Universidad de Puerto Rico en Bayamón

#170 Carr. 174, Parque Industrial Minillas

Bayamón, Puerto Rico 00959

Departamento de Física

2do examen, Física 3011

I. Course title : Introduction to the Physical Sciences, Part 1.
Instrucciones: Muestre sus razonamientos y cálculos. Sea claro y preciso. Entregue
Code : CIFI 3001
en su clase del miércoles 6 o jueves 7 de noviembre.
Credit Hours : 3
Prerequisites : None

II. Course Description :
1. Al saltar desde una posición elevada, todos tendemos a doblar las
A conceptual introduction -for non science majors- to what is known about the
rodillas al tocar el suelo. Proponga una explicación:
physical world and to the methods involved in attaining that knowledge. Part 1 is
mostly dedicated to Mechanics, Thermodynamics and the properties of matter.
Mathematical expressions are not avoided, but are not stressed.

III. Course Objectives:
To provide
2. Vá viajando en su carro cuando un insecto queda aplastado en el
• an overview of the history and nature of science, both as a subject in itself and
parabrisas. ¿Cúal sufre el mayor cambio en momentum? Explique.
as a dominant constituent of western culture; and
• for the understanding of the elementary concepts of matter, motion,
interaction and energy.


IV. Course Contents and Time Allocations :

3. Se requieren 40 J para empujar horizontalmente una caja por el suelo
1. What science is… and what it is not. 1.0 hr.
a lo largo de 4 metros. La magnitud de la fuerza aplicada sobre la caja es
2. Misconceptions regarding mechanics. 0.5 hr.
de _____ N.
3. Motion. 2.5 hr.
• Velocity and acceleration.
• Relative motion.
• Galileo. Modern science.
4. Se sostiene una masa de 2 kgs a 4 metros sobre el suelo. La energía
• Free fall.
potencial gravitacional de este objeto, respecto al suelo, es de __________ .
4. Changes in motion. 8.0 hr.
• Mass.
• Interactions.
• Newton. Laws of motion, laws of Nature, laws of reason.
5. Qué es más facil, ¿frenar un carro de 1000 kg que viaja a 40 m/s o
• Rotational motion.
frenar uno de 2000 kg que viaja a 20 m/s ?

* Exam 1. 1.5 hr.

5. Energy. 6.0 hr.

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 6. En un garaje se levantan el carro A de 1000 kgs y el carro B de 2000
kgs hasta la misma altura. (Escriba "A" para el carro A, "B" para el carro
B, o escriba "C" para significar "ambos igual" ).
Se requiere más trabajo para levantar el carro _____ .
El carro ____ resulta con mayor energía potencial gravitacional.
Si los carros se caen, el _____ se acelera más.
Si los carros se caen, el _____ llega al suelo con mayor velocidad.
.Si los carros se caen, el _____ llega al suelo con mayor momentum.
Si los carros se caen, el _____ llega al suelo con mayor energía cinética.

7. ¿Cúanto trabajo se requiere para elevar un (1) litro de agua a 10
metros sobre el suelo? _________________.
La energía potencial gravitacional respecto al suelo del litro de agua
anterior es ahora de _________________.
Si se deja caer el dichoso litro de agua, cuando llega al suelo su energía
cinética es de _________________.

8. Suponga que un avión dispara balas en la misma dirección en que
viaja. El momentum del avión, ¿aumenta, disminuye o queda igual?
Explique.

9. Una persona que pesa 500 N cae desde un trampolín a 10 metros de
altura sobre el agua. Su energía potencial, respecto al agua, en el
trampolín es de ______ . Al tocar el agua, su energía cinética es de ______ ,
y su velocidad es _______ .

10. ¿Qué requiere más trabajo, (a) levantar un objeto de 10 kg. a una
altura de 2 metros o (b) levantar un objeto de 5 kg. a una altura de 4
metros?

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11. Cae un mangó de un árbol. La fuerza sobre él al tocar el suelo
depende de
a. la velocidad del mangó en el instante de tocar el suelo.
b. el tiempo que dure el impacto con el suelo.
c. si el mangó rebota o no.
d. todas las anteriores.

Explique:

12. Un automóvil de 1,000 kgs se mueve a 5 m/s cuando aplica los
frenos, deteniéndose al cabo de 5 segundos. La fuerza promedio ejercida
sobre el automóvil es de ____ N.

13. Se tiene una piedra de 3 kg. atada a una cuerda, describiendo
círculos horizontales de 1.2 m de radio sobre una mesa sin fricción, con
velocidad angular de 1.67 rads/s. La tensión en la cuerda es de
aproximadamente ___ N.


14. Un objeto de 2 kg. desliza por una rampa de 10 metros, desde una
altura de 5 metros. Se observa que la velocidad del objeto al llegar abajo
es de 4 m/s. Podemos asegurar que había fricción entre el objeto y la
rampa, y que dicha fricción realizó un trabajo de _____ J. sobre el objeto.


15. Un objeto de 2.5 kg cae verticalmente en un medio viscoso con
velocidad constante de 2.5 m/s. Determine el trabajo realizado por la
fuerza de resistencia del medio mientras el objeto cae 0.8 metros.

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 16. Dos carros parten del reposo. Al cabo de 5 segs. se observa que el
carro A de 2,000 kg viaja a 30 km/hr, y el carro B de 1,000 kg viaja a 60
km/hr. ¿Cúal es el más potente?


17. ¿Qué requiere mayor trabajo de los frenos de un carro, disminuir la
velocidad de 100 km/hr a 70 km/hr., o disminuir la velocidad de 70
km/hr a 0 km/hr.?

18. La velocidad inicial de una partícula de 2 kg es de (5i - 4j) m/s, y al
cabo de cierto tiempo su velocidad es de (7i +3j) m/s. ¿Cúanto trabajo
realizó la fuerza resultante sobre la partícula durante ese tiempo?


19. La masa de la bola es de 2 kg, y su velocidad inicial es vo = 6 m/s. La
constante del muelle es k = 2000 N/m. (a). ¿A qué velocidad se está
moviendo la bola en el instante en que el muelle se ha comprimido 0.15
m? (b). ¿Cuánto se comprime el muelle?

20. Se tiene un péndulo con una partícula de 2 kg atada al extremo de
una cuerda de 1.5 m. En el punto más bajo del recorrido, la velocidad de
la partícula es de 4.6 m/s. Determine su energía cinética en el instante
en que la cuerda hace un ángulo de 35° con la vertical.

21. Se tiene que diseñar un ascensor de 2,000 kgs para dar servicio a un
edificio de 50 pisos. a. Estime el trabajo que debe realizar el mecanismo

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 del ascensor para llevarlo desde el lobby hasta el piso 50. b. Estime la
potencia necesaria para el motor del mecanismo.

22. ¿Cúanta potencia desarrolla una persona de 55 kg al subir por una
escalera hasta una altura de 8.0 m en 5.0 s?


23. La bolita desliza sin fricción, dá la vuelta vertical y sale por la
horizontal con velocidad de _________. ¿Cúal es la velocidad de la bolita al
pasar por el punto más alto de la vuelta circular? __________




6.0 m


2.0
m

24. Cierto péndulo consiste de una bolita de 1.5 kg atada a una cuerda
de longitud L = 2.0 m. En el punto más bajo de la trayectoria, la tensión
en la cuerda es de 20 N. ¿Hasta que altura subirá la bolita?





25. Se tiene un objeto en la cima de un cilindro de radio R. La fricción
entre las superficies es despreciable. Si el objeto comienza a deslizar
desde el reposo, determine el ángulo para el cual abandona la superficie.
(Ayuda: la normal N = 0 en el punto en que el objeto abandona la
superficie y, no habiendo fricción, la energía se conserva).

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 x (m)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
3
2
Figure P7.15 Problems 15 and 32.
26. 1
16. An archer pulls her bowstring back 0.400 m by exerting a
force that x (m)
0 2increases
4 6 uniformly
8 10 12 from
14 16zero to 230 N.
(a) What is the equivalent spring constant of the bow?
(b) How much work does the archer do in drawing the
bow? Figure P7.15 Problems 15 and 32.

16. When
17. An archer a 4.00-kgpulls object
her bowstringis hung vertically
back 0.400 onma by certain lighta
exerting
spring
force that described increases by Hooke’suniformly law,from the zero springtostretches
230 N.

2.50 cm. If the 4.00-kg object
(a) What is the equivalent spring constant of the bow? is removed, (a) how far will
the spring stretch if a 1.50-kg block is hung on it? (b) 22. A 1
(b) How much work does the archer do in drawing the
How
bow? much work must an external agent do to stretch the
27. lon
same spring 4.00 cm from its unstretched position? bu
17. When a 4.00-kg object is hung vertically on a certain light
18. Hooke’s
spring described law describes a certain light
by Hooke’s law, the spring of unstressed
spring stretches ex
length
2.50 cm. If the 4.00-kg object is removed, (a) howtop
35.0 cm. When one end is attached to the farofwill
a 10
door
the spring frame stretchand a 7.50-kg if a 1.50-kg objectblock is hung is hung from onthe it?
other
(b) the
22. A
end, the length of the spring
How much work must an external agent do to stretch the is 41.5 cm. (a) Find its els
lo
spring
same spring constant. 4.00 (b) cm from The load and the spring
its unstretched are taken
position? 1.0
b
down. Two people pull in opposite directions on the ends val
18. Hooke’s law describes a certain light spring of unstressed e
of the spring, each with a force of 190 N. Find the length 23. A1
length 35.0 cm. When one end is attached to the top of a
of the spring in this situation. fro
door frame and a 7.50-kg object is hung from the other th
19. In a control system, an accelerometer consists of a 4.70-g on
end, the length of the spring is 41.5 cm. (a) Find its e
object sliding on a horizontal rail. A low-mass spring An
spring constant. (b) The load and the spring are taken 1
attaches the object to a flange at one end of the rail. en
down. Two people pull in opposite directions on the ends
Grease va
on the rail makes static friction negligible, but rap- tan
of the spring, each with a force of 190 N. Find the length 23.coA
idly damps out vibrations of the sliding object. When the
of the spring in this situation. fr
accelerometer moves with a steady acceleration of 0.800g, the
19. the In aobjectcontrol system,
is to assume an aaccelerometer
location 0.500consists cm awayoffrom a 4.70-g
its o
24. A
object sliding
equilibrium on a Find
position. horizontalthe force rail. A low-mass
constant required spring
for A
vat
attaches
the spring. the object to a flange at one end of the rail. e
spr
Grease on the rail makes static friction negligible, but rap- ta
20. A light spring with force constant 3.85 N/m is com- ha
idly damps out vibrations of the sliding object. When the co
pressed by 8.00 cm as it is held between a 0.250-kg block (a)
accelerometer moves with a steady acceleration of 0.800g, th
on the left and a 0.500-kg block on the right, both resting spr
the object is to fromassume a onlocation 0.500 cm away from its 24. ofA
on
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ne is 48. A right circular cone can be balanced on a horizontal sur-
ters. face in three different ways. Sketch these three equilib-
hav- rium configurations and identify them as positions of sta-
n in ble, unstable, or neutral equilibrium.
28.
parti- 49. A particle of mass 1.18 kg is attached between two identi-
OC. cal springs on a horizontal, frictionless tabletop. Both
springs have spring constant k and are initially unstressed.
nder (a) The particle is pulled a distance x along a direction
00 N perpendicular to the initial configuration of the springs
dis- as shown in Figure P7.49. Show that the force exerted by
orce the(b) Show on
springs thatthe
theparticle
potential
is energy of the system is The p
osed 1.30
US 1x 2 ! kx " 2kL 1L #L 2x " L 2
2 2 2
depen
AO, F ! #2kx a 1 # b î
2x 2 " L2 identify all equilib- 0.140
CO, (c) Make a plot of U(x) versus x and
Descr
rium points. Assume L ! 1.20 m and k ! 40.0 N/m. (d)
54. Two s
ThomsonNOW; (b)If$ the
Show particle
that the
= symbolic is pulled
potential
reasoning; 0.500 =mqualitative
!energy to theof the right and then
system
reasoning is
released, what is its speed when it reaches the equilibrium oppos
and b
point x ! 0? 2
U 1x2 ! kx " 2kL L # 2x " L 1 2 22
an ins
dence
(c) Make a plot of U(x) versus x and identify all equilib- measu
rium points. Assume L ! 1.20 k m and k ! 40.0 N/m. (d)
pressi
L 54
If the particle is pulled 0.500 m to the right and then mode
released, what is its speed when x itmreaches the x equilibrium force
point x ! 0? 0.2-m
L return
k (b) M
(c) Co
the b
Top View k
L your
Figure P7.49 amou

x m x collid

Additional Problems the ti
A bead at the bottom of a bowl is one example of an
50. your
L you w
object in a stable equilibrium position. k When a physical
system is displaced by an amount x from stable equilib- this m
rium, a restoring force acts on it, tending to return the 55. ! Tak
system to its equilibriumTop View
configuration. The magnitude of as a f
the restoring
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Figure P7.49
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 (a) (b)
Figure P8.60
Figure P8.6
Image not
A block of mass M rests on a table. It is fastened to the
61. 29.
lower end of a light, vertical spring. The upper end of the
7. Two objects are connected by a light string passing over a
spring is fastened to a block of mass m. The upper block
light, frictionless pulley as shown in Figure P8.7. The
is pushed down by an additional force 3mg, so the spring
object of mass 5.00 kg is released from rest. Using the iso-
compression is 4mg/k. In this configuration, the upper
lated system model, (a) determine the speed of the 3.00-kg
block
object is
justreleased from object
as the 5.00-kg rest. hits
Thethe spring
ground.lifts(b)the lower
Find 12. Review problem
block off the table. In terms of m, what is the
the maximum height to which the 3.00-kg object rises. greatest pos-
sists of a light,
sible value for M ? and blocks of e
62. A pendulum, comprising a light string of length L and a the blocks are
small sphere, swings in the vertical plane. The string hits a blocks are then
peg located a distance d below the point of suspension moment when
(Fig. P8.62). (a) Show that if the sphere is released from a
zon- height below that of the peg, it will return to this height
com- after the string strikes the peg. m1 " (b)
5.00 Show
kg that if the pen-
nt of dulum is released from the horizontal position (u ! 90°)
trav- and is to swing in a complete circle centered on the peg,
the the minimum value of d must be 3L/5.
h " 4.00 m
m2 " 3.00 kg
0 m,
f the
d the Figure P8.7 Problems
u 7 and 8.
L d
while
you 8. Two objects are connected by Pega light string passing over a
s the light, frictionless pulley as shown in Figure P8.7. The
l off object of mass m1 is released from rest at height h. Using Section 8.3 Situati
the isolated system model, (a) determine the speed of m
2 13. A 40.0-kg box
Figure P8.62
just as m1 hits the ground. (b) Find the maximum height
30. rough, horizon
to which m2 rises. force of 130 N
63. A ball whirls around in a vertical circle at the end of a and floor is 0.3
9. A light, rigid rod is 77.0 cm long. Its top end is pivoted on
string. The other end of the string is fixed at the
a low-friction horizontal axle. The rod hangs straight center of force, (b) the i
the circle. Assuming the total energy of the ball–Earth
down at rest with a small massive ball attached to its bot- sys- system as a re
tem remains constant, show that the tension in the string
at the bottom is greater than the tension at the top by six
2 = intermediate; 3 = challenging; ! = SSM/SG; " = ThomsonNOW; # = symbo
times the weight of the ball.
64. A roller-coaster car is released from rest at the top of the
first rise and then moves freely with negligible friction.
The
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loop of radius R in a vertical plane. (a) First suppose the

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