INSBASE" '(3.0 2.1 0.0))

(3.0 2.1 0.0)
(setvar "TEXTSIZE" 1.25)
1.25
(setvar"MENUECHO" 2)

,~~~t.,;r-~
)~ l_r:-1 )~ "-! ,01)_,:.....~ lS.r' ~ ~_y0 "-! ~_y0 ~ y lSI_r. ,ox.:S Jos. ~ly
ci4 0.}'U.} JK.!I "-! ,~_yv'U_r.lS~04j ~ )~ t'""!l.f .t,jAI . ..liJJ~ )~ _;.r.;-olS'
...li~~

(apply <function> <list>)

<list> lSJJ .r. <function>~\; JwllSI..r. 0~ .}) J~ lSy$)~. "apply"~\; ~J·

 ' \ V Autolisp J~ ~ e'Y"

~~ ,o..d' o.)lA::.....I .k-..f ~ .J ..L.!.~ i.S\4,.j~l;$' ~\; ~ ..lily~ <function> ....l.!.~~

....1.:...!~\J"' _r.=- <function> 0lo .J) ~ i.SI..r. AS ...l.!.~ i.SJ""'~ ~\.,;, J.:. ~ <list> ..) y:.
r-.:-" ~o.)b ~ i.S.JJ _r. 0~ ~ i~l AS ~lyo i.SI_r. c..r' ~"apply" Cj\;

:J\!..o LSI..r. ..) J b .)..I.J IS 4...l.!. ~

(setq a '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8))
(1 2 3 4 56 7 8)

_r..j ~_), jl ...::.........1 c.f-- ,J;S ~ IJ ~ 1 .) .)Y':" yo ;I~ ~_?Lo ~~~}I

.~W~
(max a)

IJ ~AutoLISP ,...::.........1 <<' n ..::_.....~LSI).),~ AS 0l ..:..1&. ~ _r->1 u 1 ~ 1 .) J.J

'~ W 4..:-~ Ga ~ J.).) y:- yo .)l..u:.l ~§Lo ~~~}I ..xS~ 4..:-t;_ _;.) _,>- ~
.J;S o.)lA::.....I_r..j 0 )~ ~ "apply" ~\; jl ~l.f ~
(apply 'max a)

(apply 'max a)

8
,J
(apply '1- 4)

(apply'- a)

-34

(command <command> <command> <command-argl> .•. <command-argN>)

J~ 0lA} k;.. J.) ,0Lo} IS~ I i.SI_r. .JS_;It.?~ Al.r...J J.) "command" ~\; ': .]
w
<command-arg> ...l.!.41..S"' i.SJ.J__,..; J i.S~ i.S~i~ ~ t--'~ ,0Lo} _,A i.SI.,r.-1 i.SI.r. ..).JJ(..S"'
c:-ii.J J.) ...l.!.4~ <command> ~ .1Y.r i.S~r\;" ~~'-:"'I~ i.SI.r-! ,L-..;. t--'l..; LJ
.J;SI..S"' _r.._rci \A~~ ~ ~ ...::.........1 ~~ 0w <command-arg>
,w .t...!..4j ~\s.'.>'l11 & ~ G~~__,..;,yo J.il_f~ ~~I AutoLISP ~\; Lg.:.; "command"
i.SI..r! .~ W .) ~I u ~__,...;yo J.) IJ i,$.) .J~ 0l.r"" «; .x,jl_f I..S"' .h4.i ~.) ~I_; ..xS .U I..,.; I
~\;_;I o.)\..4::.....1 ~ ...::.........1 ij~ ,J;S .U~I.) _,> .t...!.ii ~ IJ ~ AutoUSP ~ ~~~}I J\!..o
 l.S~ "'--" ~ .J:l l.S~ WJ.r::' ~ i) oi.J~~h .1,\.A.j .J o:J_f )L.a,;...ii)LINE 0~} "command"

.J.;S ..f..~
.k......y .tSIJ ~l.,0~) ~ .J ..lS'_yl J:J ~ LSl.,0~) ..lily~ 4;.; "command" ~\_j

l,)l_r.-1 i~ ~w )~ ~I _y};. ):l • .J.:S I~ :J Y. 0~ .J) ):J ,J..ilo...L.!. ~~ o.J:.:S o:J~I

J:J J ...L.!. ~IY. ~U; unknown command i~ command .1.;.. J:J 0L.) ~ J:J v\.j ..r.

~ w.; _,:...
.:J:J} 4\.4 \.j ..r. l.S lr.-1 '~
0~) LS\y.-1 4 ~~Y~ ..r..) vljy; J:J -4~ ~I J:J IJ "command" ~\_j jl dl!..o
-~~ :J~I PLINE 0~) ~J ~ IJ ~.r" SQUARE
(defun c: square()

(setq a (getpoint "\npick lower left corrner:"))

(setq b (getreal "\npick of side?"))

(command "PLINE"
. I a ; start point
I
!

(mapcar '+ (list b 0)) ; second point

(mapcar '+ (list b b)) ; third point

(mapcar '+ (list 0 b)); forth point

"c"))

4 polyline t""'J l,)l_r. "command" ~\_j jl ,~1 ~ Jt!.o jl }"o~ .tS _r..j Jl!..o J:J
.~1 o..l.!. o:J~I i ~ _k\.A.j l.S.r" ~

(deftm newpoly (vrstlst In)

;add the string "c" to the list to close polyline to end

(setq vrtlst (reverse (cons "c" (reverse vrtlst))))

; Invokes the PLINE command PLINE

(command "PLINE"

(foreach n vrstlst (command))))

.~1 PLINE U""IJ .k\A.i J..o~ ~ ~ vrstlst

I
)
d J .J I W:J
l..a>-1 .1.,;1~ .~1 o..L.!. o.)Li=......l ) L• ..~..:.>-.. "command" )·1 .tS J-..!.L
- . ~b "->• y -
' _j
~ ,J j>lyo ~ .J :..JJ.J (,.$1..r. "command" ~t jl.~l.k\A.i ~.f-4l.SI..r. oM: ..:.,W_, .J PLINE
,1:,\Aj ~ ).) PL/NE 0.)..J .)).J 4~~Y~ G~~ Jl!..o -~~ o.)~l ~~Y~ .)I..W ~
i
..J.iS; L.... 0.)

.___ j
I) n~d

''\ \ Autolisp ;~ ~ ~t_y n_,·..

:J

(defun newpoly (vrtlst IN)

(setq vrtlst (cons "c" (reverse vrtlst)))

(setq vrtlst (reverse vrtlst))

; Add the string "PLINE" to the begi.ning of the

;LIST. ~']::.
~::
~-···

(setq vrtlst (cons "PLINE" Vrtlst))

; pass everything in the list through command with

; foreach
(froeach n vrtlst (command n)))

.J ~ ~L; ~"command" ~L; ~~.) _y-5 oJ...\~ _r->ILS~J~ ;J ~ ;_,10w

.~\-.i ~\.&.) ~4 ~ J;b t" ~tA ~.).)~ 0l jl oJ~I J.J ~~ ~)Jj

(o_r.:S;..J "getpoint" ~ "getstring\ "getint" ~ jl) ox.;S oJ~IL)JJ;J ~ly jl ~

} l ...li__,..;. ~U; "command" ~l; 0L.}") ;J J ~AutoLISP u).~" ~ 01.f-" "'-! ..Wiy~
)•I "command" )•I r..r:- - . ~.,l.....;..!.b
Ia ...uL - )•Lj- 0.;:.;5 o.)~l )·1.~.) J) J
1,.;1
~L_) .) 4..J. "command" ~ l; 1,.;1
.~1'.r.

..J.;S o.)~IL)JJ;.J ~ly :J

0 ;r !.SJJ;J ~~;J ;~ "'-! L)IWJ "command" ~l; LSI~ I i~ ~~~}I
~1.~1-.ioJ~IPAUSE ~ jl<command-arg> LS6:- "'-! ~j'-:.i J;yo ~ ;J ~4 ~.)y$

~AutoLISP..::; J.r::' lf._l_r.? ;J .~4 1 ~ TEXTEVAL ~ ~ ~ ~4 ~ ~ 4

~ 01~ ~I;~; lf.-1 J:S,f ,_r- J o.).J _r.:-A; "PAUSE" ~J u ; r "'-!I; PAUSE

w Jwl JS_yiLSI..r. 0t..; _r..j ~ 0t..}

.~
,_.]
~ ~~ W ~l> 0t.) L)I~ILSI.r. "command" ~l; ,:_r:. y "'-! il.>,;l ~! jl ~
1·-·

.. _.,_

jiL);~ Jl!_.o L)l_r. .~_,_.;. ~ ~0lo _r! 0l j>l_,.o J;ly ).) d\5 ..::;'-':.)\11 ,:_r:.b ~
..WL.o ~ .J-A ~~I ~r jl ;_r.-S- L)l_r. Copy~ Erase a.J.:..:..S ~a 7 LS~0L. _r!
...li;b ;'Lj jL.;,IRETURN ~ 4..J (Select object)
- I-!> l!'~t-re,/ - . fJ
,~ W ciJ ~ .) __,..;.,f J"'U; 0L.) LSI~ I jl ~ ~ i~ S:..: IS~~~~ ~} ;.)
-4.4 ~..l.:A.) .J"--•; z ;.,-,. ~ ;~ I; S .,.4 \J"~ ~~~INSERT 0L.) ;J }I J~ LSI..r. J .

.t..r. "XYZ" u~l

•..l...:J
- -.r' .
"command" ~l_j J;_J-A ;J ~~ o~,..o\.;_r. ~y jl ~ ~ J__,..;.,f ~Y W "-:

0l j->-1.,.,-o ,_f-;J jl l; ~ W I~ I JSyl ;J )~ J!l..l> d; o.)~l .);yo L)~0lo) J----:-1.)""

L)~lo ~) j~ jl ~ ;J ~L. y-! _r..j ~ 0L. y-! ~ ~ LS6:- "'! o\5' J"' .~_,..;. ~
 1..;-'1~ ~J;:, _;I ,.;.;.5~ o;:,lA=.......I..l:-Air. AutoLISP UJ~ ~ jl "command"~
•..1.:__,..!. ~ ,;:,.r.?if )} 0~} _r..j ~ 0~} (.$~ ~ .S ~ )~ jl o..LoT ~~ tft" _,y;-
~~~ ~ .hi; ~ ~ly::- l_r..j ,~ .f..~ "command" "..ib- jl o;:,~l c)S )_,1 ~
jl o;:,~l ,~1 c.SJ.J~ .u_,...y cr.-1 );:, 0T c.SJ.JT;:,4 W c.S~;:, ~ .;:,;:,}~ .7. c.S}.,s::;
.~!"command"~\; );:,RETURN

1~: ~~ .;:, ;I ,..l...::...!.b J·L.;RETURN .JS .u "command" 14-J\; J·l o;:,\.A,;.•) i~ e"j
v . ,/ - " " f"~te/ . I...: .r
:\A J l!.o ..;.;.5 0;:, lA::.....I (" II) t..5? ) ;:, t..5? J _;
(setq ssa (SSGET "X'' (list (cons 0 "CIRCLE"))))
I
-:1
<Selection-set 1 >

(Command "ERASE" ssa" ")

nil

);:,(selection-set) ~~I c.StA~ ~ ...\..!. ...L:..AI_,> S4 lAo.r..b rW ,_r->-1 J~ J;:,

.J.:...!.4~ r.:- ,..c.;Sif J~ ~r ~~I J;:, IJ LAST.$~~~)~

c.Sir. "Command" ~l.; jl o;:,\.;i,;_.,.,l i~ );:, I) PAUSE o;:,~l o~ ~ J~ );:,

_,~I o..l.!. JL...:i>-1 MOVE 0~) J\!.. lf-1 J;:, •..~.:_;:, ~1_,> ,o..c..:S o;:,~l jl c.S;:,.JJ.J ~~J;:,
_,;:, jl o;:,\..Q,;__,I .J..: lo..i ~~I IJ ol_,.;,.b u~ _,...; _,... \; ...lA;:,If oj~l o..c..:S o;:,~l ~ PAUSE

JL..:..; 4u~ _,...;_,...~~I jl ~ .S ~I c.f- ~~ o..LoT PAUSE jl ~ .$ J_,i ~ ...:;.....~

~ ~~I u~ _,...; _,... ,~~~ jl ~ ...I.:_~ If ~\.>. ~yo ~~I jl Rff!IeRJf w;:,
.J.:Sif I~ JLA,;jlx J.J>'-'0 ~ J;:, J.>l_, J~ ojiJ.jl

.~1 ci} )} 1 ~l> J;:, TEXTEVAL ~ "Command"~\; c.S.;$1 ~ jl ~

(setvar "TEXTEVAL" 1)

(command "MOVE" pause"" '(0 0) '(4 0))

IJ c.S;:,.JJJ tj yA .JS_yi.S ~I IJ-1 ,;:,Jb.) y:-_, PAUSE jl o.)~l.)J.JA J.l 45 c.SI.J!...-

.;:,f..~~ ,..AA.) )} ~~j) .)J.JA ,0~?. J.) 0~) <..>l..r. J~l _, ~ ~ jiiJ J ~~ 0J~
0_,~ I.S;:,.JJJ ~I~_, ..AA.l JL;.; IJRETURN W.l ~.)L.a; J__,k ~ ,o..c..:S o.)~l }llf-l..r.~

~ oG ~ .;:,~If clU ~\.;_r. ~l.ll J e~...l.!. ~ command ~\; ,..~.:_ W .r..r-1 G<.SJ~I
.• _-.]
.~I J~l ~ jl 0T ~ _, e~..c..:S o.)~l jl c.S.l.JJJ ~~ 1 .) ,~yo IJ-1 jl ~~~ <..>l..r. _;
c.}.JJ jl ~~~I 1 .) .;:, ~'.J" JL..1 1 "command" ~i; ~ ,~b 11 i..i'J J~l '<.S.l.JJJ }I
.J_· -!If IJ e~...l.!. _j~
(defun c:mymove (I c)
I

I ,,w
'V' Autolisp J.:. ~ ~1_,;

(setq c nil)
(while (null c)

(setq c (car (entsel)))

(command "MOVE" "c" '(0 0)'(40))

)

a.: ~~ y ili .~1 ci} 0 )~ ~ y 1..;-'L;...;,jl ~ iJ~ .h.>)~ ~.r-->-1 Jt!...o )~ """]
,~:
~-;

i~ I.S~ b r J~ .J Jl..a>-1 MOVE 0~) "Command" ljt; J~ .~ _r?,f Jl} c ~ I.S~

.~Y::,,f o..L!. d~ t:--'4 ~I o..L!. 1..;-'L;...;,jl ~ y ~AS c ~ ~ Select Object

~o..L!.
ci} 0 J~ 1..;-'\>..::jl J~l ..r. o.J~ .0 ~I o~~} ~t.;...,;l ~ j ~?1 Jt!...o J~
~ i't ~ ~ IJ o.l.!.I..;-'L;..;,jl o_r..l~ ~~)~ ~.) c2pgon ljt; ~~Y:.if J_;:S y; 1..;-'l;..;:_jl tj

:xS~~~
(defun c: c2pgon ()

(setq eire (car (entsel

''\npick circle for conversion:")))

(if (equal (cdr (assoc 0 (entget eire))) "CIRCLE")

(progn

(setq rad (cdr (assoc 40 ( entget eire))))

(setq cen (cdr (assoc 10 (entget eire))))

(entdel eire)
r~l
(command "POLYGON' 32 cen "f' rad)
[J
)

(princ "/nENTITY picked is not a circle")

(princ)

t']
' .

(defun <func-name> <argument-list> <exprl> ... <exprN>

ilia.: ~I_,.;J~ ljt; ~~y~ ((DEfine FUNction~) "defun" Cjt; jl o.)~l4 .

..;_;S ~~ IJ <June-name>
[]- .

u..
..
 ~I .~1 "defun" 1) o..L..!. ci y-5 J~ t.S4-ilA _/) ~ ~L;, <argument-list>

d--1_.,.~ 'LS.r-1__- LSI_.,.~ .J..!.~ ~ ~ J LSrl.r" LSLg.;lA .J) ~L;. .Ajly.f" ~

o..L.!..i ~~ LSI_.,.~ ' r IS!_.,.~ J.J ,.,4S~ .Ul.,.;l atomlist d_,.b f. ~ ~

,..lj)JI.f" ~~
f. <June-name>'<\.; 0T t.Siy.-1 1 ) AutoLISP ~y UJyP 1 ) "defu.n" -~l.; ~ly:­

.))Jtf
)~I AutoLISP 1 ) ) _r> oi_,_;J) ~I_,..; )~I LSI.r. W ~~I ~L; "defun"
"-! ~~Ytf G l:!L; ~ .~1 lisp .t,..o\.j f.~ jl ~l) ...\.>IJ ,:r..}S-::.;§ 'l:!L; ~.~lo) ~
!
.~_r.I~AutoCAD ~_,1 jl io)-. ~ J ~11_;::-1 Jl> 1 ) ~ LS~) l:!L; ~J
.···1
.··j
4

~.J,f AutoLISP "-! 6 ~I~ 1 )~ wl1 _,:.....) LSr ~ jl LSI<~S-~ c:;Li ~

"defun" ~ 'L!L; ~ ~ 1 ) o..l..!. _,AU;_;;..; ~JI .-Ul) i~ll1 ~~ ol,.j _f..:,;~)~
jl ~ .~1 ~~ l:!L; ~~ "-! .kY.Y' )),) J~) "-! ~~ ~_/,fAutoLISP "-! ~ ~J..!.~tf
.1.... y l; )) Jtf _,A\J; .y; atomlist 1 ) L!l.; i\.j .) _r:;.,f _,AU; <June-name> L!l.; i\.j "defun"

.J..!.~ ~~) J.l9 ~) c:-;1_,.;

~I d--1_.,. ~ ~L;. ~L.>lA .J) ~ ...LoT -Ull_,>- <argument-list> ~L!l.; i\.j ~ 1)

Jtj "-! l:!L; ~ J) o..l..!. ciJ 1lS:: LS4-ilA.J) )I..LU ...Wio..l..!. ci J J~ ~L; ~~ LSI.Y. ~
Jl> ~ 1 ) J J..!.~ L.>lA __,.$) ~ 0J~ ~I ~ l:!l; .) ).Aj ~ L.>l ~~
.))) 1 ~ L.>l 1 ) L.>lA .J) LS)I,Mj' ~ J..!.~ ~L; jl ;o~~

J LS.r-"l.r" LSI_.,.~ ~L;. J.jiY1.5" 0~ .J) ~ ~o..l..!. o1 W.I ~ ~ 1 _,1 L.>w

~

1 ) . ..l.i)~1.5" I~ r-"' jl "t' ..::.-~ ~ ~ LSrl.r" .J r LSI_.,.~ .J..!.~ ~LSI_.,.~

~

.~1 o..l.ol tj _J) ,:r..l jl Jl!..o ~ ~~

(defun tst () <expr>) :L.>lA.J) 0.)~

(defun tst (x) <expr>) :r ~ L,)_,~ ~LS.r"l.r" ~ ~

(defun tst (x y) <expr>) :r ~ L,)_,~ ~LS.r"l.r" ~ _,)
(defun tst (x y I z) <expr>) :r ~ ~ ~LS.r" r ~ _,) 1
. j (defun tst (I x y) <expr>) :r ~ _,~ ~LS.r"l.r" ~ L,)_,~
(defun tst (I x) <expr>) :r ~ ~ ~LS.r"l.r" ~ L,)_,~
:~Jl!..o

(defun tst (x) (* x 2))

TST
' V'f' Autolisp .;.> ~ ~1_,;

(defun meh (x y) (* (cos x) (sin y))

MEH

(defun del (If lis I tl)

(setq tl ())

(while lis

(if(!= (car lis) If)

(setq tl (cons (car lis) tl)))

(setq lis (cdr lis))

(reverse tl)

) ?"1
G.~-l

'.':-c]. .
(defun ent () ... _,.

(setq outfile (getsring

" I nEnter file name for entity list:))

(setq outfile (strcat outfile ".txt"))

(setq a (open outfile "w"))

(setq e (entnext))

(while e

(print (entget e) a)

(print (entget e))

(terpri)

(setq e (entnext e))

,-],
) L_

(close a)

(eval < expr>)

 <expr> ~.JJ r. IJ ~b.&......o ~ \; .)).) .u.J;.J (EVALuation , .;.;;.._.) "eva!" ~\;

.J.:.W J\......) ~~6-....o ~I~ uJ.rt' ~ IJ ~~~ J J.:.W Jwl

~·"eva!" 0..W .U\..;1 u\.;.JI ~ ~...:.......jb .J.:..A.) >"" ~\; 01_;~ J::J.) .J.) ~ IJ "eva!"
Jb J_; jZ uJ~ J.jly~ "eva!" ~l..r. o.J~ ,...1.:5~ ~.r' IJ e,T ~l.,r.-1 ~.r' ~~\; ~
:~~) ~ y j.) J~ ~ .J..A>.) }; "-:-6-....o .)J.J-A (') IJ

(setq a ' ( 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8))

( 1 2 3 4 56 7 8)

(set b (cons '+ a))

.··.1
..
( + 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)
,.:J 01y ~ "+" .J ~I~~~ cons .h.... y o..L:f ~~ u J~ ~y:.T AS J..;$ ~ y
~ ...u..) i~l ~ ~L:s. ~.JJ .r. IJ ~ ~ J.jly~ .J .)Jb ..:;.S_r;, 0T J.) ~ ~.JI
:.)__,..:,if o.)\A;....,I "eva!"~\; jl J~ ~

(eva! b)

36

jl t"" .Jo~ .J ~.) ~~); ~Lu.... Li..r. J.J ~~1 4 j ~I J.) o.)\...... J~ ~~I
i :J \.:.o ~ l..r. •.x.:S~ o.) \A;..., I o_r.:-! 0-:.l
'j
(eval (command "break" "1" "F' pt1 pt2))

(setq a 0 b "UNE")

"LINE"
(setq c '(cons a b))

(cons a b)

(eval c)

(0. "LINE")

(foreacb <name> <list> <exprl> ... <exprN>)

:..L.!.4~ _r..j ~.} ~ ''foreach" ~\; ~.J

J
1
•..U..)~ ~<list> J.) o.J.;.;.$" ..:;.S_r;, ~L:s. ~~ ~ IJ <name> 0l.. .J)-'
.J..A>.)~i~~~~L:s.~~~JJ.J"! <name>~ ..r.IJ<expr> vJ~-r

)l: ~ ~ ~_r>T ~.J) r. <expr> ~y:.T u~ i~l ~ ~~.; ~~~ - i

..).)}~
I
\ V~ Autolisp ;~ ~ ~1_,;
1
,.,
::::;~

(foreach b '( RAMTIN lvfATISA HANIYEH) ((print b))

(print RAMTIN) (print MATISA) (print Haniyeh)

(lambda· <arguments> <exprl> ... <exprN>)

~41--4~ ~l; 0..l...!. ~4.) jl ~~~ o\5'.J"'l·~l t)l:.,j J iljd. tl; .S..: "lambda"
.J"'l ~I.J.;Sr.f o~\j,:_,l "lambda" c:-;t jl ~..~.:)~ ~ y>- oi_,.;.J~ u~ ~ ~l; ~ j~ J_, .J.;S
I; 0l ~~~ ~ ~ ;l..li ~I l_r..j ~~~ I; 01 ~l5 ;._~..1 "': .J..:. ~ ~b ~~I 01 "-: ~ J~
..J.._;S J l....i> I
.~~ },f j~ <expr> lf-?T ~~ "-: ~l; ~~~ J~ ~
(apply '(lambda (a b c) (- a ( + b c))) '(3 6 9))

12
(apply '(lambdq (X Y Z)

(* x (- y z))

'(5 20 14) ,-]..

~-.

30
:J
,. ]
~-~·
(mapcar <function> <list> [<listl> •. <listN>])

J~ ~ ~ _,...... ~~ S; ....5.; c.SJJ r. I; <function> ~ L; ~ ;1~ ~ _, "mapcar"

~ IY-?T jl '-:-} _; "-: ~~ 0J.jl_y>-l'_r. ..J..:.W Jwl ~~t; ;~ o.x.:S S _r. c.S~~
i~l ~l_r. ij'l 0l...J} ~I..W 4 --4 ~ ~o.x.:S d _r. ~ ~I..W .~ y$r.f u )~ ~ J _}, "-!
.J...!.L. ~b ~
" \..k; <function> I-
c.r- L"..

(setq q 10 r 5 s 20 t 4)
(mapcar '/ (list q s) (list r t))

(2 5)

:~~
,-].'··
:~l_r..j 0;~ "-! y,:>-1 ~l; ~~ '
t,:;

(! q r) _, (Is t))

u
'
.
 ··l (mapcar '1 + '(10 20 30))

(11 21 31)

(mapcar '+ '(10 20 30) '(4 3 2))

(14 23 32)

(mapcar '(lambda (x) (+ x 3)) '(10 20 30))

(13 23 33)

(mapcar '(lambda (x y z )
I
_.)
(* x (- y z))

'( 5 6) '(20 30) '(14 5.0)

(30 150.000000)
J
CJ=-4J:l ~x LS~ ~ ~ .:r.JJI ~'--;-}_; ~ ~ JJb JY':"J LS~J:l ~ <L.... _r->1 Jl;..o J:l

J:l .JY ~ J:l ~x ~ J:l ~l_r.l:.: .J_x?,f Ji}z LS~ ~ ~ ~ .>"" .JY LS~ ~ ~
~x~ y .J:. LSI..J'! ~I..J'!l:.: ...>)J JY':" J ~~~ ~ z ~x~y .I" LSi..J'!lnmbda ~I; J:l.J Jb JY':" JZ ~

.:l~,f ~L:,.. ~IY':" J:lZ

(meoucmd <string>)

4J..:.ily , f "menucmd" Cj I; 4...::....,...,! ~~ _r..j LSJI..u; LSIJb ..::....,...,yg.! ~ dSyl J:l

~ly,_f' Cjl; ~I jl oJlA.:.....I 4 .J.;S )}..1'! .k~) ~J a.h>-..4 u~ J I lA..::....,...,yg.! _r..j ~I
LSI~_;0Lo}') ~ LSGb "menucmd" Cjl; .J:S JpiJ ..::....,...,~ J._t.; ~ ~~ LSI.t.A\j..J'!
!
I
j
J..U J:l ~ \\j ~ -4.4 section ~l ...l.!.41J" "section=submenu" 0J.r:' ~~~I

:..::....,...,1 _r..j u J.r:' ~ section LSI..J'! _r.:.-... IJ"L.I ...l.!.4 . : . . ,. .,~

s (Screen) ~~~ ~~ ~1..1'!

(Button) ~lwJ ~~ LSI..J'!

_]
B
I (Icon) ~.r.._ra; ~~ ~1..1'!
J
P1-P10 (Pull down) ~lo_;S_;S ~~ ~1..1'!

T1-T4 (Tablet) .Y-!t ~lA..::....,..., ~ ~1..1'!

Al (Auxl) LSlA~~ LSI..J'! S....S
:. J
\VV Autolisp ;.) ~ t'f

:J\!..o ~l.r. .J..!.4 •..w. ;l.a,:...l ~ ..r..) )~ ~Y':' .JA ~ ~ rli J.J_ 4submenu
(menucmd "S=DR")

.J _r?~ )} .~\.4:....,1 J;.J-4 Screen ..:.-..~ .r.,) jl DR W....:, ;LA>IISI,r. Cj\; tJ..I
(menucmd "P1=TOOLS")
(menucmd "P1 =*")

(progn <exprl > .•• <exprN>)

Cj \; ~ .J.J_ W "":-' 6- I; <expr1 > 1.5\...~; ~ S.; ..$.; \; ~;b ~ .J ''progn" Cj \;

[]
.~~ J~ ;4 ~ ;~ tJ..rl ~b... ~ ''progn"
:Jl!..
f']
(if(!= x y) (progn (setq x (* y 3)) Ll

(setq y (* x 4))))

(repeat <number> <exprl> ... <exprN>)

.~\.A.;.....I .l:-il_;~ "repeat" ~\; jl ~~ _,.!. ;~ w~ ~ ~Li ..r. jl ,_;;~ ~~~~}I

J~ ~ <number> .~ ~:~ ~~ <number> ~l.. ./) 1......y ;~_;:,; vW~ JI..W .J.:.!. W
"-! Cjl_j yl~ .~~~ ;1_;5.;; ~yo <number>~~ ~ly <expr> .~1 ~

.~~J~ ,;4 u;~ tJ..rl ~b...

:t..Jl!..
(setq a 2 b 3)

3
(repeat 5 (setq a (+ b a)))

17

(setq a 10)
(setq b 100)

(repeat 4

(setq a ( + a 10))

(setq b (+ b 10))
)

140
~"[]'
(,.,
('.-,
 ~~~lyt-f
..:.........>.: ~ 8 ~.r. .J dJ )} lf.~)JI.)JY IJ dl).~· .S .J..:..:....J; t.r!IY ~f. ~ly
'-:-'1.;5' }Ill w )-:-~ ,Jl!..o ~l.r. .~.)~ i~l ,..~.:AI_,>~ .S I.J ~l> u~ ,La,CJl jl o.Ll
~l.r. ~f.~\; tf ~ r.AutoLISP J.) .~1 ~f. u).~;. ~ ((.J_7. ~~1.;5' '*-! 'IJ"I__,>~
· -r..l jl ~.fb ..J..:..:....J; "While" .J "If~ "Cond" tj ~ ~I .J.JJ~ J~ W ul)-:-~ l.f.~j)
-~ 1).) t>h.) ~ J..:...!.4~.) y>- '*-!~'-""I_,> ~1).) ~ly
I (cond ( <test-expr1 > <result-expr1 > )...

[ ( <test-exprN> <result-exprN>)])

~\; JJ ...U.J )} If.~)) JJY ,,..s?JJ~.Jyk ~ I.J UJ~ I.SJI..w- .,l;ly~"cond" ~\;
"cond" ~\; .~__,.:.: <test-expr> ~ ).) ~~Y~ ,J.::AI_,.>~ .SG dJ~ Jl..w- y.cond
~ I.J '-:-'I..P-" ,..L.!.L_; nil jl ~ ~ _,SI J .xS~ ~G..-IJ lAuJ~ cr-.1 jl il~y-A
ul)~ jl il~ .s .).)b wt>:..l ~~-~b}V"' )4 u).~ wT ~ .kY.r <result-expr>
.J Y. ..u.l__,.> nil ~\; '-;-"I~ u .J~ 0lJJ .J..:...!.4 ~l.,l; nil jl .,.}- "-:-"1~ <test-expr>
<J.__,>l.JJ 'J _,..;. ~~ d .J~ ..~.:AI~ ~ )4 }I ,..L.!,4 nil <test-expr> ilN o\5'.fb
..:..-lnil_r.? ~ ~ T u.J..,~ <J.,IJJ -~~ oJL4.:.....1T J...o-jl <test-expr> !.S~ ~ ~r

..)_,..;.~ ~~ J ~ .1Y.r u.J~ .J

:lAJl!..o
.J _,..;.~ i~l Jib)..>.!~~ "cond" ~\; jl oJ\A;....I 4'f..) J~ .JJ
(cond ((minusp a) (- a))

(t a)

~\; '-:-'1~ ,..L.!.410 _r.l_r. a }I.J ..:..-110 ~\; '-:-'ly.- ,..L.!.4 -10 _r.l_r. a }I Jl!..o c.:r.,I.J.)
- '
i!
d)~).) •..:.-I o..l.!. ~4).) o.x.:S oJIA:.....I jii.SI~) j-:--.. ~ 'f..J J~).) ...L.!.4~ 10 :r)
..)Y. ..u.l.J>· 0 ,..L.!.L. "N' L- "n" .r.J
(I 1 ~
· I~
\; <J.. ·- ,..L.!,L• "y" L- "Y'' ~1
.Y-" .S
(setq s (getstring "Type your answer:"))
... J (cond ((= s "Y'') 1)

((= s 'y") 1)
((= s "N') 0)
((=s "n") 0)

(t nil)
' 'i
!__ _ )
I
·]
:... .
i .

(if <test-expr> <then-expr> [ <else-expr>]) :-cl.·

,~~J

:l J.>- IJ <test-expr> 0t... y$) J:l :l y:- yo u )-:-~ 1~1 ~ :l ):l ~-'"if' ~ _r. c:;t
f]
lf.4j) ":-'1-.P-"" }I .~b ~ly JJ~ ):l ol) J:l ~ ~4 tj ~f. ...lJl:l )} ~\.:.j)
J:l •..,L.;, ..u.l..,.> J~:l ~.S.M.: ljl.j J:l o~,..o\,; .1. _, ~~ <then-expr> u )-:~ ~:l _r.i <test-expr>

"":-~ <then-expr> I.S~ ~ <else-expr> ~..,L.;.4 nil ~ <test-expr> IJ!\.:.j) ~~~ ~ d J~

nil ~ <test-expr> ~ly:- _, ..,L.;.4 ~IJ..i J~ ljl.j J:l <else-expr> 0Lo J) }I-' .:l y:;,I...S"'
~~.S.M.: ~t; ~ 6,.4\.;.1. Lbl ~ljt 0Lo } ) d.l:.j) 0_,~-' :lY. ..lJll_,.> nil lj\.j ~ ~..,L.;.4
.))Jt.f" --,.J
:~J\!..o i.~

(setq a (getreal "type a number:"))

(if(>= a 0) (print a) (print (- a)))

(setq shoes ''purple")

PURPLE
(if ( = shoes ''purple") "weird shoes." "Nanna/ shoes.")

"weird shoes."

(while <test-expr> <exprl> ... <exprN >)

...:..........~ t I) ox.:.S" ..::..5_r. LS~0L.. .J) I.SJJ.i. ~\..:- ~ ~ :lJb ~-'"While" (j\.j
~l.j <.J-1 ~..L.!.4 nil jl _r.? <test-expr> ~ ~ dl.oj t ~~1_, J:l . ..lJl:l o~,..obl nil~ 0:lJJT
~_,>-T ~\..:,- ~ c:;t ~ly:- ...U.:llf" )} ~l:.j) :lJ.Y IJ <expr> .LS~0L.. .J) ~ ~ _r. .
.:l:l}lf'" j4 _r..j UJ~
[]
~.
"·•.
-.:·.
"

:~J\!..o

(setq a 12)

12

(setq b 1)

1
(while(>= 1 a) (-a 1) (+ b 1))

13
(setq x 1)

(while ( < = x 10)

r:":J
~
 -l (setq x (1 ~ x))

)
- I
' !

(51~lk ~l,;r-v
t.f jl t.,.0~}") ..)).) ~ t.,.w~.}) ~ ~lA.. ~ ~LSI"-!.lA.. ~'Y" t:--'4 ~
I
I ~PJY. ~LSJL- _;..S ~;:..S ~LS.r.l.r.t; ~LS.r.l.r. _)i; jl ~I ~ t.,..) _;;... .~ (~I) .)_;:....
.J.j _,.;. "-!.tio ~~ ~ u~ .r..L. ~ _, LS.Jl- ?JY.

(= <atoml> <atom2> ... <atomN>)

"=" ~~ t:--'4 ~..l:..!.~ LS.JL.o ~~ ~ ~\; ~ J.) o.x.:S..::.Sf. LSL,..)fo- iW _/1

I
J.) •...L:...!.~ Jl~l ~ L,..t,;...!,J jl tj ~ ..Wiy(J"' t.,..) fo ~ ~~ .t..:...!.b ~ y ..) Y. ..~J>I.» T .r.l.r.
1.00 .)~ ~ 1 .)~ J\!.o LSI.r. .~ .r.l.r..) .»- ~ ":l.:.... Jl~l ~ ~ JIJs.IAutoLISP
-~'.r.'.r.
:L,.J\!...
"•I
(setq a 1)
I
(setq b 1)
(seq c 1)
(setq d "a")
;._._j
(= a b c)

T
(= 4 4.0)

T
(= 49 49 50)

nil
(= 1 a 1.00)
T
{="me" "mo")
nil
( = "me" "me")
T
\A\ Autolisp ;~ ~ t:'Y

(/= <atoml> <atom2>)

~\; ~ '~~ ~.JL- ~~ 4 '"/=" ~\; ~ )::> o.J:.:.Sd_r. :>foo .J:> o'Sy.
"=" ~L; ~ "/=" ~l; .::>Y. J.AI_,> nil Cj\; ~ d.:..!.4 .r.l.r. (""' 4 lA:>foo } I .J T .r.l_r.
.~4 ~b.::..$_r. ..lily~.).;:....~~ .fi) .bi; "/=" ~\; )::> •...::.......\ '"]
c.;
~-- .'

(setq a 1)

(setq b 2)

(/= a b)
T

(!= "me" "mo")

T

']
(< <atoml> <atom2> ... <atomN>)

jl ~ _,..5 ,...::.......G '-! ~ jl ~ ~. '-! 0~ .J) ~ ):> ::> y:- y ~lA:> foo o'S_/>
lA.) ):..o A$~ J~ J:> "<" ~\; ~ ,h:> u J~ ~ •.) Y. .al_,> T ,~\; ~ ,..t:...!.4 ~J5y_
,..t:...!.4 ~b Jy.A> Cj\; 0~ _fi) ~ J.) ..::.-IJ ~ ~ jl ~.) ~ ~ j ~
..) Y. .al_,> T
LJ
If-~ k.J .J.r- r.lA; j; bJ jl lA.)foo '-!_lA.o ,..t:...!, 4 ~ J tj jl o.x.:S.::.-5_r. ~ lA.)foo } I r-]•
~-- .

::>Y. .ul_,;;.
(< 2 3)

T
[J .
.

(< 1 2 3 25)

nil

(< "e" "d")

nil

( < "bo" "by") 0

' .

(<= <atom 1> <atom 2> ... <atomN>)

).) ~ ,..t:...!,4 ~.JL- (""'4 ~.SP.) IJ?.)fo _J.) ol!~ ....::.......\ "<" ~\; '! Y ~\; ~\
~\; ~\ ~\..)'! f} ~JL..; ~ ~.:.•.Zt&.) 4"<" ~\; ~\.r! o..l.!. _j~ ~\_,i ..) ;;.~.) ).J T 1..:-'\_r.
 •..l:...!, 4(.$"' ) }Y.
:U.Jl!..
I
!
( < = 1 2 3 3.0 4)
l T
I

( < = "a" "b" "ab")

nil

( < = "abs" "abz" "Z")

T
(> <atoml><atomZ> ••. <atomN>)

..:.JL> ..::........\) "--! ~ jl tA,) _;;.,o o~~ • ..::........\"<"~I;~.r. ">"~I;"--! .kY.r c~ly.i
..)Y. .a I_,.> r ~~~; ~ ~..l:...!.~ lSJ~ ~~ lSJ _;;.,o .,,) ~ ~~ 0.,~ ~..t:.:S ~ 1.) Jx;
...::......\nil~\;~ UJ~ IY..I_r.? J,)
l :tAJ\!..o
J
(> 3.0 2 1)

! T
(> "a" "b")
! nil

. J
I (> 12 15 10 9)

nil

(>=<atoml> <atomZ> •.. <atomN>)

J ,) }I~ u J \A; I.J-

· I L• ...::........1">" ~ I; L• 4.Jl.!...
• ·"' ~ .r'JY.
· 'l..i. ,.1 I.H">" L- ~,;J
~ ..T !,;~
-t · ~ I;

T ,~L; 1..:-"l.r- ,..l:...!,~ ...:..!.b J.J:j ~l> ~IJ "--! ~ jl ~ lSJ~ ~ ~ ~J,) ~ ,) _);.,o
.,) Y. .al_,.>
:tAJl!..
(>= 3 2 20 21)
'- "]
~- --- T

(>= 3 3 1 2)

nil

(>= "d" "b" "ab")

T
'AT' Autolisp J~ ~ c:;l_,;

(eq <expr> <expr>)

· I~
"equal" (j \; L. (j \; .J ) If- ·~ <\..~. .J.....jlj,j
. - J - v---- - .e.....,
0~- "=" (j \; L. .r r I:J "eq" (j \;
~4 <expt> 0Lo ~) .J) ~ <~,j eq (jt; jl T :~ 0)J.J\..:........~ LSI.r. ..>.:..:.5~ ~ 0L5::.
:x...!.4 o.J-!. ~~ V" J)T ~ jl ~ 4~ ~x...!,~ 0L5::.
:~J~

(setq f1 '(a b c))

(setq f2 '(a b c))
(setq f3 f2)

(eq f1 f3)
nil

(eq f3 /2)
T
(equal <expr> <expr> [<variation>])

.)_r.if o)~l"equal" (j\; jl u)~ .J) 0)Y. LS.JL- J ? LSif.

<expr> UJ~ .J) 0::-! LS.JW ~li.o J) ~}; Jwl LSI.r. <variation> 0Lo ~)
IY-.1 4 ~<expr> c.:; J~ .J) ~ J~l .tS ..:........1 ~ .)..).$. ~ <variation> .).JJif J~

Jl>- (j\; ~ jl <variation> 0Lo ~) }I.J.jj~ LSI~ T ~ "-: ~01 ji_;;-S .J )~

.) y:;.if ~} ~ 01 )~ 4) y:. []
.
.

:~J~

(setq x 3.14159)
[]
3.14159

(setq y 3.14160)

3.14160

(equal x y 0.0001)

T
(equal x y)

nil

(setq /1 '(a b c))

(ABC)

(setq f2 '(a b c))

 (ABC)
--1 (setq f3 f~
I
(ABC)

(equal fl f3)

(equal f3 f2)
- i
1
; T

- I
_?~v!:; ~1_,; r-A
..::..S_r;. LS~u).~ LS.JJf. ~ ~Lo) tj ~f.~~ ~ly }c..r.::J--::; ~ly
...::......!.IJ ...~..:.AI_,> IJnill:_ T ~ ,..l:..,J~ i~l ~1.; ~ J.) ox.:.S

(and <exprl>~ .. <exprN>)

L..; ~ •..::.........1 I " .J " L- "and" ::L·- ~ . I~

) .) "and" ~ .- r.J-! ~
1.; ~ . - L. ~ 1.; iJ.. . -
jii.J.>. }I d.J .J Y. .ul_,> T ,..l.!,~ nil jl.r.}:- ,~1.; J.l o.x.:.S..::.S_r;. LS~~ .f)~~ d J~

...::.........1 nil ~I.; t""~ ,..l.!,~ nil ~0lo .f) jl ~

:~J~

(setq x 1)

(setq y 2)

(setq z (equal y x))

nil

(setq r "a b c")

"a b c"
(and 2xy r)

I nil
1
)

(atom <arg>)

d)~ JJ -~.r.! 1-S? <arg> 0~ .f) 0JY. J}:-o "-! ~~y~ "atom" ~I.; jl oJli:.....l ~ _
.~I nil~ u Jr:' .:r..l_r.&. J.) ,.)Y. J.AI_,.> T ~I.;~ ,..l.!.~J_;;....,~1.;;J~l>0lo ~)~
\ AO Autolisp .;~ ~ t:'.Y
'cl
:]
(setq x 'a)
'a
:]
(setq y (a b c))
(ABC)

(atom 'x)
T
(atom 'y)

T ;]··
,.. ·
l_::.

(atom y)
nil
(boundp <atom>)

oJ\A:..-1 boundp ~l..; jl 4_j 4. ..W.41f" ,o..W. ~~ 1.5.)foe 4.T ~I vA-~ L.SI_r.
~1_,.> T ~\.; ~ ,...L!,4 o...L!. ~~~...::.-...I.) foe~ AS <atom> 0lo.J) }1 ..) ~If"
....::.-...\nil~ u;~ ~l.r.?;.) ..)Y.

(setq x nil)

nil

(boundq x)

nil
(setq x 1)

(boundpx)

T
(listp <arg>)

.Jr-~ o.)\A:..-1/istp ~L; jl ,~

4 ~ ~ ,~L. f) 4l ~I c..ra}~; L.SI.r.
nil~ u ;~ ~l.r.? ;.) .J ~IT,~\.; yl_r. ,...L!.4 ~ ~ v ;~ ""! <arg> ~~

..) Y. ..ul_,.>

:I.AJl:...
i}
~0.1
(setq a 1)
 1

(listp a)

nil
~ J
"i (setq a '(xyz))
(x y z)

(listp a)

T
(minusp <arg>)

~L; jl ~ ~ ..L.:.~~ ~ jl ~§~ ~ .)IJ$-I.J?. ~~ _J) ~I J_;.:S" L.SI.r.

. .) Y. ..uol_,.> T ,~1 ~l; :~ ~..L.:.~ ~ J§~ 0~ .J) ~4 ..) _,..;.~ o.)\..Q;.....I "minusp"
. ...::........!nil~ UJ~ ~l_r.? J.)

(minusp 10)

nil

(minusp -314)

(setq a "my string")

"my string'

(minusp a)

nil
c::j (not <arg>)
::.:j

).) .)Y. ..u.l_,.> T ~..L.,;,~ nihc:.Y ).) o.x.:S..::..S_r. w~}") AS d)~).) "not" ~l; ~
~

•..:.-I ~ .r.;S- L.S IAL.S.)_,J.J .) JY J.) ~ l; If.. I .)f.J IS')_,..-.. ..) _,..;.~nil ~ u J~ If.. I .r.;S-

:lAJI!.o
(setq x 10)

(setq b x)

(not x)

nil

(not y)
'AV Autolisp ;.) ~ d.Y

T
(not b)

nil

(null <arg>)

_?I .~y:;.~ o~~l ,"'-..i L:. ..:...-I nil 0lo.J) ~~I 0~1 L)l_r. "null" Cjl.; jl

.~ Y. ~1__,.?- nil ~ ,J...!,~ nil jl _d. }I J T ,~L; ~ ,J...!,~ nil 0lo .J)
:U.J~ ,~~]

:-_ ___.

(setq x nil)
nil

(null x)

(setq x 1) fJ
1
~~]
(null x)

nil
,_--]
'.

(numberp <arg>)

0lo .J) }I.~Y::.tf' o~~l "numberp" ~l.; jl ,0Lo.J) ~ 0~Y. ~~ ~ L)l_r.

...::...-1 nil~ 0 .J~ ~I _d. .J~ .~ Y.~l_,> T Cjl.; ~ ,J...!,~o...l.!. ~~ ~~ ~ w .J~4.J. _~--]
::l__-.

:U.J~

(setq a 123) ~J
(setq b 'a) F"d
~..:.:.J
(numberp 4)
,~],

T !..;;"•

(numberp 3.843)

(numberp "number")

nil ~_-1,
Lf
(numberp 'a)

nil

(numberp b)
 nil

(numberp a)
-!
T
(numberp (eval b))

T
(or <exprl> ... <exprN>)

~I~ .~I~~~ ~"or" ~l; ~..1-!. d"and" ~~ ,:, J.Y' J,;, ~ J}:o 0w
T ~..l.!.l: nil jl ~ ~~ ..:.-....) J,;, ~x..:S..::S_r;. lS~L.. ~) jl ~ J-91.1.> ~ ,_; J~ J,;, ~~
:·_!
-~~nil U.0L.. _p) ~~~I nillj~ ~ ,_; J~ J,;, .1U.; .J ,:,Y. ..u.I_,>-
:U.J\.:..o
(setq a nil)

nil

(setq b nil)

nil

(or a b)

nil

(setq c 1)
(or abc)

T
(or '() nil a b)

nil

(type <arg>)

t__,...;l .J..;-5 o.l~A::-....1 "type" ~l.; jl ~ l: ~~~ ~I ~L.. .}) tj jl ~~~ olS"_r'l
.~1 o..l.!. ~~ 1..;-'l:S i .J,:, ~ L.)l~l J,;,AutoLJSP J,) _r...- L>U,o,:,l,:,

:U.J\.:..o
(setq x 3.14159)

3. 14159

(type x)
REAL
(type 'x)

; I
L-J
\A\ Autolisp ;.l _r.- c;_ly

SYM
(type "MY string")
STR
(setq f (open "namefile" "r"))
(type f)
FILE
(type +)
SUBR
(zerop <arg>)

wlo..,.J") G~.r" .J~.._r" oJI.A.:........IwLo.,$) ~ WJY. ~ J_? LSI.r. "zerop" ~\.; jl

T ~ .JY. ..lAiy>- nil~ ..L.!.4 J~ jl ~ wT tf ~ ~ jl ~ L)J~ ~I.; ;J oJ:.:S..::.S_r.
...L.!.4 ~ wT )J.A... J J~ wLo .,$) 6 ..~..:115" ~~ ,_; )~ ;J
:l..21JI.!..
(zerop 1)
nil
(zerop "my string")
nil

(zerop 0)
T
:.J
;.:;j
(zerop (- 1 1))
T ~,-].'·
:..:---

;.... -]
15 t4:..J.J ~I__,; Y-1 '-

(jiY .Jb r~ll..21~; LSJJ.J'! I; ,_;~ 01y If' -c::ly LS~ .b......f AutoLISP ;J
...L.!.41f ... J c_~l 4WJ.} ~ -~~I -~ lAA -JoL!. l..21~J ,_;~

~; I.SJ;f. d~ ~ly .,._,_' .

(strcase <stringl> [<upper-lower>])

nil wlo _,5') ~I ~.1'! J oJ_} ~~;J (.$J.J;J wl~ "-!I; LSI~; :•strcase" (j\.;
~ § WJ.;> ~ S;:r_ w..;_r-- 'LSL2lfi1;l5"4 ~J ~"-!I; 0l..L.!.4nil ~~<upper-lower>
 ..xS~U-.
l . ..l...j

nil 0 ;y-P ~ 01 ~ \.:_ .J J..!,~ ~IJ.j ;~ (:;I; ;;) <upper-lower> 0~ .f) }I

.;)Y. ..ul_,.> S;:r_ ._j.J? ~ (f.S;).JJ.J 8; 0w) ~J ~ ~ "strcase" ~\.; ~ ~;)~ ~\.;.._,
~~l.; ~ J..!,~ nil jly.:G- 0l )~ .J ~b ;) y:- .J <upper-lower> 0~ .f) }I ~1.>- ;;)
•..:.......1 ~§ ._j.J? ~ f.SI~;
:~Jl!..

(setq s "my string")

(strcase s nil)

"MY STRING"

(strcase s 1)

"my string"
I (strcase s)

"MY STRING"

(strcat <stringl> <string2> ... <stringN>)

)
o;)lA.=........I "strcat" ~l.; jl ,...:_..!.) ~ J;) '~J I.S.r- ~ ~);)~ ~ ..r-; ~ ~ f.SI_r.

.;);)}~

~..L: .;) y$-.r" 0 )~ ..:.......1; "-: ~ jl ~) ~ );) ~~) c.r- .>:; ~ "-: ~_;,
I
i ~ ~; LS4;sl .t.: ..:.......11 .t.: ~ jl ~~; ....r;-' .J ~) ~~ j~ f.SI~1 I~ I ~~ 0 ;_rP

.J.j~~ ~L,.;I

:~Jl!..

(strcat "F' "like" ''AUTOJJSP.")

I like A UTOLISP.
(strcat "F' (strcase "like"))

"I LIKE"

(strlen <stringl> •..)

JI-ll; ~
\....: .-
.J....., Lo.,j
--
o.)\A:.....I "strlen" ~
I;
)
·1 ...l.,.j\
- y ~
- ~
)
..>..:..> L ~
~ - -
J .Y
.L ~
. - .l"\:.r.
I,.;>

.JY. ..ul_,.> ~ JJs. ~ "strlen"

:Jl!..
(setq s "HELYA")

"HELYA"
1
I ' \ ' Autolisp .J.) ~ c:;'Y"

(strlen s) .J
5

(strlen "HELYA" "IS" "MY'' "DAUGHTER") 1

17

(;mbstr <stringl > <start> [ <lenght>])

:..:.....;.) -~~ .ul_,.> ~J ~ WJy-::' ~~(SUBSTRing~) "substr" ('j\.; ~

:~ )~ I) .r..j 0~ J§lo
...L!.4~ <string]> b J jl LSI~ J .7-j -'
.~ Y:,~ ur. ~o..L!. ~<start> J~ e;T ~_y ~ LS.;SI)S jl e;T LSI..4;1- r
y3"1 .~I o...u.T <lenght> CJlo __,.3') )~ ~ ~ )~ i.S~~ .t.: J..;.-: ~ _;SI)S ~~,.l,t.j -i
r.S~JJJ bJ LS~I ~o..L!. ~ ~l_j jl ~ LSI~J LS~I ~..w4 ~l...li J~ o~ y:--ol.; C.llA _/)
.~ Y. .ul_,.>

:~J~

(substr "I like my baby" 7)

"my baby" -]

(substr "I like my baby" 3 5) .J

"like"
[]
(setq a '(h b (c d) (e f) g))
(substr a 3 2)

((CD) (E F))

(wcmatch <string> <pattern>) ']

...L!.4~ <string> C;lA .J) i.SJJ.I. wildcard LS~I ~Y. ~ l..io ~\.; If.. I ¥ J

~~~ ~~l..io ~ ,_j-J~ uJ~ J~ J oJ.J..~} ~l..io <pattern> L5~14 <string> bJ

._jJ? jl <pattern> 0lA .J)J-l .-lY. .uly nil~~~ ...::.;Jr-:' If.. I _y}- J-l.) Y. .uly>- T ~l_j

ul> J .)r-~ o.)\..4:.....\ _r)IJ\S'Oo o jl ~~l..io p LSI.r. .J;S o.)\..4:.....\ ~~y~ :r.;wildcard

..)y:.~ i~' ~l..io ~ ~)..lio lf-.1 jl

:~J~

(~cmatch "Name" "N*")

fj
 T
~

(wcmatch "Name" "???, *m*,B*")

T
..u.l_,.> T ~\; ~~~ ,_w~ ~1_, ~ \_.,"----: \.i.o jl ~ k olS"_y'> •.r.;>-1 J~ J-'

. -~ )-' ..:.;_,LQ.; ~ ~ S):r_ .J S-:.; § ._j-'.r- "----: Li.o ~ J-' ·"' Y.

c.!.) o...L:..:S' If..1. J.....j

. t:: 1y - " - 4\ - r
(angtos <anglel> [<method> [<precision>]])
-?
. I
.)~~<angle]> 0\..o .J) ...::........1 ~J ~ I..S-'JJ.J ~Jij J:~ "angtos" ~\; ~J
AUNITS r- _ . ~ U""L.I_r. ·~J.;>- 0-'J_,\ ..::..........~.: J-JJ .~10~)J ~.7. _;-.~
.J.:l~ ~~AUNJTS ~ ~ .7. ,_, ~ _,..:.; Jy-o J-' <method> 0L. _}) ...::........1 }~I
i\.j) _,\J.....i ,..::.....,..1 ~ -'..~.&. S-:_ .6 <method> t.JL, .J) ~\.; o...\.:....2>.) t.JL.:...; ..r..j j_,~

,J....:,~ ~IJ.j J~ ~\; ..:...--) J-' <precision> 0L. .J) }i .J:S~ .y__ -7 \J ~ jl ..L..:
.J:S~ ~ \J J~\ i\j) _,IJ.....iAUPREC ~ ~

<method> LAUNJTS ~ {j ?.J .;-> .) I.:> /......

0 ~).)

1 ~).) /~.) /~\:;

2 '}
.)I

3 tJ~-'IJ

4 t.S)-' .7.~ t.S~..~.>-1_,

(setq ptl '(5.0 1.33))

(setq pt2 '(2.4 1.33))

(setq a (angle ptl pt2))

(angtos a 0 0)

"180"

(angtos a 0 4)

"180.0000"

(angtos a 1 4)
'\f Autolisp ;.J ~ t''.i

"180.000 'Oil II

(angtos a 3 4)

"3.1416r"

(angtos a 4 2)

"W'

(angtos a 2 1)

"200. 0"

(ascii <stringl >)

.~1 ~} ~ ~ _;.S"IJ IS J LSI.r. AS~ )~ASCII JS ..5.:. ~ _; .7::7" IS lS.JJf. L>fi\J IS .;Jb

'~"4"a" _;:.)1}5" J\.!.... LS\.r. ...l:.:S~ J) ~ 4~ ~ __,5" .J.J~ J ~JY. .J.J~ (.)LA fii)S
-~~
l~_t..:..-1 o.MT <string> 0Lo .J) J~ ASIJ _;51}5" ~ascii JS ~~Yif "ascii" ~t; 4
_;.S"IJIS ~.Jiascii JS 0 ;~ ~ ~t; 4 ~~4 _?IJ'S ~LSI),., <string> 0Lo ~) }I ..J..;S T]
L .

. ~ Y. ..u.ly>
:lA.J~

(ascii "Try")

84

(ascii "T')
84

(ascii "U'')

85

(ascii "u")

117
[]
(atof <string>)

"atof' ~L" jl ~..L.!.~ ~..u. 0T :...I:Jl~ ~ LSLA fi~\S AS ~4 L)I~J LSIJb }I

.~W o~IA.:....I ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~J ~I J..J..? L)l_r. ~~y~ :J·

L·

:LAJ\.!....
(atof "97.345")
9~345000

(atof "number 13")

0.0
 (atoi <string>)

o~\.A;.....Iatoi Cjt; jl ,~b ~ ~~ ~ "'-: .)~ Jo~ C...:.J ~ J..~ "'-: j~ }I

,J..!,~ C..:.\.) ~ ~Sh.) ISLA ;:51}5' ,.)~ jl ~ ~ ..l.!.~ LSI~; <string> 0Lo _};I _}I ..J.;S

. .)Y. ..ul_,.> ~ ~t; ~

:LAJI.;..o
(atoi "3.14159")

I 3
. I
(atoi "72")

72

(atoi "number 72")

(chr <number!>)

~l; ..l Y::,,_r0 o.llA.:.-.1 "chr" ~\.; jl '4-S;:SI;\S .JS .t..: ascii 1.9~ JS ~ J..~ LSI..r.
l . .1.!.~~ "ascii" ~t; ,J.:J.jl_,.>- ~ ~ ;_,10w ,~t; cr., I <..r' ~
:~JI.;..o

(chr 83)

"s"
(chr 115)

"s"
(itoa <integer>)

..;.;$ o.l\A:....I "itoa" ~t; jl J.: ~ 'l.S.l~ ~ J .t..: ~ .)~ ~ J..J.:J LSI..r.
:LAJl!...
'! (itoa -25)

"-25"

(itoa 1988)

"1988"

(read <string>)

"I..L.jl- ·c..:,JJ ~-~~~ JJ·1~ · I IL.)..L.. · I I la~"read" t;~

J -Y~ .,_r-.J -~ r.,.r.:'.J~ ~ ·-

.J.;.S o~lA::.....I J~ LS~

' -·.
l
~
(/ ·.,~
~~~.}

'\0 Autolisp J::. ~ l;l_,;

.1

(read "hello")

HELLO

(read "HELya")

HELYA

(read "(a) ")

(A)

(read "58 142 33")

58

.~ L..; o.:ll£......1 J-1..9 S:.:. 0J.j\__,.> LSI..r. ~ly ~ substr, read, read-line ,open ~I_; jl

(rtos <number> (<method> (<precision>]])

. ,...,~ "rtos" 1.; ~ •...:.........\ "itoa" 1.; ~ . ,... ~ 1.; "rtos" \; .:l <:: 1 . -
uI- L..;, !,; ) ~ • - ~
6\.J
• -· !,; ~ ~

. ..W~~ J_F.-5 ~L.; <precision> J <method> 0Lo ~) J.:l ~. 0T 1 \.::.:>.L.... .S ...::..,....,\ .:ll-.~;1

..x.Srf ~ \1 1 ~\...::...;.:l <precisic:1.> J ...::.........l..l>IJ tj J_?" LSI_r. <method> 0Lo _,5)

<method> ~li ~.J/- .~~:>t....

~
,.' LSJL.!..c:.l
r iJ""' J.:..g..o
'f l.SJL-.o
0 LS.;-5
:j
~ J.:l ,J.:..!,~ ~\J.j J~ ~I.; 1 J <precision> J <method> 0Lo.}) J.:l o~~

.~JI.f" r~l IJ ~0\ ~ J '-:-} j "-! LUPREC .J LUN/TS r\.j "-! ~

J
:U.Jl!.o r·J.
~<·-
L...."-"

(rtos 17.5 1 4)
r·-]
i.:-':
:.c:....:..·
 . . ,l
"1.7500£+01"

(rtos 17.5 2 2)
I
i "17.50"

(rtos 17.5 3 2)
11
1 '-5.50" II

(rtos 17.5 4 2)

"1 '-5 1/2""

(rtos 17.5 5 2)

"17 1/2"

~f_,S~I_,; r- ' o
~ly 0-:.l jl ~,j ~ ~ _J..j ~~~~I~ .P 6..J_AutoLJSP 1 :J ~I} Lly

w~ ~h;) :..:....,.)~ .J ~~ ~L...;IJS_;-1 _;-~J\11 (:j-'> 6..J. 1

1 ~I} w~ ~Y' ~~.i~
-~~ o..u.L:..... ~.r..~ ~ f..5.JJf. 11 ~I}

~I.J &)"~ ~I_,J Y-' o-'

Wj.L! ~.)I ,;1-;..-41..5~~.)) "-!I) ~I} w~ ~~y~AutoLJSP jl o:Jl.a:.....l ~

.~;)~~~

J-:u :r.;AutoLJSP ~ J..j ~~ 1.;::-1 JS_;-1 1 .) ~ 1.f..lA0Lo) rl..0 ~_;; ~:..:.1 L.Jiy~
~~.i~ 0T ~J "-!~I ~y ~Li .r.0~j ~ WI.)AutoLISP~T jl0:,l_r.o.J~-~II.;::-I
-~~ c_'Jl.::,l oi_,;.J:J "-! I) JSylf..5~0L.}

(angle <pointl> <point2>)

jl }o~LQ:....,I ~ 0~ 1 .) ~11 J=_;. ~.ulj ~~.i~ "angle"~\; jl o.)L.a:.....l ~

'.l .Y':"Y' ~ 0~ jl x 1 y-o ~ ~ "-! ~ ~.) 1 j5~ <point2> .) <point]> ~ .):J
. I
....l.!.~IJ" 0 L:. .)11 ~.r. c:-; t ~ .J.;-5 ~
!
,:/ /

r ' '\ V Autolisp ;.::. ~ c;l_,;

(angle (2.0 2.0) '(5.0 5.0))

0.3927

(angle ' (1.0 1.0) '(1.0 4.0))

3.1.5708
(distance <pointl> <point2>)

.J <point}> 0L..J) ..) _,.!If c.) \A:..... I "distance" ~\J jl ,~ .J.) 0':: ~lj ~(.)If.
.J.:...!.~ L>.M: .,_.., ~ L>.M: .J.) ul...a:.;- (..)IJb J.;.jly If <point2> .J
:t_.,.Jl!,.o

(distance '(2.0 2.0) '(5.0 5.0))

4.242641
(distance '(1.0 2) '(3.0 4.0))
2.828427
IJ
(inters <pointl> <point2> <point3> <point4> [<infinite>])

, <pointl >, <point2> ..bt.«....; _;I ~ ~ ~ 4..5 ~ .J.) c:bt;; .J:u; "-: 1..5"!~.) (..)l_r.
.b...,;. oJ4 .J.) }I .~W o.)IA:.....I "inters" ~\J jl ~l.fif ~,J,;Jj$1f <point4> .J <point3>

~\J ).) <infinite> 0l.. .J) o\5'_;A •..1...!. J...t>l_,.> nil~ ~\J ~ ~~ ~ IJ ~~ J~~
ci} _)a.; J.) .).J,.b...Li (..)1_.,.,1> u J~ "-:1_.,.,1> oJ4 ~..1....7.~ nil 0i Jl..lA.. .J ..1....7.~ ~b J~
0L..}) .}1 d.J ~~~If ~~ o..l....7. o.)b 4.k;,; _J.) jl ~\.> ,J> ~~ ~l;; 4.k;,; .J ,.A; _r:;.if
..)Jb 01 .)y; 0~ ~}I ~..I...!.~ nil jl_r.? 01 Jl..lA.. .J ..1....7.~ ~b J.r-2> <infinite>

(setq a '(10 10) b '(9. 0 9.0))

(setq c '(4.0 4.0) d '(4.2 20))

(inters a b c d)

nil

(inters a b c d I)
nil
(inters a b c d nil)
(4.000000 4. 000000)
C~l
u
 (osnap <pointl> <method>)

l.SI.s..k.Q.; "'"! ~\; ~IY!" .J y:;.~ oJ\..Q.:.....I "osnap" t;\; jlsnap wl.&. ~ y jl cJ\..Q.:.....I LSI.r.
..IS.,_;I JJ OSNAP 0lA j .>.;..;lA ~I; cr.. I Jf.J\S .:J _p~ ..:..,jl:_JJ snap ~ y .6 :J:J }if j~
. ...l..!.~l..f"
:~JL:....

(osnap '(1.0 1.0) "midp")

(0.75 1.0)

l (setq pt2 (osnap '(3.0 4.5) "endp, center"))

(2.34 4.58)

(polar< point> <angle> <distance>)

~_,lj _,<distance> ~\j "'"! .S I.SJ~ UCS JJ ~ ~ 0~ 0JJJ1 ...::.......~LSI.;:

0lA _,....5") .~k.; o.)~l ''polar" ~l_j jl ~ly._r •J)J }~<point> ~ jl <angle>

i ..l...!.~~ 0l:..)IJ~_;:<angle> ..) _,..!.~a~0~ ~ JJ_,...::.......I0l:..)IJ~_;:<angle>

(polar '(0 0) 0. 785398 1)

(0. 7071 0.7071)

l
(polar ' (1.0 1.0) 0. 785398 1.414214)

( 2. 000000 2. 000000)

(redraw (<entity-name> [<method>]])

•..:.......I a..Lo1 c::;l_j 0lA _,...5) JJ 01 iL; .S tf' y-P y _yA \; J_,..!.~ ~~ "redraw" c::;\;
Jw •J~ ('"":-""" _; ~ ,...l..!,~ ~b J~ <entity-name> 0~ .J) }I ..) _,..!. J~ ('"":-""" _;
1.i..; c::;t .S dJ~ J.) .Jy$~ 0J.r-:' •oJ....! .J~ 0~.}) "-! 1.>-:.r ~Y 0w lSJJJ.

lSJJf. <method> 0~ .J) _dG .JY. ...1..\l_,> redraw 0lA) J..:.j~ 01 ~ ,J....:,~ e:;t iL; Jol!.
•...:.....,.I nil~ c::;t Lf-~ ~~~ •...l..!.~~ .r..j J_,~ ~ wU:. ~ y L:. ~ y

u ' 0 t.o h r__..; &

<method>
~ I.SJJf. t~ y .)~ ('"":-""" _;
1
'·':j
'r ~ I.SJ) jl ~ _,_; y 0..L.!. .J>'-A
r _t.,....; .r ..::....>- 1_,.:.S:.: 0 ...l..!. 0 L..:.>. ).) _, o~

~. .. :.. ~
- _ II • I - I II .;::;
I
, \ \ Autolisp ;~ ~ e'.Y

_;:l ~..1..!.~ (Block ~Polyline J.:.j~) ~r f:r y ~~ .1Y.r <entity-name> o\5T' ··<l

~.JJ:l ...::.;~.,...;_,- ~ t.S.JJ.r. Jojb__r; ~<Method> :l~ 0:l-'"""! .- .~ 4 ...::;J~

1
-:r.J.,I ~ :l.J~ Jojb _,; ~ ,...l.!,~ ~<Method> }I J :lY::..f i~l <entity-name>
....::.........\ <entity-name> ..}J_;;) tr-=' y
(trans <point> <start> <end> [<displacement>])

"trans"~\; jl ,h:l d~ ~ ~ dla;,;..,e ~ ~ jl .J:a.i; ~ Jl4;.;1 ~l.r.

.J <sto_rt> ~~0~ }') ...1..!.~ ~.AA:"'"""' ...::;L..a;.;- ~l)b .l,;\Y\.5" <point> .:lY:.\.5" o:l\;;....,1

ol!_r. ..l,;JJ~ .)~ ,...::;L.a.:>... ~ tj 0:l_j ~ ~ly; .6 ..\.:.,;.....A (J!. ~JS <end>
' }I .:lY. .al.,>- ,_}~ ...::.;~ ~ \Jl..a.::>...o ~ ,x....:,~ O, <end> ~ <start>
W..., dl.....ci- ~ ,x...;.~ r }I .J o.;;;S o:llA:.....I ...:.:;~ u _;r ~ , ~ ,x...;.~
o:llA:.....I <Entity-name> ~ ..r ~ jl <end> ~ <start> IS~ ~ o\5T' ..) Y. .al_,>- ..7-_ra;

.:l Y. .aly- ~ Y' wl..a.:>...o ~ ,wl.a.:>....o ~ '~ r

~ jl ~JS_,..;1 ~ ~j~LS l..i""l)o ~L:S ~ ,wl..a.:>...o ~ jl.r+; ..sJ~ ~l.r.

-~~) ~l.r 0\5..~.:....-;.y

r,.,_.aj ~~I_} ~ly l-' o -l

[J
..x.:S\.5" J_;;SG ~I} ..r..~ ~~I> 45 ...::.........1 c:;t LS~I..w ~IJbAutoLISP
:-_···]
I_; ~:l ...::.;~ ~~l,.l..j J 0.l,;l_,.>- 'r-_; 0~ _j ..5~ ...::.;~ 45 .l,;jl...\5" J~lj IJ W ..r..) r-;ly
. ...

•~:l i~l f;._ra; ~ ~ .1~ )I _;:l

(graphscr)

~ .~1 ~I_? ~.J-"' ~X:l., ~J~Y :l_r ~ .6 ~_;~~ :l.Y':"J :l_r.J:l JS_yl J:l

.~b J.r. ~I} ~l>- ":I_; f..~·~ ~ly,_f (graphscr) t;\; jl o:llA:.....I
[] '
(grclear)

0..W ..J>'--'0 ~I .J.:S~ ..5~ ...::.;~ _,..;, .J-"' ~ jll_; .r..~ ~ (grclear) c;\;
~,(regen) :l~ J:.~ ~(redraw) :l~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ J ...:.........\ ~ y ...::.;~ _,..;, y
~]
~ .t...: I_; .r..y.a-; ~ , VIEWPORTS 0~} h.... y ol!.r" .,;.;Y:..f _;I~J; ...:.:;~_,..;, y L~

(~0\S::..o) _;j.}-6 JW ~:l ~.):l ~.JJY. .k.Aj ,J} t;\; ~ '~~ o:l_j ~ ~~ ~_;:l ' ]··'
'.

~ ~
' '

.:l_;b ~\; ,J.:S.f ...::.$.;> 01 ~.JJ.Y.

(grdraw<start> <end> <color> [<highlight>])

<color> ~J ~<end> ~<start> ~ jl ~lylfgrdraw ~\; .r.._raj h.... y

 ~t; ~~JU,I ~ ~ IJ ~~JU,I ,oJ...!. .)~l.k> .J.;S .)~l.r..~ ~ I.S.JJf. IJ ~
0Lo y.!} t,SI_r. _,J"I ...:.......I .;~._ra-; ~ I.S.JJf. .h4.; 0T )I ~ ,.l.:S"~ ..jL,.;I ,_r.5 ~
).) .;,highlight> 0Lo .J} Jl ..)Y. .ul_,.>xor oJ...!. .)~l.k.> '~ \..o.j o.)l.4:.....1-' .).,u;. jl <color>
I
\ .J.:Sif ~~ 0 L!.>-.).) ...:.J L:.- oJ...!. .) ~I .1.> ,J...!, ~ _;.....:, .J J...!. 4 ~b J ~ e:; \.; ~
:JI.!..o
(grdraw '(0.0 0.0) '(2.0 2.0) 3 1)

(grtext [<box> <text> [<highlight>]])

i
. :_!
Al.r...J jl o~.) 0L!.,j t...4 .., ~IJ_r.};- (..$tA~ ~ ~ ~ 0.)J}I LS'.r.
:·l..w
.)
~
.) ·7
<:;I
~'.r
e.;.;-
~ .l"t.,....:.--S ...WW o.)l.i:....l "grtext"
""' - e:; \.; J·1 ~I ~·'j
,J
~< ~
JSy ·1 ...r-

~.;+!~-\
I
I u~ J lA...:.JL:.- ~ - r
J>-).) <text> ,J...!.4 .~ .;+! ;:-; .)l..w jl rs r..!.) ~ \.; 0 jl <box> _;IJ.i.. o\5'.)""l
<text> LSL,.?I)S .)IJ...j Jl ..) ~if .)""lU; oJ...!. ~ <box> J.) 4.5" ~ Y' J.) J ~ .;+!

-\ , <box> )...lA..o o\5'J""l •.).) }if ck! J :.J~.) ,J...!,4 ~~if~.;+! J.) 4.5" LS.)IJ...j jl
jl . .).r!if J""'U; o.1:..A.) 0l.!.; ~ ~ '14 ~5::u4 J.) Layer ~ J.) <text> 0Lo .J) ,J...!,4
.J...!. .uly>- _,..,.U; u~ ~.).)<text> 0Lo .J) ,J...!,4- r '<box> 0Lo.J)
I : Jl.!..o
(grtext 2 11MEHRDAD")

..)~if _,..,.U; ~.;+! jl i .J-' .h.;. J.)MEHRDAD ~ ...:.JL:.- ~I J.)

(grtexJ 2 II II 1)

..) ~if r:_r. .J J ~.;+! j I i .J-' .k;.. LS.J Jf. _}.;t..:..; ,...:.JL:.- ~I J.)
(grtext-1 11HELYA 11)

(grtext-2 11ROYA")

..) ~if .)""lU; u~ ~ J.)Roy _,...:.JL:.- ~I J.)

(grread [<coordinate>])

~ '! G~ .J ~~J.) IJ j~~ (..$L,.o\.{:_,.) jl ij'l (,$.)JJ.J \.; .)Jb ~Jgrread

i
·..J .J...!.4~ 4S~.JJ.J tj ox.:S ~ tJ$ ~~ 4S.l~ '~ jl ya:.s. ~.JI .J.jb j )4 -~
:..u,.)~ 0~ G(,$.)_JJ.J !_)L,.o\.{:_,.) (,$.)~ .JS .J tj ~~ o...LoT .;~.) J.l 4.5" ~

··---'-'-"""
l' o ' Autolisp ;~ ..r?'-' c:;ly

lAJ.:.lS" ~ - _r$"1;LS"..l5' ascii

"
.,.. ~- o...)..!. ul>.;,jl
. u~- ~
-
'f LSI~ ...:-...J+i J).... O.Jw
0 ~~.)u~
~ LSiw.) o~.) _;:-; :.Jw
v ' Y-!li
. .r:'-- ) w
0

1\ rY-!li
. .r:'--ow'_)
'\ .,. Y-!li. .r:' ) w
--0

'f Y-!li
. .r:'-- ) w
0
' 0

,_?..S ...::-...J+i ?.
" 1.5lw.) p L!.,j
.J w
o~.) :.1z ut...a.:;_
0

"',.,.. LSI~ ...:-...J+i ;:-; :.Jw

~ .

LS~.) .J LS.J~;:,.;, _y.) .Y' ~ ~.).Jb.) Y':' .J.).Y'.J.)

. (textscr)

J.S'y-1 ).) ,...)..!. O.JL.;.I-:J..;; .a )_,10w ,.]

\< • •

.~__,..;. ~ .JL:..!. j .) .Y' ~ ~ly tJ"' ..yl~ -6 0l.. j _;-A "textscr" Cj\.; ~ ...:.......I ~I}.) yo
(vports)
c]
~ .J.) li ~l.fl.f" ..l.S'y-1 .J.) ,~btJ"' -6 .J_,10w
,;,;...S .)~1 ~.) ~.J.) .J~
']
u~ .J.) .J O.Jw ~LSI).)~.)~).) .;-A .~10.).P J.l.i ~.) ~).) '~ \.; 4A~.)
~ ,J.I~ '~ W o.)\A:-1 "vports" Cj \.; jl o\!_;-A ;...)..!.~tJ"' 'j~ ...:-,..I.J .J ~ ~ ~ :...;, .} .J.) LSI..r. ,]
.J.) ul..a;;:>... .J ~ r- :.Jw ,01 .J.) 1$ ...::.....!.1.) ~I.,> 114.5_ra:.s. ..:-...:J" ..:-...:J ~ u )~
~I.J u~ ,L\~ ~ ul....a:,;..o -6 ~ILS.J}.)'-!, J.l.i ~I ....::-...1 o..l..!. ~ j 01 t;. _}
}I ..l:..A.) tJ"' 0L!.,j d:'_r .J J _,1 _)Z.; jii.J ~ JS'.jl 4.5.;-S -6 ~ LS.)I..~I ~ ,~
....::-...1 r.>l Cj\.; 1..:"'1~ .r.,j ..:-...:J ,...)..!,~~~~LSI).)~
((1 (0.0 0.0) (0.5 1.0)))

i.S..L:.:h ,.r->-1 Cj\.; \.; J...!.~ 1 ~~ "TILEMODE" ~ ~ 1$.)_r!.,f LS.J}.)'-!,

.~.) 0\..!..i .r.._raj ~ .J.) I.J ~.) LSlA~.J.)

t.S"J.;J J ~J/- ~fy r- 11 ~]

:'
<-
)

.r.._;:-; u 4-S.r.,.)lA-o jl ~~y~ ,.,6_,..;1.JAutoLisp 0l:- ~~) 0.)_? )}..r. LSI..r.

\:_ .J (digitizer) .JY..~.).,L\.y5' ~ ~..,k jl ~ly,_f' I.J lAC:-~ .J.:Sf-; o.)~l ,J..;S..f' LJ
.~W JL..;I:;,:; (mouse) ,_;. .Y'
r·J-.•
L
 :.,.]

~w ~ ,.s:l.,.JJ ~~Y" .,._' ,_'

(getangle [<point>] [<prompt>]

;_,k <~..; o.J.:..:S" o.)lA.:.....IIS.J-' jl ~JI) ~ ~4;.) ~SI.r. I; o~,..o\;_r. \.; .);b ~J ~\.; 0:-l

~.)~If ~1.1 o..A.:..A.) 0L..:..i ~ ISJ;_r. .S ..::........1 oly..J.) :_:..;,J ~<prompt> ..) )) & ..::.,..; yo
0lo ,_$) .)jL.. o~ ~,.l;\,)1.5" iJ'j ~y.t~,..o\.;_r. .A$ if~ J !.S).JJJ tj jll; oJ:.:S o.)l..i:......l \.;
..>....!.~~~..~.A: .JJ :..kA.i u~ ~<point>
IS.)JJ.J o.J.:.:S o)\..4.:.....1 \; ~~~ ...:...i..Y" ;):. "-! ~..l-..;~ Cj\.; cJ-1 "-! .t~,..o\.;_r. ..S IJ"'~
.J .r..~ I.S).J;.J 01~ ~I; ~JI) ~ ,.l;ly~f ~ ox.:S o)IA=.....I JL> cJ-1;) ..xS ~ _r-o I; i)~
~J...:.L_getangle ~ ljt i\.j ~\..,.;, ~ ljt ~ J;~ ;) ..x.S ,_}_ro I; .JaAj .J) ~14
4 "-ulj ~ ~~ o~,..obii.SI_r. .S ~~ o.J..:. ~pI; o~,..o\.j _r. tili:; ~4)) 0.)~ ox.:.S o)\..4.:.....1
..xS .r..~ I; .JaAj J) ...::; L.a.:;.....

~~))I; ~tA:; ox.:S o)\.A.:.....II~I ~.;..;.~<prompt> 0lo.}) J lj\; i\.j ~L;, tY }I

..xS .r..~ I; ~ J) 0la:.;- 4 J "-ulj 01_,.:-s. ~ I; ~S)Js ..::........1 ij'l 01 jl ~ .S .x.S~
l
"-ul) ~X J.Y-" ~ ~ ~.h.> cJ..! :..ulj .S .x.S~ ~I;~~ .J) w~)

I (.J..:Sif ~ IJ !..S).J;J
..x.S .r..~ I; i .J) :.kA.i 0la:.;- ~~ ox.:S o.)\..4.:.....1 ~.>.,;,~<point> 0lo _}) lj\; o~Y'
. I
l
~~0~ .h.... y ,.l;ly~ ox.:S o.)~l ~~ 0~ f..~ 1..5~ ~ ~~)~ .s ;}:o0w
._· __ ] .J:S ~ ~o..A.:..A) 0L..:..i ~ !..S.JJ I; .k~
:U.J~
.J (setq ang (getangle))

(setq ang (getangle '(1.0 3.0)))

(setq ang (getangle "which way?"))

. I

i
.)
.J..:S .)'!.~I; !..Sf.-,_)L/SP 0;~ ,.l;ly~ ox.:S o)\.A.:.....I ~etangle Cj\j ~ ~~ J)

(getcorner <point> (<prompt>])

0;~ "-!~~I~ •.J..!.4~gelpoint ~ ~ l.)..l> t getcomer ljt ~

l ~ jl .JaAj cJ-1 ~l.;.,::jll.)l_r. ~ 0 .J\A; ~I ~ .)Y. .ul_,.> loS;~ USC jl .JaAj ~ 0\....a.::>....o
j
~If~~,_;.- cJ-..1.: .).J o)l.A.:....I01.flf ~~1 1
d ... <point> 0l.o .f);)~~ :..hA;
I; 1..5!.Jai.j wla:,;- ~ox.:S o)L«::.....I t )~..f ~p ~J.......;~ ~\; jl ~ cJ-1 ~ o~,..o\.;_r.
o.) I.A.:..... I }I .oU) 0 L..:..i ~ o..A.:..A) 0 L.:.; W..O !..S.J) _r. ~0 ~ ~ J ~ I; 01 J=- 4 .J J:S .)'!.~
I
r o i Autolisp J"' .--~" Lly

~.h.... y ~~~ Jyk "-:<point> \; lo..i0~ ~ ~ y 4..U.~ ..::.S~ IJ k;0~ o.d

jl .;._;i_y~ d.:.S .r..r \J 0~ ..u.l~ o..d o~l.i:....l }I ...:..........\ ~JJ J:l.; ~J~ ..b;.
.~ l,..; o~\..i:....\@ ..::.__..~ \.: ~ J.J)

(getcorner '(1.0 1.0))

(getcorner '(1 0. 0 11.24) ''pick the opposite corner.")

·..l::-:k; .r..r \J lS~~ LISP 0}.~ ~~.f~ J~ ~\; ~ b~ J~

(getdist [<point>] [<prompt>])

.~ jL.. ......a.; _,;:..-o .U....:.u 01~ "-: lS~.JJJ ~ ..::.....!\.:)~ t; 1) <I..AL;..r. ~ )~ ~ J ~t; 0-:.l

0L..; ~ lSJJf. <~..AL; .7. lSI?-1 i~ J~ .~ -.::.......1 oi_,.;J~ :..:...:,) ~ <prompt> 0~ ..,S)

...:....9L-.J~ 0.J~ ~ l: o..d o~la.::.....l 4...L.:.~ ~\; iL; ~\...:. .ha.; ~\; o~ r .~ _r;.~ r\.1; o~~
r·]·.
.J ~ 0 L.a..:.;....o jl 01 _,; ~ .u....:. \j ,_ir--- lSI.r. .~ L...; .r..r .u....:. \j 01 ~ ~ 1) ~~ ~ "~ ~ ;::..:·

)~ y;, <point> 0~ f) 0~r -~ ~ o~La.::.....l lo..i0K.o 1.: 0~ .r..r 0 )y-:' ~ ~

.~ _,..::. ~ .U....:.\..9 \; xS ~~IIJ i J~ ~ ~~y~ ox.:S o~La.::.....I~,...L.:.~ ~~~

:~JI;..o ··~J
((getdist)

lS~JJJ U..0\..9 :23.45

[]
23.45 ']
(getdist '(10.1 5.2) ''please pick a distance:")

please pick a distance: ~ 0~ \.: Jj.} ..::.Sy-

(getdist '(3.0 5.0)) . .:> _,..:;.~ ..::.....!\.:)~ ~~

(getint I <prompt>])

jl ..:.......I ij~ 4-=> _,..::. ~ ).J <~..AL; .r. ~ ~ -=>~ ~ 4ox.:S o.:>L.i:....l .h.... y ~~~ o~ r
&;
~ <prompt> 0lo _,.5) jl ~)-=> J~l ~\; 0-:.l jl o.:>I.A:.....I J-=> .~ lo..i o.:>I.A:.....I "getint" ~\;
("

'[..··.··.·].

.......;_; p <~..AL;.r. 4 ~I; 0-:.l ~ 0~ J ~ ~ 4-l::-: lo..i o.:>lA.:.....I0~ f) 0-:.l jl ol5'r .J.;S o.:>la.::.....l
ij~ lS-=>JJ.J _);.::- .J .:> _,..;.,_y-" rl]; ox._,..:> 0l..:..; ~ lSJJJ. <prompt> i~ J .:> r~
.~Lo~

:~JI;..o
.. ,.] (getint "Enter an integer:")

Enter an integer:

(setq num (getint))

.~ .rJ )) num ~ L>~ ~ \; ..::.......\ i j'-J L5~.JJ.J ..:..jl:J~ ~ .uGf. _r->-1 J~ J~

.J.;S o..)\..Q;:....\ L>~..)LISP 0).:$- jl ~~_,.;~ getint ~\; "--: ~4 J~

(getkword (<prompt>))

)~ .J.;S ~ r-o ~u.~ ~ jl L>~JJ.J ..:..jt:)~ I; 1) .ut.; .r. ~ 1 Y"if ~I; er:. 1..b..... .Y

~o..cl o~\..Q;:....\ ~ ~~ JL.) L>l..r. <prompt> 0~ }'} j\ ~\Yif ~\; er:.l jl o..)\..Q;:...,\ ~~
l
I
l ~ "initget" it.;~ L>J.-:.~ ~\; J,:.yb jl ~\Yif \J ~\; L>l..r. ~ L5UoL5~.JJJ .J...JM~ oft:
"initget" ~\; ~ jl L5~ L>~JJJ ~c..d" o~l£....,1 jl o~ JL....) L5~JJ.) clS.)""" .J.:J})~ J _r.5
-~)~if & ~ _y..,o ~ L5~.J).) ..:..jt:)~ L; \) .u\.;f. J ...l:.S-.5" ~) \) 01 ~~~

(initget 1 "Angle Base")

(getkword "Enter Angle or Base:")

....l:.S ..r..r \JBase l:Angle ...Giyif .6.; c..cl o~li:.....I-.::.JL> er:.l J..)

(initget I "Yes Y NO N'')

(getkword ''Are you sure (Yes No)?")

....l:.S ..r..r \JN ~No, Y, Yes ...Giyif c..cl c~li:.....l -.::.JL> er:.l J~
(getorient [<point>] (<promptl>])
,.. j .....;")\_;.. ~0\J.J~ ~ ~ ~...G _,...;.~ 0l:-; 0L:_..)IJ ~.r. L:_I.Jj r.AutoLISP J..)
~ )__,...1 0~ -~~~X J.J>'--" ~ '-~ ~ ...~ ~.)\j r.\~.) ..::.......\ ~l..... L5Uo~p

\J _;-:, r.I...L;-o .J 01J.J~ ~ ~ ~UNITS 0~) jl o~li:.....l ~ ~1_,; i f JS_,;I J~ ~~~~if

.. I
I ~ ~ .J ~ ~Jij r.l~ ~ j ~ANGDIR .JANGBASE ~ ~ .J~ -~~ _,.M•;

....l:.S-.5" ~ \) 0\).)..)

~ ~.J~ ~ 0J\..Q; 0:.\ ~ ~..d"if ~ r ~L:._o "getangle".J"getorient" ~ly

..
L>.d\; ~ "getangle" ~\; ~ oJJ..r. J_, ...G)~ .d\; "getorient" ~\; ~ L5JJ..r. 0~ ...s~
....G)...G
~~.)~~X J.J>V' ~ ~ ~~.)\j ~ L5\_r. ~ r.\~ .J..5 if~
~ "getangle" .J "getorient" ~\; .J~ ~ ~~ _,..;. ci} _,h.; J~ ~L.... L5Uo~p .....9"':A>- ~0\J.J..)
-~ Y. ..ul_?-
!·
r o 0 Autolisp J~ ~ t:'f"

..J...;S o.)\..Q..:.....I r..Sh.)L/SP WJ~ ji.J.~;Iy~getorient ~\; ~ ~~ J,)

:J~

._).rv' ~ "-·!.Jij r..S~ 01~ "'-: l_;y J.J>'A ~ ~ 4UNITS 0~) 1 ,) .J...;S ~)
J.J...l.:l:- .~lo.)}" 1..;--'~1 ~L, r..S~~p ..;..>.r; ~ ).) IJ 01J.J.) ~ ~ .J ~lo.)~
:~,)~ 0\..:.j ~ LS~r..S,).JJ.J ~.I. IJ "getangle" .J "getorient' ~\; .J,) ~ ...r.,j

(~.J.:>) ~.:>J.JJ GETANGLE GETORIENT

0 o/oooooo 1/,WoY1P
f"_]
-1\o 1/aYoYI\f r'/lfla1r
~;.._··

-lAo r/tf 1a1r f /Y I Yr' AI\

10 f/YIYr'A1 o/oooooo

(getpoint [<point>] [<prompt>])

<point> ,.) ).)~ ~ o.x.:.S 4.)\.A.:.....,I jl .Ja.i; S,.,_ r..SJ.JJ.J ~~_;.) r..SI..r. I_; o~,..oL; f. 4~\; cr., I
<prompt> 0\... ~) . ..l..!.~ ~\; ~ r..SI.r. .f..~~ .,L;Iy~ 6 ~I ~ly.J.) 0~ }')

...>:S J.)\....::, 4r..S.).JJ.J tj jl ox..:S o.)\..Q..:.....I ~L ~ ~ r..SI.,r.IJ ij'l i~ .,L;I_,.;~ -__ 1_

]
:~Jl;..o

~..
(setq p (getpoint)) ·._··.].
t:.._,

(setq p (getoint "where?"))

(setq p (getpoint ' (1.5 2.3) "other point:"))

..J...;S o.)IA:......I r..Sh.)L/SP WJ~ jl ~~_,.;~ "getpoint" ~\; ~ ~~ 1 .)

~l.; jl o.li.A.:.......I ~ .~1 r..S~ _J.) ...::;La::.;_ 4J__,..-... ).,1 ~ "getpoint" ~\; ~

..J..:.S
- If- I . ...l.,j . ~ ..w ........., ...::;La::.;_ "-' I ~ · I ..WI -
. ~..,;:' . . ') . - cr., - y ~ "inituet"
o·

,.) .r!~ o~ r..SJ~ U(:S ).) o.MT ~~ w~

(getreal [<prompt>])

~ .)...\s. S,.,_ 4~\; ~ 45 ...::;_,LA; cr.,l~ 4..>:S~ ~ "getint" ~\; ..l..:.i~ ~\; cr.,l 'J'
~-'
i,-··.
.;

r..SI..r. r..S,).JJ.J cr., I 4'-> J,) ..:.......I~ .)...\s. S,.,_ "getint" ~\; r..SI.r. _r..- r..S.l.JJ.J ..) Y. ~1_,.>

..J...;S J_?IJ o..l..!. ...r.,_ro; r..S.l.JJ.J ~~y~initget ~\;.h......_,.; ...l..!.~~.)...\s.~~"getreal" ~\;

=~J~
(setq val (getreal)) . .
!] .

8j. .
 ~'I
. I

set val (getreal "scale Factor:"))

...l_:.:.W o.)LA::......\ t.S~.)LIPS 0J~ jl ~~y~ "getreal" Cj\.; "-! ~4 J.)

(getstring [<carriage -return>][ <prompt>])

~OJ.;;.$" o.)li:.....\ jl ~) ~ t.S.)J)J ~4).) oV\.jf. J..:,ily~ "getstring" c;\_; .k.....y
\_; \)

nil 0l )..Lio J ..l.!.~ ~\.) JyA> Cj\.; ).) <carr-iage- return> 0l..o .f) ol5y. ~~jL ~ p
~c..:;)_,.., 0:-l.r.? J.) .~W o.)\.4:.....\.t..L,\j ~ jl ~IY\f" "getstring" c;l.; "-! ~4 ).) ~..l.!.~

..1
1 rli::; ~<prompt> 0l..o.1) "getxxx" c;'.f f.. L... 0~ ..) _,:;.IJ"' c;\.; ~ ~~ .t..L,\j pl)lS
t.Sh.) LIPS u J~ jl getstring c;\.; "-! t:--'4 J.) .x.S'IJ"' ~I} o.x:.S o.)li:.....l t.SI_r. IJ ~l:...
.I
. :_.)
.J..;S o.)~l J..:,ily ~
(setq s (getstring))
(setq s (getstring "what's your name?"))
(setq s (getstring T "what's your full {lame?"))
(initget ( <bifielg> ][ <stringl>])
l J .) ~If y.U; "getxxx" c;l.f jl ~ t.SI-v..Lio u )_,.., "-! .6 ~I ~I.; "initget" t;\.j
0L..o .f) .~\nil~ "initget" c;\.; ~ .JJ>.)If ~~I c;l.f 0-:.l t.SI.r. ~ d.f\.j.f 0~
01 k J.) .6 ~I ~I> t.SI:..- t.SIJb JS y. .~4 1;1.) IJ .r..) t.S~JS ..lil.flf <bitfield>
:~1 o..l.!. ~ y
INTGET t.SI_r. _y;;.- t.S~~ ~
Jl> ~ly:- 0.)Y. tr-
' ~ ;I..Lio 0.)Y. t.f--
"
'f ~ .r...)\A.. 0.)Y. tr-
.J...!.~ r:_,.;.JJLIMCHECK }I,__?- ~LIMIT .u.b:... j10.) _? ):ci.r:'
.:.1
"\ ~ t.S~ "'- _k\Aj .)_JJJ oj~\
.. :J
'rl Drag ..:.JL> J.) ~)~ J.a>. t.S~ "-! ~ .k;. jl o.)I.A:w.l
.I
J .6 _r_j JJ~ "-!~~If.. IS).) t.S'.r. .J.i~ ;!} ~ )\;S ).) J:.j\.fl.f' o.>...!. .?~ t.S~~
:~ ~Y ~~\ ~\.;J.) t.S~ ).) ~4 JJ~ .)\Js,\ o.J..:.A.) 0L!..i
IS.JL!.:I IS. L;',)
.. I
'
ooooo\
•. . J

"
oooo\o

I 'f 0 0 0 ' 0 0
.. · I

"
oo\ooo

'~ o\oooo

\ooooo

'"'"
t~~,..
"""
I r o V Autolisp J.:. ~ d.Y

. ..'lY. ~I_,> '0 0'' w Jr "-: ~r ).:S )..'l 'y J ' ~' L.5u,~ 0.L.:. rU; ,JL:...o LSI_,-:

...l..::_~j~y_r..jJL:...o"-:
(initget ( + 1 2 4))

(setq age (getint "HOW old are you?"))

G"How old are you?" i~ ~~ ..'l..l.J;. iS..'lJJJ S-.:. ...::...j~J..'l 1.5l_r. v\.; .r. JL:...o ~I J..'l
~ ~ ..'ll..l.J;.I ~~~ 0J..l; ..J.jly~ ox.:S o..'l\.Q.:......I Jnitget L\; ..'ly:':" J ...:..k "-: ...J.:Sif JL)
.xS,., ..;::...;\, ..W
....1-....1 ..1 ../

getorient , getangle, getcorner, getdist, getpoint L-1_,..; 1.5l_r. 1..5"~ i1 J _,.::.:S ~ .]

u,~ ~~ )..5..:.r )~I . .L.:.~ o.L.:. o..'l\.Q.:......I <point> 0~ .J} jl el.f ~~)..'loS~~ J..'llo
.~l_r..j J 3 ~ wJ__,~ "-: "getlu" Lly 0l.r.

~(; r Y' ;\ tf r'Y fY'

GET!NT ~i~ ~:~ ~!~

GETREAL ~i~ ~:~ ~;~

,,,
GETDIST i{f ~:~ ~!f -;;~ ~if

GETANGLE ~:~ ,,,

.:-!~
~if

GETORIENT '"
-;:{" ~:~
..,
-;;:'

GE1T'OINT ~:~
,,,
-;;.:
,,,
-;:.:
,,,
-;;:.: ~]
GETCORNER ,,.
.::~
~~~ ~:;. i!f

GETKWORD i!f
L]
GE1~f)1RING

GE1VAR

oS "get.D.x" L\; LSI,r.IJ iS..'lJJJ (j ~J? ~ ~.7. \; ..'lJb ~J "initget" L\;

.J.:S J? ~..l:.\0""' 01 jl v-;
:JL:...o LSI.r. .

(defun get mun (/ x)

Ll
I

(initget 1 ''pi Two-pi")

(setq x (getreal ''pi/Two-pi/<nwnber>:"))

Cl
(cond ((eq x "Two-pi") (* 2.0 pi)) Lij

(T X)

)
D
.
)
~ .

g.-.
J
;~ ·j
.· ..

~~ ~ ;'. ?.J.;-> ~1_,; .,_, ,_.,

..i,.,o\_; .r. LSI.r. ,j~ LS~JJJ ·J..: k; ~ jl o~ o~~~ .h.... .f ~'.f\.5" 6 )}:> 0w
rl_j; ~Lw ~ L5JJr ~l.fl5" y; IJ '-:-'-'-"La...?:" J? r.J.;S ...::..jl:_J~ IJ AutoLISP

. ...wk;

(print <expr> (file-descriptor>])

J~ \.:. 3 ~ lS.JJf.IJ 0\ 3 ~~ IJ <e.~pr> 0J~ ~ \; ~)~ ~ 3 prinl L\;

! l <expr> 0lA _,._5) ...L...:_~ o~ ~ ul:. ~ J~ r.<ftle-descriptor> 0lA _,.5") ~ _y:- .J 0 )~

. I
-~~AutoL/SP J~ ~ 0J~ r J.jiY\.5"
-1
j :J~~
(setq x 34.56)

34.56

(prinl x)
_j 34.56

(prinl 'x)
l X

(setq x "AutoL/SP is a language.")

(prinl x)

''AutoLISP is a language."

(setq y (open "fzmftle" "w"))

j
<File# 001>

r:J (prinl x y)

''AutoLISP is a language."
I) J .r-'.r-')
-·< -<"1 \Sprinl .~L. J .r-1..::'
-·< ,...~ . ::.5"1 IS ul AL.;, 6
J )
. ,...,~ ) <e:rpr>
_t.;,L,.~..::' J
3'1

_j \e escape 1..5i_r.

\n ..1..: ~ .h>- LSI.r.

\r Return L51.r.

\t tab L51J-:

\nnn .-.::.-.....1 nnn 0\ l.f..l.:...:....2. JS 6 L.S_rS"IJIS L5l_r.

\" "-..::-o )"..>, -.51:.
(prinl (chr 2))
r 0
'\ Autolisp )~ .r?--" Ll_,..;

"\002"

(prinl (chr 10)) ]

"\n"

. .) Y. .uly> rentrn 0l ~ 0 J~ L.r..\ J:. .0 ..L.:.~ 0lA }') 0.)~ JJ_f 1.5' prinl L\.;
:J~

(defun c:setup ()
(setvar "LUN/1:"1" 4)
(setvar "BLIPMODE" 0)
(prinl)
)

(princ <expr> I <file-descriptor>])

d.~ -<"\
~ ..r-' )
lS' .0 0 .J ..:.r.. I L· .J:S1.5' u--
\..Q; • d".I "prinl" L \.; "'-·' ~
-· . ~" jL
~ _)· ..l>- \.; ''princ" L \.;
LL"princ" L~.; ..) Y. ..\.:...,2>\y> ._;. ~ 0.)~ ~,,;..; ri..S" o.)\..i:......,l <expr> 0 )-~~ ):, .0 J _;::S
...L.:.L.1..5" '---"~"load"
· .-. ''prinl" L \.; . .•, G......i "read-line" L \.;lSI.-..... ..__.,\..:...o
IS\,., ·
:~J~

(setq x '1\nTiy this on for size.")

"\nTI}' this on for size."
(princ x)
"\nTry this on for size." ~-]
~--;
s
"'-: ~..'-;"'"·~ j1 J.:j ~..J..::. .. ..5" o:.~l "prinl" L i.; j1 ''princ'' L\; IS~ "-:}I ..--:>1 J~ Jj

-~~ y~ \n .-9 ..L.:.\.5" j~ ~ IS.JJY'. ~~ .k;.. ~ \n ~

(print <expr> [<file-descriptor>])

..lJ_~ .k;..-.>:.:. <expr> jl . . .~ .0 0__9L.i.:: .,:r..l ~ ~,,:._.,..\ "prinl" ~Lo "print" ~\.; ~
• .)~~.)~1 ,...]
"'-·.

(prompt <message>)
l
J..;S y~ o..l:.A.l wl.:..; ~ lSJJY'. IJ i~ ~ ~~~ o\5'.J""l
(WwLS::.,.,) J)y-5 .J
z
~

~<message> c.,Lo ~_} •.J..;-S o.)~l ''prompt" ~L' jl ...L:-il.f'\.5" ,..Li~ ~lt ~ IS.JJY'.
u ~I ~~ ~L; If.. I ~ ~ lS~.) f.Jt5" jl ~ .:, _,..;, y~ ~~,.,.>-~ ~~I lSI.t.:....!. J J
jl ox.:...S o:, \A.;_.,., I ~I lSI.r. IJ '-:"""' ~ lS ~i ~ .t.A \.; .r. lSI.,r.-1 0 Lo j J.) ..Lily~ ~y.t.A \.;..r.
,]
.J:S .J""'U; o...I..:A.) wl..:..i ~ lSJJY'. ~.1,.4\,;.r. J.>lyo
: Jl;..o '].·
'.
s~.

(prompt "please wait program is loading:... ")

nil
fe'l
1

(terpri)

...L:.~\5" "terpri" (:!\.; jl o.)\..Q.:......\ o.)L. J-JJ ~~~ k>. ~ .)~\0\_r.

...::......\nil~ LL; ~ly:-

(terpri)
nil

J..li ?..J.;> 1t.S::J.;.;.; ~1_,; .,._' ,_.,..

~I_,; ~ 1 \5 J..\ f~l 1.5\_r. . ..L:.~\5" J._ \j ~ y,:; .J ,:_;;..!;. y ~0J.:;Iy>- ~ 1 .)\jAutoL/SP

.J..._;S .UL;I 0l ~ \1 1.5~ \.: .J ~_,..:.: ~~1r, ~J.;S j~ \J _):i.;.) JY j: \j \.; ~).) 1~1 1.)

,j}AlltoLISP 0~j ).) J.. \j jl ~ .J? I I.S.).J)J ~J) s ~L$" ~~~ ul c 0~j ~}I
..) )J.:; ~.) .r?\5" 0 J.r-:' c 0~j ).) ~~ ~ 1.5.)\.:j
(close< file-descriptor>)

I
~~Y~ ~~ 1 \J.:; ~~~ 0l ~ ~l>. Jl> ).) 4$ ~\o.).} j~ IJ .}:.li vl; _r. ).) o\3'f
.I
jl \.; ~..1..:..:-: ~} ~J\ 1 .) 1
1 o..W j~ 0lAj:li . ..l:-:_~ o.)~l "close" L\; j\01 ~ LSI_r.

I 0\5:...1 S .)Y. ~ly>- ~ ~.i 0:.~ ..)_r;. LS.r.fyb;- ~l> 1 .) j~ LSlAj:li 0..W ~
• ..::......\ o~ 1 ..l> w-:._rS ~ J:li ~ 1 .) o~...:......l__p-L; -.:.;l.>-J\1,10--W ~ y

l :JL:..o
(setq ftlehand (open ''ftle.ext" "w"))

(close filehand)

(tindfile <filename>)

jl ~ly i f ~J..;S ~ 11 .J.2.;l>0l };~\ ~ j J.. \j ~.) _y>;- j ~lr, o\3'f

J.)

~J.;S~ ~I) _)i.; .)JY J..li i\_; <filename> 0lA _f) .1...... y ...l:-:_~ o.)\..Q.:......\find(ile LL;

-.:.; 1 ~ _}~ ~ 1 .) o~ ~ ~JJ ~ ~ 1 \5.)y> 1 .,1 ~ ~~ ~ Jl> 0-:IJ.)

~-01 1.) S lSJ_,.:.S';-:.1.) jl ~ ~ ~J...;S\5" o.)\..Q.:......\DOS _}l>- ~ j\ }1 ..) _;-$15"
..)_r;.~ ~ o..W ~(path) r---" ).) s d-4-u_,.:.S';..b ;..L. ~.) .)r~ (lr
.J...;.S .t..c:-lyo DOS ~L::S" ~ ~r---" jl ~~I 1.5l_r.

:\..bJL:..o
(findfile "command.com")
"\COMMAN. COM'

(jindftle "/acad/acad.exe")
t' \ ' Autolisp J.) ~ c:;l.f

"/acad/acad.exe"
(setq a (findfile "rose"))
"/myfile/rose"
(open a "r")
<file# 001>
(load
<filename> I <when-fails>])
.···]
\)c) .U...:,L;~ J )~\\)AutoLISP WJ~ ~ ..l~,_;\Y-r" "load"~\; ~J ~
jl ~..::........lo..L.!. ~ ~ J._w ~ j>-1..) J.) SAutoL/SP jl ~J~ ._f.l:j) LSI..r. .J.;S ~~
name.lsp 0 J r ~ .6 ..::.........\ ~\j AutoLISP J..\j ~ .~W o.)li:......,l <filename> 0~ ~)

LSJl::-:-->1 0~ _,.5) JJ . : . . . . .\ LSJ~I (name) J:\j \L.; ...L.:.~~

ot5'~ ..J...:.~ lsp ..t:_~ 0T tj
Jl...l4..o ~L\; ~ ~..) r )L...::i.>-1 J,.;l_r;? ~ ~ J. \j _jl ~.J...:.~ ~~..) )~ <when-fails>
]
..l Y. ..u.l_,.>- <when-fails> 0Lo ~)

: Jl.:,_., :]
(load "myfile" -1)

-1

(open <filename> <method>)

.J..;S j~ IJ ~ .)JY J_lj 1..\.::1-t:.~ J_lj ~ ~ LS~ ,:.;-~ \.: ~ y ~.0J,.;I_,.>- LSI..r.

...:..........\ )} .6\J ~\j iL.; S <filename> 0Lo ~) ~ ~..L.:.~~ 0Lo ~) J.l LSI).) "open" L\;
J.l . ..t;.W~ ~ IJ J.\j 0J...:. j~ ~ S <method> L>f..:.) J .x.S~ ~ ~..) _r;, j~
.J..;S ~ IJ ~ .lJY J_lj _r.:--4 ~~y~ <filename> 0~ ~)
j~ IJ J: \j ~I_; , f "r" ..h.... y ..l ).l .l y:- J "a" J "w" ._;. JJ <~_..., <method> 0Lo.J) J.l
LSI_r. "a" 0Lo f) ..lJJ,f )~ o..l.!. j~ J. \j J.l ~ y LSI_.r. ''w" 0Lo f) J ~1_,.;..; IJ 0\ J o.l.}
_);.;..) JY \L; ~ ~ \j ~J...:.~ ~\J,.;..) .J>:' J L\; J.l o..L.:. _j) J. \j } l ..lJJ,f J\5:.: J. \j ~ ,J- ~

..l_;$~ 0 J r ,J-~ ~ ~ J o..L.:. .l~l

:~JI.:,_.,

(setq J (open "file.exL" "r"))

<File #001>

(setq f (open "!myfile.she" "w"))

<File #001>
 (setq f (open "notafzle" "a"))

(File #002>

(read-char [<file-descriptor>])

t;l..; jl ~1_;1..5"""" 1.~1~ J: u ._<.:_ 0)).) jll).) _;:..,. _r51)5 ~ ~1_,.>.-: o\3'r
_r51}5 0.J,;I__,.>- ,...L..:,~ ~1.;.; J~ <file-descriptor> 0lo }') }1 ....1.::. Lo..; o.)\£......1 "read-char"
...:..,; } ..u.l_p- 0 )~ u,~ ~ jl
-· i
,I
I :J~

(read-char)
1
·.·.<1

97 :~ Y. ..u.l__,.>- Jf.JJ 0 J~ .J..; (:";\.; ~4 ~.J.;-5 .r..~ IJ "a" .....; _;>}I

(read-line (<file-descriptor>])

0lo _,.$) ).) A..S ,_}: u 0JJ.) jl h_;. <L: b I) u, _r-SI)..S ~1_;1..5"""" Ll..; u-:.1 L:
lI J~f LSI.r. 'ul: \j 4.J..; 0J7"" J \; ~.0.J,;i_,> ~ .~1_,..>..: 1.o...L..:. ~ <file-descriptor>
0~

-~~ o~ _? j~ IJ 0T -.::.......1 ij':l J: L; 0.;.;1_p- j1 J.:j .~ _?.~ 0 J~ L\; j1 o.)L.2.::......1

:J~

(read-line file)

"This is the first line of file."

(read-line file)

"This is the next line of file."

(read-line file)

"This is the last line of .file."

(read-line file)
!
!
nil

(write-char <number> I< file-descriptor>])

y-5"1 ..>.;-5 o.)\A:........I write-char t";l..; ji~.J._ \j ...s:.,_ J.>-1~ .J..; ~.~ fo _r)I)S ~ j LSI.r.
~~ ~ <.SJJ..r! _r.S"I).S ,...L..:,~ ~1.;.; J~ (:";\; J~ <file-descriptor> 0lo .f)
.-.::.......1 _;)1Jl5 JS ascii 0w <number> ..)_,.:;.~
: U,J\..:....

(•vrite-char (ascii "N"))

f \ f Autolisp ;.) ~ ~1_,;

(write-char 74 file)
"]''

.-.:........174 ~\;'":-'I~ .J ~~~ ~ y J..li J~J ~? ~ ~\; ~~~

(write-line <string> [<file-descriptor>])

o~\...1:;:..,.,1 "write-line"~\; jl ~~y~ ,..~..::--!.~ J..L! ..S:.... J>b ~ IJ LSI~J ~~~}I

<~..; ~I J~ 0~1__,.>- ~1_,! ~ ,..l..!, o~b ~ y "read-line" ~\; ~ Jyo J~ .0 Jyb 0W .J.;S
~) ,~\; ~~~ ·~Y. JJt>l__,.> J~ ~ ..::......~ 0.J...\: J..L! )~ ~) .~T~ )~ ~y WJ~
•..:.......I <string>

:~J~
,_J
(write-line ''AutoLISP is like c in some ways.")

AutoLJSP is like c in some ways.

'.]
(write-line "M"Y child is Helya. "file. txt)

(xload <file-name>)

J~ .~ Y:,~ o~lA.:......Ixload ~\; jl t.ADS 04j ~ o..L.!. ~ y L~ .r. ..s:.._ Jl..a.>-1 J)a:..o ~
.0-1-l _r..S.J~ .J ::Jr~ J:-)} ~\; ~~~ 01~ ~ v~_r. i~ 4<1-4~_r. Jl.,a;..l ~yo WJ~

.~y:.~ JL.) l1.> i~ ~ wJ~

...1..!.4~ ~J 0 J.r:' ~ .J ..l..!.4~ 0\;~ ~ JY J..l! i~ <file-name> 0~.})
:J~

(xload "/myapps/ame")

(xunload <file-name>)

)~ .:u~~ }_r-9 OJ....:.j Jl..a.>-11) 0l .J 0~ .J ~ I) ADS L~ .r. ~ )l..a.>-1 ,~\; ~~

JL...) t1....>. i~ w J.r:' If.. I _d;. )~ .J ~ y:.~ ~ )} ~\; i~ ,~\; Jo.s- ~yo w )~
.~_,;;.~

:J~

(xunload "ame")

\d.'
,._.;
c;-~
 ul.>. ~.JA I.SJ.Jf. ~~~I_,; r- t r
~l_y t.Si)~AutoLisp . .J..;S ~~1\J ...:.,;G;._,.....;y t_yl ~\Y(.$" ~.AutoCAD .b......_y
-~ .r.! ...:...........~ ..t_;l_yif ._:.,G;. ~ Y' 0-:.1 t.S.JJ.Y. -6 ...:...........\

~~~"-'"~ C:ly Y-' Y-'

(ssadd [<entity-name> [<selection-set>]])

.UL;I 0l ~ i) d' __,_;, y L_ _, ~~11) d.~l ~ ~ ~l.f(.5" "ssadd" L\; h.... .f

}1.~ ~(.$" ~~~..l:.~ d.~\~~~ ,J...!,~ 0lo _p) 0_,~ "ssadd" L\; o\3'~ .~k;
·.-·l ili ~ Y' \.J"""7'"" _,~~I d.~l ~ ~ IJ.::.:I,J...!,~ <entity-name> 0lo ...,$) ~ t.Si)~ L\;
~~~ )~ ~\; )~ 0lo j) _,~yo }i -~ r(.$" .UL;\ 01 ~ <entity-name> l.llo j) _)~ 0~ .r.

.~ ~(.$" .UL;I o~ _?~ ~~\ ~ ~ ~ o~ ..r. ili ~ y .~~

:0,J \.:..,
(setq el (entnext)) .~ .;$(.$" ili e],~ 1 ~ o~ o~ ~ Y' er)_,i
(setq ss (ssadd)) -~ .r:-(.5" ~~\ ss i\.; ~ u:~l ~ ~ .__"-:_
(ssadd el ss) .~_r;,(.$" .UL;iss u:~l ~ ~ ~el ~ Y'

(setq e2 (entnext el)) .~ .;$~ ili e2 .~ 1 ~ el ) -Lt.: t_rO Y'

(ssadd e2 ss) .~_r;,(.$" .UL;iss u:~l ~ ~ ~e2
. l
I
(ssdel <entity-name> <selection-set>)
,_,_,1
.... .1 •.J.;-5 ul>- 01 jiiJ d.~\ ~ ~ ~ )~ Q} )} ~ Y' ~ ..l:Ai~ o\3'r
1 ~ ~ Y' }1.-..::..-....1 d.~l ~ ~ il.i ,L\; ~ ...l..:-:_k; o~li::.....l "ssdel" L\; jl ~\Y(.$"

.~_r;,~nil L\; ~ .~~ ~1-.t_; ~~J d.~\~~

(ssget I <mode>] I <ptl > I <pt2> ]])

-.s 1 L::->i .)lo }") ...l_:.;~ -..::..-....~ u:~l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~\Y(.$" ssget L\; ~J ~
~o0lo ./) J-\ .-..::..-....1 '--:-'~1 ~ ~ 1.5l.r. ._:.,IJ;. ~ Y' '"-:-'~! ~yb ox..:.S ~<mode>
~ ...:.,;G;. __,_;, Y' '-:"~I"-: .1 Y..r" w ...l...!o~ "X' L:_ J "P","L","C","W' ..t_;l_y(.$" ,-..::,_.,\ ~ J ~ ~
"L ast ",L L ~ J "f:Jreno
. us II. J.l, ((..rossmg . I ow)
. ) 1•I~ -.5 Io~ . .c, ( w1m ~ t.S Io~ 0 1~

,J...!,L .)lo ~j
• ....1 _,
:.)J..L
•
;u\.J ""'51.~~-_..
ssget \....: ...I ~
.1""' .... ..__.;~\ ~ .1~
~ • ...~ • <..,...
4_,
•
<Pt> .~L·U_..

~ 1.51_;: <mode> 1.5~ "X' 0lo j) .~ y:;.~ o~ .;:;-" oJ.:S o~li::.....l ...::........~ ~ t_rO Y' '-:-'~\
Y' 0 Autolisp J" ~ dY

.::.J)r._>" )~ 0~ yP y 0::..?
:~J~

(ssget) .::. y$-f 0 Jr-:' o.J.;.;S o::.Li::......l .h..... y ~ y -1..;--'~1

(ssget "P") -~ rr..f' 1..;--'~1 ,~lo..l.!. 1..;--'l>..::,jl ~ .6 ~~ ~ y
(ssget "L") .::.rr..f' '--:-'~' ,~~)li,' ~ )::. ci; )J t..ri' .r 0:.?-T
(ssget '(2 2)) . -~ _r';.r.f '-:-'~1 ,;:,J..itr..f' " J " ~ jl .6 ~ yP y

(ssget "w" '(0 0) '(55))

:::.J..itr.f' J' J o J o ~ J;:, ji.J.$ LSio~ jl o.J:J)J$ 0~ ~ y '-:-'~1

(ssget "C" '(0 0) '(1 1))

}~ 0~ y.P .>- 0l;." jl ~~Yr...$" ,;:,JJr.f' J~ <mode> 0Lo.f) J::. .6"X'' .h..... y
"J
.~k; '-:-'~1 ,~)::. oi_,.;J::. ~l_r. .61J LS::.I..w J ~ IJ 4-il ,~ J::. ci} L.-

(ssget 'x" <filter-list>)

:J
....t.:Sr.f ~ IJ 0~ r0 y 1..;--'~1 ~l_r. <filter-list> 0Lo .f)
~l_j) .;:j 0Jr-:' ~ ,::._y:;, i~l ~o_r..b ~ I.SJJf. 1..;--'~1 ~~~}I J~ LSI.r.
.::. _j ~I__,> o::.Li::......l
(ssget 'x" (list (cons 0 "CIRCLE")))

~\; jl ~ 4 ,.J.;S 1..;--'~1 IJ FLOOR ~'1 J::. ci} )) 0~ ~ y ~~~ }I ~ J

..J.;S o::.Li::......l _r..j 0 J~ ~ ssget

(ssget 'x" (list (cons 8 "FLOOR")))

(1) ]A} ~J LSI)::. J ~FLOOR ~'1 J::. .61J LSio_r..b 0~~y ~~~_}I
:.J.;S o::.tA.::......Issget ~\; jl_r..j 0Jr-:' ": ,J.;S I..;-'~I.A;..!,4r.f
rj
't:.-·.
(ssget .'x" (list (cons 0 "CIRCLE") (cons 8 "FLOOR") (cons 62 1)))

J\!- LSI.r. .J.;S o::.tA.::......I ~IYI.f" f) (wildcard) ~~ jl <Filter-list> 0lo _}) J::. Fl
d
.~k; ~ _r..j ~_; ": .J:J_y';.l.f" _r.FL t'""l 4.6 ~~~') J::. ~o_r..b ~ '-:-'~1 LSI.r.
(!_
(ssget 'x" (list (cons 0 "CIRCLE") (cons 8 FL*"))) ~J
,J..jrr.f u.r. * ~~ 4::...,.> 0y;- <)__,...;.~ x..;Lo> J~ LS~s~ JJ
::.)y )::.

.('*U4 J.:..ilo) ..lJ_) 1-K,. '~~ ~- * ·1 )

I ;
(.]"":"

rJ
,... _
'
\"1
M
 .JS' ~
l 5 ~ytf (Entity name)

2 s~. i ~.; (Block name)

6 .b> tf il.; (Line type name)

7 )~ y t_Y il.; (Style name)

8 "-:. 'J' i\_; (Layer name)

,. 1
38 <~~~)~~ (Elevation (real))
• i
-... ~
39 <~~~)..:.......~ (Thickness (real))

62 ..5-:,) 0} • .......:. (Color number)

66 .J.:...., .0l.;.j (Attribute tag)

210 z,y,x LSL,~ LSI.r. ~ .)..).;; .t.......

th.
(sslenght <selection-set>)

sslenglzt ~\.; jl o~tA..:.....I ~ . .;..;.~if d-~1 ~ ~ ~ il.; <selection-set> 0lo .J)

'--:"'l>...::.;l ~ ~ ).) ~ ~ y ..:.,~ ~ y .:li..W ~lyif ~.;..;.~if~~~~ 0l ~ 4.$
·..l..:.JJI ..:...........J.: IJ
(setq setentity (ssget 'x" (list (cons 2 "MYBLOCK''))))

;.:l J .;.; _,..:.1..5""" '--:"'~1 ~I !IIYBLOCK ~~ i~ 4.$ d.- 45"~ ~ ~_r.>-1 w }.:$- ~
.:.j ..;.;.;$if)) setentity il.; ~dol>..:.;\~~
(sslenght setentity)

20

(ssmemb <entity-name> <selection-set>)

~~~ J ~~ ~b J~l J~ <selection-set> il.; ~ d-~1 ~ ~ ~ jl

jl ~~Y~ ~~ ~ .lJb .:l y:-_, d-~1 ~ ~ ).:l <entity-name> il.; ~ ~ _,...; y ~I.S ~~~
I o..L.!:. w~l setentity r~ ~ d-~1 ~ ~ J.;.S _;:, )).~k; o.)l4:......1 "ssmemb" ~l;
- .. 1

)
.(...:.-1
.J

(ssmemb "BENT' setentity)

nil
r 'V Autolisp J::. ~ d.Y
'l
I

(setq entity} (ssget "L"))

(ssad entity] setentitiy)

(ssmemb entity I setentity)

ENTI7Yl

~-,~

(ssname <selection-set> <index>) r-·~·J

S 11 ~ rP y i\.j ~~~ 0_,.:51 .J ~~ o~ _? ~~IIJ d.l;._:_j\ ~ ~ ~ o\Sr

"ssname" ~l..; jl ..l~..J_,;~ d.;S ~ ~oo..MI d.L;._:_j\ ~ ~ J~ •01 L.Sio}.~ ~\....:,
-~~~ (l_r:. _;......;, ~}-~ jl LS!o}.~..;. ~\....:. S ~~ ~~~ ~ _,; -..1..:-:~ o~~l
(setq set (ssget ''x" (list (cons 8 "FLOOR"))))

set i\.j ~ s.L;._:_jl ~ ~ J~FLOOR ~'1 J~ ~~ y 0~ rP y ~ _r.:->1 0)-:-~ ~

.~ .r?i f )} :J
(sslenght set)

15 1
(ssname set 0) 'l
(ssname set 14) :]
..u~~ .01) \Jset s.WI ~ ~ 1 ~ o} )) ~y (~~j~) u:._r>-1 i\.j
:J
w~~Y ~t. ~l_,r ~-' ~-~ .~--J
.1
.J 0~ .rP y i\.j .J ..0~ ~~ ...:,.......,~ ..D_,;1 J~)U:.I c:;-o J>-1~ ~I.,_;;- 4 ~1_,; u:.l
-~~~ .01) 11 4-il ~JY J~ J~J\1,1

(entnext I <entity-name>])

__;~)U:.I c:;-o J~ o} )) ~ y ~.J\ i\.j ,J...:,~ e,Lo }') 0.J..t: "entnext" 0 ~.; o\Sr
..u~~ .01) 0\.; ~ 01~ ~ \) ..D_,;1
•~l..: ~~~ J~ ~\.; 1 ~ <entity-name> 0lo _}) 01_r ~ ~ rP y i\.j o\Sr
jl ..U......: .J...oL;JL: ,..D_,..;1 J~UI c::;- 1 ~ o ~~ }~ r. ._f- .rP.>- iL ~ ~L; ~
....:,.......,\ t".J <entity-name>

..u~ .01) \) 0~ .rP y ,r.j i\.j ~~_,;~ r .J 0~ .rP y i\.j ~~_,;~ r entnext ~\.;

LJ
~:3
--~
 .6 ~~ J~ L.SI..r. .J..: 131...:..........J.: 11 ~!...::.,.\.&;. _,....;. y it.; ,~1_,;1.5" .1U.9 ssget ~\;.h...., y
-~ ~ Y _r..j \.J,J.:......, .J.) ri.5" '-:-"~~I~ Y ,._s~ .1U.9 ..L.:.~ J.:......, ~ ~L.
-1
:~J~

(setq el (entnext)) ;)rl.5" ~ei i~.; ~ tr'r ~.JI

(setq e2 (entnext el)) .;)ri.5" ~ e2 r-14..J.el jl ~ tr' yo
(entlast)

J\.&;.Y\11 (j-" J;) :.,K..o cr..__..>l J$ ~ y.P yo\\.; 4..J_ ~1_,;1.5" "entlast" ~1.; ~J 4..J_

-~~ ...:.........;) 1.0.) ~ JL;...;.I\1 JS_,;1

:JL:...o
(setq entity] (entlast))

..)rl.f" ~entityI r-1 4..J. tr' yo cr..__..>T i~.;

(entsel I <prompt])
~L; jl ~l_....;u- ,.) r o.) f.:"" o.x:.S o.)l.C......I ...:.........~ tr' yo '-:-"L;.;.;I ~~~ o\Sr
I
11 J~ ~ )-" l:_ tr' yo J.:. ~ &.:_1 jl o.x:.S o.)l.C......I -:.r>-L.. F L.SI_r. .J.;S c.) \.A::....., I entsel

<prompt> :.,Lo __,..5) .h....~ i~ ~I .J...;-5 ~!) '-:-"'~ 1.5"~ ~1_,;1.5" ,J..:S '-:-"L;.;.;I

..)rl.5"~
:...J.) 3 o.) _?'-:-"I_.;.;_; I 1
1 ,f' _y.P )-" 1..) 1 b ~) o.x:.S o.)\l:......\ '-i~ ...::....9~).) jl ~
. ..u.) 1 L.:..; 11 RETURN

J ~yo iL; :.,T ~ ~J!I$.)Y. ..ul~ ~, ~t; ~<ENTER~ )-U:

-.- ..J
. ...:.........1 ci} 0 )_rP ~ :.,T 1 .) tr' yo ~t.;..:;ll$ -.::.......1 ~~~ 0~ :.,T ~ .:.r-" J.)
:JL:...o
command: LINE
,_, .,
i
I From point:],]

To point: 6,6

To point: RETURN

J
command: (setq e (entsel''please choose an entity"))

please choose an entity: 3,3

( <Entity-name:60000014> (3.000000 3.000000))

. i
I
l:. r._r; )-" iG ~(car entsel) ~-~entity-name~ entsel ~L; ~

•...:..........! entity-name
' ·I
,_,l
/ ' '

r f ' \ Autolisp J:. ~ dY"

l
(handent <entity-handle>)

..b_,;1 J~ ~ y _r ~-~~ d~ )} ON ~ y iS.JJ.T. ..b_,;1 J~ IJ handle 0\..o) o\.5'r

~)-~ ~\) 4 .J "handent" ~\; jl d.A;_.,\ ~ ~!YL$" 6 x.SL$" \~ ~ ~ ~ ~Jl...;. ~

....::.-...\ ~ Y' i\.; L: "entity-name" ~\; ~ ·..l.:.J.JI ..::.....,..,~ \J 01 i\.; ~ e:ro y ~

:J l.:-o
command:lzandle

ON!Destroy.·ON

command:(lzandent "172BE")

<Entity-name:60000023>

nil ~\; ~ ~-~~._:..,~_rOy jl ~ ~ iSI.r. ~ ~JW <entity-handle> _}'!

-~Y. ..u.l~
- ]
t_.,...,aJ-A ~~')U:,\ ~ly Y-' Y-r'
"']
~ L:. .J J.:.J})~ j.J) ~ .J c_~l,.....;..i.>. 1) d" _,...o y ,~!_,;c.....~ cr., I~ ~l_yL.S"' w
-~L: ..::.....,..,~ ~ Y' ~JY' )~ _;-~')\1,1
(entdel<entity-name>)

~\; ...~.:-:.Lo..; .....;..i..> ..b_,;l ._;~')\11 cj-" jiiJ d"~Y' ~!_,;L.S"'entdel ~\; ~.J ~

.J ..L.:.~ o~ ...J..i..>entdel ~\; .1..... y d" _r0 y J~ .>.:_ }1.~4L5" o)S.J~ ~\; ~ "entdel"
~.JJ.r! .b..U entity ~l_j .~ Y::,~ ~ 0l ......;.l..> ~-~.JJ J~ ~l_j ~ .1..... y J..:.~ J4
.x.S .....;..i..> ~I~ Y' jl i..Jl.i:..-o ~~_,.;~ IJ ._:..,~ ~ Y' .;:.j .Jx.SL5"~~!._:.,~ _rOY'
: jl::...

(entdel (entlast))

. ~ _,.:;. ,.f ._j ..i..> tr' Y' ..:r.. _:>I

(entget <entity-name>)

·..l::l: ..::.....,..,~ ~\; J~ o~ ~ ~ y iL; jl ~ ~ ~ly._;" entget ~\;.b....._,;

-~4'-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ..:,:.1 ....:.-1 r_r; Y' ._:..,~ ~L.;. o.MI -..:.-.,..~ ~ ,J

:J l.:-o
command:L/NE

From point:l,2
Ll -
-

To point:6,6
jJ
\"-1
UiJ
 To point: RETURN

command: (setq a (entget (entlast)))

( (-1 . <Enitity name: 60000014>)

(0. "LINE")

(8. "0")

(10 1. 000000 2. 000000)

(11 6. 000000 6. 000000)

)
,·.!
command:ELEV

New current elevation <0. 0000>:3.5

New current thickness <0.0000>:0

command:color

Newentity color <BYLAYER>:BLUE

command:LINETYPE

?/creat/Load!Set:SET

New entity linetype <BYLAYER>:DASHED

command:LA YER

?/Make/Set/New/Off!Color/Ltype/Freeze/Thaw:MAKE

New cun·ent layer <O>:ANNOT

I
I :RETURN

command: TEXT

startpoint or Align/Center/Fit!Middle!Right/Style:2,2
l

j Height <0.2000>:.3

Rotation angle <0>:30

TexJ:So long,and thanks

command: (setq e (entget (entlast)))

( (-1 . <Entity name: 6000003c>)

;' --'. J
i,

___ j
.I '
f \
I

rr' Autolisp J;) ~ e:;l_,.;

l
(0. "TEXT')
~Ytf
(8. "ANNOT') 4..;.':1 ili
(6. "DASHED) .h>-tj
(62. 5) ~Y~J
(38 . 3.500000)
~~
(5. "8b") handle oJW
(10 2. 00000 2. 000000) ur.~
(40. 0.300000) ll.Q;)
(1 . "So long, and thanks")
~
(50 . 0.523598) 0\.:~IJ ~.r. 01JJ.) "·:.Jij
(41 . 1.000000) .b L..;. I '----'
. -r.
(51 . 0.000000) ~)"-;.Jij~
(7 . "STANDARD") ) \.;,..;, y . ..s._..,
.
(71 . 0) ~ y 0L.:.i

(72. 0) __;.;1 ~
(73 . 0) L5~~~
( 11 0. 000000 0. 000000) ~.))r~
[]
(210 0.0 -0.642780 0.766044) ~.) ~IJ.::..ol ).) .r.
)

(entmake ( <elist>])

..l:S\5"' .Uld.l ..l5__,;1 JU:.J\1,1 ~ ~ IJ W oi_,;J.) ~ y r _;;- , J__,b ~ ~\; -:r..l

0-:,l ~ J~ ..l:SI.Y"' ,_; Jlj-5 vli .r. L51y.-l ~ y ...::_, J~ J~ IJ L5~JJJ ..::........J ,~\; "-:"I~
~J..::S w.;_~ L5l,.,d~ ~ JoL;. ~~ <elist> 0\.... .t) ..)Y. .J.>,I_r>-nil ~\; ~~~ ,...::_,JyP

•..>....:.~ ,,;_:S\5"' ._} f}entget ~\; ~~ j.:\.1... J.: ~ ..::........J -:r..l Jl:>L . ...L.:.~ W oi_,;J.) ~yo
J~ ~yo._>._,_ ~_r-jL51.r. .~ ~ i~~ j::AT~ yo tY ~ ~.; ...L.:.~ Joi.S' ..~.:~ t,.,d.) ~
<elist> 0\.... .t) ).) J.: ~ .S ..:,........I L5JJ~ L5l,.,d~ JoL;. ,JJI (j .-.:........1 j~ ~ J.Y" •o~b (j
...:,........I L5JJrP 0\ l~ J j5_yo •o_r..b S-: ~_rj' L5l_r. Jl;..o )__,1 ~ ..)y$ )}
jl entmake ~L.; ,~T.) _,..; 0 JyP J.) .S ..:,..........! L5JJyP ~ L5l_.,o~b JoL;. "i J.) t f
.~ y ~ J \.: "-:. ':1 J.:..j \.... • J.:S\5"' o.) \..Q.::...., I ~~ L5l_r. o...L.:. W.:._rj ~ jl .r.. ~ l.Q.,
~ 6 A. .

~ .S ~ ~ "-: ~J oJW 4 .h> tj '"-:. ':1 r-1 ji.JI ,~yo~ W.:._rj L51.r.
 c:;\.7 ~~o~\..C.....\ ~(.h.> tj-' S.:,) ~JY )~) ..t_;\o..L.:..; )~\ ~-' ("-:'j ~JY )~) ~o..L.:..; ~~\
.x.S~ o~I..C.....I .J:,Y..Y' ~~~~ jl ....,--;'""'-' x.S~ J~\ ~ _, ~~II;\ IJ..::I ~ entmake
J..:jl_o) ~?-))\Ad~~ i-'~ ~ _, J_,\0\.5:.... J~ J..:~ ~(entity type) t_rOy tf
t_r0 y il..; ~ J_,l 0~ J~ ~~ y$ )) d~ ~ i _,~ 0\.5:.... J~ t_rO y tj }i (Line, Circle

J..:jl_o) --:Sr ~ y ~ ~_rU l-5\..r. .~ y$ )) ..t_;i_y~ (<Entityname:4000012> J~)

\~entmake c:;\.7 .5..: ~ \J ~ y _r..j r _,~I~ y r ~\ ij'j ( ... _,block, polyline

01 ~b "-: entmake r wi.G.J\.11_, ~~if j~-? y

J:. \j .5..: i~ J..IJ~ ·..l.:-:. ~ ~_r.s
~)
jl ~}I.~ ~if .UL..;I ~I.G.J\.11 (j-'> "-: --:S_r> wi.G. ~ y _r..j J5" \.7 ~~if ~J
-.I -~ ~~ ci} o..\:_~~ ~ y J5" ~.;...;.~ ~ ~-' ~~ wi.G.J\.11
~ "-:L.:....o ,.f~ y ~ ...:.........1 01 ~l5' _, ~ J~ wi.G.J\.11 "-:d.~~ l-5\..r. ,_;_,J J-ft.

-' ..l:J.JI ~~ "-: IJ 0l LSL,o~l~ ~ entget t;\.; ~-' ~ .J.5_yl J~ \J ~ _,> ~ ~ JY' t_rO y
J
entmake c:;\.7 "-: "~ 0w !S.JJJ. oi_,.;J~ wl....r__ ;.~ ~ \J 0\.; ~ ~ JY' 1.5U.d~ ~ ~

·..\:.)~
l
01 § .;-" ~ ~ ~~ ~~\ ~ k_; ~ !S.JJJ. ~ )j ~ ..r..l~ ~ J~ u:.l )~ :J~
01 )~ .k;.. tf-' "-:'j "-: .J:,Y..Y' ...::;I.G.J\.11 ...L.:.~~ 5.2 01 l\.....;.-' ...:.........\)~\) (5,3,0) ...::;~
.~\ o..L:..; d~ ))

(entmake '((0. "CIRCLE") ~Y'tj

1 (62. 2) ~)
(10 5.0 3.0 0.0) §y>
(40. 5.2) l~
)

oJIA:-.1 (polyline) ~r ~y ...>:.: ~_rU l-5\..r. entmake c:;\.7 ~ jl _r..j J~ ).)

.~I HIDDEN 0l .k>- tf _, r ~ y u:.l S.:,J ...:.........\ o..L.:.

(entmake '((0. "POLYLINE") ~y tj

. 1
, I
~' ~ .J
(62. 3)

(6 . "hidden")

(66 .1)

)
 •J
y Yf' Autolisp J:. _r....--• (:I_,;

(entmake '((0. "VERTEX")

(10 1. 1.0 0.0)

)
I
)

(entmake '((0. "VERTEX'') ~Y' t_j

(10 4.0 6.0 0.0 L5 ~ 1..)"" I) .J:ij
·.-.J
) -l
)
']
(entmake '((0. "VERTEX'') ~Y' t_j
(10 3.0 2.0 0.0) L5 ~ 1..)"" I) .J:ij

(entmake '((0. "SEQEND")))

.J
(entmod <elist>) ~]
~~lentget (ji.J .fl".J? "-: y 0T J\.;>.L., .61J ~ G -')-' ~ 3 entmod (j\.)

.xS -').J __;~J\kl ~ J-' I) 01 _) -'J'-'.r.

J
(setq en (entnext)) ..
·'·]·
~-

(setq ed (entget en))

(setq ed
(subst (cons 8 "0")
(assoc 8 ed)
)

)
(entmod ed)

·-'rrJ"' ~~ .J ..::..-} ~ ~';] WJP "-: ~~4 ~/> J.JI ~ Y' ~ ':1 4 0~4 J-'

(entupd <entity-name>)

I.S.JJ.I. o...l.!. .,~I wl~ ~~_, ~ IJ d' _,.;, y uPIY entlnod (j\.) .h.... y o~_ro
wl~ ~.JJ 1..5l.r. ~-' _? ~~~ o.ul:...o IJ 1..5~ W 3 -' ~~ />\.1; y_~ ~
-~ ~ o-'\£.....1 "entupd" (j\.) jl J..: 4~~ I.S.JJ.I.
(entupd ed)
~--.-_]·
,.
'.
 ' l
, I

J.J~ '-.>fA}:--~~(.;:......) r- t r
j
(.)_, 1 ~ 11 o.r.!- _, J.:.~ .Ju.; ~~S): ...::_;\;:, _,...; y ~ jl ~~ "-! .1Y.r ...::.;\;:,)\11 ..AS_yl
~ ~JY ...::.;\;:,)\11 "-!~I_,; i f j_,~ j>b ._s~~ jl o~LQ.:....,I ~ .J:Sif LS)~ J_,~
. ..wl, ....::........~

(tblnext <table-name> I <reset>])

-~~ }} ~ ~J.Y" Jol5 1 _,1 "-! 11 j_,~ j>b LS~~ ~iyif ~G u-:1 ~
~ <reset> 0~ _/) ..x.S..f ~ 11 j_,~ LS~ ~ <table-name> 0~ _/)

.I .J:S~ (}Y. j_,~ LSI.J.::I j111 ~

(tblnext "Layer" T)

((0. "LAYER")

((0. "LAYER")

(2. "0")

(70. 0)

(62. 7)

(6 . "CONTINUOUS")
)

(tblsearch <Table-name> <symbol> I< next>])

"tblsearch" ~..GI_,>-L.>" ~.r" "-! ~r 11 j_,~ ._:.,1;)\11 "tblnext" .6 1 _,10w

:J:S ~ \1 J_,~ ~<symbol> ~ J~~ "-! ~~Y~

(tblsearch "STYLE" "Standard")

((0. "STYLE") ~tj

(2. "STANDARD") ~iG
(70. 0) .cL:..;

(40. 0.000000) t_LQ;)

(41 . 1.0000000) l_?.1~~~~
j (50. 0.000000) L? ~) ~_,lj
(71. 0) ..w_y- (Jl:.;
·. . l (3. "TXT') ).:..:. y tj
(4 • II") Bigfont J: L!
)
: I
.. J
rYO Autolisp J.:. ~ df"

.u.P c;l__,; r- '~ .·. -J

JS_,;I "'! ~\...,) ~~ _;5 .UW,I
~ -~~15" JS__,;10\..o) 0.) _j .UL..;I r.AutoL/SP ~__,.;~G ..r.l..:-"' y <.S~~l.; jl ~ l
).) G ~ Lo..i ....A:_r; \) ~..;--' y <.S)S j~.) J.Y' -sU.0\..o} .) Y. ~ly ).)l_; •0l5:.....1 cr.. I jl o.)~\ }
.h...._,_; IJ 0~~ 0\..o~ .015"~ .~Lo.i o.)\.Q.::....,\ ._j.)L., ~ ~~ jl i-') ~Y'
*
AutoL/SP

Command i~ J.) ~IYI.f" JS_;I-s~0lo) .7-\...., ..Wlo IJ 0\..o) cr..I•.J..;SI.f" ~_y.;

..) __,...;. l_r.-1 ~ lo.~..? ....A:_r; ~~ ~ .r. 1.; .J..;S .r..r
...:....._~JAwoLISP ~y~G..r. J.) IJ .7-j ...:.;\5:.; ·~~ 0\..o) S.: ....A:_r.; J~ ~
:..1-.:5
.~ o.)Li:......l ~~ 0\..o) ....A:_r; -sl..r. defun ~\.; jl- \
.r..r ~ ~~ 0\..o) JL>- cr..l J.) ~~ C:name ...:.;J~ ~ ~~ ~\.; iG -I
*
J.)name

.0 ~~ ~\.) ~ y ...::........,\<.SJ~\ ~\Sname 1..;--'~1 ..)__,...;.15" Jl.A:>-\Command ~~

...L.:.L;.; JS_;I 1.5U.0Lo) jl S.: ~ ~ ~~\f.~\ iG
o.)Li:_...l ~L; 0Lo __,...5) ...:.; )~ ~ .sri. . . . .s~ ~ jl C:name <:::;~.; ....A:_r.; ).) -r

~) ~ .s~0Lo__,...5) Wj~ ~ \) ~\.; ).) ci) )IS~ .sU.~ 0l5:.....1 .>..> \.; -'f
~\~\ ~ ~ atomlist J~ \.; .~ o.)\.Q.::....,\ (..1..;::.~ ~l..r" deftm ~\.; •1..;--'\.:S JJI~

....l.JG
~-'_,...:.-.....\?SQUARE 0l r---'1.0 o..L.:. o.)J} o..L.:. ~\...., 0\..o) S.: jl Jl.:...o ~\J"
....:.........\ ox..:S o.)LQ.::....,\ oi_,.;J.) .) J.Y' ~ J ~ J __,1 ~ ~..r" r--') 0l
(deftm C:PSQVARE (/ ptl pt2 pt3 pt4 len)

(setq ptl (getpoint "Lower left corner:"))

(setq len (getdist ptl "Length of one side: ")) f]·

L,_ •.-

(setq pt2 (polar ptl 0.0 len))

(setq pt3 (polar pt2 (/pi 2.0) len))

(setq pt4 (polar pt3 pi len))

(command "PLINE'' ptl pt2 pt3 pt4 "C")

)
D
•.;_;...5 .r..~ \J PSQUARE o,.L.;. ~L. 0\..o) Command: i~ A J" }i JL>-
·"rl.f" rU; _r..j L>~i~
Lower left corner:

Length of one side: ~ .r..~ J __,101~ ~ !J L5"~

I~ Ipline 0\..o ~ 0l jl ~ J ~ __,..:;,~ "'-:--'G..- pt4 J pt3,pt2.ptl ...:.;~ ~ ...[']·.·

~-

[J .
.
 .. ]
.. -.·.i

S:name ~LA yl e'Y

~ ~ J.:~ J-1.! ...>:.:. )l.a.>-1 ~ ~.) ~,_f ~~ o..J..:.:.S' o.)\..i:....,l.k...., y .J$ t_:l.f Lf.-1
~~ ~ly ..5' IJ .) y _)2.;.) JY' L_:t; _.1j _,..;...5' l.r.--1 ~~ _yl J__,b ~ ~.)~yo J- \.! s.:_ ~
-sl~l J.) L,..;. L_:t; ~~~ J-1.! ~ .).JJ.J ..:"" ~ ~ ·..l::-"'.) )jacad.lsp J-L9 J.) .J .J.-:::.~

..) y::, i f l.r.-1 )5

.~l_r.-1.) _Y- ol_,;..l.) ~ IJ Quit .J End -su<J~) ..l::-"'I_Y-..5' ~ ~} J~ J_,.b ~

.J .1j _r:;, U\.>. ~_r; jl ~Lo _,;1 J_,k ~Quit .J End -sL,<J~) t; ...::..-..1 ij~ I.J...::I 0:.\ .r:\::

J- u ).) I) _,....:.j ...::.d)-~~ JL>- 0--!.IJ.) ..) _,..;. 4-i\ 0:.~ ~ W :..w ~_r; -st.,0L..) ~
.~.) )} acad.lsp
(defun C:QUIT ()

)
(defim C:END ( )
']
)

(defim S::STARTUP ( )
(command "undeftne" "quite")
(command "undeftne" "end")
)

jl ~ .J J-1.! L5l~l J.) J.J ~o..L.oT QUIT .JEND L_:t; .J.) jl..h: ~}!STARTUP t_:\;
..) _,..;. ..5' lr.l .J.) 01
(Ver)

(Ver)

"AutoLisp Release JO.c2"

(alloc <·number>)

....:.........1 <number> .k~.A.; .)1~ L51..r. .J;.;\.;... ojl.1j\ :..J..:..:.S ~ "alloc" c:.:t
(alloc 600)

512

(expand <number>)

.~.) ~ljiiJAutoLisp -sl..r. t' .J).) J.Y' :..6\.::.- ~ ji..J. il ~ly,_f t_:l u;.l .h...._,;
t' t'V Autolisp J.l r.----• <::;'.Y

(expand 5)
1024
(gc)
;~ ~ .rA-".J. :..l.!. J~l .1\Ai ,J.\.:j~ LSI.r. 6 ~I LSI.6,....,.oJ~ ~~~L;I 0~ _j ~
.~ Y::.IJ" i~l (gc) ~\.;.h.... y .6,....,.oJ~ u-:.1 .~JJif
(mem)

·..!..:::~~I oJ..jlo d~ .Ji;\.;... )..l.A..o jl ~~Yif" ~\.; u-:.1 ~

(Vmon)

..;..;5 o.,~l "Vmon" c::;li jl ~.A:.~ _j ...::.,.j~J~ I;Insuficient node space: i~ olS"_r
(trace <function!> ... < functionN >)

I; <function> c::;l.; .U...:,..r "-: .J::-_yo ~L:; lEI?-1 ~1_;4.5" "tracea c::;li jl o~~l ~

.~ L,.j ~!yo ~\.:S JJI ~ "-: .~ o~~ 0l:.j ~ LSJ;.r.

(untrace <functionl > ... <functionN>)
.J...:.L.If" "trace" ~
\.; 0~
.r< ~
,. · \,;>fo
.... 1 ~
\.; cr..
· I u-
I - ""·

(*error* <string>)

u-:.1 ...l:_ ~ W ..;..;5 J _;:.:S" I; ~ lj.r. ~ \.; J ~ ~ y>:- y L5 1.1.> ~I y If" *error* ~ \.; .h.... y
;]
•...l:__r.-: ;~ "defun" ~\.; olr I; c::;\.;
: Jt:..o
(defim *error* (message)
(princ "ERROR:")
(princ message)
(terpri)
,C'··],
__ .
) ~-~- :

Pi

.J..!.~~3.141592654.. :.Ju ~~ ox.:S ~pi~

nil, T

JY-~1.,;r-'~
(boole <operator> <integerl> <integer2>)

15G"O ~~~~<operator> 0l.of) .~_r;-1.5" JY..r.':" "-: .kY.r ~\.; u-:.1

[J
.. '

,_;.;I} <integer2> J <integer]> L5~0Lo}') \J"L...I_r.l; Jy_ ~\.; o~jl.;, jl ~ 6 ...::...,....,1

.

.~ ~1.5" 0 ;~ J..j JJ~ \J"L...I.r. ~I 0lo }') J~ ~_; ...u~if

 Integer] Integer2 operator~

0 0 8
0 1 4
1 0 2
1 1 1

_, o~ ~; i J:l 0Lo .J) )I_);~~~ J_,l 0Lo .J)) ~r ~'1~ J_,~ ~Lb.-.
jl ~ .:JJb Operator~ tj "': ~ ~~; tj .:J _r;,<J"' ~\..>. 1 ~ 0 0 J~ ~ ~
.~I o.MT .r..) JJ~ J:J ~~ ~~ J Operator LSI.r. :J )J.jL._.,\ LS~~
·I
Operator~ 01 '-='~ : 45 :J _,..:;.~ JL.) __; J~ J:J \ ~I__P.-
1 AND .~~ ' LS:J-'J-' ~ J:l r
6 XOR . ..J.;...;.~ 0~~ l.S:JJJJ J:l

7 OR ~~ \ ~ ~l.S:JJJJ jl ~ j.!IJ..>.

8 NOT .~~ ~b ~ ~ LS:J-'J-' _,:J r

l
.. I

j (booZe 1 12 5)

(booZe 6 6 5)

3 ·,S..J:J LSl.:..:--o J:J5,6 LS~~ 0-:!.XOR 0~

(logand <Numberl> ... <NurnberN>)

,__r..J:J LS~ J:l ~0lo __,3') :JI..UI LS~~ 0-:!. ~AND ~ ~~\.; u-:.1 ~
.J.:...:.~<J"' ~ :JI.>sl tf jl0lo .}) :JI.>sl .~~~
:J~

(Zogand 7 15 3)

_j 3

(Zogand 2 3 15)
;.J 2

(Zogand 8 3 4)

0
rr\ Autolisp ;.) ~ el_,.;

...·..:1·
(logior <Numberl> ... <NumberN>) ·:.·.·

~.J:l LS~ J:J U.0L. _,..3'} :JI..u-1 LSI_.,~ cr.:-: ~OR ~ 4c:;l; er:.l ~
.J.:....:. ~ 1..5"" ~ :Ji...1.~ I tf j I 0 \... _}) .) l...u:.l ...W ~ 1..5""
(logior 1 2 4)

7
(logior 9 3)

11

(Ish <Numberl> <bits>)

y. ...:.-....1 i J:l 0L, _}) LS~~ ~ JJICJ\.., _}) ~ ~~~ ~ 4c:;l.; o:.l ~
.~ L~ :JI...u:.l 4c:;l.; ~ J 0\... _}) .J:l

Number] 4.i. ~ ~ ~ bits

~..:............ +
:·. ·_l.l
..:..........1)..:............ -

(lsh 2 1)

~ 4--W~i.$" 0010 ~.J:l L.Sl:.:--o J:l J ...:::_.....,I2.6Numberl:J...U:.4(1) ..:.........!~its 0~

.:J y:;, 1..5"" ).) ~ c:; 1.; '-:-"1~ 0 )yP ~ ...:::_.....,14 ..s01 oo .u.Y.r :J...U:. J~l~..:............~d- ~ ~
(lsh 2 -1)

~ .6 ~10010 t.f...J:l LSl:..:--o J:J ..:..........12 :J~ 6Nwnber1 J ...:.-....1 ,_;:...obits Jl.:..o o:.IJ:J
c·__]·
~.--'

.~11 .)~ c:;l.; '-:-"l.r. ~l.r.l:.: .J.:.Ti..S""J:l 0010 0 J_rP ~ ~~J..:............ ~ t.f.. ~~
.:JJb ~ LSI_.,~ :JI.LU ~ ~ d~l C):J Y. ,_;:...a l:_ ~ :~ y 1]

(cvunit <value> <from> <to>)

...:.-....1 _/..:.) ~IJ ~ LS..r$oji..Lil J.>.IJ ~ j10~ l:_ )~ j:~ 4c:;l.; er:.l ~J ~J
0 J~ J:l .:J:J }1..5"".r. o..W j:~ 0l..a.:>..o l:_ )~ ~ C!\.; '-:-"l.r. 4c:;l.; LSir.-1 0 J~ J:l
C):J Y. Jl5'j1..... \.j l:_ J (..Li ):J ) ) acad.unt J: \_; J:J ~ LS~~I.J) ~~IJ jl ~ C):J Y. ~\.j i]
.Jy_ ».l_?nil c:;\.; '-:-"1~ ~(0\...j ~ 0j.J J-~ ~) ~~
l:_ .J LS..k:.J:J ~ ~ l:_ J~ ~..Lily!.$" J;Si.$" c_,T J-~ ~ ii..L91..Svalue )~
,-~1

...:..........1 ~yli J.>.l_, to J ~JI J.>.l__,from ...W~ LS~ .~....... h.~~

L-1
M
 (cvunit 1 "minute" "second")

60

(cvunit "gallon" "furlong")

nil

(cvunit 1.0 "inch" "em")

2.54

(cvunit '(1.0 2.5) "ft" "in")

i
i (12.0 30.0)
(trans <point> <from> <to> (<displacement>])

~ ~ 0~ ~ ~ jiiJ (~.f..~~ )..li.o LJ .Ju.i .S..,_ 0~ ~~\; lf.-1

i ....:......1 LS..U.: .~_.. ).:l ..r. ~ l: IS.AA: .~_.. .Ju; .s..,_ JJI 0lA ..~S) .~.)(..5""' Jli:.;l f.:_.) 0~
0J~ J.:l .~1 "-:.yU 0\...a:.>.- ~ JS <to> J JJI 0~ ~ JS <from>
~ ~LS.AA: .~_., ~ ~ LS~ ~<point> 0lA.J) ,) 0.:l Y. nil~ J <displacement> JyA>
..) r-(..5""' ~) ).)..r!
.~.:l(.f" 0L:..i IJ 0~ ~ JS .7-j JJ~
0~~JS
WCS ., ·- 0\...a.;:.;....o - 0
...f~ ~

ucs o.x:S o)l.i::.....\ 0l..a.:>..o ~ 1

(LSJ~ ...l:.:l ~J.:l LSI_r.) ~l> .r..~ 0l..a.:>..o ~ 2

:.1 ..) Y:,(.f" J..l.o LSLA; ...l:.:l ~J.:l ~ .k Y.r ~...l: ~ 0T J~.) ~ :r.; r JS }I
•j
·J

..)Y:, o.)li=......l2 JS ol~ ~ ~..U.l5 LSLA; ~ .kY.r _,...;l> .r..~ 0L..a.:>...o ~ 3

:..l..!.4 ~b .,t;l_,;~ IJ _r..j .:l)y jl ~<to> J <from> LSIA0lo _p)
y::>-1 JJ~ LSIAJS j1 ~ -

...:.....,..) ~ ssname L: J nentse~ entse~ entlast, entnext ~ \; .1...... _,; AS~ Y' ~ f \.; -
...) Y:,~ ~~I~ Y' 0f ~ ~IJ 0l..a.:.;..o ~~_,....ft.;~~~ 4 .J...::.4 o..l.oT
( ..u.) ~ 0t...:._j IJ 0 l..a;;.;- ~ ~ AS) LS~ .~_.. 0 l:..) I}).) ..r! S,.,_ -
4...5 J..!.l: o.x.:...S o.)l.i::.....l 0l..a;,.;..o ~ .s..,_ ~LSJ~ 0~ ~}I :IAJ~
o-l:>~ ~L... LSIA~p .._;:..:;-~ ~ ._j~ J.)Z JJ>'-A J.» ~J.) '\o ~wcs .v..::..........,
rf' Autolisp J.:. ~ c::;'Y

(trans '(1.0 2.0 3.0) 0 1)

(2.0 -1.0 3.0)

(trans '(1.0 2.0 3.0) 1 0)

(-2.0 1.0 3.0)

~ ~~ J..: WCS J UCS ~ y~ .;Jb j\Z J.r-o 0Y';" ~r.>I..:.Jl> J~ .;Jb J~ lJ

.J...!.~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ t.9JJJ 0~ f) jiZ

._sL,"-.4\.;.r. ._sl~l jl J.:.! ~~if~~ J.-1 ~ \) w ~ y ~~ J.-1 0~ 4 )~

~,.RAM J~ '-:""'"""l:..o :.61.>- l.; ~~\...o_; \~\DOS J~ IJ f._j .k> J~ ~AutoLISP jl SJ:r_

..-. -.·]'.
SET Li::,pheap =30000

SET Lispstack=10000 :],

"-·"'

: A$ J......!.L
- . ~~~ ~. y-

.~~ ~450000 )heap JS!ack :..61.>- tj J~ ~

u -
.

- .

HJ..
 lI

.I

I
: I

. I
i

:-I

. I
'- \

• II

' '' J

'
, I
- .J

j
 'l

:4-4~r-,

l_r.-1\JAutoLISP L'C_,...: J ~~....r"' JS_r3'1 ~~ ):.!..)r..J -')J S ~~

'']
i.SJJ _,...: ~~L~ c:;ly J -.r:.yo~.A'C f. .h.... y o..l.Z ~y.; c:;ly J U,~ ~ ~~~
~I ~~r~ ul> ~ ~ ~)r..J jl S ~~ J J.j .;$~ )} RAM _j..ol ~\;..

J~ J"' ~u.~ J u.~ ~c::-;1__,; ~.;$)1; ~ .J.j r~ u~..> .J2.!~.>- jl c::-;1__,; J u.~
o.r.;->-~ 0T J-' U.J..-.. J t"'!l_r3' J -'Jb i'Cheap ~~L; ~JI ..,_r$~ WJr:' .J2.!1.>- "-::>"\:;

~J.Y' ~~heap~\;.. 0\_r-..- ~J...Z~ ~ c::-;1__,; J U.~ .,\..w ~ yA 0:-l.r.l:..: .J.j~~

Ja.....IJ 0~ ~\;S J c::-;1__,; ~U.0~ ./)~.>.::Soy::>-~ S -'Jb i'Cstack <.S..l..: ~'C .~1 j~ J
C;:'J ).lA.o "-:(recursion) ~ly J-' .)1__,.>1) ...fJJ ~ J y J-' y c::-;1__,; jl }I .J...Z~~ c:;ly J-'
''_:·_].
. ~)-' ~~stack <.5~ "-: (.~1 ~~ ~ o.,la;....,\ •·

w~ ~~~L.a;:;;.t ~~ r- r
~I.J2.!L> ...:...:_~ 640K JJOS ~ o.>.::S)SAutoCAD "-: .bY.r ~~ 0:-l w~~ ~J
AutoLISP ~ .J2.!L>~-'-r'\...a:...>.IJ-'~-'J..l.>......oJ86 <.Su,~_,Jj--4J-'·..l.Z~~ (RAM) L]
·-' )J.j _, .Y':" J
c_r. ~ oJ...!. ~stack Jzeap LSU..J2.;'->. LSI.r. ~ jl S .J2.;~.>- ~-'-.r'l.a::.>-1 01_r-..o

.~l_r..j

Heap= 4000
Stack= 3000 'f_.;_j_:.·
~..:
...

J~ J...!. ~ r--5 .J2.; G. ?'I J J .x....;. ~....r" ~ I.S U. o1..4 'Cr. jl ~ J ~ ~ l_r. .r..., li-o 0:-l
·-' ~i..f" f>U; .7-j fli:; J-' jl ~ J., Y. -Ull~ ~ljl J:ti o1..4L; .r. LSI..r.-.10-:?"
Insufficient node space.
 Insufficient string space.

wl_r.- ol5~ .J _r;.~ .__.;.; _,.::- "-'"l,j r. L)l~l ~.r.:-->llSL.br~ jl ~ J# jl ~

.J r.r.f .;AU; _r..j i~ ~..l..!.~ ,_)ISAutoLISP J\....a;...l <.SI.r.~l>
Insufficient memory ... AutoLISP disabled.

. ~ 1?.1 J_uAutoLISP ~~~ (2\.>.AutoCAD jl \; ~l> lf.-1 JJ

oJtA:-.1 DOS JJ .J-~j wiJ_,;.....J jl stack 4. heap L)l.r. .Ji!l> wl_r.o ~1)1 J)i:..... ~
...ww
drive> set lispheap=30000

drive> set Lispstack=JOOOO

o~ L)Lb"-'"\.j.r. 1.51?.1 ~ }I .J _r;. .J- • .! 45000 )~ jl ~ ~ .Ji!L> JJ ~

J.$ J4 __,A\; ~J )}Autoexec.bat ..}.. \.,; 1 J IJ _r->1 ..h.> JJ J.ub j~ J4_j wWJ "': AutoLISP
I
! .Jr. 1?.1 ~L.. __,;I J)=. ~ _r->1 J_,;.....J JJ J _r;.r.f ~JJ .J ~IS
o.)l.i;....l_r..j t.\.j.r. jlatomlist J)=. ~IS J(node space) oJ L)la! lSjLS4 J~ ~
.I
.J...:.S
(defun C:CLEAN (/ i item)

(setq i 0)
- l

J
(while (not (equal (setq item (nth i atomlist)) 'C:CLEAN))

·(if(= (type (eva/ item)) 'FILE)

(close (eva/ item)))

(setq i (+ 1 i))

(setq atomlist (member 'C:CLEAN atomlist)

'
.-l'
; .. :-1 )

'DONE

)
~ U.v!U ..r. J-.1 jl LS.)I..u.; .J ..:......,.,1 o..L.:. .t,;...;. y CJ_fSLi LS.)~j J~AutoLISP L5U.v!U ..r.
...:.........1 d., ~I)IIJ ..ISyl-'.r.JIS .J ~\.! 4$ ..:......,.,1 o..L.:. .tSI)AutoCAD ))lij ol~
~ y ~~ jl o.)\...i;......l J..J) J _, .T.JIS.) ~v!U f. J-.1 jl l-5-'I..UU ~~L:S jl ~ J-.1 J.)
~..L.:.~~ ~J. \..! ilj name 4$ X...::.~~ name.lsp ilj d..J_AutoLISP LS~v!U f. ~ ..) ~~ o.)l.)

LS~ ~l..r...J ~ .J X...::.~~ ASCII J\.:;,.;, y tf jl.lsp L>~J. \..! ~ •..:.........I.L~p ~~ w tf .J

•..~.:.:.....J> ~ J:L! ~WORD PROCESSOR~ .JP£2 ~EDLIN ..Wlo lSJU y
.J CJ.;.;I_,>

.J ashade.lsp ..WLo X....::.~-r" Jl.a..>-1 J:u . :. . . . . ~ J,:yk j1 ~v!U .r. J-.1 jl ~

. .;.;_,...;.~ Jl...a>ILoad ~Li jl o.)\...i;......l ~AutoLISP LS~v!U_r. _r)l J.Jsetup.lsp

Command: (load 11
J. \..! il,j 11 ) ':r.·..-.·:.']·
t ,..:'

.J..;S ~ ~~.Y~ ~ 1;T r--" ~v~W .r. ~ JL...2.>1 L>l..r.

Command: (load \acad\ \sample\ \asctext 11)
11
\

4l.At.;f. ~ .c.~ff-,
".··]··
' '
~ 4$ l.f..~vl,j ..r. jl ~~) ·-' _j 1?.1 01_,;~ _.r..j u J~ d..J. IJAutoLISP LS~v!U ..r.

0:1 ..;.;lo-' _j o.l\...i;......l C:XXX.) defun ~l.i jl 4$ ~of. ~vl,j _r. J.JI (.;.; __,...;.~ I?. I ~Lo _,;1 J_,k

~ ~ .(vl,j_r. Jl...a>-1 jl ~) .;.;__,...;.~ l_r.-1 Command: i~ * J.lXXX ..r..~ ~ ~"-"l,j.T.

.r. XXX J..?T i!U "-"l,j ..r. Jl...a>-1 jl ~ ~..L.:.~ ~b .::5_r:. vl,j ..r. J.) C:XXX ~Li ~ ~I
..) Y. .ul_,> "-"IU .r. ._;:-J.) ..r. J.=.l.) 4$.) __,...;.~ J. Jl} CJlo} ~ l.S.JJ
J-.1 ~l_r.-1 LSI_r. ...:........I o..L.:. o,\...i;......l C: 0.J~ defun ~l.i jl 4$ ..:........\If- ~v!U _r. ~i .J-' (i
~~, 0Lo ~) d..J. <:~~ 4,..ol,j .r. }I ·" ~ ); _;.:.;1__,; .J.l J>b J" ~Li il,j ...::........1 ij':l ~"-"l,j ..r.
:Jl:..o ..)__,...;. _.r..~ ij':l LS~0Lo}) ol~ ~ ~~ v!U_r. il,j ~J..!,~
 Command: (ssx) 0lo./) 0.J~ ol,..4t.; .r. 1~1
""i Command: (fplot 'cs '(1 3) '(1 3) 40) 0lo . / ) ~ ol,..4t.; .r. ly.-1
·~ w I~ I 0Lo} ~ (..$1.r.-1 c.r.:> );) ~I_,; ...f I) ~o1,..4\.; .r. ~
Command: line

from point:l,-2,2

To point:(ref) reference o1,..4 \.; ..1. "l.r.-1

(._)~f..) l5 .l.o L;.r. ~ ~_,; " - r

.J:J.JJ...f )S ~ ..6_,;1 w~ ~yo ~l.r.._, _, .)~1 )_,1;...- ~ _r..j L>~J-.1..9

..lS'y-1 Alr-J .r. ~.J~; J.. \i ~ .;l..a.>l.;_,li:..o ~- ASctext.lsp 'f- 'f-'

..6y I f . .;.J_.I_r...J (..$.J J Y. IJ ASCII (..$J \.:..:, y J._ 1..9 ~ .)Y. ~I_,.;. J.) l,; J._ \.; o-:.1 .h....._,;
..;_;S ~;
Command:asctext

file to read (including extension):

-I
I
Start point or Center/Middle!Right/?:m

·~ w ":-"'\;..;.ill) J-.J; ~
Middle point: .,;.;S ~ \) (..$1~

Height <default>: ..;.;S "=""'~~~) ~ _J.) ~ .r..r ') (..$'~~.;

Rotation angle <default>: ..;.;S "=""'~~~) (..$'~ ~ ..r..r 1) (..$'"--!..Jij
Change text options? <N>:

~ J.. u 0.JJ.) ~ ,~.) ;t..:..; I; Enter w.) ~ ~J.J_ No ";--'l_r. .r->-1 \~ ~ ot5"r
yes ";--'l_r. ~ .r->-1 \~~}I J.J ,.) _,..:;....f ~; ~ W ~ (..$.J; Y. ,o.>...!. ~ J-.JJ

,J.j _,..:;.r.f' y.U; _r..j L5~\~ '~.) ~~

Distance between lines/<Auto>:

0-:-! 4..L,1_; Enter J.:lS" Jt..:..; 4 ~ .J J.;S ..r..~ .k __,k> ~ 4..L,1_; (Jip ~I; .)~ ~ ~
.~;l;-: ~ ~.) ~ {._j.J? l\..Q.j) ~ ~ y 4) ~Lo yl WJ_rP ~ IJ .k_,k>-
First line to read/<1>:
rf'V ... J AutoLISP ~ .Y':" Y' ~l..t>o\..4\..;.r. ~.r.
{ l
; .1

Number of lines to read/ <All>:

.J.;S.) )_, .) _,..::. f-r ~ w ~ .S.JJ f. ~ Lo .s 1) ~ __,1.;- .)\.>...; .I

j
Underscore each line? <N>:

Overscore each line? <N>:

.J.;S :.r..r \Jyes .) y:. ~ .k> ,.k __,1.;- .s~~ ~ Lo }I

Change text case? Upper/Lower/ <N>:

Enter W.) ,~.) ~ ~~..,.>~ ~ § _, ~J:I. ._j.J? j;b.J jiiJ (.i-A .._j-'? }I
.~.) JL.;..; IJ
Set up cloumns?<N>:

_}1_,.) _,..:;.~ y~ ~1~1.,> -6 ~.} ~ ~ .)JY (.i-A ,~.) Jl:j IJEnter w.) }I
.J..iY:.if ~U; f_j .slA.i~ '~~yes t---'~ ,J
Distance between columns:
!]
Number of lines per column:

.~ w f..r ,J..j r- ~ U; .s) t.::...;, _y 0 .r-- ~ ).) ~~.»-If .s G~ # .)I.>...;

..)~.f ~U; ~w ~ .S.JJ .Y. 'd.~l.s)t.::...;, _y J.l! ,Jt.>. u-:.1 ).)

~ ;MM i j Chtext.lsp 'f- Y- Y

Dwg J.t! J.).) y:- y) .SJL::...;, j ~ y ~ \; .)Y. ~I_,> J.)\j "-.4ljf. u-:.1 jl c.)~l ~

.r.IJ ~~ ~w~ .J .s~~tt ~~__,;~ "-.4ljf. u-:.l.h.....__,; .~.) ~ <~10~?. ).) 4.5"1)
J.l.! -L4lj..r. u-:.1 ~f) JL:..;. j ~ ~ .~.) ~ ~ W ~ I.S.JJ
...:.......I~
I?. I "-.4lj..r. Commnad: i~ *
J.) cht f-r ~(load "chtext") -L4lj..r. Jl.,a;-.1 jl .M:

..)Y::.....s"
Command: cht
,..1
Select objects: L..:..d

..J.;S ~I.;...:.; I IJ 0 \; _);; .)JY I.SJ t:..;. j 1..5 LA.~ y

..)r,f J- )j -L4ljJ. h..., y _r..j 0J~ ~ -L4lj_r. ~1.;...:.;\.)JY ~lA~ y .)\.>...;

'.]
~--=-~

nnn text entities found.

 Height/Justification/Location/Rotation/Style/Text/Undo/Width:
Height ~(;,:,.;,;f

~ G~ :J)_JA (..));..;.__,.; LS~~y lt-4;) l; :JY. ~I_,.>))\..; ~~I cr.,l .h....._,;

.:Jy!-1.5" J""U; .r..) i~ ~~ o:J_f ~~IIJ ~~yo~ .h.Qj }I.~:J
New height <current height>:

:.r- L)ly-: ~~ lt-4;) ~))a:.. "-! (:J~ ~) L):JJJJ ~ <1,.4L;..1. JL>- cr., I ):J
...:...........lo...l..!.l....)~l

.:J ~(J"' .r"U; .r..) i~ ~~~ o:J _? ~~IIJ LSJl:...!. j ~yo~ }I

Individual/List/<New height for all test>:

Individual ~~f.,:) (~f

.~:J ~ ~IYIJ"' .t..i~l~ J_,.k "-! IJ ~ .Y' .Jb t_t-4;) ~~~l.r..) cr.,l.h..... y

List ~~f.,:)(~

~I:J IJ ~~ J..u..o J _?I...\.> lt-4;) ~J!I..L> l\A;) jl ~ ~ly 1.5" ,~~l.r..) .:,r..l ~

Height - -Min: 0.255 Max:J.OOOO Avg:0.6667

Justification '-:-'~/

"-! IJ LSJl:...!. y u\s. _,....;yo LS.r.$}} o~ J ~ :J Y. ..~..;:AI_,.> J:J\j ~~I ~I .h.... y

.~w ~ .t..i~l~ )_,1
Justification point (s) . : Aligned/Center/Fit/Letf?Middle!Right/<?>:

..x.:SIJ"" ~Text wLo; _x.j\..o J} :J)y )I~..,..,.

Location '-"'~I .
Enter new location:

Rolalion '-"'~/

~yo ~ }I ...l..;:A:J ~ IJ l.SJ\;..;, y ~ .Y' wiJJ:J .~..ulj ~ly 1.5" ~~I .:,r..l ~
Height ~\>;_;I _x.j~ j.>ly-o ~ J :J ~1.5" .r"U; .r..) i~ ~~~ o:J _? ~~IIJ L>Jl:...!. y
.~1

lndividual/List?New rotatin for all text entities>:

 -Cl
·~.--~j

;-l
' .

Style ~6:c::.;/

~ IJ LSJl;..!._,....; ~_,_ ~ ~ ~ LSJt.:..;.Y ~ ~~_,;~ ~~ll.f..l.k.....y

...::.,......IRotation JHeight LS~~t>..:.;l J..:.j~ J\.:,.;. y ~ ~ ...}.JJ .~~

Text '-'~I

.~~ ~ t.J~'U.f LSlA~JJ ~ IJ Jl;,.!, y LS.l:..:~ ~~y~ ~~I ~I .h..... y

Search and replace text Individually/Retype/<Globally>:

Individually ~£:,;,;;;fr.) (Ulf

~ ..l.:-ily~ lp.o J,.,k ~ IJ LSJl;,.!, j LSlAtr _yo LS.l:..:~ o~ ~~t>..:.;l ~I~

Retype ~~fr.) ('"";"

.J.;.S ~..l.! tj ~_h~ ~~y~ IJ l5~~ l5J.:..:~ ~~~l_r..j ~I~

Old test: sample line of text

New test: replacement text line

Globally ~£:,;,;;;~) ([_

..l;.~ ~J ~ ,)S J_,b ~ ~~y~ IJ o..l.!. ~~I~ jl ~.J ~ ~~l_r..j ~I~

J...:.S ~_JAJ
• -
. -
Match string: line

New string: piece

Undo '-' l:ic.::; I

.
.J:S~ Jos. JSyll5lA0~} J~ Undo l5lA~~I .r.. L.. J..:.j~ ~l>.;.;l ~I
.
Width '-' 6:c:.;l

·..l:A~ ~ I.J Jl;,.!, y .k~l '-:'"!.~ ~~y~ ~~I ~I .h..... y

lndividual!List/<New width factor all test entities>:

o,r..b J ~W' ~;lii k;. Cl.lsp f- Y-Y'

~~~ o...l.!. ~~lt.JW"~ o_r..b~l_r. t.J}.Q; .k_,h> ~Y. ..l:AI_,>- J~l,j v'U_r. ~l.k.....y

IJ <4.1.. ~ .1.;.. tf J ..u~~ )} CL <4.1.. ~ J~ IJ t.J}.Qj .k __,k>. ~Lo yl u J.J"P ~ v\.j .r. .~ \.o.j
 ..) ~if~ o.J:.:.S o.)\A:......I .k..... y 0).4; .k _# J,k :jl...~l •.x.Sif ~Center
Command: cl

Select arc or circle: ..;,;.S ~-:-"~I I; 0LS t:_ o.,r..l,) ..5..:.

Radius is ... .,) ~if J)} \..S"!l.;.;,j I : .,r..l,) t:_ 0LS l L....;.
Lenght! <Extension>·:

)} 0W' t:_ o_r..b jl 0-'.r.:: 0;li; .b:- ..l..::AI_,.>(J"' .,S ..:.-..1 LSI~\_; ;_,1;.-o Extension
• .>...!.~(..$"' 0;li; .b;.. ~ L>\.r. .J)~ J_,.kLenght ..)y$

I
I
I
--+--· -
I
I

J MhM o (jr \"'""'.; Rectang.lsp 't- '(- 't

. ..l.!.~(J"' L5J~ ucs j10~ ~ ),) L>..l-.: _J.) J_b- t: (j.r" r-) "-Alif. u-;.1 ~-'
0

Command: (load "rectang")

rectang

Command: rectang

Corner of rectangle or square:

~~ 1-:-"L;..;.;II; J_b- o ~ (:jr r-'""J U_r. ~

Length: ..;.;S ~I; J_h- o ~ t::r J_,.k
Square/< Width>:

I; Square ~ S }I J_, ~,)~if ,);1_, J_b- o ~ r 01~ ~ .;,;.S ,);1_, I; L5,)...U:. }I

.,)~if r-'""J o..l.!. .r..~ J~ 4t::r J..;S .r..~

··.. I ~ ~ ~, ;S ~_); Rpoly.lsp 't- '(- 0

)
~_);n,) y ol_,>~h u ;_,...,~I;~~~\;,) Y. ~I__,.> ;.)li "-A\.j .r. If.. I .k.... .f

Command: (load "rpoly")

 rf' ... J AutoLISP ~ y-:- Y' c..s~.v\..; .r. ~ .r.

RPOLY

Command: rpoly

First point: ..;_;.S ~ IJ J.JI ~

Next point: ..;.;.5 ~ \) 1.5.1...: ~
Next point: -~ ~ ~ y; \) 1.5.1...: ~
.~.) )t...:..; OJ~.J.) \)Enter w.) ~) 0~~ ~ ~ c..:-'l>..:.;I..::..,;.J />
IJ ~ ~ 0=-.f;.\ ~ .JaA.i ~.JI jl ~lo _;I J_,k ~ ~,~~~\>.;.;I j1 .h.:
..)y:.<J"' Jl_,!-r ~~ u~S)L...U:)=o>> 01~ ~ ..)~ IJ·~ ~I; .x.SIJ"' ~.J
Number of cycles: ..J
.~.) ~~ .r..j i~ ~ ~ J-,)\J" 0l ~ ..:....;j ~..r" 0:.1 jl.k:
Retain polygon at each cycle < Y> IN:
_. J
~Sjl...-...A.:_}; ?T :..6-r ).) ~ JY.Y" ~ ~ ,~~ _r->1 i~ ~~~~}I :J
,.).)}\J" oy.:>-~ ~.Y" ~ ).) ..W4 ~ ~~ }I.J .)Y:.IJ"' o_r->~
~_J--4 Lr-:.1 J.) 4...5 .)Y:.....r" )y-50 Number of Cycles: i~ i.)~ ~..r" 0:.1 jl .1...:
IJ ~j$ J>lr .)~ .r..r 4 ~ .J ~.) ~\..> 4..4li_r. JIS 4..J.ENTER w.) Jl..:.j 4 ~IY\J"
.~.) 4..4b! I.S)L...U:)=o LSI.r.

~ ~.,..=:-.;~ u~~JA :J~!3d.lsp 'f-Y-r

o.) lA.::_... I .) J Y' (Wireframe) ~ 4..:" y:;-J ~ 0 \; ~ Y' e_j I .) ~I 1.5l.r. 4..4 \.j .r. 0:.1
o2 'if' 'c..:-'.,b....o .J ~ o.J~ ,J:,.J_;- '~ jl ..W)~-~ 0~_,....;Y' 0:.1 ..)_?-...5" )}
jl 0~ _,....; _J--4 -:.r-:.1 .)~1 I.SI.r. 4..4\.j.r. 0:.1 ·~S.M.:~ ~S..l:.:J.-o ~ .J (wedge) o,} ,(toms)
0\ .J.) ).) ~L> $..: JIS 0:.1 ..x.SIJ"' o.)\.i:......l uLSJ....:~ c_,~» 1.5~ 4..J. u~ ~ ~»
?'I.~~ ~IYI.T" ~LSI~ ~ _J--4 $..: 01y 4..J. IJ ~ Y' j1 & ~~I
-.:,._._.,.) 4..J_ 1.5.1...:~ 1.5U.~ .;.;.5 (Explode) ~~ G4..4\.j .1. Lr..l.h.... y o..W J.l>. 0~ _,....;Y'
.~1\J"

:<\.4 li.r. ) ..a.> 1~_,k

~ .J ~ ~ \)Draw .r:; }I ...W4\J" 1.5lo j j..::......... ~ jl \A:....... I ,J.JI ~_}:,- '
a.)

-:.r-:.1 1 .) . .)y:.I.T" ~U;Jcon menu LS.r.._raj ...:...,.....~ $..: ,J..;..J_}_r.IJ3D constrnction _r.;

J.w ~.rS ~S~~JL...,10)~ 4..J. 4..4li_r. Lr-l.h...._; .)~1 J.t; 0~_,....;y ti'.r..~
. x...;. L.\J" u. \.;..;.;I
 Jy)l.o vlj .r. 3D L>l~ ~ -5 ..L.:.4if lSI~~~ jl o~LQ.:.....I ~~~ ~_}.- r
-~_,..;.if JL.a.:.-1

.~I load~\; jl o~LQ.:.....I ~~ ~_},- i

Command: (load "3d")

3D

Command: 3d

Box/Cone/Dish/Dome/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge:

jl ~XXX) C:XXX i\.._; ~ ~\_; lSIJb r->-llS~I..;--'I_;..;jl jl iiJS yP> -5 d- ~~ jl

I
: j
I)~ ~JY t.r' y I.,_;;- 4 ~IY\.,.5"' 'i4 ~)y ~~14 .~1 (-.:...-...1 r-->-1 i~ \.SU,~I_;..;jl
.~ Lo..; .r..r Command: i ~ J~

I
Command: Box

Corner of box: J.;S ~~I~ ~ _J L>l~ "-: IJ lSI~

Length: ~k; i...;--'~11) ~ J_,b
Cube/< Width>:

.J ~ Y. »>ly.Length*Length*Length ~I..>~ ~J..;..;_}y: IJ Cube }I i~ J-1 J~

:~ Y::.\...5"' />U; _r..j i~ o~T .J.;S .r..r Width \SI_r. IJ \.S~~ }I

Rotatoin angle about z axis:

I.
-· _j

... j :.1J~ .)~I ~.Sir. Cone

•.·:·._1

Command: Cone
 Base center point:

Diameter/ <radius> of base:

Dimater/<radius> of top <0>:

~ ~\_j 1J~ ~~~ _y__rr; ~ J ~ _r.? LS.)Js.IJ 1J~ 1.1""\J t_\......!. }I

.~~ _y_~ ~ IJ 0T v'""IJ t_L....!. ~-..::........\~IS 1J~ dJ~ J.) ..6.0 J J.:.l~ -..::.. . . . )
Heigth: 1 J~ t._I_Aj)
.-..::........11J~ ~~ LSI..r. ij~ 1_# .)\..w .)JY J.) LS~ i~
Number of segments <16>:

1
J
' ]

(ol,jJJIJ J o.:lt::.-:_1) o~ .:l~l ~l_r.Dish, Dome

,]
...>:.:. d.~ .) JW ~ ~ .).) .) Y. ~I_,> J.)lj Dish , Dome 0l.o) ).) jl o.)~l ~ "]
.~~ .)~\ ~\5'1~ UjyP ~ \) o_j
.J
Command: dome :.:.:1

Center of dome: J..;.S d _T-4 IJ o.??r

.-..::........1 dome LSI..r. oJs.lj ~ j5r ~o _j j5r

Diameter/ <Radius>:
-·]
;._ .

.~ ~ ~~IIJ ( o_?~ ~) o _j _)a; l;_ t_\......!.

Number of longitudinal segments <16>:

.J..;.S _y__rcj IJ o~ ~P b 0 L!.; LS l.r. i j ~ ; 4-:Jiu..a.i .) I...~,.a;

Nubmer of latitudinal segments<B>:
lJ
 -~

(~)Dome .J~I'f-'f ~

(M*N) o.J...! ~~J!..a 4.J..J.; -'l~IMesh

cr.' J) .~w J~' 1.5~~ ~ ~J) ~ t JY. ..yl_,.> ).)t; 0Lo_; cr.,l.h....._y
JIJ...j J ~JJ jlol...!. }'~ J~ ~U"" YJ 0~ ~ 1.5~ ~ 4$ ..::........101 3DMesh ~ J__,::-J

_ ,J ~I ..)_;$~~ .)Jr-. ~I~ J..>. y ~ (.$~~ ~ J ~Wif ~ IJ t.,~

..) _r.?~ 0 J_rP .Ju; cr.,_,>-T ~ ~ J i .r" ~ ~ J i J.l ~ JJI ~ Jla.il 0 )~~.)Jr-.
..)~~~N~JJpl-p2JM~JJP4-pl ~
Command: mesh i)~~
I First point:
i .J-' 4..4; ,_.,..~~~~

'l Second point:

Third point:
Fourth point:

Mesh M size:

Mesh N size: ~r 4.laz .;~ ~ 4:.J.; -'~I 'f- £) ~

j5:..!. ~x.:S ~ IJ ~.J.A.A ~I J ~~ ._r;..)} 0 Jr:' ~ JJI.Ju; J~.) .r-" }I

-I ..)~~~'..> .r....i
-':::'!

.l

._.]
rf 0 ... 3 AutoLISP ~ yc yo L5LA.<\..4L; .r. ._?.r.

f_r; r",; Pyrmid

..J:l r ....~..::-:. ~ :J~I ~ ..J )~ ~ .t,...., L>L,i r ~; :J Y. ~I_,> J:llj 0~) 0:.1 .h...._;

..X...:.~~ :J~i j:lj Jol5 ..J ~L; i/' tf

Command: pyramid

First point: .J ~..J\

J...:.:~ ~ \) i/' ._.QS j\ ~
Second point: J;.S ~ \) i/' ws j\~ .J l_r.:A..J:l
Third point: .J...;S ~ 1J i Y. .....QS jl ~ ~ l.r.:A r
Tetrahedron/<Fourth base point>:

l.r.:AJ~ uJ.r.::'0:-l.r.? J:l ..J ~.J..;..:}f.IJ Tetrahedron J-..JJ ~ LS~i.Y> t"""J LS\f.
.J.;S ~\)if> us jl ~f . l
~.:·~J

Top/Apex point>: .J
~ 0 A

.J.:.I~ ...::.......:J ~~.-?if> Ll"IJ ~ ~ d _r-o IJ .J.u; .JI JL> 0-:.l J:l
Apex~

.J
1.~
u ~)
1.-
)'T';" i.l' ~
,t
/ ,, \
/
/
I I
•'
I
'' ~J
.x.- '
'
: I ', ~L; ~) )~ !'./'
t I

'

IJ

L]

[]
.
.

-.
[]
·.··
i. .:

r-1
u
' l
J

..::.......1 \j':l Tetrahedron!<fourth base point>:~~ J;:, ~~~ ~J J~ \Y. ~I

•J...:. ..u.l _,>- J"'l U; _r..j \ li.:; 6 ..l::-:. ~ ~~I IJ i J ~ .JaA.i

Ridge/Top?<apex point>:

Ridge J ..::.......1 ~ J 'f ~ JJ ~J <~........ \Y. ~Lo <Apex point>~Top ~~I J;:,

• ..U.;:,~ \/- "-: !.Sic.J ~ J$ ..::.......1 ~!..>

Command: sphere

Center of sphere:

Diameter/ <radius>: •.>...;S ~~IIJ c.f yki ~ t_~

.~k; f.._r; IJ LSJ4-Jk..4•.a~ ..b _,1>- ;:,I.M.i
.
iJ
 ,-1
,... ]

'l

Number of latitudinal segments < 16 >:

I
J
,··,]
~. -:·::::..

[-.~- ~ ·:

'"]

o~ .)~I ~.SI;-: Toms

.,:, y:;,,.f o~Li::.....l ~ ~ Jy> o~ ~} J _,J ~;,~I ._sly! 0~} J-1 jl

Command: toms
']
Center of toms: .~ k; ~l;.,:jiiJ o~ §r
Diameter/ <radius> of toms: ...l::_ k; ~ IJ J _,J 0~ ~ l l.t..;. I~
Diameter/<radius> of
'J tube: ....L.J · ~ I .J .1 L.t..;. 1.r=
-- k; ~)ye L=

Segments around tube circumference <16>: c]

Segments around torus circumference <16>:

~~H+---+---+~~­
:1.~

f]•
._.
 ~u o_t .l~I~SI_r. Wedge
Command: wedge
'l Corner of wedge: ..J.;S ~~IIJ o_I .....AS jl LSI~ _f
,--] Length: ..J.;S.))J IJ o~.....AS J _,.1
Width: .~W .l)J IJ o_f .....AS ...;Pr
heigth; .~W~IJo~t_LQ;)
Rotation angle about z axis:

~~II) (o..L.!. ~~~ ~~ jl o~)jg ~l,; )_J>c-4 Jy>) o~ .....AS ,_;..>.r; "-:I.Jj
.!
-.i
·..l..::-:.W

j h.) J..li J.>b ~ J..li ~ lJ.)~ ~ c.SI.r. Fcopy.lsp 'f- Y- V

J7inc ,Open c,StA~l..; jl o.)\A::.....,I j_},0.lb .l~ c,SI_r. J ..::.......1 ~ jyoT LL; _r. ~ -:r..l
. .l.JJ~ J\5" ~Close _, H!fzile
Command: (Fcopy ''filel" ''file2" )

..)~~ dfite2 rl.; ~ ~u J>b ~fitel rlj 4~u "-:-}; ~..~.:

 I
oi~:J ~~~ JA ~l.:>c:::.l Ssx.lsp 'f- V-A

wl:-a _ra;>- V"" L..l_r. oI_y.J.) IS~~ y ~ l>..:..; I IS 1_;: IS.) .r. )S J ~ .v. ~ .r. ._s:._,_ u-:1
- -]
IS~o_r..b ~ ~~_,.>-~ J ~lo.) _,5"1?-IIJErase .)\_.,} .S ~k; ~} ~ -~~(..5"" ~ .)JY 1-.''·l
·~----.J
~~II) ..:....,..I ..l>IJ 9' ~~..:-b.....; J .,l;lo~ G~ yo}~)~,;,.) I) PC 6.J__ '.1 ).) Q} )}
. .) Y. ~I_,>~ u-:1 "-: w~ yP y ~~I"-: J.)\.9 .v.~ .r. u-:1.1..... y .~ k; J
.(~k; o...c:-lrSSX ~\.; "-:)

-~~If" SSX ~\.; j1 o.)l.A::.....I j_,k ISI_.r. d.Y _;. j_yol ~.v.~ .r. 0:1 ~" ~
Command: erase -~~ .r..r ..ul_,>-(..5"" ~ _,..... ~~I.SIJ ~~ j
Select objects: (ssx)

> > Block name/Color/Entity/LAyer/Ltype/Style/Thickne ss: i]

~0T J.) ci} )} ~ '.14~ _,. . . tj ~~J ~s~ i~ u--"L...I_.r. IJ 0~ _,...; _,..... ~ _; 0:~
.~w ~~~ ~~ ~L;.....; 3 )L:..;. _,; ~ ~.b;.. tf
LJ
~4...1 ;:J~~u--!..fl.o~.JJ-"" 4J..:l.AA:..AIJ:J .;5~ ~l.r. 3Darray.lsp 'f- V- '\
.:]
Command: 3darray

Select objects:

Rectangular/polar:

. .),_;.~ f~l ~ "- J.) ~ WJ~ 0:1 ~~!Array 0~} ..W~ 0~ ~

J
[j.
I
 l

I
. ·''I

.;l:-! ~ tl.;.,..... ~~~ ,sl.r. Slot.lsp 'f- r-' o

..>..;$.)~II))~~ CJ.J""" ~L....; ~IY0"' 0l..} cr..! .h.... y

Command: slot

Hole or slot? HIS <s>:

.J.::.."'.) JL:.! \)Enter w.) J~ .)~1 LSI.;:

First corner point of slot: ·..l..:: L....; .r..r ~ ~~IIJ LSI.s...h.Q.;
Slot radius: .J..;-5.) )_, IJ J~ LS.) _} t_k.;,
Second center point of slot: .~L....; ~\.;;.,;:;IIJ J~ .f.:_.) r jS.r"
Depth: ..;_;S .))_, IJ J~ ~
..) ~0"' o.)b ~L....; J~3DFACE L.Sr s.:_ ~ JL> cr.. I J.)
IJ H ......; _r> Jiole or Slot: i~ ~ t:---4 J.) ~~.) J..:. L....; ~~~ IJ ~IJ.J""" } I
..>..;S .r..r
Hole or Slot? <s>: H
Center point: . ~ L....; ~ I) CJ .J""" t..k.;,
Radius: .J..;-5 ~ I) CJ.J""" ~
Depth: ..>..;$ ~ I) CJ .J""" ~

X!Y/Z ,s\A.;~ J.,=-- i$.~1 ~\s.,_.;, y ~I.;J~ ;_sl.r,Axrot.l~p 'f- Y~' '
Command: axrot
' '1
;m~l
1" ~ \ ... J AutoLISP .) y:- r ~\Avli .r. .f.r.

.:.J
Select objects: :.;.J
Axis of rotation X!Y/Z:

-~ w y~ll; 01;.).) )~ I
Degrees of rotation <0>: .~ W .r..r I; 01;.J.) ~_,lj j
Base point <0,0,0>: .~w ~I; 01).).) ~~ ~
.,. •,'·:_-_3,1

o~ J~ ~l,i ~.; ~l.r. Fplot.lsp 'f-"-' Y 1

0l.)l-.:1.61; ~~~ ~~ ~.J; ~ \; .)Y. ..yl_,.> ;.)U v\;_r. ~I jl o.)~l ~

.~w ~; ~..l.!.~~ ~ --'.) wl~ ~ ~~--' -]

•..:.......I _r..j r__r!. ~ v\;.r. .. lr.l ~):. .]

Comman: ([plot 'June ' (vi v2) ' (ui u2) res)

..r. .J .A:_Io.)~ ~~ J .r..r ~ .S ..:.......I~\; r'UFunc []

~

0l:-; u~v ~ J.) ~

,..:.....,..1 o..l.!.
']
...:........I VI <V2 J J...:.~~ V ~ wl~ :.).J~ jl ~ (VI V2)

...:........I UI <U2 J ..l.!.~~ U ~ wl~ o.).J~ jl ~ (Ul U2) r]

.~.)LJ" 0L!..; I; p.)J.Y' '!..J; ~l.r. i.J~ w~ .)l..w res

.JX ~l.r. 0 \; o o.lJ~ ;.l 1;5*ex*cos(y) Cj\; ~~_,.>~ .S J.;.S ~) J\!.. 01_,:..&:- ~ :J
.~.);I}' o _r.l_r.l; w~ .)l..w .~w ~; J ~~Y ~~.r. 'f 1; o

([plot ' (lambda (X Y) (* 5 (exp x) (cosy)))

'(0 5)

'(0 4)

IO
)
']
4.
(defim fuel (x y) (* 5 (exp x) (cosy))) ;.;)
,;.;.]
(/plot 'fuel (0 5) (0 4) 10)
I I

(/plot '(lambda (xy) (exp (- (+ (* xx) (* y y)))))

'(-2 2)
'(-2 2)
!:.·]
L-~
20
)
r:J·····
L -·
 '
I

(defun p (x y)
(cos (sqrt (+ (* xx 2} (* y y))))
I )

(fplot lp I (-20 20) I (-20 20) 40)

.·. J

: ... .!

I
~ w J_rP ~ 4..4lj.r. ~I jl J~ ..l::_ ~ ly.-IIJ demo ~4..4lj ..r. -:r-1 Jl..a.>l jl .h: } I
i
.J
..) _,.;,1.5" ~ U; _r..j

:'-.... !
-·~1

.. "]
''··.··:
r Of ... _, AutoLISP ~ y.- Y' LSu,.._,t.;.r. d'- .r.

o~ J~ ~\A~J; \'""""; ~l.r. Fplot2.lsp 'f- "- n·

w.;.;Lu ~\; ~~ z,Y,x 0~ .01) ~~_.,~JJ 0 .'l Y. ~~_,..>- ;.'l\j c:Y J-1 .h.... .f
•..).j _y;.,f 0l:: ~ J.'l ~ ..r. ~~) ~\_y ·~ ~ ('"'""") ~ ~~)

': "J.jlo~ w.;_~ t J u ~ ..r. ~1_,.; 0;~ .Oi;Function3, Function2, Fzmc;tionl

..xSif ('"'"""J LS~<~.....~ LS~ ;.'l J o.'l..~S ~ )Z,X,Y 01~

Plot function of two variables

'~]·
t__··

Designed and implemented by Mehrdad Kazerooni on 24!9/91.

To make a three dimensional polygon mesh representing the values of a

function in two variables across a specified range of values for the two ;
variables, with a defined resolution (specified as the number of subdivisions
r·]
~'

within the range), call: L

,...]...

~-

(Fplot2 ftmctionl function2 function] xrange Yrange resolution)

Where:
']
c ..

function The function to be evaluated. This will usually be the

qouted name of a previously defined ftmction, or a qouted
lambda-definition of a ftmction.

urange The range of first variable (u), specified as a list with the first ;
element the lower bound for X and the second element the ;
upper bound.
r1
LJ
trange The range of second variable (t), specified as a List with the first
element the Lower bound for Y and the second element the ;
upper bound.
']-..
[::_:-
.
'
. resolution An integer specifying the granularity of the mesh ,
'
 --1
. 1

approximating the surface defined by the function's values for ;

arguments in the specified range.

fplot2.lsp is written by Mehrdad Kazerooni 24/9/91 # # # # To plot

3D parametric
(defun Fplot2 (fen fx fy urange trange res I ce stepu slept i j x y)
(setq u (car urange) t (car trange) x (apply fx (list u t))
stepu (I (- (cadr urange) u) (float res))
stept (/ (- (cadr trange) (car trange)) (float res))
•• J
i0
)
(setq ce (getvar "cmdecho"))
(setvar "cmdecho" 0)
(command "3Dmesh" res res)
(while ( < i res)
(setq j 0
l
t (car trange)
)

(while ( < j res)

J
(setq j (+ 1 j)
t (+ t stept) Y (apply fy (list u t)) z (apply fen (list u t)) x
(apply fx (list u t))
)

(command (list x y z))

)

(setq i ( + 1 i)
u ( + u stepu) x (apply fx (list u t))
)
)

•... 1 (setvar "cmdecho" ce)

)

;You can. plot a predefined function. For example: .,;.;.5.r..~l;.r..)~l,j..r.J\.!...l.Sl..r.

, (defun cs (u t)
 (cos (sqrt (+ (* u u 2) (* t t))))

)
(defun ss (u t)
(sin (sqrt (+ (* u u 2) (* t t))))
)

(defun eosin (u t)
(* (sin u) (cost))

)
(fplot 'cs 'ss 'eosin '(-20 20) '(-20 20) 40)

e:k- u\ .a> "', J &- jS.r ~ ~.Sir. 2dcm.lsp 'f- Y-' 'f
.J _}..ol IS~J~ Jy> IJ e:k- (..$'""'~10\.-o .J ~ :Jr .1:-ilyif o1,.4L;..T. o-:l.h......y

Jru LS~IG" ...:........1 ij'Y ~o1,.4L; r. o-:1 jl o~li:....,l 1.51.Y. .J.:J} ...:........~ w\....a:>...o L5L, Jy-
:...:........1 oJ...ol _r..j J~ o1,.4L; J"! J...:-1 .~~ ~bACAD.PAT J:_L! J~ IJANSI31
(defim c:2dcm (/ mecho cecho ssl ur ll dx magn eai eli elixi eliyi eli3 elixi2 eliyi2
inax inay iyy width xname tbdata ename elist n ptl pt2 li ai xi yi xcg ycg cmass
delta)

(Progn
(setq mecho (getvar "MENUECHO")
cecho (getvar "CMDECHO"))
(setvar "MENUECHO" 5)
(setvar "CMDECHO" 0)
(prompt "Select inner and outer boundries for plate: ")
(setq ssl (ssget))
(setq ur (car (getvar "VSMAX'')))

(setq ll (car (getvar "VSMIN')))

(setq dx (abs (- ur ll)))
(setq mang (/ dx 200))
(command "Hatch" ''ANS/31" magn -45 ssl "")

(Prompt "Center of mass being calulated ... ")

(setq eli 0 elixi 0 eliyi 0 eai 0 eli3 0 eliyi2 0 elixi2 0)
(setq width (/ magn 8)) il
LJ
 (setq xname (cdr (as soc 2 (entget (entlast)))))
(setq tbdata (tblsearch "BLOC~' xname))
(setq ename (cdr (assoc -2 tbdata)))
(setq elist (entget ename))
(setq n V
(while (entnext (cdr (assoc -1 elist)))
(setq elist (entget (entnext (cdr (assoc -1 elist)))))
(setq ptl (cdr (as soc 10 elist)))
(setq Pt2 (cdr (assoc 10 elist)))
(setq li (distance pt1 pt2))
(setq ai (*width li))
(setq xi (I ( + (car ptl) (car pt2)) 2))
(setq yi (I ( + (cadr pt1) (cadr pt2)) 2))
(setq eai ( + eai ai))
(setq eli (+ eli li))
(setq eli3 ( + eli3 (* li li li)))
(setq elixi ( + elixi (* li xi)))
)
I (setq eliyi ( + eliyi (* li yi)))
(setq elixi2 ( + elixi2 (* li xi xi)))
(setq eliyi2 ( + eliyi2 (* li yi yi)))
(if(= (rem n 70) 0)
(Prompt ". ")
)

(setq n (+ 1 n))
) ;end of while
(setq xcg (/ elixi eli)
ycg (I eliyi eli))
.l
._, _j
(setq i.xx (+ (I(* width width width eli) 12) (*width eliyi2)))
(setq i}Y (+ (/(*width eli3) 12) (*width elixi2)))
(setq inax (- i.xx (* eai ycg ycg)))
(setq inay (- iyy (* eai xcg xcg)))
(command "Erase" "L" "")

(prompt "Finis~ed")
 t' OV ... J AutoLISP ~ .?." r l.S~.._.L; .r. ~ .r.

.l
(write-line "")
(setq cmass (strcat (rtos xcg 2 2) ·~" (rtos ycg 2 2)))
(command "Circle" cmass (/ dx 70))
m

(setq delta (! dx 50))

(setq ptl (list (- xcg delta) ycg))

(setq pt2 (list ( + xcy delta) ycg))

(command "line" ptl pt2 "")

(setq ptl (list xcg (- ycg delta)))

(setq pt2 (list xcg ( + ycg delta)))

(command "line" ptl pt2 "n)

(redraw)
,.j
(textscr) L._··

(prompt (strcat "CM is at (x,y) = (" cmass "),

Area is: " (rtos eai 2 2))) .l
(write-line " ")

(prompt (strcat "Jxx (x- neutral axis) is: " (rtos inax 2 3) " "
:J
"lyy (y-neutral axis) is: " (rtos inay 2 3)

(write-line "")
(prompt (strcat "Jxx (x-global axis) is: " (rtos ixx 23) " "
"Iyy (y-global axis) is: " (rtos iyy 2 3)
)
)
(write-line "")
(setvar "MENUECHO" mecho)
(setvar "CMDECHO" cecho)
(princ)
)
)

Report.lsp 'f- l- '0

IJ ,_,rS ~ J._L; J:~ ci} )} u~ _,..;, y "-: 1 Y.r ..::;~)\11 t; ...:..,....,1 ij'l ..::;\.;JI ~~
 I

i; ~l.r. 01__,;~ IJ ~\.; u;_l.~~ ~~~ .~..it5'1~ wJ~ ~ J ~JL::..;,Y ~\.; ~ wJ~ ~
0lo) ~..:........I '-:-"L:.... 0\ ~l.r. Report.lsp ilj AS .7-j J.. \.; J~ .~1~ )} o~\A.:.....I ~ JY ~~ ~lA })I
~entlist 0lo) ..u~~ 0lo) ...L...:.y~ J._t.;0JJ~ ~ IJ ~~lAS}:~ jl ~ blklst

• .J.A~~ )} J.. \.j IJJJ~ J~ \J tAJ ul ~o J u~.rPy ~

;This command will list to a file all blocks in

;a drawing using a block table. All names of blocks will be

;written to a file.

i
( defun c: blklst ( )

(setq outfile (getstring

" \nEnter file name for Block list: "))

l (setq outfile (strcat outfile ".txt"))
.J

(setq a (open outfile "w"))

1
.. I
(setq blk (tblnext "BLOCK'' t))

(while b/J...

(print blk a)

(setq e (cdr (assoc - 2 blk)))

(while e

(print (entget e) a)

(terpri)

(setq e (entnext e))

(setq blk (tblaext "BLOCK''))

(close a)

;This command writes the association list format entity data

' I
;to a file.
~j
(defun c:entlst ()

(setq outfile (getstring

"\nEnter file name for Entity list: "))

I
'... J
 (setq outfile (strcat outfile ".txt"))

(setq a (open outfile "w" ) )

(setq e (entnext))

(while e

(print (entget e) a)

(print (entget e))

(terpri)

(setq e (entnext e))

,_
.'
.. ]
'

) ,._.

(close a)

0~ ~yo.,) J~ S ~ L..J~ .sl.r. while ~\; jl ~if _r->1 ~\.j .r. J~ J$ J~L....A>
'']_·
,.
.-.::-...1 o.;..;. o~ LC.....I ~~~if .s_?-t.f.:
'

Posit . lsp 'f- Y- ' 7

..l::-:. ~ ..::.,.j~ .~I~ ~ J>b J~ ~I~~~ yo~ J~ .t..; _r..j :...0L; .r.
-~~if ur- ~ ~JI.sl.r. ~ :).-;, ji-=--:J J>-1~ J~ ~~I ~yo J$
;this function returns the position of an

;atom (VARNAME) in a list

;(L/STNAME) it is the opposite of

;the Autolisp NTH function.

(defun posit (vamame listname) ;general function

(1- (length (member vamame (reverse listname))))

findinln.lsp 'f- Y- ' v

~\; c.:r..l J~ .~~~I )i.;~JY .1.;. I.SJJ .r. d-~1 :.kA.; ~~ ~ .J:Sif ~ _r..j "-..4\.i .r.
~\; jl o~lA:;:....I ~ ~ J ~ ~ o~ )i.; ~Jyo Ja>.,sl..~l ~ ~ ~o..l.!. ~~I liU.; jiiJ..:.;I
:'l
'.

0w ~La;~ 0!.1 }I J ;)rlf ~ _}u ;)J.JA .k.;. ~ o.L:. o~ .k.;. e:bla; "inters"
.;) Y. ..u.ly ~~I; 1..;--'1~ ~.L:,~ d-~1 ~

;This function will return T if the CHKPT is on the line

;LINENAME.

(deftm pointinline (linename chkpt) ;general function

,1 (null (inters (cdr (assoc 10 (entget Zinename)))
, • I

(cdr (assoc 11 (entget linename)))

(cdr (assoc 10 (entget linename)

)) chkpt nil))

l
i
Newnd. lsp 'f- r- ' A
1
i ;) y> ~;)JY' 0~ ~ IJ .k.;. ~ d\.: 4~ 0~ ~ly If v.\..; ..r. 0-:.l .h.... y
o~ o;)ll:......l "entmod" ~\; jl.t_j _h d--~1.1,\.Aj ~ ~ LSI.r. S ..l..:::,k; ~ y .~;) ~
.-.::.........1
;This function will change the ending

;point on an existing line (OLDENT)

;to a new ending point (NEWLL) .

.
'
(defim newnd (oldent newll) ;general ftmction
·r
__ .), (entmod (subst (append ' (11) newll)

. . ] (assoc 11 (entget oldent))

C:.'l
(entget oldent)))

Newst.lsp 'f- r- ' C\

~ tJ_,.;. UU; J.}; LSI_r. S 0J\A; If.. I~ ~~~If Newnd.lsp ~\.j.Y. J.:j\..o v.\..;f. If.. I
.-.::.........1 o.L:. o)\l:......l "entmod" ~\; jl y,; v.\.;.Y. If.. I ) ) .)JJ~f )\5 "': .k.;.
;This fimction will change the starting
r"\' . . J AutoLISP ~ y:- y LSlP>v\..; .r. ~.r.

;point on an existing line (OLDENT)

;to a new starting point (NEWLO).

-··.,
j

(defun newst (oldent newlo) ;general function

(entmod (subst (append '(10) new/g)

(assoc 10 (entget oldent))

(entget oldent)))

Layeroff.lsp 'f- 'f- 'I' o

)~ 1_, c.,T ~~~~offset~ polyline~ jl &;_I~ 1 ~ .1::-ily~ vlif. -:r-1.1...... y
tf .) ~1 ~ 11 polyline ..5w_ offset ~ly ~ly '-:"i; ~ ~ .~~ )} ~ ._j\S'I~ "-: ~ ~
.~~ ~~10.)~ .k;..

;This command is similar to the offset

;command, but it will put the new entity

;on a different layer (that you specify)

;from the original entity.this

;command has defualts for both layer

;name and offset distance.

(defun c: layeroff (I obj layno offdst side)

(setq cmdmode (getvar "cmdecho")) (setvar "cmdecho: 0)

(setq obj (entsel "\nSelect object to offset: "))

(printc "\nEnter Layer name for offset < ")

(if (null laynol) (setq laynol ""))

(princ laynol) (setq layno (getstring ">: "))

(cond ((equallayno "") (setq layno laynol)))

(cond ((equallayno "") (setq layno

(getvar "CLA YER"))))

(princ "lnoffset disiance < ")

 (if (null offdstl)) (setq offdst
(getdist (cadr obj) ">: "))
(cond ((null offdst) (setq offdst offdstl)))

1 (setq side (getpoint "InSide to offset?"))

(command "offset" offdst obj side "")

(command "change" "l" " " "layer" layno)

(setq offdstl offdst)

(setq laynol layno)

(setvar "CMDECHO" cmdmode)

(princ)
)
. -~

Mvlayer.lsp 'f- Y- Y '

jiiJ ~ .3 J.J-0 u~ _,....;yo r.ehange 0Lo} jl ~.r' \; .3 Y. ~I_,> J.3\_; ~~ .r. 0-!.1 .b....., y

·~lo,j ~ ~.3 .v._'l ~ 4..;.'1 ~

;This command will move entites from

;one layer to another. It is a vbit

. I
: ··.J
,faster than using the CHANGE command,
;because you can set a default for the

;layer name and not have to type in the

;layer name each time that it is used.

. .) ...., .·.:

'
.. I
i ,·.

-- (defun c:riwvelayer (I objm layno)

'· I • •i. :"' ,;.·:;·.'11 ;~ oi;J: ·1 ~ ••
..;,.
- "-:-

(setq cmdmode (getvar "cmdecho"))

(setvar "cmdecho" 0)

(prompt "\nSelect object to change: ")

(setq objm (ssget))

(princ "\nEnter layer name for move<")

(if (nolllaynol) setq laynol (getvar" ClAYER")))

(princ laynol) (setq layno (getsrting ">: "))

Y"\ r.. J AutoLISP ..) )"':" y c.SV.o~...o\..; ..r. ? ..r.

(cond ((equal layno "") (setq layno laynol)))

(command "change" objm "" "layer" layno)

(setq laynol layno)

(setvar "CMDECHO" cmdmode) :l

(princ) -c~~

•,_._.j
)

Cplayer.lsp 'f- l- l l
.,;.;.5 ~ h:J LSI"-!.~ j>-IJ "-: IJ "-!. ~ s.:_ 0~ ~yo t JY. ~1_,> )Juvt.; .r.~l.k.....;
;This command will copy entites from

;one layer to another. The new entities

;will appear in exactly the same position

;as the originals except they will

;be on a different lay er.

(defun c:copylayer (!start objc layno)

(setq cmdmode (getvar "cmdecho"))

(setvar "cmdecho" 0)

(setq start (getvar ">LMMIN'))

(prompt "\nSelect objets to copy: ")

(setq objc (ssget))

(princ "\nEnter layer name for copy<")

(if (nulllaynol) (setq laynol (getvar "CIAYER")))

(princ laynol) (setq layno (getstring ">: "))

(cond ((equallayno "") (setq layno laynol)))

(command "copy" objc ""start start)

(command "change" objc "" "layer" layno)

(setq laynol layno)

(setvar "CMDECHO" cmdmode)

(princ)

)
:--~

Insblk.lsp 'f- Y- Yr
J:J u IJ _):2.; :JJY loS lAS~ :J )yo :JI.J.A; ~1__,::..: l; .J:Sr.f r-"'1) IJ 0T 0~1 ot.A~ ..r. -:r..l

o:J;J o:J\A;:...I :J _y>: ~iii ):J )~ ~bl S ~ jl }I J\.:... )__,1 ~ ·~)} ~...\: ,J.jlci} )} ~
·~J_,T ~...\: bl S ~ l.SI..r. IJ r :JI..lt!,j" ~I_,; I.>" ~l; -:r..l .1..... _,; ,~~
;This function will count all instances of a list of block

;names in a drawing. You can easily redirect the output to a

;file.
.
'
(defun ssblkcnt ( )

(setq blklst '("!Dl" ID2" "SPACEID"))

(while blkst

(setq curblk (car blklst) blklst (cdr blklst))

(setq etype (cons 0 "INSERT'))

(setq ss (ssget "X'' (list etype (cons 2 curblk))))

(princ "there are")

(princ (sslength ss))

(princ " blocks named ")

'I (princ curblk)
-i
(princ "in this drawing")

(setq ss nil)

(terpri)

)
.:-1
.. )
i (terpri)

(princ)

.J
i )

. ' )
 j

:J
11 •• ~·- ••
\A> '-'YD\~ -J
\J v\.;.r. ~'-1~1 ~J:...S ~JYf. 1.1.> ..5,;_ 4.J.AutoLISP ,v\.;..r. ~l_r.l ~ )~ ~ ~~
wT LSI.r: I) \.1.>. ti i~ .J )l...Q.;...II) (.1..!.~ o.J..!. o~tA.:....I v\.;..r. );) }I) *error* ~\.; .J ..;.La E1
i~'J......, _r.l..k> ..5,;_4.J.AutoLISP ~ ~~ ,.;..;,~ ~l..li ~Y':' .J *error* Cj\.; } l ..u~~ 0l:..; ~J
error: message
w~ y__ra; ~ I.S.JJ ..r. w LLi ..r. 0.J)~ );) \) \.b.:. ~ ~ .J J:.S~ ~~ G
,-1..
'

. ...V,~.f'

:lA~ tlyf
"': 01y~ I) J;...t.~~ i~' ~jv\.;_r. ,~);)Lisp w~jvl.i_r. ~ d~~l pi

:jl..w-)~~~~~4..:,...,~~

.~ly ~ .J o.J..!. ~_rrJ ~ j\ LS~ ~ L,$1.)'! ~~~ L,$~1.M.7.\- '

·~t; ~ I.S'.r. ~~.; 0L _f),_;.ro- r

....:..-...\ o~~l ~ jllg.jl I.SI..r. ~ _?I~ ~ JL> J~ j~ IS~_?I~ ~Y':' .J- 'f
.<\.:...!. ) ~M~.rol..,;)..r.
j - - <- "f
. r\ " ..,;:_.,"j.s. ~ ~

.0T LSI..r. o.J..!. LS_juv\.;.r. J.u "-: 0~ J )~ ~ \.; ..5,;_ ~~~ ~- CJ

~~~J ~v\.;..r. ~JY' J~AutoLISP ~~I ~~tk.;. i~ t_yi..L:il_,>-~ f..JJ~ ~~

:J.:S~
atomlist modified after function swap

J.. i.j 0~_; .J~~ jl .M: atomlist ..:.-...:J 0~_; c)l..:,l

AoutoCAD rejected function

)} o~\£....1 ~ JY' 1...;-'l:...oli 0Lo .f)~ ,o..l.!. o~Li.:.....llj\.; ~ ..cil~ JLQ;I JL> )~ 0:-l ·
•.J..:.~ ci}
 bad argument type

,...l.!,~ ~ ~~ .J.:. ~ o~li:.....l ~ )_J-4 0lA _;) ti

i
I
bad association list

.assoc ~\.; J~ o~\.A.::.....I ~J..Y' ~LSI.;: ~~\.j LS-0-S' )~

had entmode list

~~ 0lA _fi) JL:>.L .ciJ ) j o~li:.....l ~ J..Y' "-:""""'~\.j 0lA .J) ~ ~ entmode ~\;
.~ y:;,if J~~ entget ~\.; jl r..?" J.;> 01~ "-! 6 ...:........1 0~ 0T ~
had entmode list value

J ~ 6("association list"~~ jl) "-:""""'~\.j ~_x.j ~ ~entmode ~\.;

...::......I ci} )} o ~ Li.:...., I ~ J.Y' o...L.!, J l...a.> I
had Junction

~ ~ ~ i\.j 6 ~ )~ J~l ·~ ~ ~\.; ~ i\.j ~ )~ ~ y. .Y' ~ er.:.lJJ

~~\.j )__,1 ~ o..l,;, o~jl~ ~\.; 6 ~)~ y} c.r..l _r. ..::..J':J~ ~ i~ c.r..I . ..L,;,~ ~~ ~

...::.......1 ~ ..f yl) i J) ~ J.Y' ~) 0lA _;) ~ ~ ..:-..I o..l,;, ~~

had list

c.r..l ...::.......1 o...l...!. .01) ~\.; ~ 0lA .J) 01~ ~ ..::.......1 o~ ~~~ ~ j_), "-: 6 ~
JL> cr.. I )~ •~ _,.;. .1.Y.r ...L.!, ~ o ...L.!, tJ.r- )\...:.&.1 ~ ~ 6 ~ ~ ~ ~ "-: ~ 1_y ~ -.:.J t.:>

.~~)}I) .i:-- ..::....,0~ ~ J ~~ ur. ~~I) .J,Y.r ~~

had node

...:.........lo...l...!. ~JY-J. Type~\.; J~ ~\.j ~JY' ~ "-:

can't open (file) for input- LOAD failed

II can't reenter AutoLISP

.~~ _x.~ IJ f.S~~AutoL/SP uJ~ ~~y~AutoL/SP u}.:-~· ~ "-: ~~ J~

console break

•...:.........1 o...l...!. d~ JL:.j CTRL + C f.SlA~ ~~\.; ~ ..fjb..,; i~ J~

devide by zero
- . ·t;_ ....2......, ..........A;
·~) . .r - J.\-

devide overflow
 extra right parentes

.~1 c..W ..:..j\.: d)~ :JJY' ):J dk;l ~~)_;.;I_,;~\.:~

file not open

file read-insufficient string space j;J

.:J y::.~ ..:...,;\.:)a; :J JY' J- \j 0~1_,.;. ~SI..r. ~15' LSI~ J IS~
file size limit exceeded · J
. ..::........1 ci) jl) Ja~ ~ LSI_r. c..l.!. ~ j~ ..1..> jl ~J.L; cjl~l -]
floaJing-point exception

~W. r- _ · ..b...._,..; J~l :JI..u.l ~ ~~J ...:,..~ .. I~ I :.r--> J:J c~l ~

.~1 c..W d.~:JJ (UNIX~!b Y.Y')
']
bad node type in list

...:.......I c..W :J JY..r.foreach c:;t ):Jr.=--~ :J JY' S.: <l;

bad point argument

u ~L; ~ o.J...!.,; U,_~ "-:"-'~ J_,k <l; 4.5 (~ :J~ .J:J ~ ..::......J ~)LSI~
.J ~~ t}r ~ ~ ~ ~ :JI~I..l:-:_~ ..::...,;:J .-.:-..I o...L..:. -01) :J):J ij'l LSI~ !.S:J.JJ.J

....::........lij'l ~ ~jlu~ ~ ~

~
(2.35 .450) (2.35 0.450)

bad point value

~._ .]
-.··-

bad ssget list

u..,_~ ~ ~~ LSic:JI:J ~ ~ (SSGET "X'') c:;t "': o..W d.::.... ) 0t... _J)

...w~~ _,k; :J)y .. ~

bad ssget list value

(ssget "X") C::L; ~ ~ o..W o:Jl:....) ~ ..:.-.:J J:J :Jy:- y .slA.~_r..j jl ~

L]
•...::........1 ~~ )..li.. .si):J
iJ
base point is required
r.-]
. -·
u
 :..~.:--~.· ····--·-·---·:...__.·..

Boole argl 0 or 15

can't evaluate expression

function canceled

....::.-..1
function undefined for real

o..\..!. o~l;....,} ~)~ ~ ~~ ~ (.~145 ...r:l; ~ 0~ .t) 01~ ~~~)..G. S:

J ~ LS l_r. .....::.-..I
'
I (nth 6.2 '(a b c d))

improper argument
.J
.~1 ~ ~ ~ GCD t;l.; ~ o..L.!. .01) 0~ _!)
inappropriale object in function

incorrect number of arguments

.~1 o..W. o..til__,.>l} 0lo .J) ~ ~ 0~ .J} S: loS~ 4..; quote c:;\;
incorrect number of arguments to a function

DEFUN ;~ o..L.!. ~~ ~; LSU:.0~ _}) ~I.M; ~ o..L.!. U;_~ c:;l; LSL,.0~ _!) ~\.M;

-~ )..ti ~l.ho
1
:.i input ahorted

.~ y:.~ ~(end-of-file) ((J- \.j LS~I>> ~ ~;__,.>J. ~ ~ J.. \j ~J;.J

insuj]icient node space
'\ til
\

\
'~J-
;""c
~k j
•

insufficient string space

~.- j
-~ '
invalid argument
0\
 invalid character

invalid dotted pair

.)~ ..l.t.: ..J ~ ~ J~ ~..J .Y--- ~ J ~ LS~ "'-: '~ J~ ~ ~)J J~l

•.>,..;. ~ 0 .>,..;. ur.

invalid integer value

lispslack overflow

.0 ..1..> jl ~ ~I~I)J~ )I f. ~I~ JK.!.I ~I.J)~ JY':"..J diSstack LSL,aj

,]
).) .~1 oJ..oT J.Y':"Y. .J'l_}. .}~.f) LSlA~ ~.) .>,..;.~ oJ..oT JY':'Y. o...l.!. ei..J .1,.4\,)J'! )~ '"]
.~J ~I_;SII1 LISPSTACK .1,..4\,).r. LSir.-1 jl j.:! ~I .7+. J~ ~I

malformed list ,]
J~l ....::........l o~ ~l.>. ~YI.f. ~I J._L; ~ j10J...!. o.J.,;I~ J~ JJ .6 ~ ~
·~ (_..Jj H..::.-~ JIJ...j" s ~I 01 ~J
malformed string

.~1 cil:_ ~l> l3Y!.f. ,~I .._kl,; ~ jl 0...l.!. o.J.,;I~ J~ JJ S ~J ...>:,;_

misplaced dot

...L:.~ ~ ~ ~ =.;,..;.(!r. ~ i~ ~ d TA )l.r. ~I~ o~l ~I

nuU function

.Jy$ 1 1) oJ~I Jj_JA o..L!..i ~_rj ~\; S J..:ii~J"' Jl;;l ~~ )J ~~

quit/exit abort '.··].·
''
!t,__- ..

.~1 ci} )} oJ~I J1 y .J.jlo..L!..i ~_rj AutoL/SP 1 J jp .6exit ..J quit ~ \; ..JJ
too few arguments

too many arguments

 \... "
.. ''-'~ ...~..
~ -

.J lA0lA _,..! i J) ))_J-4 (..))~ 0~ J\..11 0J yS 0 _x:>) (..)l_r. ...\5"yl ~ (..)~ ~ jl

~ J SETVAR 0lA) .r..~ ~ ~IYI.f" IJ ~ ~ ~ ~ .J y!l.f" cJ~iAutoLISP

~ ~..:.......I) ...:....-.... )J .~_,..;.~ i.SJL:..;. ~ J .J-A J )J Jl> u-:' )J ·~JJI ...:-..~ ~ .r..~
I I' :..Js" 01 ~ )J 1$ ~~~ ...:.......1 ~.':..... 01 )...l.io '~/".A )J .J ~ <.,Sl.A.~
~ J:~SETVAR 0lA) .h....._;~~ )...l.io 1$ ~ ~~~ ,..:....,.,1 o..l.!. ~yReadonly

r ~...LJ~~ ~~ J:UjJ- r ~~tYJ- r ,. H _ .. ~ ru1

...l.!.~l.f'"Read only~ 1$ ..:.......I 0l ..;..- o~..; {R.O.j ~I JJ
[R.O.J -/ ~.J} -{ACADPREFIXJ

0w jl s ...::.......101 ....;.- o~..; ,, ..:;_,.~ .~)J ) j 01 )J -6 ...\S"y-1 ~ jl i.SJ.P.r..IJ i~.;

.~loJ}'l.,r.-11) 4,.o\.; _r. 'J )b ) j ...\5"yl 1$ <.SJPy;.b
{R.O.J - I d.)} - {ACADVERJ

.J.AJif 0\..!.; IJ ...\5"_;I J.M

[R.O.J -/ ~.J}- {AFLAGSJ

:..:.......ly;.j J.J~ ~ _r.ATTDEF 0lA) (..)l_r. o..l...!.~ (..)~J yo :...L:...bJ0\..!.;

i
••. J

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 Invisible N y N y N y N y N y N y N N N y

2 Constant N N y y N N y y N N y y N y y y
4 Verify l'{ N N N y y y y N N N N y y y y

,.·l 8 Preset N N N N N N N N y y y y y y y y
'_.1

::,:c:l
-~,~----~
 l
1-1- I~ .)~/- {ANGBASE]

...::.........1 LSJI.::-- UCS ~ ~ ~_,lj ~ J:>? LSI.:.:-o :...~.:.a>JiJ\...:..j

f-1- I~ .).,.V,j- {ANGDJR} \

. ..U.:>if 0l:..; IJ LSJl:-- UCS ~ ~ ~_,lj ~ LSI_r. c_,IJJJ ~ ~
.)
·-·· ~
C.C.W. : 0

C.W.:1

{-/ -{~-'~}-{APERTURE}

...U.Jif c_,L:..; I) pixel Ji...W --:-> _r. osnap cJ..:..:S~I..;.;_jl ~JJ ll.Q;)

{R.O.j- I~ .),bj- [AREA]

LS~0LA y----9 jl (Area) ...::....>~ C.,l~ ~ c..L.ol ..:.........~) 1;; 4 :..G y$_r-: J:>
. ..l.!.~.f' DBLJST, LIST, AREA

1-1- I~-'~}- [AITD/Aj

···]
LS_r.._ra; j_,~ jl .>.;...... ~ LSi_r.INSERT 0LA) jl cJ\.i;.....l i~ J.) 4~1 ~ ~-'
.J)J c~ ~ i) ~.,.,; ~ J y:;. oJ\.i:;.....l :l
lSJ~ WJ~ .>.;...... i~: 0
'l
LS_r.._ra; JJ~ ~ ol~ ..l:...... i~: 1
1-1- I~ .).,l;j- IAITMODEJ r··J
'"-··

~A1TDISP C.,loy-i J:_.o _, ..::.........1 .r..J.;0K..I ~ u-:.i.k....y ~..l:...... J~ J_;;S

,_}
L--~J
.J ).l54.f" ~t ~ -:r.-1 l.SJJ .r. y_;ATTDISP ~ _; ~ ~ _, .xS~
0 off

1 Normal

2 on

1-J -{ ~ -'Js.f- IATTREQJ

~ IJ J.:........., )...l.i..A 0:> Y. i _,) .) JY J c..l.!. :> )J .x...... S _,.!: UJ i~ J:> ~ cr.. I
..xSI5" LJ
.:> _.r$15" )} .>.;...... LSI_r. o..l.!.~ ~ jl Jl..l...io : 0 ,. J
..xS(...S""' ~~)J ilA:; ..l:...... ~.SI_r. oJ..:..:S cJ~I :1
..
1-1- I~.)~] -{AUNITSJ .,j
7::
[,.·

...::.........1 ~_,lj LSI_r. ~ :>Jy .l.>l_, tj :x..:S~

 Decimal degrees ...SJl:.;;.l 0 )~"-:~).).A> I_, :0

Degrees/minutes/seconds ~).) /~;;, /~IJ :1

1
Grads :;,l$:2
..,
Radians 0l:. :;,!) : 3
Surveyors' Units <..S_;b .r.~ J>.l_, : 4
f-1- [ ~ .J.Js-1- [AUPRECJ
...::......,..l._sl~;;;, (..)~..~.>I_, ...sl.;: ;GI 01_r..o :.x..:S0~ ~ J-.1
l-1- I~ .J.JJ:.]- [AXISMODEJ

...l:S~ ~ IJ J.5 .1.:;.. 0:;,~ \.: 0:;,Y. r:r- .JJ VlXIS 0 Lo} <..Si.r.
AXIS OFF: 0

AXIS ON: 1

I [·1- [(.5~.J.J ~l,a"..:...O]-[AXISUNIT]

~~I .J:S~ ~ \JAXIS 0l.c j ;::J JS .k> t..S.JJ .Y. o..l.!. ~U; ~~ w~ a..:,~_;
.~4~ Y ~ ):;, ~.J;;, .Jx ~ J:;, J.JI .s ...::..........! <..S~J.) uL.a.:.;...,->..:.
[-]-[~ J~j -{BACKZ]

~~4 on .J J.::-.!.4 o;;,_j d.£....,1 Back J-.JJ .J CLIPP '-:"L;....:jl jl DVIEW 0lo} J:;, }!
..)r-~ 0 r->-~ ~ If.. I J.) 01 ...sl.r. 0~~ a..:,t.;
[-]- [ ~ .J~]- [BLIPMODE]

G""="'~' J>- ):;, blip ~~ !)...l.!.j l:. 0..W ~U;. ~.bi.A.i '-:"\.;...:jl f~ ):;, ~ ~I
..>.:S~~
~~ J- yl> blip ...::.....0~ :0

~4 ~.))blip~~:]

'_l [-]- [ ~ .JJs.]- [CDATEJ

..:.-..l_r..j (._,.;. "-: 0l _;I..:.;.L..... .J »>;;,~ 0L,:.j GL$)~ ~_;'.~ .J 0Lo j ~ ~I

YYYY mmdd.hhmmSSXXX
J L..... 0.) I;;, 0 \...:.j LS l_r. YYYY
(OJ - 12) olo 0Jb 0l.:.j LSI.r. mm
(OJ - 31) j.J; 0;;,b 0L!..i ...sl.r. dd
(00 - 23) ...:...s.L.... 0;;,b 0L!..i LSI.r. hh
(00 - 59) ~:;, 0Jb 0\...:..j LSI.r. mm
(00 - 59) ~\i 0;;,b 0\...:..j LSI.r. ss
(000 - 999) ~\j J=.o 0;;,b <JL!..; ...sl.r.
 [-]- [ ~ .Jb} - [CECOLOR]

c~\.A::._..It.>J4- ~J ~b c..-->-~ iSI_r: .J ..l...!.~if Current Entity COLOR ~

.J:.Sif ~COLOR 0Lo) ~ .J _, rl..f"

[-}- [ ~.)] - [CELTYPE]

.J.:S-..>" _r.dW LINETYPE 0Lo) ~ :J J.JJI..f" )S:.~ lSJ~ .k> tf 0J ~ o_r.:>:; t.>l_.r.
. ..l...!.~~ Current Entity Line TYPE uLJS"' ~ CELIYPE
[-} - [ ~ .J.Js.j - [CHAMFERA]

.Jr!J"" oJlA::.......ICHAMFER 0\..o) JJ t_; J.JI ~lj 0J~ c_r.:>~ t.>l..r.

[-] - [ ~ .Jbj - [CHAMFERB]

.J rt.f' o~\..Q.:......I CHAMFER 0L.) J~ tJ i .JJ ~\j 0J ~c.;:>~ t.SI..r.

[-] - [ ~.J] - [CLAYERJ

.~1 Current LAYER wWS" ~ ...lalJ~ 0l:_j IJ 0l:_r.- JJ ~~ iL;

[-]- [ ~ .Jbj - [CMDECHO]

AutoLisp t.S~o\..41.; _.r..k..... yc~ JL__..)t.S~0Lo }J~J_r;SJ)2;..o"-:~0--:.l

.J.))~)~

...;.;~ ~U; 0Lo} ~ JJ ~i~ .J ~~J.JJ.J :O

_J.j _,...; ~U; 0Lo} ~ )J lAi~ .J lAt.>~.JJ.J: 1

[-]-I~ .J..J..$.] - [COORDS]

F6 ~-~_,..;, ~1.1 w~ ~ lS.JJf. ~h ..:.;La:.;-~ J:St.f' ~ ~ c.r.. 1

.J ).i.S"~ )I~ c.r..lt.S.JJ ..r.

.J ~~ oJb 0L,:.jRETURN WJ Jl:j i~ JJ ula:.;- c.r...;>-T: o ·. l
:::_:j
.J ~ ~ d.) 0l:_j )j~ ~ t.>l_r. ~ "-: .J;,;.J ~.::.A..a:.~A : 1

oJIJ 0~ " .J...:,L; < "·ulj" w J~ .s.: .Jui c.r..?T .s.: ~ Jj.J <->'~ wt...a.:.:.- :2
,.) ~IJ""
[-} - I~ .J~j - [CVPORT]

,..Lll.)~ 0~ IJ lSJ~ Viewport~).-:.

[R.O.]- [ ~ .Jbj -[DATE]

y-5] 0 J~ "-: 0T Jl=.>L... .J ..lJll.)IJ"" 0l:.jfulian t:.); ~ ..r. IJ ~ t:.); .J 0\..o j

.~ll~jJ) fjJ)
 [D!MXXXJ

d.) C.~ .P y ~ 1 _,1. ~AutoCAD ~ L5 .:i .r-;--"IS ~I_}, "-:--'1.:5 jl L5)..i.5' o jl.,l;l ~ 1 :J
4

•....:........,lo~

., . ] {R.O.J- I~ .).J.i;.j - {DISTANCE/

DIST 0\..o ~ .cr...r->l 1 .) 11 J...b.i..j .J.) .t..L,w L51.r. o..l4l ~.) .t.: ~ .)...\;;.~""..A cr.. I
•.J..:.S'~ L5 J I ¢
[-} -[ ~ Jbj - [DRAGMODEJ

.~ 4tf DRAG ...:.J \..:... ~J.::.S'~ ~ LY- i

DRAG Ll.J~: 0

j~ 0 1 ~ J;,DRAG: 1

~Lo yi0J~ 4..J.DRAG: 2

1-1- I~ .J~j - [DRAGPlj

.xS..f ~DRAG ~1..:>- L5l_r. I~.)~~.} tJ

l [-} -[ ~ .J~/ - [DRAGP2J
.J:.Stf ~ t:rDRAG -.:.Jl>. L5l_r. 11 .:~~ ~ _; tJ
[R.O.] -{ ~..;] -{DWGNA.MEJ

I .,l;ly~ ~ -:r..I.J:.S~ ._s)¢ ,~ 0\ J.:~ oi.S"IJ ._r.S~ J..l9 iL; ~ -:r.-1

I
~~ J-1.; i'GCommand * J.:~"!s" .r..r 4.J...!.4 L5JP.r..b_r..j .J L5 1 p_r..l.:~ ~L.;,

..:~y:;.~
[-] -[ ~ .J.Js.j -[ELEVATION}

0~ ucs ~ .r!.) x.S~ ~ l) 0~_,....;)-" 1-Sl.r. L5J~ L5~ ~

..) y:;.tf
[R.O.J- [ ~ .J.Js} - [ERRNOJ
I
..:~).:~tf & IJADS ~AutoLISP ~Lo d-l.r.-1 L'G..r. ~ ~tk.> "-! ..bY.r JS
[-}- [ ~ .J.J.;j - [EXPERT/

.~1~ J_;;SAre you sure? 1.5Lbi~ ~.JJ ..r. ~~Ytf ~ -:r.-1 ~ 4

I
;J...!,4 ~.)~ 0 )~ "-! lAi~ i~ : 0

. .J ''About to regen,proceed?" i'•- · c.k e: 1

"Really want to tum the current layer off?"

i'j
 H ~ l.!".... .}.. \,; 0_) Y.

LINETYPE ~ ~Y.r i~ ~ :3
VPORTS ~ucs ~ .1Y.r 1.5\.A\~ ~ : 4
[R.O.]- [ t.S.J.A:~ ,,;;A.a.-~] -[EXTMAX}
1I
I.J ("~if o·J~IZOOM 0l..} J.) 6)EXTENT "~ jl ')~ ..:........I.J ~.t 0~
..)).)if~
[R.O.] -I (.,5.JA:~ ~(a.~] - [EXTMIN]

IJ (.)rif o.:~l..l.:......IZOOM 0L..} J.:~ .S)EXTENT ~ jl-:r.:~ ~ :....=._f u~

..)).)if &
1-J -[ ~ .J.J.G.j - [FILLETRADJ
.J,..;,~ifFILLET 0L..} J.:~ o..)\A;.....I..).JY lW
[-/- I~ .Jbj -[FILLMODE]

-~~~FILL ..:.J\..:... 0; _j .:_r..JJ ~ ...} yl> 1.51.1.

...:.-..I J. y l:;.. FILL ..:.J \.:,... :0 L]
•..::.-...1 ~J.JFILL ..:...lb. :1
L1
1-1 -I~ .J..J.s.j -[FLATLAND]
j~D J..u "': ~Rel.JO ..6_yt ~ o..L:.:S"o..)~I0..).JL:...;.T L5l_r. ~ ~ -:r-.1 l]
~ J:Lb..o ReLJO J.M jl ~l> LS4-=Jl>- ~..) _r! ~I i.SJJ .r. ~ -:r-.1 }I .. )Y:,,J" oJ~I
i.].
' .

.J:Sif ~ ~ J..Ls>
ReLlO ~ <.Y.lla.. u~ ~: 0 :]
~ J..Lo wJ~AutoLisp .J object Snap~ DXF: 1
[R.O.] - [ ~ .J..!Pj - [FRONTZ]

.~.)if 0~ \JDVIEW 0l..} J..) CLIPP ~~I J..)FRONT l..)l_r. oJ..,;,~ ~L;
[-] -[ ~ .J.Js.j -[GRIDMODE]

Viewport L5JJ .r. .hi; J.,LA; -:r-.1) •.J:.S~ J_;.:SI.J ~ L5.JJ .r. GRID .b~ 0~ ~U;
.(..) _,.;.~ ~U; I.SJ~
Grid off: 0

Grid on: 1

[-} -[ f.5~.J" ~I a•,.:,.,Oj -[GRIDUNJT]

..J:.S.._y0 ~ Y .Jx ...::..;~)..)!)Grid .k~ -:r-: ~u

·-
LJ- ..
 [R.O.J- [ ~ .>~] - [HANDLES/

..xS~ ~HANDLES 0~) .h.... y IJ u~ ~ y ~l.,.t.; \.:. ~b ..:...;._r oJW

...w4 ~l..li ~_r o).~ w~ _rd> y: 0

...w4 ~1., ~_r o;W w~_,....;y: 1
[-] -11.5~~ ~~} -[INBASE}

I
I
...u..,~ 0L:..; ucs ~ ..r. I; ~ U"' .JaA.; LS~~ u L..a.:.;....,

[R.O.j- [ ~ .>b] - [LASTANGLEJ

. .J.M~ 0L:.,j ~)~ ucs ~ ..7. GXY ~ J-' o..l.!. 0~ 0LS 0-:_,.>-T 0\.:. ~ o~..ulj
[-] - {t.5 .J.A.;ot-. ~( a-->c.Aj - [LASTPOINT]

.~1 ~ "-: o..l.!. d.T-" ~ 0-:?T w~ oJ.jy$..7. J.) ~ u-:.1

I [-1 - [c.S ..Lt.; 4....t t.:..J ~] ~ [ LASTPT3DI

o-'~1 -'; yAutoCAD LS.Lr..; LSl_.,;J...~..o 1.5\_r. ..ki.; ~~1 LASTPO/NT ~ ~ u-:.1

..).r.?if Jl}
[R.O.J -[~.>..As} -[LENSLENGTHJ

. ..U.-'~ 0L:_j I)~)~ Viewport).)~.;;~~ ~l_r. o-'~1-'JY .rJ J}:o

/-1- [~ .>..,l;;.} - [LIMCHECKJ
....} yl>-LIMITS 0~): 0

~.J;LIMITS 0~}: 1
1-1 -[ t.5 ~ .J-' ":A••,a.:.~-41 - [LIMMAX]
.xS,f 0~ WCS ~ ~ IJ LIMIT :.).J..l.>....o jl ':14 ~I; t.!. .J u~
1-1 - [l.5 ~ .J.> ~~] - [LIMMIN)

.J:S~ 0~ WCS ~~~LIMIT :.)J~ jl ~4 ~ t.!. .J 0~

{-]- { ~ J..J;] - [LTSCALE]

.~1 .kp e_yl ~l_r. o..W. ~~ ~\.A...L,L; W"'~ ;p\.;

{-}- [~ J.Js} - [LUNITS]

.J:S~ 0~ 11 ~ ~\.A..l>I.J ., yo
:Scientific ~ :1

Decimazl

Engineering
rvv -~ '-"dft.r:"-'
·-

Architectural

Fractional

1-1- I~ J.J$.] - ILUPREC]

.J:S~ ~I;~ LSt_.,..l>IJ LSI.r. LS;l.:..&.l i\..9) .)l...uu

IR.O.J -I~ J.J.G.] - [MAXACTVPJ

-']
~J.j_,...:, (Regenerate).)~ J..~ ...Wiy~ 0~j S:..... J.) .0"1; ..1.:..) ~J.) .)l...uu JSI..l>
,J._,.)~ 0L:._; ]
[-] - [ ~ Jb] - [MAXSORT]
.- ']
.~.)~ 0L.:...; J.j y::. ~ ~0~; h...._,; J.j\_y~ .0"1; J..u 1 ~ .)l...uu pl..~..>
.(...~..!.~~ "0 0 0.;..;.~ ~ jl )~) .J
1-1 - I~ J..!G-] - IMENUECHO].

•.;..;.~~ _r..j i\..9) ~ jl o.>~l4 ~~~ ~J ~ o;.)l..D LSt_.,i~ ~..d""Jp

:]
~ ~ 0--!.1 LSI..r. o;\5J.) ~ 01~ ~ "'P) ~~ 0~ _,...;y ;~ & :1
J
(..xS~
' -~
.~ ~ jl o.)\.£:.....1.? ).) ~ L.S~~~ y~ & :2
-~ _r..l;0\S:...ol A P ~ jl o.)\i:......l ~ ~10.) .J ,__f yo\.>. J ~JJ LSI.r.: 4 ' ]
IR.O.]- I ~J] - [MENUNAME]

. ...~..!.~~ ~l>- ~ ~ J: 1.! ;.) LS)~ ~ ~ i\j :~.)0~ ~~I ']

[-]-I~ Jbj - IMIRRTEXT]
..]
:

d-~1..::.;~ _,...;y _}!MIRROR 0\..} jl o.)\£......1 ~~ ;.) .0" J:S~ ~~~I

..)_;$~...::.; ;_rP JlA=,;I.ki; ~ J.jY:, ~ L.S.)~ ~~...::.; ;_rP ~ ~...1;...!,4 TEXF ~]
.x.s::; ~Text I..SJ; ..r. ~~: 0
.-_]
,.) :.
.)-'
~ -· · ~~
~ -
0 ......:~ ~• .r.!
)J-
· . Text: 1
~-

[-] -[~ Jbj - {ORTHOMODE]

.J.;S J?G ORTHO 0lo} ~lyif ~~I h.... y

,_;:.yl> ORTHO: 0
~J;ORTHO: 1
[-]- [~ J.Js.j -[OSMODE]

/' ~ w;~ ":!;Snap 0~_,.;y jl ~J :.)J~ ..l:il.fif ~~I .h...._,;

..;,;.5 ~...:"~\ .,r..j .)\.,ls.l jl ~
 Endpoint tJ-' ~ JW :1

Midpoint c.,,~ Jw: 2

Center tJ-' ~ JW : 4

Nodes tJ-'~ JW: 8

Quadrant tJ-' ~ JW: 16

Intersection tJ-' ~ Jw : 32
I
i Insertion 0-' ~ JW : 64

Perpendicular tJ-' ~ J W : 128

Tangent tJ-' ~ JW : 256

Nearest tJ-'~ JW: 512

Quick 0-' ~ JW: 1024

I
I {-/ -/ ~ .J.J.vj -{PDMODEJ

•...:........! .) y. ~POINTS ~')l.,i J-' ~ F 1..;--'l.>..:.;llSI..r. 0J\.A;.o J5:..;, ~ -'jJ.>.

.J..;S ~ J§l... ,~ lSJJ ..r. IJ ~cr.. I ~ii..IS ~ ~~llSI.r.

1-1- I~ .J~/ - IPDSIZEJ

.J..;S ~ IJ .)_,> oi_,.;J., ~ t_~) ~~Y~ ~ c.r..i.k......y
[R.O.J -I~ .J~/ - [PERIMETER/
~ -'Y J-' iJArea ~ JDblist ~List 0L.) c.r..~T J-' oJ...:. ~b....~~~ c.r..l
·-' )-' (..$"'

[R.O.J- {~ .J~j -{PFACEVMAXJ

..u,~ 0L.;.j IJ ~ _r. LSI..r. lf'IJ .1~ ,l..l..; _r.Sl.l>

1-1- I~ .J~/ - IPICKBOXJ
..1..,;5 ~Select object J-' IJ }~1.>..:.;1 ~.r" l~) ~ly ~~cr.. I~

[-/- [~ .J~j -[POPUPS}

.J)J oJ\.A;:....I -'J.Y' ~ tf ~ ~ ~ c.r..l )...Li.o

)

J .J...:.~~ ) }.r. ~l; Jl ci y ~ -~ LSlA..::.Jl>: 0

.J...:.~~ ) }.r. ~L; )I ci ~ lSlA...::.JL>: 1

Icon J ~..::......... ~ 'lSio_j.J..::......... ~ ~...s.r..~ JJI..J.;:- jl.;.;l_,;(.$"' o~J<,)L:..; ~

.J:.S oJl.Q.;;:.,.,I
l-1 -I~ .J~j - JQTEXTMODEJ

' .J
·-~~~:.
1- ·••
 -l

-~~ t':r' 0)~ ..:JL> l:. 0~~ ~L> J~ Text d.5 xSI.f" ~ ~ J-.1
._;. y\.>. QTEXI: 0

.:_r;. JJ QTEXF: I

1-1 - I~ .J.Js.f - IREGENMODEJ

~~ J:.~ ~ ~ c~' ~0~ J.j_,) 0~ ~IS 0 1.:: .£_,;I)~ 0~; ~

.·:J
..J:S..f' ~ \J ~~ yi0J~ ~ ~~ J:.~ ~ ~~\ ~ 0:.\.J.j)~ (Regen)
._;. yl> Regen.Atllo : 0 :]
:_r:., J J Regen.Auto : I
IR.O.J-1 ~.J.A.: J" ~~/ -/SCREENSIZEJ
,]
...u~.....s-.o 0~ \J 0Jl.:.:- Viwport 0\.r. J_,.b _, ~y-Pixel ~\..loU~~ J-.1 ~J
1-1 - I~ .JJs-1 - ISHADEDGE1

.xS..f' ~ iJ u,~ J c__,h..., 0)b .;;A.:\.....-' dl..:..>-J~ tj .]

-~ Y. ~~~ 0l..:..>)~ u,~ -' J.j _,.::.'.5" 0~ j~ \..... c__,h...,: 0

.~ Y. ~I_,.> ~ j ~ J ~ u~ _, J.j _,.;.of o.) j~ \..... C~: 1

_J.j ).) \) ~ y ~) lA~ _,.::.'.5" d~ ~ ~ Jl> 0 )~ ~ c_)a-.: 2
J J.j

.~j &) ~ u.~ _, .)Y. ~~_,..> ~Y ~) ~ c~ . 3

1-1 -I~ .Jb1 u ISHADEDIF1

. ..UJ,_f' 0~ \) t? y jl cil:_ )l:..:.;l ~) ~ ~ ~) 0..1..!. ~

1-1 - [ ~ .JJs-1 - [SKETCHINCJ

....::......\SKETCH 0~) J~ .h.>. J__,kJ..>I_, :..J..:..:S"~ ~ 0:-l

[-1- {~ .JJs.1 -[SKPOLY1

IJ PLINE L_LINE, SKETCH 0\.o) .k....y o.J...!. .)~\ .k.;. 0..1..!. ~~ ~ u-:,1

.J:.Sof ~
,..;.:...;,4of LINE ~.1. _,.h.>.: 0
..;.:...;,~of PLINE ~.1. _,.h.>.: I
1-1- I~ .JJs-1 - {SNAPANG1

..) _,.::.1,.$"' o~ UCS ~ .r. _, J:.Srf ~ I; SNAP 0Lo j ;J o..l.!. . )r-o ._;..:;-.r;
l-1 - I '-.5 ~ .J" ~l.a.",;..A1 - [SNAPBAS£1

..xS,f ~ «.S;~UCS ~ ~ «.S;~ Viewport ;J \;snap~~~ J:-o ~0~ u-:,1

[-1- j ~ .JJs.] - [SNAPISOPAIR1
 .J:.S~ ~ G~?J.)-!.1 JW ~
~
.. ~Left plane : 0
'14 ~Top plane : 1
~G ~Right Plane : 2

{-] - [ ~ -'..!$} - {SNAPMODEJ

.J:.S~ ~ IJsnap ~b.

,._; y I> snap : 0

,:r-JJ snap : 1
{-] - { ~ .J~j - {SNAPSTYL]
..x.S~ ~ lS)~ wiewport J~ I) snap 0..L!. ,:r-JJ
·l
~ )j,j\.:.....,1 d-.JJ : 0

~_r..o..,~l d-.JJ: 1
[-] - [ ~ ~ .J-' ~l.a-,:.,.,) - [SNAPUNIT]

..,x ~ J~ .J...:,\.9 ,J..,I ~ ..x.S~ ~ IJ ~ ..,~ J~ (snap) JJ~ ,._;~ 0-::: :.L,\.9

.~ly ~ )~ .J...:,\.,; '\J~ 4 a·.;....

[-] - [ ~ -'.A.P) - [SPLFRAME]

i
lSLb~J.:..::;- J ~ (.$Lb~ ~ J~ Jt::.;J t .)).) ~J ,~~~I
..x.S ~ IJ smooth
l
lSLb~ :~.)G (.$Lb~ J ~ ~ ~ lSLb~ ,~ lSLb~ ~: o
_J.j .P~ J"'U; 'l.S~~

l5Lb~ :~~G l5Lb~ J ~ ~~ l5Lb~ ,~ l5Lb~~: 1

~I jl ciy-5 ~ u~ J LbJa-> ~:.;..;.smooth l.Sl.A~ ~J~ "-! 'l.S~~
.. l _..lj .P~ J"l U; 'u Is._,...;,Y'
[-] - [ ~ .J..!P] - [SPLINESEGS]

..x.S~ ~ Gspline ~f.:"-" (.$l_r. oD ~y (.$Lb..b.>oJ4 ~l..a; '~~~I

~ lA0W' .h.... y ~ ,..b:;.o)4 (..$~ "-! '.)Y:, o.)li:-1 ~ ~l(.$1_r. ~ ~~ jl } I

I
.~l..r.l..r. ,~ .)~ Jlb.. J~ 4Lb0LS .)l..a; J.)_r!.~
J
[-] - [ ~ -'..As-] - [SPUNE'JYPE]

r _ " ~ .J:.S~ ~ _,.; G~ ~ J.) SPUNE ~~I PEDIT 0L..) J.)

..)~} .)~1 ~ \IJS ~ xSif ~ SPLINETYPE

 :-:-l
LJ

iJ~ ~).) ~ ..lJ_y: 5

i.J.)~).)~~y:6
1
1-1 -I~ .J.J.s.1 -ISURFTABJ]
J.)M ~ J.) ~~ L.SI.r: c..L:. .)~1 ..:.:;\4_ ;; ~ .)\...uu 6 x.Sr..f" ~ ~ cr-1 J
. ..L.:.~ ,)\j.,.j 4.::>;REVSVRE, EDGESVRF, RVLSVRF, TABSURF, LS~0~}

1-1- I~ .J-ts-1 - ISURFTAB21

J.)N ~ J.) ~~ L.SI.r: c..L:. .)~\..:.:;!,._ ;; ~ .)\...uu 6 x.Sr..f" ~ ~ cr-1
. ..L.:.~ .)l...uu 4.::>; REVSURF, EDGESVRF LS~0~}

l-1- I~ .)~1 -[SURFTYPE]

~U; smooth~~\~~~ c.) _j ~\.>..;j\\J L.S~ "--" &.:.JJ s.:_ c\3' rPEDIT 0~} J.)
..)).) ~ cr-1 )J.M "'-: ~ o..L.:. ~ y (__,h... ti ..) rr..f"
iJ~ ~).) c__,k-.. ~y: 5

i _J.) ~).) c_yk.... ~y: 6

1-1 - I~ ..)~1 - ISURFUJ

\J ~ I.J.::I~.)I J-10-l;.-' 01..,-: .J:S~ ~ \JM ~ J.) ~ ~b ~ u:.l

~ ~~ ..!.J y 6\J LS..l:.~ c_~smooth '-:""'~\ ~ v-7" J .J.;SREVSVRF .b. s.:_ JJ>
. .J.;S <t...-: ~ SURF U ~ .r...) La... ~

1-/ -I~ .J~j -ISURFVJ '].

~-

.J.:Sr..f" ~ \JN ~ J.) ~ ~b ~ -:r..l ,]

~~;:J
1-/-[ c_S~ 4.....1 ~.A.,a.:;Uj -[TARGET]

"-: .1 y_y.-4 ..:;L.a.:..;._o er-:.1 .J.:S-.>" ~ \J LSJb:- Viewport J.) ~.u ~ 0~

.x.S~ OK; 01 "'-: _,J;L; 6 -.::........1 LSI~

/R.0.1 -I~ .J~] -{TDCREAT]

. ..L.:.~~ IJA71~· ~ ..W~ ~ 0:.\ J\..:.;>.l...., ...l:>.)r._f" 0L.i \J L.SJb:- 4 , ;;; t:;,); J 0~ j

IR.O.J-1 ~ .J~/ -{TDINDWGJ

DAT£ ~~La~ .:r-1 JI..:.:>L. ..u.)r..f" 0L.i \J LSJb:- ~ L.SI..r. o..L.:. ~ ~ 0Lo j

. ..L.:.~~

IR.O.j -I~ .J~/ - ITDUPDATEJ

f]
J\..:.:>.L . ..L.:.~~ LSJb:- 4 , ;;; J.) o..L.:. ~..:;I~ .:r.._?-1 t:;,); J e,Lo j JoL.;. ~ .:r-1 u
...::..........\DATE ..WL. r-~ J-\ c_-_-·1
LJ

Ll--.
 fR.O.f- [ ~ .)~j - /TDUSRTIMERJ

.J.)u v -" 0\...:j I_,~. ..,.,;;...a _;..; y C: ,.....1;.:;

I -
~I
_,
..kJ. o~ 0 -'.....:; 0~ j J.. .,., I
--.i.:..o u-

fR.O.j -[ ~ .).J,&.j - fTI:-MPREFlX]

. _(,_,..,:;,if j ~ 01 )~ ...?y LS ~ J.. \j 6 ...:......I LS) _,.:5.r..l ~ J.a L.;, ~ er;.l

1-1- I~ .).J..I;.j - fTEXTEVALJ
AutoLISP J.) 0J~ ~ _c,_;Lo ...Wiyif Text .lr ~ 1 LS.JJ ..r. ~ er;.l o~y~~>
.~ 0J.r- .ki.! Text~~? }I JJ ..l.l} ~~.:>.....
1-1- I~ .).J..I;.j - [TEXTSIZEJ
.·. ·.l
....:.......! (Text) :.i-" LSI_;: o~ ~~ )t_l.Q;) ~..d~ ~ er;.l
fR.O.J -I d j - ITEXTS1YLEJ
....:......1 :.i-" 01.r. LS)~ )\.:..;, y ~ ~~~0L.::...; ~ er;.l
l
1-1 -I~ .)..AJ;.j - /THICKNESS]

j ..r. ~ 0:-l _, __ ;.7 . ...:......1 LS..L...: J~ 0~ ~ .Y' LSI..r. ir ..L...: 01.):-o ~..d~ ~ er;.l

..l)~ ~t- ,..(, y:;. o~ ..L...: "-: u-:.1 )6 __;~ ~ .Y' i.SJJ
1-/ -/ ~ .J.J.;;.j - fTILEMODEJ

(Vports jl o~\...i:.....,l) ' o ~ ..AS_yl LSJ~jl..... ~ .Y': I

·.1 o.l\...i:.....,l) l:>..l> .l ~

_,I - -:
·.l
.. .../
-~ ....:j
..1
S
.J
.l.r; 0~ J.......; ../._,. J PajJer SjJaCe ._:.,L;K...I 0~ -'S)l j,.,: 0
..I ~ .J .../.

1-1- I~ .J.J..I;.j - fTRACEWIDJ

....:......I TRAC'E ~ y LSI_;: ..:.....a~ ~..d~

/-] -/~ .J~j -fUCSFOLLOWf

.~~ ~~~ IJ cil:_ _, __ •7 UCS )plan LS~ )5~ y> J_,.b "-: ~~y~ ~ er;.l .h..., .f

.~__,..:;.~View..(__ ;.-:~~ UCS ~: 0

plan,UCS v~L. ~ 6 J:S ~ 0~ "-:View \; ~ r~ ~~ UCS _, __97: 1

1-1- I~ .J~j - IUCSICONJ

J:Sl5"' J_r;S"IJ (UCS) o..do~li:.....lw~ ~icon ~y J )~ ·~ 0:1

.~)~l5"' ~G UCSICON 0~} LSJJ .r. J
....:......I .:_r;.JJ UCSICON L;Lo}: 1

...:........,1 OR/G/NL LSJJ .1. UCSICON 0~}: 2

i
 'l
•..:.........1 J> yl> UCSJCON 0l...): 3 ;.::]
IR.O.J -I~.)] - IUCSNAME]

-~ r..f' ~ ~ cr.. I J~ 0\ i~ d.;$ d£...... 1LSio.J...:. LS)_K,Lj UCS jl }I l

IR.O.] -I t,.5~4......1 u~] - [UCSORGJ ]
~

-~~1.5" 0L:..; WCS ~ ~ IJ UCS 1..>..;--o LS.h.: .lv...l w~ ~~ ~ -:r..l

[R.O.J -[ r..5.J.A: 4.....1 ~~] -[UCSXDIR]

.-.::.-....1 UCS 0~ ~ jlx ~ ~~~0L:..; ·~ ~ ..:.,-:_1

[R.O.J -[1.5J...:4....N 4,.';..J~} -[UCSYDIR]

.-.::.-....1 ucs 0~ ~ jly ~ ~~~0L.;..; ~~ ~ -:r..l

1-J- [ ~ -'b] - [USER/1-5]

~ly._f' USER/1-5 ~ ~ jl ~J..::-.;._r:AutoLISP 04..J ~ LS)}Iij ..~.:AI~ o~f>

..J..;S o~~l vi_; .r. LSI.r. i J) ~ JY ~ ~.J.>. ~ 0~ _j o~~ .sl_.r. :]

[-]-I~ .}.J.s.j - [USERRl-SJ

~ly._f' USERRJ-5 ~ ~ jl •J..::-.;._r:AuotLISP 04..J ~ LS)}Iij ..~.:AI~ o~f>

:J
.J.;S o~~l 6,..4~ .r. LSI_r. i _,) ~ JY ~ ~.J.>. ~ 0~ _;$ o~~ .sl_r.

[R.O.] -[1.5~4..-1 ~~] - [VIEWCTR]

.-Ul,;,i.5" 0t..;..; IJ .s)~ Viewport ~ § r LS..U.:~ w~ ~~ 0-:l
[R.O.J- 11.5J...:4.-l u~J -[VIEWDIRJ

Viewport~,;, h;.. ~J.:Si.5" ~J TARGET~~ IJ VIEWDIR ~ S ~} h>-

-~JI~ )} VIEWDIR ~.J~DVIEW 0\..o} J~ o~~l ~JY 0::-!J.J~ -~41.5" L5J~

1-1 - I~ -'b] - IVIEWMODEJ

J.;...;,4...} yl>- ~ J ~JJ ~1_,;1.5" S ,s,.jL.;._; t-; .k.... y ~ISJ~ Viewport J~ );~ ~~

...J...!.4 _r..j ~I.J.>-1 jl iiJS f> ~ ..x.;l_,;i.5" VIEWMODE ~ .~ _,..::,1.5" J_?

...:.........IJW~y;~:J
. ...::........\ ~.J) ~ _,1;:- jl._} .r.: 2

. ...::........\ cr-.J) ~ ~ jl._}_r.: 4

...J...!.4 ~.JJ UCSFOLLOW: 8

IR.O.J - I~ -'...!s-1 - [VIEWSIZE]

-~~1.5" 0L.;..; IJ ISJ~ Viewport ~ llA.;)

 IR.O.] -I~ J.J.G.j - {VPOINTX]

...u..)~ 0l:...; IJ viEWDIR ~ -.:.;\....a.;:.;...o jlx ~

IR.O.] -I~ Jbj - [VPOINTY]

...u..)~ 0l:...; IJ VIEWDIR .J:uj -.:,;l...a.::.;- jly ~

{R.O.]- I~ J~/ - {VPOINTZ]

...u..) ~ 0 l:...; \J VIEWD/R .Jai; -.:.;l...a.::.;- jl z ~

i IR.O.J- /~..!A:"'-' u~] - {VSMAXJ

i.S.J ~ ~ ji 'i ~ ...:........IJ L;. y--5 LS~ oL-... w l...a;.;.___.o •r - _ . ~ er-:.1

. ..U..)~ 0l:...; UCS ~ _r. \J (Virtual screen)

[R.O.]- f ~ J~] - [VSMIN]

UCS ~ y;IJ <..5j~ ~ j1 er.:-:.4 ~ ~ ~LS.h.J. 4......, -.:.;l...a.::.;- ~ ~ er:.l

,...U,.)0"" 0L..::._j
[R.O.]- [ ~ J~j - [WORLDUCS]
j
...u..)0"" 0l:..j IJ WCS ..r. UCS w~ ~ 0.) Y. J~ ~~cr.. I

.~ '-'~ WCS ..r. UCS: 0

....:.........\ '""~ WCS _r. UCS: 1

[-]- [ ~ Jbj - {WORLDVIEWJ

~ _r. DWIEW J VPOINT LS~0lo) i.S\_r. o~ .7-~ i.S~<.S.)JJJ ~.:J ~ J_,k "'-!

-~~ wcs L:. ucs ~ .r. i.S.)JJJ ~ x$0"" ~~~cr.. I ..) rif ~; ucs
,J.j rif o~ UCS LS~..l.>IJ ~ _r. Dview J Vpoint 1..5\_r. o~ .r..~ i.S.)JJJ: 0
,J.j rif o~ WCS LS~..l.>IJ ~_r. Dview J Vpoint <.Sly; o~ .r..~ i.S.)JJJ: 1
'. I

l
I
J

. )

•.. J
 1

Abbreviate 0.) _? ..J a-;.....

Ability ~u

Absolute ~
Absolute value ~.),i;
Accept .~ .L
v-...r!-~
r]
~-~J

Access

Accuracy

Active JW
Add I).).J}I

Adjust 0.)_?~ T]
Alphabet ~I

Ambient .6....::-o
Amount )...lio
Analog ~-
w
Analysis ~
Analytic ~
Answer 0.)b~~ ,~ly. '~~
Apply ~.,;ts· ~ ~.0.)_?Jwl

Arc 0LS '·]

:._-.·
;;;,.~...>

Argument 0lo .J)

Arrow 0~ 'i]
Artificial ~~

Artificial Intelligence ~~,.P_JA

ASCII code ~ly.,;
 l
Assign 0~b ~,e,~.)~
Assignment <.S)..lt\J ,Jti;jl
Arithmetic - fun. if.L> Cj'Y'
Assignment - fun. J~ICji.Y
'l Append
Association list ~~
Atom ::J_p
Assume 0;}~...?)

-. -1
Available ~ .;;-;} J.ti
··-)

··1
Bit

Byte

Built infunction

Boolean bit operation fun.

Baskspace Key

Biary •
~_J~ '~J::!JJ~

Blank JI><.S~'~t;
Boolean Jy;
Boolean Algebra J Y. ..rf':"
Boolean operation Jy;ut:W
Branch

:,;d
I Called o wU I__,>I)

Call 0wUiyl} ,ZJ~.}'.;l.a>-1

·... J Capital letter ~.):r. ~ _;>
Character _?I}$"
Close ~
Closed .t..::......J

Command ZJlo)
.J

i
.=::·.:J
Comment ~~'-~Y
:-:..1
Computer J~
- ts'
- \S' r....-. . . ._
....
Computer system ..r~
l
Conditional ~~
Continuous

Copy

Data o~b

Data list lAo~b~

':·:·:J
l
default o...l.!. ~ ~_JI
define 0.)~~~
defined o..W ~.r-J
~Wu~~
Double precision
:J
Data file ~~J\kl :..l,jJ~
"]
Data base d~')\.1.1 ~
..
delay ~
•\J
display ~ '"W
draw 0~~r-.;'0~

Entity name ~~y~L...I

r:].·
..
!.,."._:

Expression u}.~
Evaluator .J"'-:-6u
Entity handling fun. u~~.,..4~.r~ly
Entity data fun. ~_,..,b~ly
Execute 0~~1,r.l
Executeable 0~ ~l_r-1 ~t;
Equal LSJ4-o
End of file ~\; 04~
Edge .w
 .-. l ..lS'.,;'.;~ ,:;i ~Juts" J ~_,;1 rAA

::·.·;]
Error tk>
~ .c-' -

External ~JI.>
l Erase 0~..? ~\

"]

'··j File descriptor ~t;_A~

-
.
...
~ 0

Format l>..l;..,~\j
. . ~ J b;..L,.,

File I/0 function ~\j ~Jr J ~;:,JJJ ~'.,s

.. ]
Face ~
·.. ·.J

Fractional c.S_rS
<-:-.-j Flag ~l:..i

Final J~
I File J..lt
")
_j Factor ~....r.P

Graphic function ~~.J~Iy

Graphic handling function ~~.J~ .k;;_,.o Cji.Y
Global c.S..r" l..r"

'. ::l
··I Integer number ~~1~1

I/0 function ~Jr J c.S~J.JJ ~~_,;

'J
l/0 ?-Jr- c.S~JJJ

::.d Internal ~b

I
Inverse ~~
.J
Invoke 0..ul_,;..l) ,~~ _.?JWt>!
;~
I
__;_ J
Ignore ~~..?.)ci~
Increase ~~J}I

Information I.:AP~I

Input I.S~JJJ
 Key

List ~

Log and rtig function ~..Jl{j J d\±.o ~ly

List manipuation function ~ i.SJJ f. d~ ~ly
Loop .uL,...

Local ~ "]
Logic ~

Manipulating f.JlS" u~
r.-'.]
~
'
.
.

._~L..J ~ly
>-..:·'
-· Math - function

Miscellaneous fun. .Upljly

Main ~I
Match ~U:u

Model J..Lo

Overlay - file o..l:.A.) ~~ J._u

Output <.?-'J.;>
Odd .)..r
~
Overlap ,J·L.;,.r.;--

Paging tables ~.Sio~.:-.4 " JJI~

Procedural funCtion oJ.;.;S'~ ~ly

predicative function
t . ,. I " C]:
.r~~~y
L·'

procedure ~j>

V'J
~
 .- I
I

Real number

Release

RAJvf ~I .li2.i ~;.

Relational functions <.SI~~~Iy

:,·::-j
Sequence .d 1 ..

String .c..!,.)

·_::.J
i
Symbol J:..-
Selection sets If.~ I <.S lAd.;~
String function l$1~ I -
J~Y
String Handing function \A .t,;...!,.) (.$J.).)'! Li~ Cj ly
I String Conversion function ~ .) _/~..LJ I-
•. Cj.Y
Screen graphic function ~~_}~ CjY ,.
Screen input fun. ~I_}~ ..r. tS~J.;J Cji.Y
Screen output fun. ~I_}~ ..r. ?-J.ri'- Cjl.f
Symboi tabel access fun. J:..- JJ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ly
Sublist ...:....-l- f..).
Scale u.
,_,rJ -
Solid .L6:-
Surface ~JJ

':<·!
•: :j

Two - dimensional

Three - dimensional

Tag

I
_j

User Coordinate System

Wire frame
 l

..:.>~~.Y'~rc;'.i ()A l.l~.})

~~l; A• .._r.Job- 0
t.SlA J".I

c;'.Y l.l~_r:- \i /v • /vv I a. 1I' AC }

~~
0 •

a.c/a.v/\•'f j_,l..lo~
'. ((o._l;~~)) (:;l;
'"/"r \o.Ar~o 1}.) _,> n._,,. c:;l;
((~))

L,.lk,:. Nr ((}(.)"' ~)) t:l;

.Ji;b- ((- )) (:;'"'
I•

' 'f '

~t.SL,.~ i'fl u* n c:;l;

oju t.SIJt.u~ \'fi (b c:;l; ,]

J_,L JL::.;..L..... \H ((1+)) c:;l;

~J_,k \'f'f nl-n c:;l; :J

\•i/\•0 L,.~ \H ((absn c:;l;

'n/"c J-J.Pu \'fCl ((expn t:l; :J

\O,A ~u L,.t.S.) JJJ ~;

'~'f uasciinJS
"
"I A'f I ' AC } ,

~~C::Y
0 • I -

lA~ ri/V\/\iA/WO. ~_r, c:;'.Y

J6:-~ V'f/H • J Y. c:;I-y ,.~]
.... ·
A'f u IJ;. J\kl c....-:1 AI .)~W;~ ~.-·

'. () 1.;.;~ \iV ~~1c:;'.i

'fO./c· /or \f.~jJI J~f \iV/\ 'f • lf.L- c;'.i
c\/cr/r· lJJ.? jA; \iV/ \0 • L,.~ t.SJJ .r. J~ c:;'.Y
or o..l.! W;~ t5lA ~ \iV/\'fA ~J~-'J~c:;'.Y
vc/vA/O..v t.Sr 1r t.SL,. ~ \\A/' r'f Jli:.il (:;Y
I -

0.\/0.i 4.$-~ \iA/\rA o.l:.:S ~ (:;I y

']..
; ) J ~)...
l.

'" \iA/\0..\ t.SI6..:..!.J c:;'.Y

"'/"' ~JL. \\0../\ O.A ~I}'
-
1-
(:;Y
\'ii/\\0.. ~-'r I s.)-'1-' \\0.. ~-'r I s.)-'1-' c:;~_,;·
,-]
: I

•l

_;-.I

-~~ ...-.J
, _ _-,

~.-~
.-.-------1

l___ j
 Q
[l
~- ''

Lisp~/ ~0~"

ABS rf'f Artificial Intelligence

Atan HA Apply r·IH·'\ '
Atomlist H~i/W'f/Yir AND rA/r'\/\M·
ATOM Ar/\Af
BOUNDP vv/\AV APPEND AV/\ W/H~\
BACKZ YV'f Assoc o...r-1' or 1\ r-v
----BLIPMODE YV'f APPLY -To-All \·i/\•'f
BOOLE ANGDIR r • r-/Yvr
ANGBASE Y•f
CONSP AO ALLOC HA
CDR rv/i\/rr/\O'f Acad.unt Yi\
CAR YA/i\/ii/\O'f ACAD PREFIX YVY
CONS iO/iV/'fC/\Cr ACADVER YVY
CADR 'fi/\00 AFLAG YVY
COND ANGBASE YVY
Close nr APERTURE YVY
CD ATE YV'f AREA \Vi
CECOLOR IVO A'ITDIA YVi
CELTYPE YVC ATTMODE YVi
CHAMFERA YVO ATTREQ YVi
CHAMFERB YVO AUNITS YVi
CLAYER YVC AUP REG IV'f
CMDECHO YVC AXISMODE IV'f
COORDS YVO AXIS UNITS
CVPORTS YVO Angtos \O...'f
CVUNIT Yi\ Ascii \0...0
CHR 'o...r Atoi 'o...r
cos no... Atof \0...0
COMMAND \ro.../wr Angle
,,.,! ..lSyl_;.l ..:,T .l.;·ulS" J ~_,;I r\ f
FLA1LAND 'fVV DISPLACE '\'\
:,:?~
FRONTZ IVY DEFUN cv/wr
Find file IH DRAGMODE TVf
Fix HC DISTANCE IVf/,~A
.... ,
Float ''fr DRAGPl 'fVf
I
Foreach Wr DRAGP2 IVf
~:;:;:j File ,,1 DIMXXX rvr
DWGNAME IVf
I GREATERP n DATE rvo
GRIDMODE rvv Database 'Oi
I
I
GRID UNIT rvv
.. ,j Graphscr "( .' ENAME 'n
~ .' -.
Grclear "( .' EVERY '. v
Grdraw "( .' ERAL 'fO../r ·I we
Grtext "( .' EQUAL 'C/,DA
Grread "( . "( ELEVATION rvr
Getangle 'r•i ERRNO rvr
I Getcorner 'r•'f EXPET IVf

Getdist 'r•'f EXlMAX rvv

Getrword r·O EXlMIN rvv
Getint 'r•O Entnext no..
Getorient '(of Entlast H•
. I
<::::1
Get point '(•V Entsel no..
Get red "(. v Entdel n·/rn
GetString "(. v Entget H•/Yn
Gcd ''fr Entmake YYi
I Getenv 'ro Entmod YYO
Getvar 'ro Entupd no
. j
Expand
"""
~<·~~~

HANDLES 'rV/\ Eq 'A'f

J
Han dent n. EXP no
EXPT no
I
INTERSECTION 0.,'(

,,,jI INBASE FIND-IF ,.o

Intget 'r•V/'r•/\ FILLE1RAD YYV
1
I

l
>J
 fl
MEM Interpreter
Minusp ltoa
Max Inters
Min IF
Mapcar wv
Menvcmd WA LISTP AO/\AV
LESSP n
NULL LIST r A/ wr I' r •
NCONS LENGTII n/'fr/\r·
NTH
""
"0.../ H· '( LIM CHECK
NTH CDR 1\0... LIMMAX
NIL \r/no... LIM MIN
NUMBERP \i/\/\0... LTSCALE
NOT \i/\AO... LUNITS
NOT-EQUAL LUPREC
LASTANGLE
OPEN LASTPOINT
ORTHOMODE LASTPTBD
OSMODE rvo... LENSLENGTH
ODDP H LOAD '(\'(

OR rA/ro...!v' I' "o.. Lispheap rrr

OS NAP \0...0... Lisps tack '(if
Logand '(i·
PRINC HA/n \ Lsh rn
PLUS LUPREC 'o...v
PDMODE LOG HO...
PDSIZE Lambda wr
PERIMETER
PFACEVMAX MEMBER
PICKBOX MSG
PO PUPS M.AXACTVP
PRINT n A/' rv I r " MAXSORT
PRINl n A/n. MENUCMD
PICKSET \i'( MENUECHO
PAGETB \i'( MIRRTEXT
.- J
;"_;_,il

..IS_,;I .;.l ,,:,1 .l_r.)S .J ~_,;I t \ '\

cc·J
'

Sin H'\ Prompt r"

kd Ssadd nr Pi H'\.
Ssdel nr Polar r ..
Ssget nA Progn 'VA
Sslength nA
I Ssmemb nA QTEXTMODE 'fA•
::%:1
Ssname n'\ QUOTE r·l,rc
Siname nA
"1 SPLINETYPE 'l'Ai REGNMODE 'I' A'
SURFfABl 'l'Ai REAL
''"'~'
'l SURFTAB2 Recursion 'n/' 'r/'' '/rrc
SURFfYPE Read- char rn
"I
~ ·.: ;-_ SURFU Read -line n'f
.·_·j SURV Rtos ''\V
SCREENSIZE Redraw r ••
j SHAD EDGE Rem nv
SHAD ElF Repeat 'V'\

l SKETCHINC REVERSE Ar/,rr

SKPOLY RPLACA
I SNAPANG RPLACD ""
SNAPBASE READ ""
nr/,'\r
J SNAPISOP AIR 'I' A'
SNAPMODE \"A'f SET A'l'/,ff
::]
SNAPSTYLE SUBST '\•l"v/,rr
SNAPUNIT SETDIFFERENCE '\'f
I
SPLFRAME SUB LIS '\V

,_._Ii SPLINESEGS SUBSET ,.CJ

SYMBOL 'n SYMBOLP n
~J SYM
''"'~'
SETQ vcl,rr

:J
STR
SUBR
''"'~'
Strcase
Strcat
'''\
''"'~' '"'~'
SETVAR 'fA Strlen
·~J '"'~'
Substr
'"'~'
TERPRI n A/ 'I'" Snap
'""
TARGET Sqrt HA
.l
;._,'
<.:..~:..:·

t_j
 ...

VIEWMODE TDCEAT
VIEWSIZE TDUPDATE
VPOINT X TOINDWG
VPOINT Y TDUSRTIMER
.J
VPOINT Z TEMPREFIX
VSMAX TEXTEVAL
VSMIN TEXTSIZE
TEXTSTYLE
Wcmatch TILEMODE
'~'
While TRACWID
'"'
Write- char rn Trace n~

Write -line nc Textscr l•i

WORLDUCS Tblnext nr
WORLD VIEW Tblsearch nr-
Trans rrr/r·.
X Load TYPE ,~.
,... ] '
~---

X unLoad T "/rr/n~

ZEROP n/,~· USERPil-5

')
= '"' UNION

n' UCSFOLLOW
~]
+ n' UCSICON
I= UCSNAME
*
'"'
HI UCSORG
> UCSXDIR
'"'
> =
<
'"'f UCSYDIR
USERT 1-5 ~J-.
·'

<= Units
I ucs
1+ Untrace
1-
Ver
Vports
VIEWCTR
VIEWDIR
·"'

c:-'r
1 -LISP, A Genthe Introduction to Symbolic Computation, David, S. Touretzky,
1985, Harper & Row, Publisher, NEW YORK, USA
2- AutoLISP programmer's refrence manual, Autodesk co,. 1991, USA

3 - AutoCAD, The Compleie rc'efrence, Nelson Johnson, 1989, McGraw Hill,

Berkeley, USA

4 - CADENCE, Using AutoCAD in the Professional Environment, USA

I

., - - ~
c_r-:u .

l ( ~M«-f<e I ({ 0 • " bt.->ek~· ) ( 2 • ' 1 b.t..,<-kYJ.avY>t! ") (;;to , 0)

(1.o ()
l ~0 0.0 () . 0)))

( e IJ, b W1a. I< -~ u~~} d--Y 3~ )

c]
···~-"~'" .s
··.·.]· ---~- • .A_/ g;11,&:~J _;) (ace~-~-r3~i;1)6 uad o &J.-;f
( ( aC-(!.;1/ - U r~,a-"' - .

·-l. ~e tt-l-5 ei /;; , (~ I z, >) _1:;;/) o b:}e~ ~ (:;;.;., '