SEGUNDA CONDICIONAL

 Usamos el segundo condicional para hablar de situaciones que son

irreales en el presente; por lo tanto, podemos describirlas como
imaginarias y es improbable que ocurran; sin embargo, esto no quiere
decir que no pudiese pasar en el futuro.

Para entender mejor, observa con cuidado las siguen situaciones Situación

real:

I don’t have money (no tengo dinero) Situación

irreal:

If I had a lot of money, I would travel to 10 differente countries

(si tuviera mucho dinero, viajaría a 10 diferentes países)

 También lo usamos para dar consejos o recomendaciones. En este caso

utilizamos al verbo To Be en la cláusula dependiente y usaremos la
forma were para todos los pronombres.

Ejemplo:

If I were you, I would go to the doctor

Mary could take a vacation if she were I

La segunda condicional también construye con dos clausulas: dependiente e

independiente. La cláusula dependiente se escribe en tiempo pasado simple
(checa tus apuntes de segundo semestre, segundo parcial) y la cláusula
independiente se escribe usando would, could, may o might.
Podemos cambiar el orden de la oración sin alterar el significado.

Ejemplo:

If I had time, I would help you

I would help you if I had time

NOTA: Recuerda que si la oración inicia con la clausula dependiente (If) debe
llevar una coma ( , ) al final de la clausula, pero si empieza con la cláusula
independiente ya no lleva la coma.
Worksheet #1

1. If I ___ 500 dollars to spend, I would buy an electric guitar.

a. Would have
b. Had
c. Have
2. If we found a bag full of money, we ___ it to the owner
a. Would return
b. Returned
c. Return
3. She ___ to the party if she didn’t have to study for the final exam
a. Could went
b. Went
c. Would go
4. If I ___ you, I wouldn’t cheat on the test
a. Be
b. Were
c. Would was
5. He would be a basketball player if he ___ taller
a. Were
b. Would be
c. Is
6. If we ___ a famous actor, we ___ him for lunch
a. Would meet - invited
b. Would met – invite
c. Met – would invite
7. She ___ a great mother if she ___ children
a. Would be – had
b. Is – had
c. Were – would have
8. If I ___ more, I ___ so thin
a. Eat – would be
b. Ate – wouldn’t be
c. Would ate – weren’t
 PRESENTE PERFECTO
El presente perfecto lo usamos para hablar de acciones que ocurrieron en un
tiempo no concreto antes de ahora. En realidad el tiempo específico no es
importante; por tanto, no usamos expresiones de tiempo específicas (this
morning, yesterday, last year). En presente perfecto se usan expresiones de
tiempo no concretas como: never, ever, many times, for, since, already, yet.

 Se usa el presente perfecto para describir una experiencia. No lo

usamos para acciones específicas.
Ejemplos:
 I have never fown in a plane
 He has worked in many different nuseums
 We have been to Río de Janeiro

 Se utiliza el presente perfecto para un cambio en el tiempo.

Ejemplos:
 I have become more timid in my old age
 Their English has improved a lot his year
 He has learned to be more patient

 Se usa para los éxitos o logros.

Ejemplos:
 Our football team has won the championship three times
 Dan has finished writing his first novel
 Scientists have succeeded in curing many illnesses
 Usamos el presente perfecto para acciones que todavía no han
sucedido. El uso del presente perfecto en estos casos indica que aun
estamos esperando la acción, por eso, frecuentemente usamos los
adverbios “yet” y “still” (en nuestro caso solo vamos a usar “yet”)
Ejemplos:
 The plane hasn’t arrived yet
 Our team hasn’t won a championship yet
 You haven’t finished your homework yet

 Se utiliza el presente perfecto para hablar sobre acciones en

diferentes momentos en el pasado. El uso del presente perfecto en
estos casos indica que son posibles más acciones en el futuro.
Ejemplos:
 We have spoken several times, but we still can’t reach an
agreement
 Our team has played 4 games so far this year
 I have been in New Yor 5 times already and I can’t wait to go
back

 En general, usamos el presente perfecto para situaciones que han

empezado en el pasado pero siguen en el presente.
Ejemplos:
 I have loved you since the day I met you
 She has lived here for 15 years
Para formar el presente perfecto usamos como auxiliar al verbo “to have” (en
este caso se define como haber) en presente y el verbo principal (el que
indica la acción) se escribe en pasado participio.

NOTA: Recuerda que el verbo “To Have” tiene una variante para las terceras
personas, la cual es HAS

You He

HAVE We HAS
She
They It

La forma contraída de Have es ‘ve y de Has es ‘s

I have = I’ve
You have = you’ve

He has = He’s

She has = She’s

It has = It’s

We have = We’ve

You have = you’ve

They have = They’ve Worksheet #2

Completa las oraciones usando el presente perfecto

1. The plumber ___ ___the tap

a. Has – fix
b. Have – fixed
c. Have – fix
 d. Has- fixed
2. The carpenter ___ ___ a round table
a. Has – made
b. Have – made
c. Has – make
d. Have – make
3. She ___ ___ really down when you ___ ___the story
a. Have felt – has told
b. Has feel – have tell
c. Have feel – has tell
d. Has felt – have told
4. ___ she ever ___ as a teacher?
a. Have – worked
b. Has – work
c. Have – work
d. Has – worked
5. She ___ never ___ me
a. Have loved
b. Have love
c. Has loved
d. Has love

6. ___ you ___ Paul today?

a. Have – saw
b. Have – seen
c. Has – saw
d. Has – seen
 7. She ___ ___ outside
a. Has – went
b. Have – gone
c. Has – gone
d. Have – went
8. ___ you ever ___ Paris?
a. Has – visited
b. Has – visit
c. Have – visit
d. Have – visited
9. I ___ already ___
a. Have – eat
b. Has –eaten
c. Have – eaten
d. Has – eat

PRESENTE PERFECTO CON SINCE Y FOR

FOR (por o durante)

Utilizamos FOR cuando hablamos de la duración de una acción; es decir, un

periodo de tiempo. Esta duración se puede expresar en minutos, segundos,
horas, días, meses, años.

Ejemplo:

o For 20 seconds
o For 30 minutes
o For 20 days o
For 10 years
 She has lived in Vancuver for 6 months
 We have been married for 50 years
 I have been waiting for 3 hours

También podemos usar la expresión For a long time (por un largo tiempo/por
un buen tiempo)
 He has loved her for a long time

SINCE (desde)

Usamos SINCE para indicar el momento cuando una acción comenzó. El inicio
de una acción se puede expresar con días, meses, años ESPECIFICOS.

Ejemplo:
o Since 2010 o
Since august o
Since Saturday o
Since 3 pm
 She has lived in Texas since 2010
 They have been sick since Friday
También podemos usar esta expresión en situaciones o eventos específicos
como los siguientes:
 He has loved her since he met her (Él la ha amado desde
que la conoció)  Annie has been my friend since I was a
child (Annie ha sido mi amiga desde que yo era un niño)

Worksheet #3
Subraya la respuesta correcta para cada oración

1. I have been a biology teacher ___ 1980

a. For
b. Since
2. We have liked rock music ___ we went to an Iron Maiden concert a.
For
b. Since
3. She speaks Portuguese well because she has been living in Brazil ___ 5
years
a. For
b. Since
4. I haven’t seen Fran ___ a long time
a. For
b. Since
5. He can’t go out because it has been raining ___ almost 30 minutes a.
For
b. Since
6. They have hated seafood ___ they were 5 years old
a. For
b. Since
7. My dad was so angry; he has made me stay in my bedroom ___ a week
a. For
 b. Since

PRESENTE PERFECTO CON already, just, still, yet,

ever
ALREADY

“Already” se refiere a algo que ha pasado antes o más pronto de lo que se

esperaba y es traducido como “ya” en español. La palabra “already” va entre
el verbo auxiliar y el verbo principal.

Ejemplo:

 They have already finished their homework (Ellos ya han acaba

sus tareas)
 Jacob has already left work (Jacob ya se fue del trabajo) 
The train has already arrived (El tren ya ha llegado)
JUST

“Just” se utiliza para acciones que han ocurrido hace poco tiempo y se
traduce como “acabar de” o “justo”. La palabra “just” va entre el auxiliar y
el verbo principal Ejemplo:

 I have just eaten

 Beth has just moved to New York

STILL

Usamos “still” para acciones o acontecimientos que todavía no han

ocurrido, sobre todo cuando esperamos que ya hubieran ocurrido. Se
traduce como “aun” o “todavía”. La palabra “still” va entre el pronombre y
el verbo auxiliar.

Ejemplo:

 They still haven’t finished their homework

YET

“Yet” es usado para algo que esperábamos que sucediera, pero todavía no ha
pasado. Se utiliza en oraciones negativas e interrogativas. En oraciones
negativas se puede traducir como “aún” o “todavía” y en oraciones
interrogativas lo podemos traducir como “ya”. La palabra “yet” se escribe al
final de las oraciones.

Ejemplo:

 Jacob hasn’t left his job at the hospital yet 

Have they finished their homework yet?

EVER

Cuando queremos preguntar a alguien si ha hecho algo alguna vez, usamos

“ever”. La palabra “ever” se coloca entre la persona y el verbo principal.

Ejemplo:

 Have you ever watched a live football match?

 Has he ever come here by train?
 Have they ever flown over the ocean?
Worksheet #4
Elige la respuesta correcta para cada oración. Todas las palabras se repiten.

Already Since For Yet Just

1. A: I have ___________ seen this movie twice. I like it

B: Yes, they say it’s an interesting story, but I haven’t seen it
_________
2. A: I haven’t see John __________ Sunday. He just disappeared. B: I
have __________ met him at the hospital. I was there a few moments
ago. He hasn’t been feeling well ___________the farewell party we
had on Saturday.
3. Alan and Pamela have been married __________ twelve years
4. They have lived in the same house _______________ they got
married.
5. I haven’t told anyone _______________ about my decisión. Please,
keep it secret.
6. I am worried about my son. He hasn’t come home ____________ 7. My
brother bought a house last month, but he hasn’t renovated it
______________.