PROPIEDADES DE LA ADICIÓN.

Si las matrices A, B, C ∈ 𝕄𝑚×𝑛 al conjunto de todas las matrices sumables, entonces

se verifican las siguientes propiedades:
i) Cerradura: A + B = C
ii) Conmutativa: A + B = B + A
iii) Asociativa: (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
iv) Elemento neutro: ∀ 𝐴 ∈ 𝕄𝑚×𝑛 , ∃ 𝕠 𝜖 𝕄𝑚×𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐴 + 𝕠 = 𝕠 + 𝐴 = 𝐴

Donde 𝕠 es la matriz nula o cero

v) Elemento Opuesto: ∀ 𝐴 ∈ 𝕄𝑚×𝑛 , ∃ (−𝐴 ) ∈ 𝕄𝑚×𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒

A + (- A) = (- A) + A = 𝕠 .
Donde (- A) se llama matriz opuesta o inversa aditiva de A

3. MULTIPLICACIÓN DE UNA MATRIZ POR UN NÚMERO REAL.

Sea la matriz A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 y sea K un escalar de valor real, entonces la multiplicación

del escalar K por la matriz A, denotado por K.A es la matriz dada por:
K.A = K. [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ] = [𝑲. 𝒂𝒊𝒋 ]
𝒎×𝒏 𝒎×𝒏

Ejemplo
−3 4 5
Sea la matriz: B = [ ] .Determinar:
−1 2 7 2×3

−3 4 5 −9 12 15
i) 3B = (3) [ ] = [ ]
−1 2 7 2×3 −3 6 21 2×3

1 1 −3 4 5 −3/2 2 5/2
ii) ( )𝐵 = ( ).[ ] = [ ]
2 2 −1 2 7 2×3 −1/2 1 7/2 2×3

3 3 −3 4 5 9/4 −3 −15/4
iii) (− ) 𝐵 = (− ) . [ ] = [ ]
4 4 −1 2 7 2×3 3/4 −3/2 −21/4 2×3

3 (−3) 9 3 3
(− ) =+ (− ) (−1) = +
4 1 4 4 4
3 (4) 3 (2) 3
(− ) = −3 (− ) = −
4 1 4 1 2
3 (5) 15 3 (7) 21
(− ) =− (− ) =−
4 1 4 4 1 4
 0 0 0
iv) (0)𝐵 = (0) [−3 4 5
] = [ ]
−1 2 7 2×3 0 0 0

−6𝜋 8𝜋 10𝜋
v) (2𝜋)𝐵 = (2𝜋) [−3 4 5
] =[ ]
−1 2 7 2×3 −2𝜋 4𝜋 14𝜋

PROPIEDADES

Sean k i s escalares de valor real y sea A i B dos matrices

i) K. (s.A) = (k.s)A
ii) (k + s) . A = kA + sA
iii) K . (A + B) = kA + kB

iv) K. 𝕠 =𝕠
v) 0. A = 𝕠
vi) (-1) A = - A

Ejemplos:

−5 6 4 −7
Dadas las matrices: M = [ 8 7] ; 𝑄= [9 2]
3 −2 3×2 −1 0 3×2

Determinar:

a) E = 2(5M + 3Q)
E = 10M + 6Q
−5 6 −50 60
10M = 10[ 8 7] = [ 80 70 ]
3 −2 3×2 30 −20
4 −7 24 −42
6Q = 6[ 9 2 ] = [ 54 12 ]
−1 0 3×2 −6 0
−50 60 24 −42 −26 18
E = 10M + 6Q = [ 80 70 ] + [ 54 12 ] = [ 134 82 ]
30 −20 −6 0 24 −20

b) E = 5(M - 3Q) + 2(- 4Q) - 8(2M)

E = 5M -15Q - 8Q -16M
E = -11M - 23Q
E = -11M + (-23Q)
 −5 6 55 −66
-11M = (-11) [ 8 7] = [−88 −77]
3 −2 3×2 −33 22

4 −7 −92 161
-23Q = (-23) [ 9 2 ] = [ −207 −46]
−1 0 3×2 23 0

E = -11M + (-23Q)
55 −66 −92 161 −37 95
E = [−88 −77] + [−207 −46] = [−295 −123]
−33 22 23 0 −10 22

4. MULTIPLICACION DE UNA MATRIZ FILA POR UNA MATRIZ COLUMNA O

MULTIPLICACIÓN DE VECTORES.
Llamado también multiplicación escalar de vectores. Sean las matrices A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]1×𝑛 y

B =[𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×1 , el producto escalar de A.B, será:

𝑏11
𝑏
A.B = [𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 … 𝑎1𝑛 ]1×𝑛 . 21 = 𝑎11 . 𝑏11 + 𝑎12 . 𝑏21 + ⋯ + 𝑎1𝑛 . 𝑏𝑚1 = 𝒌
𝑏31
..
[𝑏𝑚1 ]𝑚×1
= 𝑘 ∈ ℝ
Ejemplo:
−4
1. M.N = [−2 3 ]
−6 1×3 . [ 2 ] = (−2)(−4) + (3)(2) + (−6)(−6)
−6 3×1
= 8 + 6 + 36 = 50 ∈ ℝ
3/2
−5
4
2. Sean las matrices H = [−1 5 −7 −9 4 0]1×6 𝑦 𝑇 =
0
−3
[ 8 ]6×1

3
2
−5
H.T = [−1 5 −7 −9 4 0 1×6 4
] .
0
−3
[ 8 ]6×1

3 3 −3−130 −133
= − − 25 − 28 + 0 − 12 + 0 =− − 65 = = = −66.5
2 2 2 2
5. MULTIPLICACIÓN DE DOS MATRICES.
Dadas las matrices A y B, existe el producto matricial A × B si y solamente si el número
de columnas de la matriz A sea igual al número de filas de la matriz B. es decir:

Si A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] y B =[𝑏𝑗𝑘 ] , entonces:

𝑚×𝒏 𝒏×𝑝

A × B = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]
𝑚×𝒏
× [𝑏𝑗𝑘 ]𝒏×𝑝 = [𝒄𝒊𝒌 ]𝑚×𝑝 = 𝐶

Donde el elemento 𝒄𝒊𝒌 se obtiene al multiplicar la i-ésima fila de la matriz A por

la k-ésima columna de la matriz B

Ejemplo:
−2 4 −1 4 0
Sean las matrices: A = [ ] 𝑦 𝐵=[ ] ; 𝐴×𝐵 =?
7 −5 2×𝟐 3 −6 9 𝟐×3

Verificando el orden del producto de las matrices:

A es de orden (2 × 𝟐) y B es de orden (𝟐 × 3) entonces SI se podrá realizar el producto

Por tanto, el orden de la matriz producto es (2× 3)

Entonces:
−2 4 −1 4 0 𝑪 𝑪𝟏𝟐 𝑪𝟏𝟑
A × B =[ ]×[ ] = [ ]2×3 = [ 𝟏𝟏 ]
7 −5 3 −6 9 𝑪𝟐𝟏 𝑪𝟐𝟐 𝑪𝟐𝟑 𝟐×𝟑

Donde:
−1
𝐶11 = [−2 4] [ ] = 2 + 12 = 14
3
4
𝐶12 = [−2 4] [ ] = −8 − 24 = −32
−6
0
𝐶13 = [−2 4] [ ] = 0 + 36 = 36
9
−1
𝐶21 = [7 −5] [ ] = −7 − 15 = −22
3
 4
𝐶22 = [7 −5] [ ] = 28 + 30 = 58
−6
0
𝐶23 = [7 −5] [ ] = 0 − 45 = −45
9
Entonces
𝐶 𝐶12 𝐶13 14 −32 36
A × B =[ 11 ] = [ ]
𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 2×3 −22 58 −45 2×3

0 también:
−2 4 −1 4 0
A=[ ] 𝑦 𝐵=[ ]
7 −5 2×𝟐 3 −6 9 𝟐×3
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13
𝐴×𝐵 = [ ]
𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 2×3
(2 + 12) (−8 − 24) (0 + 36) 14 −32 36
= [ ]=[ ]
(−7 − 15) (28 + 30) (0 − 45) −22 58 −45 2×3

PROPIEDADES:
i) 𝐴 × 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 × 𝐴 (No cumple la conmutatividad)
ii) 𝐴 × (𝐵 + 𝐶) = 𝐴 × 𝐵 + 𝐴 × 𝐶
iii) (𝐴 + 𝐵) × 𝐶 = 𝐴 × 𝐶 + 𝐵 × 𝐶
iv) (𝐴 × 𝐵) × 𝐶 = 𝐴 × (𝐵 × 𝐶)

v) 𝕠 ×𝐴= 𝕠
vi) 𝑆𝑖 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝐵 × 𝐴 se dice que A y B son matrices conmutativas
vii) 𝑆𝑖 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝕠 , No necesariamente las matrices son nulas.
viii) 𝑠𝑖 𝐴 = 𝐵 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝐴 × 𝐶 = 𝐵 × 𝐶 ∨ 𝐶×𝐴 =𝐶×𝐵

Ejemplo:

Sean las matrices:

−5 3
−1 2 5
𝐸= [ ] 𝑦 𝐷 = [−1 0 ]
3 −7 −2 2×3
4 −6 3×2

determinar: 𝐸 × 𝐷 𝑖 𝐷 ×𝐸
 −5 3
−1 2 5
a) 𝐸 × 𝐷 = [ ] × [−1 0 ] = [ ]2×2
3 −7 −2 2×3
4 −6 3×2

𝐶11 𝐶12
𝐸×𝐷 = [ ]
𝐶21 𝐶22 2×2

𝐶11 = (−1)(−5) + (2)(−1) + (5)(4) = 5 − 2 + 20 = 23

𝐶12 = (−1)(3) + (2)(0) + (5)(−6) = −3 + 0 − 30 = −33
𝐶21 = (3)(−5) + (−7)(−1) + (−2)(4) = −15 + 7 − 8 = −16
𝐶22 = (3)(3) + (−7)(0) + (−2)(−6) = 9 + 0 + 12 = 21
Por tanto:
𝐶11 𝐶12 23 −33
𝐸×𝐷 = [ ] = [ ]
𝐶21 𝐶22 2×2 −16 21

−5 3
−1 2 5
b) 𝐷 × 𝐸 = [−1 0 ] × [ ]
3 −7 −2 2×3
4 −6 3×2

Donde
𝐶11 = 5 + 9 = 14
𝐶12 = (−5)(2) + (3)(−7) = −10 − 21 = −31
𝐶13 = (−5)(5) + (3)(−2) = −25 − 6 = −31
𝐶21 = 1+0 = 1
𝐶22 = -2
𝐶23 = (−1)(5) + (0)(−2) = −5 + 0 = −5
𝐶31 = −4 − 18 = −22
𝐶32 = 8 + 42 = 50
𝐶33 = 20 + 12 = 32
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 14 −31 −31
𝐷 × 𝐸 = [ ]3×3 = [𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 ] = [ 1 −2 −5 ]
𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33 −22 50 32

Preguntas:

a) Determinar la suma de elementos de la matriz 𝐸 × 𝐷

Suma = 23 – 33 -16 + 21= - 5
 b) La suma de la segunda columna de la matriz 𝐷 × 𝐸
Suma = - 31 – 2 + 50 = 17
c) La suma de la diagonal principal de la matriz D x E
Suma: 14 – 2 + 32 = 44

EJERCICIOS:

Sean las matrices:

−1 2 −5 8 −5 4 −3 5 4
A=[ 0 −6 4 ] ; 𝐵 = [−3 0 0] ; 𝐶 = [−1 2 −9]
−8 7 1 −2 5 6 8 −7 4

Determinar:

1. E = 2A x (B + C)
2. E = 2A + 3(B - 2C)
3. E = 5C – 2 (A + B) TRABAJO
4. E = 3B x 2(C - B) TRABAJO
5. E = 3C – (B x A) TRABAJO

SOLUCIÓN

1. E = 2A x (B + C)
−1 2 −5 −2 4 −10
2A = 2[ 0 −6 4 ]= [ 0 −12 8 ]
−8 7 1 −16 14 2

8 −5 4 −3 5 4 5 0 8
B+C = [−3 0 0] + [−1 2 −9] = [−4 2 −9]
−2 5 6 8 −7 4 6 −2 10

Por tanto:
−2 4 −10 5 0 8
E = 2A x (B + C) = [ 0 −12 8 ] × [−4 2 −9] = [ ]
−16 14 2 6 −2 10

(−10 − 16 − 60) (0 + 8 + 20) (−16 − 36 − 100)

E = [ (0 + 48 + 48) (0 − 24 − 16) (0 + 108 + 80) ]
(−80 − 56 + 12) (0 + 28 − 4) (−128 − 126 + 20)
 −86 28 −152
E = [ 96 −40 188 ]
−124 24 −234 3×3

2. E = 2A + 3(B - 2C)
E = 2A + 3B - 6C
E= 2A + 3B +(- 6C)

−1 2 −5 −2 4 −10
2A = 2[ 0 −6 4 ]= [ 0 −12 8 ]
−8 7 1 −16 14 2

8 −5 4 24 −15 12
3B = 3[−3 0 0] = [−9 0 0]
−2 5 6 −6 15 18

−3 5 4 18 −30 −24
-6C = (-6)[−1 2 −9] = [ 6 −12 54 ]
8 −7 4 −48 42 −24

Por tanto:
−2 4 −10 24 −15 12 18 −30 −24
E=[ 0 −12 8 ] + [ −9 0 0 ] + [ 6 −12 54 ]
−16 14 2 −6 15 18 −48 42 −24
40 −41 −22
E = [ −3 −24 62 ]
−70 71 −4

3. E = 5C – 2(A + B) =
= 5C - 2A – 2B = 5C + (- 2A) +(-2B)
−3 5 4 −15 25 20
5C = 5[−1 2 −9 ] = [ −5 10 −45]
8 −7 4 40 −35 20
−1 2 −5 2 −4 10
-2A = -2[ 0 −6 4 ]=[0 12 −8]
−8 7 1 16 −14 −2
8 −5 4 −16 10 −8
-2B = -2[−3 0 0] = [ 6 0 0 ]
−2 5 6 4 −10 −12
Por tanto
 −15 25 20 2 −4 10 −16 10 −8
E = [ −5 10 −45] + [ 0 12 −8] + [ 6 0 0 ]
40 −35 20 16 −14 −2 4 −10 −12
−29 31 22
E= [ 1 22 −53]
60 −59 6

4. E = 3B x 2(C - B) = 3B x 2[C + (-B)]

−3 5 4 −8 5 −4 −11 10 0
C+(-B) = [−1 2 −9] + [ 3 0 0 ]= [ 2 2 −9]
8 −7 4 2 −5 −6 10 −12 −2
−11 10 0 −22 20 0
2(C-B) = 2[ 2 2 −9] = [ 4 4 −18]
10 −12 −2 20 −24 −4
8 −5 4 24 −15 12
3B = 3[−3 0 0] = [−9 0 0]
−2 5 6 −6 15 18
24 −15 12 −22 20 0
E = [−9 0 0 ]𝑥[ 4 4 −18]
−6 15 18 20 −24 −4
(−528 − 60 + 240) (480 − 60 − 288) (0 + 270 − 48)
=[ (198 + 0 + 0) (−180 + 0 + 0) (0 + 0 + 0) ]
(132 + 60 + 360) (−120 + 60 − 432) (0 − 270 − 72)
−348 132 222
E = [ 198 −180 0 ]
552 −492 −342

5. E = 3C – (B x A) = 3C + (-1) (B x A)
−3 5 4 −9 15 12
3C = 3[−1 2 −9] = [−3 6 −27]
8 −7 4 24 −21 12

8 −5 4 −1 2 −5
B x A= [−3 0 0] 𝑥 [ 0 −6 4 ]
−2 5 6 −8 7 1

(−8 + 0 − 32) (16 + 30 + 28) (−40 − 20 + 4) −40 74 −56

= [ (3 + 0 + 0) (−6 + 0 + 0) (15 + 0 + 0) ] = [ 3 −6 15 ]
(2 + 0 − 48) (−4 − 30 + 42) (10 + 20 + 6) −46 8 36

Por tanto:

−9 15 12 40 −74 56
E = 3C + [–(B x A)] = [−3 6 −27] + [−3 6 −15]
24 −21 12 46 −8 −36
 31 −59 68
= [−6 12 −42]
70 −29 −24

6. Sean las matrices:

−1 2 5 1 1 0 5 2 −2
𝑃= [0 4 −7 ] ; 𝑄 = [ −2 −6 5 ] 𝑦 𝑅 = [ −1 −1 3]
8 −3 6 3×3 −7 1 2 3×3 −2 2 7 3×3
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟:
a) 𝑬 = 𝟑(𝟐𝑸 − 𝟑𝑹) + 𝑷
b) 𝑬 = 𝟓𝑹 − 𝟐(𝑷 + 𝑸)
c) 𝐸 = (𝑃 × 𝑄) + 3(𝑅 × 𝑄)
SOLUCIÓN
i) 𝐸 = (𝑃 × 𝑄) + 3(𝑅 × 𝑄)
−1 2 5 1 1 0
𝑃×𝑄 = [ 0 4 −7] × [−2 −6 5]
8 −3 6 −7 1 2
(−1 − 4 − 35) (−1 − 12 + 5) (0 + 10 + 10) −40 −8 20
=[ (0 − 8 + 49) (0 − 24 − 7) (0 + 20 − 14)] = [ 41 −31 6]
(8 + 6 − 42) (8 + 18 + 6) (0 − 15 + 12) −28 32 −3

5 2 −2 1 1 0
𝑅 × 𝑄 = [−1 −1 3 ] × [−2 −6 5]
−2 2 7 −7 1 2
(5 − 4 + 14) (5 − 12 − 2) (0 + 10 − 4) 15 −9 6
= [(−1 + 2 − 21) (−1 + 6 + 3) (0 − 5 + 6) ] = [−20 8 1]
(−2 − 4 − 49) (−2 − 12 + 7) (0 + 10 + 14) −55 −7 24
15 −9 6 45 −27 18
3(𝑅 × 𝑄) = 3 [−20 8 1 ] = [ −60 24 3]
−55 −7 24 −165 −21 72
Por tanto:
−40 −8 20 45 −27 18 5 −35 38
𝐸 = (𝑃 × 𝑄) + 3(𝑅 × 𝑄) = [ 41 −31 6 ] + [ −60 24 3 ] = [ −19 −7 9]
−28 32 −3 −165 −21 72 −193 11 69
TRANSPUESTA DE UNA MATRIZ.

La transpuesta de una matriz A, denotado por 𝑨𝑻 , se define como aquella matriz que se
obtiene intercambiando todas las filas por las columnas de la matriz original A, es decir:

Si A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] entonces 𝐴𝑇 = [𝑎𝑗𝑖 ]

𝑚×𝑛 𝑛×𝑚

Ejemplo
−1 3
−1 2 5
𝐸=[ ] entonces 𝐸𝑇 = [ 2 −7]
3 −7 −2 2×3
5 −2 3×2

5 −8 4 5 −1 −6
𝐻 = [−1 3 2] entonces : 𝐻 𝑇 = [−8 3 −9]
−6 −9 7 3×3 4 2 7 3×3

PROPIEDADES:
1. (𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 = 𝐴
2. [(𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 ]𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇
3. (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇
4. (𝑨 × 𝑩)𝑻 = 𝑩𝑻 × 𝑨𝑻
5. (𝐾. 𝐴)𝑇 = 𝐾(𝐴)𝑇 , con k un número real

Ejemplos:

Siendo las matrices

−2 8 7 0 −5 7 11 −9 8
A =[ 3 −1 4 ] 𝐵 = [ −1 2 3 ] 𝐷 = [−4 −7 0]
−6 0 −9 3×3 −1 4 6 3×3 0 −1 2 3×3

Determinar:

a) E = 2𝐵𝑇 + 3𝐷 𝑇

0 −1 −1 0 −2 −2
2𝐵𝑇 = 2 [−5 2 4 ] = [−10 4 8]
7 3 6 14 6 12
 11 −4 0 33 −12 0
3𝐷 𝑇 = 3 [−9 −7 −1] = [−27 −21 −3]
8 0 2 24 0 6

Entonces:

0 −2 −2 33 −12 0 33 −14 −2
E = 2𝐵𝑇 + 3𝐷 𝑇 = [−10 4 8 ] + [−27 −21 −3] = [−37 −17 5]
14 6 12 24 0 6 38 6 18

b) H = 3𝐴𝑇 + 2(𝐵𝑇 + 𝐷)𝑇

𝐻 = 3𝐴𝑇 + 2{(𝐵𝑇 )𝑇 + 𝐷 𝑇 }
𝐻 = 3𝐴𝑇 + 2{𝐵 + 𝐷 𝑇 }
𝐻 = 3𝐴𝑇 + 2𝐵 + 2𝐷 𝑇

−2 3 −6 −6 9 −18
3𝐴𝑇 = 3 [ 8 −1 0 ] = [ 24 −3 0 ]
7 4 −9 21 12 −27

0 −5 7 0 −10 14
2B = 2 [−1 2 3] = [−2 4 6]
−1 4 6 −2 8 12

11 −4 0 22 −8 0
2𝐷 𝑇 = 2 [−9 −7 −1] = [−18 −14 −2]
8 0 2 16 0 4

−6 9 −18 0 −10 14 22 −8 0
H = [ 24 −3 0 ] + [−2 4 6 ] + [−18 −14 −2]
21 12 −27 −2 8 12 16 0 4
16 −9 −4
H = [ 4 −13 4 ]
35 20 −11

OTRA FORMA:
−2 8 7 0 −5 7 11 −9 8
A =[ 3 −1 4 ] 𝐵 = [−1 2 3] 𝐷 = [ −4 −7 0]
−6 0 −9 3×3 −1 4 6 3×3 0 −1 2 3×3

H = 3𝐴𝑇 + 2(𝐵𝑇 + 𝐷)𝑇

 0 −1 −1 11 −9 8 11 −10 7
𝐵𝑇 + 𝐷 = [−5 2 4 ] + [−4 −7 0] = [−9 −5 4]
7 3 6 0 −1 2 7 2 8

11 −9 7 22 −18 14
2(𝐵𝑇 + 𝐷)𝑇 = 2 [−10 −5 2] = [−20 −10 4]
7 4 8 14 8 16

−2 3 −6 −6 9 −18
3𝐴𝑇 = 3 [ 8 −1 0 ] = [ 24 −3 0 ]
7 4 −9 21 12 −27
Por tanto:

H = 3𝐴𝑇 + 2(𝐵𝑇 + 𝐷)𝑇

−6 9 −18 22 −18 14 16 −9 −4
H = [ 24 −3 0 ] + [−20 −10 4]=[4 −13 4 ]
21 12 −27 14 8 16 35 20 −11

c) 𝐸 = 5𝐷 − 2𝐵𝑇 + 7𝐴𝑇
𝐸 = 5𝐷 + (−2𝐵𝑇 ) + 7𝐴𝑇
−2 8 7 0 −5 7 11 −9 8
A =[ 3 −1 4 ] 𝐵 = [−1 2 3] 𝐷 = [−4 −7 0]
−6 0 −9 3×3 −1 4 6 3×3 0 −1 2 3×3

11 −9 8 55 −45 40
5𝐷 = 5 [−4 −7 0] = [−20 −35 0]
0 −1 2 0 −5 10

0 −1 −1 0 2 2
−2𝐵𝑇 = −2 [−5 2 4 ] = [ 10 −4 −8 ]
7 3 6 −14 −6 −12

−2 3 −6 −14 21 −42
7𝐴𝑇 = 7 [ 8 −1 0 ] = [ 56 −7 0 ]
7 4 −9 49 28 −63

55 −45 40 0 2 2 −14 21 −42

E = [−20 −35 0 ] + [ 10 −4 −8 ] + [ 56 −7 0 ]
0 −5 10 −14 −6 −12 49 28 −63
41 −22 0
E = [46 −46 −8 ]
35 17 −65
d) Determinar la suma de elementos de la diagonal secundaria de la matriz resultante
𝐸 = 3(𝐵 − 𝐷)𝑇
0 −5 7 11 −9 8
Con 𝐵 = [−1 2 3] 𝐷 = [−4 −7 0]
−1 4 6 3×3 0 −1 2 3×3

SOLUCIÓN

𝐸 = 3(𝐵 − 𝐷)𝑇

𝐸 = 3[𝐵 + (−𝐷)]𝑇

𝐸 = 3[𝐵𝑇 + (−1𝐷)𝑇 ]

𝐸 = 3[𝐵𝑇 + (−1)(𝐷)𝑇 ]

𝐸 = 3𝐵𝑇 + (−3)(𝐷)𝑇

𝐸 = 3𝐵𝑇 + (−3)𝐷 𝑇

0 −1 −1 0 −3 −3
3𝐵𝑇 = 3 [−5 2 4 ] = [−15 6 12 ]
7 3 6 21 9 18

11 −4 0 −33 12 0
(−3)𝐷 𝑇 = −3 [−9 −7 −1] = [ 27 21 3]
8 0 2 −24 0 −6

Por tanto:

𝐸 = 3𝐵𝑇 + (−3)𝐷 𝑇

0 −3 −3 −33 12 0 −33 9 −3
E = [−15 6 12 ] + [ 27 21 3 ] = [ 12 27 15 ]
21 9 18 −24 0 −6 −3 9 12

Suma de elementos de D.S= -3+27-3 = 21

e) 𝐸 = (𝐵 × 𝐷 𝑇 ) − 2𝐴𝑇
𝐸 = (𝐵 × 𝐷 𝑇 ) + (−2)𝐴𝑇
−2 8 7 0 −5 7 11 −9 8
A =[ 3 −1 4 ] 𝐵 = [−1 2 3] 𝐷 = [−4 −7 0]
−6 0 −9 3×3 −1 4 6 3×3 0 −1 2 3×3
 0 −5 7 11 −4 0
𝐵 × 𝐷 𝑇 = [−1 2 3] × [−9 −7 −1]
−1 4 6 8 0 2
(0 + 45 + 56) (0 + 35 + 0) (0 + 5 + 14) 101 35 19
= [(−11 − 18 + 24) (4 − 14 + 0) (0 − 2 + 6) ] = [ −5 −10 4]
(−11 − 36 + 48) (4 − 28 + 0) (0 − 4 + 12) 1 −24 8

−2 3 −6 4 −6 12
(−2)𝐴𝑇 = −2 [ 8 −1 0 ] = [−16 2 0]
7 4 −9 −14 −8 18

Por tanto:
101 35 19 4 −6 12 105 29 31
E=(𝐵 × 𝐷 𝑇 ) + (−2)𝐴𝑇 = [ −5 −10 4 ] + [−16 2 0 ] = [−21 −8 4]
1 −24 8 −14 −8 18 −13 −32 26

OBSERVACIÓN
105 29 31 120 0 0 −15 29 31
[−21 −8 4 ] = [−21 −17 0 ] + [ 0 9 4]
−13 −32 26 −13 −32 20 0 0 6

f) 𝐻 = 5𝐵𝑇 + 2[𝐴𝑇 − 3𝐷 𝑇 ]𝑇