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Ciudad capital
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"Ciudades capitales" vuelve a dirigir aquí. Para conocer la ciudad capital de un
condado, consulte asiento de condado . Para otros usos, consulte Capital City
(desambiguación) .
Una capital o ciudad capital es el municipio que tiene un estatus principal en un
país , estado , provincia , departamento u otra región administrativa ,
generalmente como su sede del gobierno. Una capital es típicamente una ciudad que
abarca físicamente las oficinas del gobierno y los lugares de reunión; el estado de
capital suele ser designado por su ley o constitución . En algunas jurisdicciones ,
incluidos varios países, diferentes ramas del gobierno se encuentran en diferentes
asentamientos. En algunos casos, se hace una distinción entre el funcionario
(constitucional ) capital y la sede del gobierno, que está en otro lugar .

Los medios de comunicación, en inglés, a menudo usan el nombre de una ciudad

capital como un nombre alternativo para el gobierno del país del que es la capital,
como una forma de metonimia . Por ejemplo, "relaciones entre Washington y Londres "
se refieren a " relaciones entre los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido ". [1]

Contenido
1 Terminología
2 Orígenes
3 Capitales modernas
4 Capitales planificadas
4.1 Ubicaciones de compromiso
5 Arreglos inusuales de la ciudad capital
5.1 Capitales que no son la sede del gobierno
5.2 Capitales en disputa
6 Capital como símbolo
7 Capitales en estrategia militar
8 Ver también
9 Otras lecturas
10 Referencias
11 enlaces externos
Terminología

Helsinki , la capital y la ciudad más grande de Finlandia

Taipei , capital y centro financiero de Taiwán

La palabra capital se deriva de la palabra latina caput (genitivo capitis ), que
significa " cabeza ".

En varios estados de habla inglesa, los términos ciudad de condado y asiento de

condado también se utilizan en subdivisiones inferiores . En algunos estados
unitarios , las capitales subnacionales pueden ser conocidas como "centros
administrativos". La capital es a menudo la ciudad más grande de su constituyente,
aunque no siempre.

Orígenes

El Foro Romano estaba rodeado por muchos edificios gubernamentales como la capital
de la antigua Roma.
Históricamente, el principal centro económico de un estado o región a menudo se ha
convertido en el punto focal del poder político y se ha convertido en una capital a
través de la conquista o la federación . [2] (Sin embargo, la capital moderna no
siempre ha existido: en la Europa occidental medieval, era común un gobierno
itinerante (errante) .) [3] Algunos ejemplos son la antigua Babilonia , la Bagdad
abasí , la antigua Atenas , Roma , Bratislava , Budapest. , Constantinopla ,
Chang'an , Cusco antiguo , Kyiv ,Madrid , París , Podgorica , Londres , Pekín ,
Praga , Tallin , Tokio , Lisboa , Riga , Vilnius y Varsovia . La ciudad capital
atrae naturalmente a personas con motivaciones políticas y aquellas cuyas
habilidades son necesarias para una administración eficiente de los gobiernos
nacionales o imperiales, como abogados , politólogos , banqueros , periodistas y
responsables de políticas públicas . Algunas de estas ciudades son o también
fueroncentros religiosos , [4] por ejemplo, Constantinopla (más de una religión),
Roma (la Iglesia Católica Romana ), Jerusalén (más de una religión), Babilonia,
Moscú (la Iglesia Ortodoxa Rusa ), Belgrado (la Iglesia Ortodoxa Serbia ), París y
Beijing. En algunos países, la capital se ha cambiado por razones geopolíticas ; La
primera ciudad de Finlandia , Turku , que había sido la capital del país desde la
Edad Media bajo el dominio sueco, perdió su derecho durante el Gran Ducado de
Finlandia en 1812, cuando Helsinkifue convertida en la actual capital de Finlandia
por el Imperio Ruso. [5]

La convergencia del poder político y económico o cultural no es de ninguna manera

universal. Las capitales tradicionales pueden verse eclipsadas económicamente por
rivales provinciales, por ejemplo, Nanking por Shanghai , la ciudad de Quebec por
Montreal y numerosas capitales de estados de Estados Unidos . El declive de una
dinastía o cultura también podría significar la extinción de su ciudad capital,
como ocurrió en Babilonia [6] y Cahokia .

Although many capitals are defined by constitution or legislation, many long-time

capitals have no legal designation as such, including Bern, Edinburgh, Lisbon,
London, Paris, and Wellington. They are recognized as capitals as a matter of
convention, and because all or almost all the country's central political
institutions, such as government departments, supreme court, legislature,
embassies, etc., are located in or near them.

Modern capitals

Countries whose capital is on the coast

Countries whose capital is not on the coast
Countries without a coast

Countries that currently have multiple capital cities

Countries that have previously had multiple capital cities, but now only have one
capital city
Counties in the United Kingdom have historic county towns, which are often not the
largest settlement within the county and often are no longer administrative
centres, as many historical counties are now only ceremonial, and administrative
boundaries are different. The number of new capitals in the world increased
substantially since the Renaissance period, especially with the founding of
independent nation-states since the eighteenth century.[7]

In Canada, there is a federal capital, while the ten provinces and three
territories each have capital cities. The states of such countries as Mexico,
Brazil (including the famous cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, capitals of
their respective states), and Australia also each have capital cities. For example,
the six state capitals of Australia are Adelaide, Brisbane, Hobart, Melbourne,
Perth, and Sydney. In Australia, the term "capital cities" is regularly used to
refer to those six state capitals plus the federal capital Canberra, and Darwin,
the capital of the Northern Territory. Abu Dhabi is the capital city of the Emirate
of Abu Dhabi and also of the United Arab Emirates overall.

In unitary states which consist of multiple constituent nations, such as the United
Kingdom and the Kingdom of Denmark, each will usually have its own capital city.
Unlike in federations, there is usually not a separate national capital, but rather
the capital city of one constituent nation will also be the capital of the state
overall, such as London, which is the capital of England and of the United Kingdom.
Similarly, each of the autonomous communities of Spain and regions of Italy has a
capital city, such as Seville and Naples, while Madrid is the capital of the
Community of Madrid and of the Kingdom of Spain as a whole and Rome is the capital
of Italy and of the region of Lazio.

In the Federal Republic of Germany, each of its constituent states (or Länder,
plural of Land) has its own capital city, such as Dresden, Wiesbaden, Mainz,
Düsseldorf, Stuttgart, and Munich, as do all of the republics of the Russian
Federation. The national capitals of Germany and Russia (the Stadtstaat of Berlin
and the federal city of Moscow) are also constituent states of both countries in
their own right. Each of the states of Austria and cantons of Switzerland also have
their own capital cities. Vienna, the national capital of Austria, is also one of
the states, while Bern is the (de facto) capital of both Switzerland and of the
Canton of Bern.

The majority of national capitals are also the largest city in their respective
countries, but this is not the case in some countries.

Planned capitals

The L'Enfant Plan for Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States
Governing entities sometimes plan, design and build new capital cities to house the
seat of government of a polity or of a subdivision. Deliberately planned and
designed capitals include:

Abuja, Nigeria (1991)

Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil (1855)
Ankara, Turkey (1923)
Austin, Texas, US (1839)
Belmopan, Belize (1970)
Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (1897)
Brasília, Brazil (1960)
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India (1948)
Bireuen, Aceh, Indonesia (1948)
Canberra, Australia (1927)
Chandigarh, Punjab and Haryana, India (1966)
Columbia, South Carolina, US (1786)
Constantinople, Roman Empire (324–330)
Frankfort, Kentucky, US (1792)
Gaborone, Botswana (1964)
Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India (1960)
Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil (1933)
Indianapolis, Indiana, US (1825)
Islamabad, Pakistan (1960)
Jefferson City, Missouri, US (1821)
La Plata, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina (1882)
Nava Raipur or Atal Nagar, Chhattisgarh, India (2003)
Naypyidaw, Myanmar (2005–2006)
New Delhi, British India (1911)
Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan (1997)
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, US (1889)
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1857)
Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil (1989)
Part of Penajam North Paser and Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
(2019)
Putrajaya, Malaysia (1995)
Quezon City, Philippines (1948–76)
Raleigh, North Carolina, US (1792)
Soltaniyeh, Ilkhanate (1306–1335)
Valletta, Malta (1571)
Washington, D.C., US (1800)
These cities satisfy one or both of the following criteria:

A deliberately planned city that was built expressly to house the seat of
government, superseding a capital city that was in an established population
center. There have been various reasons for this, including overcrowding in that
major metropolitan area, and the desire to place the capital city in a location
with a better climate (usually a less tropical one).
A town that was chosen as a compromise among two or more cities (or other political
divisions), none of which was willing to concede to the other(s) the privilege of
being the capital city. Usually, the new capital is geographically located roughly
equidistant between the competing population centres.
Compromise locations

The Australian Parliament opened in the small town of Canberra in 1927 as a

compromise between the largest cities, Sydney and Melbourne.
Some examples of the second situation (compromise locations) are:

Canberra, Australia, chosen as a compromise located between Melbourne and Sydney.

Washington, D.C., United States, founded as a compromise between more urbanized
Northern states and agrarian Southern "slave states" to share national power. The
Compromise of 1790, resulted in the passage of the Residence Act, which approved
the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River on land ceded from Maryland
and Virginia.[8]
Frankfort, Kentucky, midway between Louisville and Lexington.
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, located along the boundary between the two former colonies
that formed the core of pre-Confederation Canada—primarily English-speaking Upper
Canada and primarily French-speaking Lower Canada. Today, this border separates the
two most populous of Canada's ten modern provinces, Ontario and Quebec.
Tallahassee, Florida, chosen as the midpoint between Pensacola and St. Augustine,
Florida – then the two largest cities in Florida.
Wellington became the capital city of New Zealand in 1865. It lies at the southern
tip of the North Island of New Zealand, the smaller of New Zealand's two main
islands (which subsequently became the more populous island)[9] immediately across
Cook Strait from the South Island. The previous capital, Auckland, lies much
further north in the North Island; the move followed a long argument for a more
central location for parliament.[10]
Managua, Nicaragua, chosen to appease rivals in León and Granada, which also were
associated with the liberal and conservative political factions respectively
Jefferson City, Missouri was selected as the state capital in 1821, the year after
Missouri was admitted to the Union, due to its central location within the state.
It is almost halfway between Missouri's two largest cities, Kansas City in the west
and St. Louis in the east, although Kansas City was not incorporated until 1850.
Changes in a nation's political regime sometimes result in the designation of a new
capital. Akmola (from 1998 Astana and from March 2019 Nur-Sultan) became the
capital of Kazakhstan in 1997, following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Naypyidaw was founded in Burma's interior as the former capital, Rangoon, was
claimed to be overcrowded.[11]

Unusual capital city arrangements

See also: List of countries with multiple capitals

The Supreme Court, the seat of Switzerland's judiciary, is in Lausanne, although

the executive and legislature are located in Bern.
Parliament House, Singapore. As a city-state, Singapore requires no specific
capital.

The Blue Palace, the official residence of Montenegro's president, is in Cetinje,

although the executive and legislature are located in Podgorica.
A few nation-states have multiple capitals, and there are also several states that
have no capital. Some have a city as the capital but with most government agencies
elsewhere.

There is also a ghost town which is currently the de jure capital of a territory:
Plymouth in Montserrat.

Azores (Portugal): since the establishment of local autonomy in 1976, the Azores
has three designated regional capital cities: Ponta Delgada at São Miguel Island
(seat of the Autonomous Government); Horta at Faial Island (seat of the Legislative
Assembly); and Angra do Heroísmo at Terceira Island (seat of the judiciary and the
historical capital of the Azores, in addition to being the seat of the Roman
Catholic Diocese of Angra).
Belize: Belmopan was designated the national capital in 1971, but most government
offices and embassies are still located in Belize City.
Canary Islands (Spain): Until 1927 the capital of the Province of Canarias was
Santa Cruz de Tenerife. When the Canary Islands became an autonomous community in
1982, Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria were both given capital
status.[12][13] There is currently a balance of institutions between the two
capitals; the Canary Islands is the only autonomous community in Spain which has
two capitals.
Chile: Santiago is the capital even though the National Congress of Chile meets in
Valparaíso.
Estonia: the Supreme Court and the Ministry of Education and Research are located
in Tartu.
France: The French constitution does not recognize any capital city in France. By
law[14] Paris is the seat of both houses of Parliament (the National Assembly and
the Senate), but their joint congresses are held at the Palace of Versailles. In
case of emergency, the seat of the constitutional powers can be transferred to
another town, in order for the Houses of Parliament to sit in the same location as
the President and Cabinet.
Germany: The official capital Berlin is home to the parliament and the highest
bodies of the executive branch (consisting of the ceremonial presidency and
effective chancellery). Various ministries are located in the former West German
capital of Bonn, which now has the title "Federal City". The Federal Constitutional
Court has its seat in Karlsruhe which, as a consequence, is sometimes called
Germany's "judicial capital"; none of Germany's highest judicial organs are located
in Berlin. Various German government agencies are located in other parts of
Germany.
India:
Andhra Pradesh: Hyderabad is the de jure capital of the state until by 2024, while
Amaravati is the de facto seat of government. The Governor of Andhra Pradesh has
his official residence in Vijayawada
Chhattisgarh: Raipur is the administrative and legislative capital, while the high
court (judiciary capital) is located in Bilaspur. The proposed future capital is
Nava Raipur.
Jammu and Kashmir: Srinagar serves as the summer capital of the state while Jammu
is the winter capital. Every six months, the entire state machinery shifts from one
city to another.
Kerala: Thiruvananthapuram is the administrative and legislative capital of the
state, while the high court is located in Ernakulam.
Himachal Pradesh: Shimla is the primary capital city. Dharamshala, which is also
the headquarters of the Central Tibetan Administration, is the second winter
capital of the state.
Madhya Pradesh: Bhopal is the administrative and legislative capital of the state,
while the high court is located in Jabalpur.
Punjab and Haryana: Both states share Chandigarh as their capital city. The city
itself is administered as a Union territory.
Odisha: Bhubaneswar is the administrative and legislative capital of the state,
while the high court is located in Cuttack.
Rajasthan: Jaipur is the administrative and legislative capital of the state, while
the high court is located in Jodhpur.
Uttarakhand: Dehradun is the administrative and legislative capital, while the high
court is located in Nainital. The proposed future capital is Gairsain.
Ladakh: Leh and Kargil serve as joint capitals of the Union Territory.
South Korea: Seoul remains as the capital and seat of the government's branches,
but many government agencies have moved to Sejong City.
Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur is the constitutional capital, home of the King, and seat of
Parliament, but the federal administrative centre and judiciary have been moved 30
kilometres (19 mi) south to Putrajaya.
Montenegro: The official capital Podgorica is home to the parliament and the
executive, but the seat of the presidency is in the former royal capital of
Cetinje.
Myanmar (Burma): Naypyidaw was designated the national capital in 2005, the same
year it was founded, but most government offices and embassies are still located in
Yangon (Rangoon).
Nauru: Nauru, a microstate of only 21 square kilometres (8.1 sq mi), has no
distinct capital city, but has a capital district instead.
Pakistan: Islamabad is a modern purpose-built capital city. Its construction
started in 1960 and was completed in 1966. The capital was first shifted
temporarily from Karachi to Rawalpindi in 1960, and then to Islamabad when
essential development work was completed. It was built as a forward capital for
strategic and economic reasons.
Philippines: Presidential Decree No. 940, issued on 24 June 1976, designates the
whole of National Capital Region (NCR) or the metropolitan area of Manila as the
seat of government, with the City of Manila as the capital.[15] National government
institutions are scattered within the metropolis instead of being concentrated
within the capital city. The presidential palace (Malacanang Palace) and the
Supreme Court are located within the capital city but the two houses of Congress
are located in separate suburbs.
Portugal: The Portuguese constitution has no reference to a capital. Although
Lisbon is home to the Parliament, the President's and the Prime Minister's official
residences, all the Government's departments, all the embassies and the highest
courts, no Portuguese official document states that Lisbon is the national capital.
[16]
Sri Lanka: Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is designated the administrative capital and
the location of the parliament, while the former capital, Colombo, is now
designated as the "commercial capital".[17][18] However, many government offices
are still located in Colombo. Both cities are in the Colombo District.
South Africa: The administrative capital is Pretoria, the legislative capital is
Cape Town, and the judicial capital is Bloemfontein. This is the outcome of the
compromise that created the Union of South Africa in 1910. Despite Bloemfontein's
status as the judicial capital, the country's highest court, the Constitutional
Court of South Africa, sits in its largest city, Johannesburg.
Switzerland: Bern is the Federal City of Switzerland and functions as de facto
capital. However, the Swiss Supreme Court is located in Lausanne which is also the
Olympic Capital.
Tanzania: Dodoma was designated the national capital in 1996, but most government
offices and embassies are still located in Dar es Salaam.[19]
United States:
California: The executive and legislative branches and most government agencies are
based in Sacramento but the California Supreme Court is headquartered in San
Francisco with secondary meeting places in Sacramento and Los Angeles.[citation
needed]
Illinois: Springfield has the seats of the branches of government and serves as the
official capital. However various Illinois government officials primarily reside in
or are primarily active in Chicago.[20][21] (see: Government of Illinois § Capital
city for a further explanation)
Louisiana: The executive and legislative branches and most government agencies are
based in Baton Rouge, but the Louisiana Supreme Court is located in New Orleans.
New York: The state capital and government are headquartered in Albany, but many
officials are mostly active in or live in New York City.[citation needed]
Pennsylvania: The capital is Harrisburg but each one of the state Supreme Court and
its two appellate courts holds hearings in the three cities of Harrisburg,
Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh. Also, most statewide elected officials and officers
who are based in Southeast Pennsylvania (City of Philadelphia, Bucks County,
Montgomery County, Delaware County, and Chester County) prefer working mostly in
Philadelphia.[citation needed]
Monaco, Singapore, and the Vatican City are city-states, and thus do not contain
any distinct capital city as a whole. However, in Singapore's case, the main
judiciary and legislative offices are located in the Downtown Core. Similarly,
while Victoria was the capital of colonial Hong Kong, the heart of old Victoria,
now known as Central, serves as the seat of government offices today.
Capitals that are not the seat of government
There are several countries where, for various reasons, the official capital and de
facto seat of government are separated:

Benin: Porto-Novo is the official capital, but Cotonou is the seat of government.
Bolivia: Sucre is the constitutional capital, and the supreme tribunal of justice
is located in Sucre, making it the judicial capital. The Palacio Quemado, the
national congress and national electoral court are located in La Paz, making it the
seat of government.
Ivory Coast: Yamoussoukro was designated the national capital in 1983, but most
government offices and embassies are still located in Abidjan.
Netherlands: Amsterdam is the constitutional national capital even though the Dutch
government, the parliament, the supreme court, the Council of State, and the work
palace of the King are all located in The Hague, as are all the embassies. (For
more details see: Capital of the Netherlands.)
Some historical examples of similar arrangements, where the recognized capital was
not the official seat of government:

Kingdom of England: The traditional capital was the City of London, while
Westminster, outside of the boundaries of the City of London, was the seat of
government. They are both today part of the urban core of Greater London.
Kingdom of France: The traditional capital was Paris, though from 1682 to 1789 the
seat of government was at the Palace of Versailles, located in a rural area
southwest of Paris.
Disputed capitals
Cyprus and Northern Cyprus: Nicosia, "the last divided capital",[22] is divided in
two by the United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus (Green Line). Both the Republic of
Cyprus,[23] which has de facto control of the south, and the largely unrecognized
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus,[24] which has de facto control of North
Nicosia, claim the entire city as their capital.
Israel and Palestine: Both the Government of Israel[25] and the Palestinian
Authority[26] claim Jerusalem as their capital. Jerusalem serves as Israel's
capital, with the presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and
parliament (Knesset) located there, while the Palestinian Authority has no de facto
or de jure control over any of Jerusalem. Many countries, with the notable
exception of the United States, which recognizes Jerusalem as the capital of
Israel,[27] take the position that the final status of Jerusalem is unsettled
pending future negotiations. Most countries maintain their diplomatic missions to
Israel in Tel Aviv, while diplomatic missions to Palestine are in various places
such as Ramallah, Gaza City, Cairo and Damascus.
Capital as symbol

Mariehamn, capital city of the Åland Islands, a demilitarized archipelago with

self-governance
With the rise of the modern nation-state, the capital city has become a symbol for
the state and its government, and imbued with political meaning. Unlike medieval
capitals, which were declared wherever a monarch held his or her court, the
selection, relocation, founding, or capture of a modern capital city is a highly
symbolic event. For example:

The ruined and almost uninhabited Athens was made capital of newly independent
Greece in 1834, four years after the country gained its independence, with the
romantic notion of reviving the glory of Ancient Greece.[28] Similarly, following
the Cold War and German reunification, Berlin is now once again the capital of
Germany.[29] Other restored capital cities include Moscow after the October
Revolution.
A symbolic relocation of a capital city to a geographically or demographically
peripheral location may be for either economic or strategic reasons (sometimes
known as a forward capital or spearhead capital). Peter the Great moved his
government from Moscow to Saint Petersburg to give the Russian Empire a European
orientation.[30] The economically significant city of Nafplion became the first
capital of Greece, when Athens was an unimportant village.[31] The Ming emperors
moved their capital to Beijing from the more central Nanjing to help supervise the
border with the Mongols. During the 1857 rebellion, Indian rebels considered Delhi
their capital, and Bahadur Shah Zafar was proclaimed emperor, but the ruling
British had their capital in Calcutta. In 1877, the British formally held a
'Durbar' in Delhi, proclaiming Queen Victoria as 'Empress of India'. Delhi finally
became the colonial capital after the Coronation Durbar of King-Emperor George V in
1911, continuing as independent India's capital from 1947. Other examples include
Abuja, Brasília, Helsinki, Islamabad, Naypyidaw, Nur-Sultan and Yamoussoukro.
The selection or founding of a "neutral" capital city, one unencumbered by regional
or political identities, was meant to represent the unity of a new state when
Ankara, Bern, Canberra, Madrid, Ottawa and Washington became capital cities.
Sometimes, the location of a new capital city was chosen to terminate actual or
potential squabbling between various entities, such as in the cases of Canberra,
Ottawa, Washington, Wellington and Managua.
The British-built town of New Delhi represented a simultaneous break and continuity
with the past, the location of Delhi being where many imperial capitals were built
(Indraprastha, Dhillika, and Shahjahanabad) but the actual capital being the new
British-built town designed by Edwin Lutyens. Wellington, on the southwestern tip
of the North Island of New Zealand, replaced the much more northerly city of
Auckland to place the national capital close to the South Island and hence to
placate its residents, many of whom had sympathies with separatism.
During the American Civil War, tremendous resources were expended to defend
Washington, D.C., which bordered on the Confederate States of America (with the
Commonwealth of Virginia), from Confederate attack even though the relatively small
federal government could easily have been moved elsewhere. Likewise, great
resources were expended by the Confederacy in defending the Confederate capital
from attack by the Union, in its exposed location of Richmond, Virginia, barely 100
miles (160 km) south of Washington, D.C.[32]
Two national capitals refer to another sovereign state. The name of Tallinn, the
capital of Estonia, is thought to be derived from Taani linn, originally meaning
"Danish Castle" and now "Danish Town" in Estonian, named after the Toompea Castle,
which Denmark controlled in 1219–1227, 1238–1332 and in 1340–1346.[33] Port of
Spain, the capital of Trinidad and Tobago, was named so in Spanish by the first
settlers from Spain in the 16th century.[34] See List of national capital city name
etymologies for more.
Capitals in military strategy

As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, Beijing has served as the
political center of China for most of the past eight centuries.

Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, was the final part of the
empire to fall to the Ottoman Turks due to its strong defences.
The capital city is usually but not always a primary target in a war, as capturing
it usually guarantees capture of much of the enemy government, victory for the
attacking forces, or at the very least demoralization for the defeated forces.

In ancient China, where governments were massive centralized bureaucracies with

little flexibility on the provincial level, a dynasty could easily be toppled with
the fall of its capital. In the Three Kingdoms period, both Shu and Wu fell when
their respective capitals of Chengdu and Jianye fell. The Ming dynasty relocated
its capital from Nanjing to Beijing, where they could more effectively control the
generals and troops guarding the borders from Mongols and Manchus. The Ming was
destroyed when Li Zicheng took their seat of power, and this pattern repeats itself
in Chinese history, until the fall of the traditional Confucian monarchy in the
20th century. After the Qing dynasty's collapse, decentralization of authority and
improved transportation and communication technologies allowed both the Chinese
Nationalists and Chinese Communists to rapidly relocate capitals and keep their
leadership structures intact during the great crisis of Japanese invasion.

National capitals were arguably less important as military objectives in other

parts of the world, including the West, because of socioeconomic trends toward
localized authority, a strategic modus operandi especially popular after the
development of feudalism and reaffirmed by the development of democratic and
capitalistic philosophies. In 1204, after the Latin Crusaders captured the
Byzantine capital, Constantinople, Byzantine forces were able to regroup in several
provinces; provincial noblemen managed to reconquer the capital after 60 years and
preserve the empire for another 200 years after that. The British forces sacked
various American capitals repeatedly during the Revolutionary War and War of 1812,
but American forces could still carry on fighting from the countryside, where they
enjoyed support from local governments and the traditionally independent civilian
frontiersmen. Exceptions to these generalizations include highly centralized states
such as France, whose centralized bureaucracies could effectively coordinate far-
flung resources, giving the state a powerful advantage over less coherent rivals,
but risking utter ruin if the capital were taken.

See also
Capital region
Lists of capitals
List of countries whose capital is not their largest city
List of countries with multiple capitals
Temporary capital
Further reading
Andreas Daum, "Capitals in Modern History: Inventing Urban Spaces for the Nation",
in Berlin – Washington, 1800–2000: Capital Cities, Cultural Representation, and
National Identities, ed. Andreas Daum and Christof Mauch. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2006, pp. 3–28.
Capital Cities: International Perspectives – Les capitales: Perspectives
internationales, ed. John Taylor, Jean G. Lengellé and Caroline Andrew. Ottawa:
Carleton University Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-7735-8496-9.
References
Panther, Klaus-Uwe; Thornburg, Linda L.; Barcelona, Antonio (2009). Metonymy and
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