Libro Prob - Resul

Santi
www.wuolah.com/student/Santi
308
LibroPbRyRv2.pdf
Libro de problemas resueltos
4º Sistemas de Radiocomunicación
Grado en Ingeniería de las Tecnologías de Telecomunicación
ETSI - Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería

US - Universidad de Sevilla
Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su
totalidad.
a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-1191289
Juan José Murillo Fuentes
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería

RADIOCOMUNICACIÓN
PROBLEMAS DE
Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
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WINFIELD´S English Language Centre - ¡Tu título de inglés en verano!


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MT TR 5JFNQP NFEJP FO SFQBSBS
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EF DBOBM EF EPT SBZPT
b .ØEVMP EFM TFHVOEP SBZP FO VO NPEFMP EF DBOBM EF EPT SBZPT OPSNBM
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r 3BEJP EF MB 5JFSSB
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ρ� -POHJUVE EFM TBUÏMJUF HFPFTUBDJPOBSJP
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Sc 4VQFSĕDJF EF DFMEB
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Dc %JTUBODJB EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO
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n k &YQPOFOUF Z DPOTUBOUF EF QÏSEJEBT l b = kd n

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Cc /ÞNFSP EF DBOBMFT EJTQPOJCMFT FO VO TJTUFNB DFMVMBS
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FO GVODJØO EF MB HBOBODJB EJSFDUJWB D t Ø D r FO MBT NJTNBT VOJEBEFT DPNP
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G r = D r − L ar ,
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L at = −�� log η t
L ar = −�� log η r
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η t = p t �p′t
ηr = p r �p′r .
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pire = p t ⋅ d t
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p e t NFOPT MBT QÏSEJEBT EF MB TFDDJØO EF BMJNFOUBDJØO P DJSDVJUP EF BDPQMP L tt RVFEB
PIRE = Pt′ + G t = Pe t − L tt + G t .
4F SFDVFSEB BRVÓ RVF
PIRE = Pt′ (E#N) + G t (E#) = Pt′ (E#N) + G t (E#E) + G d i p (E#) = PRA + G d i p (E#),

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E(E# µ7N) = ��.� + PIRE(E#L) − �� log d(LN),
E(E# µ7N) = ��.� + PRA(E#L) − �� log d(LN).
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Ø FO E#N <>
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lb f r
λ
EPOEF
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lb f = � �
λ
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Pdr (E#N) = Pe t (E#N) − L tt − L at + D t − L b f + D r − L tr − L ar =
= Pe t (E#N) − L tt − G t − L b f + G r − L tr .
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FO MB FDVBDJØO
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E(E# µ7N) = Pt′ (E#8) + G t − L b + �� log f (.)[) + ��.�
E(E# µ7N) = PIRE − L b + �� log f (.)[) + ��
E(E# µ7N) = PRA − L b + �� log f (.)[) + ��.�.
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E � (E# µ7N) = ��.� + PIRE t� (E#L) − �� log d(LN)
E � (E# µ7N) = ��.� + PIRE t� (E#L) − �� log d(LN).
%F EPOEF
E � (E# µ7N) − E � (E# µ7N) = PIRE t� (E#L) − PIRE t� (E#L).
: TJ QPS FKFNQMP PIRE t� (E#L) = �
E � (E# µ7N) − E � (E# µ7N) = PIRE t� (E#L).
'ØSNVMB EF 'SJJT FO PUSP NFEJP DVBMRVJFSB
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Z IBDJFOEP VTP EF
TF EFĕOF MB BUFOVBDJØO EF DBNQP SFTQFDUP BM FTQBDJP MJCSF

a e = (e o �e)�
Eo
L e = �� log
= E o (E# µ7N) − E(E# µ7N).
E
3FUPNBOEP MB EFĕOJDJØO EF QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB

e� e � e o� � e o�
p′r = S = S = S .
��π e q e o� ��π e q l e ��π e q
*OUSPEVDJFOEP MB EFĕOJDJØO EF S e q RVFEB
� p′t g t
p′r = g .
l e lb f r
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DPO MB NJTNB GØSNVMB FO FM DBTP EF FTQBDJP MJCSF
TF EFEVDF RVF
l b = l b f ⋅ l e 'JOBMNFOUF
Pdr (E#N) = Pe t (E#N) − L tt − L at + D t − L b + D r − L ar − L tr

= Pe t (E#N) − L tt + G t − L b + G r − L tr .

4JTUFNBT SBEJBOUFT
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MJOFBMFT SFDUBT &M PCKFUJWP QSJODJQBM EF FTUPT QSPCMFNBT FT EPCMF 1PS VO MBEP FOGBUJ[BS
RVF FM WBMPS EF MB JOUFOTJEBE EF DPSSJFOUF B MP MBSHP EFM DPOEVDUPS EFUFSNJOB MB GPSNB
FO MB RVF BOUFOB SBEJB 1PS PUSP NPTUSBS DØNP B QBSUJS EF FTUF DPOPDJNJFOUP TF QVFEFO
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DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT EF MB NJTNB EF TV GPSNB Z EF MB JOUFOTJEBE RVF MB SFDPSSB 1BSB DBMDVMBSMPT
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UPEPT FTUPT QBSÈNFUSPT FM EF NBZPS JNQPSUBODJB FT MB HBOBODJB EF MB NJTNB
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QSJODJQJP EF NVMUJQMJDBDJØO EF BOUFOBT &M 1SPCMFNB 1 JODMVZF VO FKFNQMP EF DÈMDVMP
FO FM RVF IBZ QMBOPT DPOEVDUPSFT SFĘFDUPSFT

4F UFSNJOB DPO VO QBS EF QSPCMFNBT FO MPT RVF TF FTUVEJB FM WBMPS EF DBNQP P QPUFODJB
SFDJCJEP EFTEF VOB BOUFOB JODMVZFOEP MB QSPQBHBDJØO FO DPOEJDJPOFT EJTUJOUBT B MB EF
FTQBDJP MJCSF &O FM QSJNFSP EF FMMPT 1SPCMFNB 1 TF VUJMJ[B VO NPEFMP EF QSPQBHBDJØO
EF UJFSSB QMBOB Z FO FM TFHVOEP 1SPCMFNB 1 TF FNQMFB VOB ĕHVSB QBSB EFTDSJCJS MBT
QÏSEJEBT FO POEB TF TVQFSĕDJF .ÈT BEFMBOUF FO TJHVJFOUFT DBQÓUVMPT QVFEF DPOTVMUBS

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NB 1 &M QSJNFS BQBSUBEP EFM 1SPCMFNB 1 UBNCJÏO FT EF JOUFSÏT QBSB QSPGVOEJ[BS
FO FM FTUVEJP EF MB QSPQBHBDJØO
" DPOUJOVBDJØO TF JODMVZF VOB CSFWF JOUSPEVDDJØO UFØSJDB JODMVZFOEP MB OPUBDJØO NÈT
JNQPSUBOUF RVF UBNCJÏO TF JODMVZF BM DPNJFO[P EF FTUF UFYUP &O < > QVFEF FODPOUSBS
JOGPSNBDJØO EFUBMMBEB
1 %JQPMP JEFBM
1BSB MB BOUFOB EJQPMP EF MPOHJUVE UPUBM λ�� Z EJTUSJCVDJØO EF DPSSJFOUF JEFBM DPOTUBOUF F
JHVBM B I FO MB 'JHVSB DVZB QPUFODJB EF SBEJBDJØO FT ��.�� ⋅ I � DBMDVMF QBSB DBNQPT
MFKBOPT
!
!z!
λ/2!
!! !
r’= !I(z)=I!!
!!!!!!!!
y!
!!x!
'JHVSB &TRVFNB EF BOUFOB DPOTUJUVJEB QPS VO EJQPMP λ�� F JOUFOTJEBE JEFBM DPOTUBOUF
B
-B SFTJTUFODJB EF SBEJBDJØO 1VFEF TFS OFDFTBSJP SFDVSSJS B NÏUPEPT OVNÏSJDPT QBSB
SFTPMWFS JOUFHSBMFT
C
-B FYQSFTJØO EF MB HBOBODJB EJSFDUJWB FO GVODJØO EF MBT DPPSEFOBEBT FTGÏSJDBT θ, �
D
3FQSFTFOUF MB HBOBODJB EJSFDUJWB Z DBMDVMF FM WBMPS EF MB EJSFDUJWJEBE
4PMVDJØO
B
1BSB DBMDVMBS MB SFTJTUFODJB EF SBEJBDJØO OPT IBDF GBMUB MB QPUFODJB SBEJBEB 1BSB DBMDVMBS
ÏTUB TF JOUFHSB FM WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH FO VOB TVQFSĕDJF DFSSBEB HFOFSBMNFOUF VOB FTGFSB
" TV WF[ QBSB DBMDVMBS FM WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH FT OFDFTBSJP DBMDVMBS MPT DBNQPT FMÏDUSJDP
Z NBHOÏUJDP 1BSB FTUP TF QVFEF SFDVSSJS B DBMDVMBS FM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS )BDFNPT FTUPT
DÈMDVMPT

1 %JQPMP JEFBM
-B FYQSFTJØO HFOFSBM EFM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS FT
µ � �J(�r ′ ) − jk � (r−r̂⋅�r ′ )
A� = A�d dV = �J(�r ′ )e jk � r̂⋅�r ′ dV ,
µ
∫
V
∫ V �πr
e dV = � e− jk � r
�πr ∫V

EPOEF V JOEJDB WPMVNFO A�d FT FM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS DSFBEP QPS VO EJGFSFODJBM EF

�
→
WPMVNFO FO FM QVOUP �r J (�r ′ ) FT FM ĘVKP EF DPSSJFOUF FO FM QVOUP �r ′ µ � MB QFSNFBCJMJEBE
NBHOÏUJDB FO FTQBDJP MJCSF Z k � FT FM OÞNFSP EF POEB FO FTQBDJP MJCSF &O HFOFSBM TF
VUJMJ[B �r QBSB JOEJDBS FM WFDUPS RVF VOF FM DFOUSP EFM TJTUFNB EF DPPSEFOBEBT DPO FM
QVOUP EPOEF TF RVJFSF DBMDVMBS FM FGFDUP EF MB BOUFB Z �r ′ QBSB JOEJDBS FM WFDUPS RVF VOF
FM DFOUSP EFM TJTUFNB EF DPPSEFOBEBT DPO VO QVOUP P FMFNFOUP EJGFSFODJBM EF MB BOUFOB
&M DBTP EF VOB BOUFOB MJOFBM FTUB FYQSFTJØO TF DPODSFUB FO
µ � I(�r ′ )e− jk � ��r −�r � ′

′
A� = ∫ d �r .
l �π ��r − �r ′ �
&O OVFTUSP DBTP MB JOUFOTJEBE EF DPSSJFOUF FT DPOTUBOUF I(z) = I cos(k � z) ≈ I −l � z � l

%POEF TF IB UPNBEP DPNP SFGFSFODJB RVF FM EJQPMP WB EF −l B l "TÓ
A� = � e− jk � r
µ l µ � − jk � r �
�πr ∫ −l
I(�r ′ )e jk � r̂⋅�r d �r ′ =
′
�πr
e N(�r ),
�
RVFEBOEP EFĕOJEP FM WFDUPS EF SBEJBDJØO N
&O FM DBTP QBSUJDVMBS EF MB BOUFOB RVF OPT PDVQB
�=
l l
N ∫−l
Ie jk � r̂⋅�r dr ′ ẑ = ẑI
′
∫ −l
e jk � z cos θ dz
= {e jk � x cos θ = cos(k � x cos θ) + j sen(k � x cos θ)} =

l sen(k � l cos θ)
= ẑI� � ∫ �
cos(k � z cos θ)dz� = ẑI� �
k � cos θ
�
FT FM WFDUPS EF SBEJBDJØO Z ĕOBMNFOUF
A� = ẑ � e− jk � r I� �
µ sen(k � l cos θ)
�.
�πr k � cosθ
&M DBNQP NBHOÏUJDP FO DBNQPT MFKBOPT TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS VUJMJ[BOEP MB FYQSFTJØO
� = �ˆ ⋅ H � = −�ˆ ⋅ � sen θ ∂A z ,
H
µ� ∂r
RVF FT WÈMJEB QBSB DVBMRVJFS BOUFOB MJOFBM SFDUB BMJOFBEB FO FM FKF z DPNP FM EJQPMP
FMFNFOUBM P FM EJQPMP λ��

3FBMJ[BOEP MPT DÈMDVMPT QFSUJOFOUFT
� = −�ˆ ⋅ I sen θ ∂ � � e− jk � r � sen(k � l cos θ)

H
�π ∂r r k � cos θ
I jk � sen(k � l cos θ)
= − �ˆ ⋅ sen θ �− � e− jk � r − � e− jk � r � .
�π r r k � cos θ
&O DBNQPT MFKBOPT
� ≈ φ̂ ⋅ I sen θ � jk � e− jk � r � sen(k � l cos θ)

H
�π r k � cos θ
I jk � − jk � r sen(k � l cos θ)
= φ̂ ⋅ sen θ � e �
�π r k � cos θ
I − jk � r
= φ̂ ⋅ j e sen(k � l cos θ) tan(θ).
�πr
&M WFDUPS DBNQP FMÏDUSJDP UBNCJÏO FO DBNQPT MFKBOPT TF DBMDVMB DPNP FM PSUPHPOBM
EF GPSNB RVF FM QSPEVDUP WFDUPSJBM EFM DBNQP FMÏDUSJDP Z NBHOÏUJDP TFB FM WFDUPS EF
1PZOUJOH FO MB EJSFDDJØO r̂ "EFNÈT MPT NØEVMPT FTUÈO SFMBDJPOBEPT QPS MB JNQFEBODJB
DBSBDUFSÓTUJDB EFM NFEJP
E� = θ̂ ⋅ E θ = θ̂ ⋅ ηH � ,
Z FM WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH
� � ηI �
�S� = E ⋅ H = E � = � � sen� (k � l cos θ) tan� (θ)r̂.
� �η �π r
-B QPUFODJB SBEJBEB
�→
p t = � � S � ⋅ d S� =
�π π ηI �
∫S
∫ ∫
� � �π � r �
sen� (k � l cos θ) tan� (θ)r � sen θdθdφ
ηI � π
= � �π
�π ∫ �
sen� (k � l cos θ) tan� (θ) sen(θ)dθ = {l = λ��} = ��.��I � ,
EPOEF TF IBO VUJMJ[BEP NÏUPEPT OVNÏSJDPT QBSB DBMDVMBS MB JOUFHSBM -B SFTJTUFODJB EF

SBEJBDJØO R a
�
p t = I � R a = �.��I � ⇒ R a = � ⋅ ��.�� = ��.�� Ω.
C
"DVEJNPT B MB EFĕOJDJØO EF JOUFOTJEBE EF SBEJBDJØO
ηI �
u(θ, φ) = �S� ⋅ r � = sen� (k � l cos θ) tan� (θ).
�π �
: DPNP QBSB VOB BOUFOB JTØUSPQB
p t ��.��I �
u i sotro pa (θ, �) = = ,
�π �π
MB HBOBODJB EJSFDUJWB RVFEB
sen� (k � l cos θ) tan� (θ)

ηI �
u(θ, φ)
d(θ, φ) = = �π �
u i sotro pa ��.��I �
�π
= �.�� sen� (k � l cos θ) tan� (θ).
D
4F SFQSFTFOUB FO MB HBOBODJB EJSFDUJWB FO 'JHVSB B NPEP EF EJBHSBNB EF SBEJBDJØO
-B EJSFDUJWJEBE FT FM NÈYJNP WBMPS ²TUF TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS CJFO PCTFSWBOEP FO FM
EJBHSBNB RVF FM NÈYJNP FTUÈ FO θ = π�� P CJFO EFSJWBOEP FO DVZP DBTP BQBSFDF VOB
JOEFUFSNJOBDJØO RVF QVFEF SFTPMWFSTF BQMJDBOEP -)PQJUBM -B EJSFDUJWJEBE RVFEB
d = máx d(θ, �) = �.��(k � l)� = �.�� = �.�� E#.
θ ,�
1BSB BQMJDBS -)PQJUBM EFĕOJNPT
d
a(θ) = sen(k � l cos θ) = − cos((k � l cos θ))k � l sen θ
dθ
d sen(θ) �
b(θ) = =
dθ cos(θ) cos� θ
RVFEB
lı́m a(θ)
−� ⋅ k � l ⋅ �
= = −k � l .
θ→π��

lı́m b(θ) ��

θ→π��

$POTJEFSF VOB BOUFOB DPOTUSVJEB NFEJBOUF VOB MÓOFB EF USBOTNJTJØO WFS 'JHVSB EF
MPOHJUVE l TJO QÏSEJEBT RVF UFSNJOB FO VOB DBSHB BEBQUBEB 4J TF IBDF DJSDVMBS QPS FMMB
VOB DPSSJFOUF EF BNQMJUVE I � TJFOEP β MB DPOTUBOUF EF GBTF
I(z) = I � e− jβz .
B
%FUFSNJOF MB FYQSFTJØO EFM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS FO [POB MFKBOB FO GVODJØO EFM ÈOHVMP θ
C
$BMDVMF FM DBNQP FMÏDUSJDP Z FM DBNQP NBHOÏUJDP
D
$BMDVMF FM WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH Z MB JOUFOTJEBE EF SBEJBDJØO QBSB β = k � Z l = λ

y Plano H Plano E
z
z 1.75
8. Problema 2. Final Jun.05
idos: Nombre: 1 Plan: N ! A!
1.75 x
que todas sus respuestas. Si en el inciso de alguna pregunta encuentra dificultad, pase a contestar lasy,x
siguientes.
x Escriba su
sta en el espacio reservado. No olvide marcar y la casilla correspondiente al Plan al que pertenece ( Nuevo/ Antiguo).
1.75
ema 2. x
Considere
una antena construida mediante una línea de transmisión, de longitud l sin pérdidas,
ermina en una carga adaptada. Si se hace circular por ella una corriente de amplitud Io, siendo β la
ante de fase, 'JHVSB %JBHSBNB EF SBEJBDJØO SFTVMUBOUF QBSB FM EJQPMP λ�� EF JOUFOTJEBE JEFBM DPOT
UBOUF " MB J[RVJFSEB TF JODMVZF FO −EJNFOTJPOFT
jβz FO FM DFOUSP FM DPSUF FO FM
I ( z ) = I e
QMBOP IPSJ[POUBM Z FM DPSUF FO FMo QMBOP WFSUJDBM B MB EFSFDIB 4F JODMVZF FM
termine la expresión delEJBHSBNB
potencialEF SBEJBDJØO
vector enEFzona
MB BOUFOB JTØUSPQB
lejana, MÓOFB QVOUFBEB

en función del ángulo θ.
cule el campo eléctrico y el campo magnético.
cule el vectorE
de3FQSFTFOUF
poyintingMByGPSNB
la intensidad de EF
EFM EJBHSBNB radiación para
SBEJBDJØO =kNVMUJQMJDBEP
&TUP βFT 0 y l= . QPS DVBMRVJFS
presente la formaDPOTUBOUF
del diagrama de radiación. Esto es, multiplicado por cualquier constante.
/PUB %FTQSFDJF MPT FGFDUPT EFM TVFMP JODMVJEP FO MB ĕHVSB

1: Desprecie los efectos del suelo incluido en la figura.
Io
ZC, β
ZC
'JHVSB "OUFOB SFBMJ[BEB DPO MÓOFB EF USBOTNJTJØO

Fig. P4: Antena de onda viajera
ence a resolver el problema a continuación y en cualquier caso entregue esta hoja.
ás inmediato es poner el eje de referencia en el punto medio. La intensidad queda

I (z ) = I 0e! j b ( z +l /2 )
calcula el potencial vector, recurrimos al potencial vector generado por una antena lineal en distancias
as
WINFIELD´S English  Language
µ  - ¡Tu título
Centre  de inglés en verano!
A = 0 e− jk0r ∫l I (r ' )e jk0rˆ⋅r 'dr '
4PMVDJØO
B
-P NÈT JONFEJBUP FT QPOFS FM DFOUSP EFM TJTUFNB EF SFGFSFODJB FO FM QVOUP NFEJP -B
JOUFOTJEBE RVFEB
I(z) = I � e− jβ(z+l ��) .
1BSB DBMDVMBS FM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS SFDVSSJNPT BM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS HFOFSBEP QPS VOB
BOUFOB MJOFBM FO EJTUBODJBT MFKBOBT DBMDVMBEP FO

A� = � e− jk � r
µ
�πr ∫ I(�r )e
l
′ r′ d �
jk � r̂⋅� r′
DPO d �r ′ = dzẑ Z �r ′ = zẑ EF GPSNB RVF I(�r ′ ) = I � e− jβ(z+l ��) Z k � �r ′ ⋅ r̂ = k � z cos θ -B
JOUFHSBM RVFEB
l ��
A� = � e− jk � r
µ
�πr ∫Ie �
− jβ(z+l ��)+ jk � z cos θ d �
r′ =
l ��
l ��
µ I
= � � e− jk � r e− jβ l ��
�πr ∫e − jk � z(β�k � −cos θ) dz ⋅ ẑ
l ��
µ � I � − jk � r − jβ l �� sen [k � l�� (β�k � − cos θ)]

= e e � ⋅ ẑ.
�πr k � (β�k � − cos θ)
C
1BSB FM DBNQP NBHOÏUJDP VUJMJ[BNPT MB BQSPYJNBDJØO FO DBNQPT MFKBOPT QBSB VOB
BOUFOB MJOFBM SFDUB FO FTUF DBTP FO FM FKF z
� = �ˆ ⋅ H � = −�ˆ ⋅ � sen θ ∂A z = {� >> ��r}

H
µ� ∂r
I sen [k � l�� (β�k � − cos θ)]
= �ˆ ⋅ j � e− jk � r e− jβ l �� sen θ .
�πr (β�k � − cos θ)
&M DBNQP FMÏDUSJDP TF DBMDVMB DPNP FM PSUPHPOBM EF GPSNB RVF FM QSPEVDUP WFDUPSJBM
EFM DBNQP FMÏDUSJDP Z NBHOÏUJDP TFB FM WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH
sen [k � l�� (β�k � − cos θ)]

E� = θ̂ ⋅ ηH � = θ̂ ⋅ j � e− jk � r e− jβ l �� sen θ
ηI
.
�πr (β�k � − cos θ)
D
&M WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH QSPNFEJP
�→ � ∗ = θ̂ ⋅ η � I � sen θ sen [k � l�� (β�k � − cos θ)] � .

�
� S � = E� × H
�

� �πr (β�k � − cos θ)

&O FM DBTP β = k � RVFEB
� ∗ � = η � I � sen θ sen [k � l�� sen (θ��)] �

�
�S� = � E� × H
� �

 ηI − jk0 r − jβl /�2 (β / k 0 − cosθ )] sen (θ��)

sen[k 0 l / 2�πr �
E = θˆ ⋅ηH φ = θˆ ⋅ j 0 e e senθ
2πr (β / k 0 − cosθ )
Z QBSB l = λ
El vector de poyinting promedio
2
1   ∗ ˆ & I0 sen[k 0l / 2(β / k 0 − cos θ )] #
P = E × H = θ ⋅η $$ senθ !!
k 0 −[π θ ) � (θ��)] �
�S� = � E� × H
� ∗ � = η � � senθ
2 � % 2πr I (β /sen cossen
� .
"

En el caso β = k0 queda � �πr sen� (θ��)

2
1   & I
P = E × H ∗ = η$ 0 senθ
[
sen k 0l / 2sen 2 (θ / 2) #! ]
-B JOUFOTJEBE EF SBEJBDJØO
2 BDVEJFOEP
$ 2πr
% sen 2 (θ / 2)
B MB EFĕOJDJØO !
"
y para l=λ
sen [π sen�2(θ��)]
�
I
u(θ, �)1 =  ∗ r � &=Iη0 � �
��S�� [
sen πθsen 2 (θ / 2�) #!
sen � .
]
P = E× H =η $
$ 2πr �πθ
sen
2
sen (θ��) !
2 % sen (θ / 2) "
La intensidad de radiación
E
3FQSFTFOUBNPT 2
u(θ , φ ) = P
&I
r 2 = η$ 0 senθ
sen πsen [
(θ / 2)]#! 2
sen [π sensen
� (θ��)]
2
$ 2π (θ / 2) � !"
�sen θ � ,
%

sen� (θ��)
2
&
Representamos $ senθ
[
sen πsen 2 (θ / 2) #! ]
$
PCUFOJFOEP
% sen 2 (θ / 2)FO MB
FM EJBHSBNB
!
" 'JHVSB
90 8
120 60
6
150 4 30
180 0
210 330
240 300
270
'JHVSB "OUFOB SFBMJ[BEB DPO MÓOFB EF USBOTNJTJØO
31
1 %JQPMPT FO DSV[

Plan: N ! A!
tra dificultad, pase a contestar las siguientes. Escriba su
iente al Plan al que pertenece ( Nuevo/ Antiguo).
1 %JQPMPT FO DSV[
4FB VOB BOUFOB JEFBM GPSNBEB QPS EPT EJQPMPT FMFNFOUBMFT EPT EJQPMPT EF MPOHJUVE JOĕOJ
UFTJNBM DSV[BEPT TFHÞO MB 'JHVSB $BEB EJQPMP UJFOF MPOHJUVE dl Z FTUÈ SFDPSSJEP QPS
zados según laMB NJTNB
figuraDPSSJFOUF I
adjunta. Cada dipolo tiene
ẑ
− jko r
ŷ
es A = µ Idl e ,
o
4πr x̂
Fig. P1. Antena
θ, en cualquier 'JHVSB
punto. %PT EJQPMPT EJTQVFTUPT PSUPHPOBMNFOUF Z DSV[BEPT FO FM QVOUP NFEJP
e ambos dipolos elementales

B
4J FM NØEVMP EFM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS EF VO EJQPMP FMFNFOUBM FT
e− jk � r
A = µ � Idl ,
�πr
DBMDVMF FM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS FO DPPSEFSOBEBT FTGÏSJDBT (r, �, θ) FO DVBMRVJFS QVOUP
C
%FNVFTUSF RVF FM DBNQP MFKBOP TF QVFEF FTDSJCJS DPNP
E� = − jωA(− sen � + cos �)�ˆ − jωA (cos θ [cos � + sen�]) θ̂.
D
$BMDVMF FM WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH
=
E
$BMDVMF MB SFTJTUFODJB EF SBEJBDJØO
F
$BMDVMF MB EJSFDUJWJEBE
!
E =−jωA(−senφ + cos φ)φˆ1BSB
/PUB − jωDBNQPT [ cosφ + senφ]) θˆ
A( cosθMFKBOPT
Er = � Hr = �
E � = − jωA � E � �H � = η
E θ = − jωA θ E θ �H θ = η
Z
� �
IRe [E × H ∗ ] = ��E � �� + �E θ �� .
� �η
Vectores de la base de coordenadas esféricas.
=η rˆ = senθcosφxˆ English
WINFIELD´S + senLanguage
θsenφyˆ + cos-θ¡Tu
Centre zˆ título de inglés en verano!
/PUB -PT WFDUPSFT EF MB CBTF EF DPPSEFOBEBT FTGÏSJDBT TPO
r̂ = sen θ cos �x̂ + sen θ sen �ŷ + cos θẑ

�ˆ = − sen �x̂ + cos �ŷ
θ̂ = cos θ cos �x̂ + cos θ sen �ŷ − sen θẑ.
4PMVDJØO
B
&M QPUFODJBM WFDUPS FT MB TVNB EF MPT QPUFODJBMFT WFDUPSFT EF BNCPT EJQPMPT FMFNFOUBMFT
A� = A(x̂ + ŷ)
&O FTGÏSJDBT IBDJFOEP VTP EF MB /PUB
A r = A� ⋅ r̂ = A(x̂ + ŷ)(sen θ cos �x̂ + sen θ sen �ŷ + cos θẑ) =

= A(sen θ cos � + sen θ sen �)
A � = A� ⋅ �ˆ = A(x̂ + ŷ)(− sen �x̂ + cos �ŷ) =

= A(− sen � + cos �)
A θ = A� ⋅ θ̂ = A(x̂ + ŷ)(cos θ cos �x̂ + cos θ sen �ŷ − sen θẑ) =

= A(cos θ cos � + cos θ sen �).
C
&O DBNQPT MFKBOPT IBDJFOEP VTP EF MB /PUB
Er = �
E � = − jωA � = − jωA(− sen � + cos �)
E θ = − jωA θ = − jωA(cos θ(cos � + sen �)).
D
&M WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH FT IBDJFOEP EF OVFWP VTP EF MB /PUB
� �
��S�� = IRe [E × H ∗ ] = ��E � �� + �E θ ��
� �η
� � �
= ω �A� �((� − sen(��))�� + cos� θ(� + sen(��))��) =
�η
� � µ o Idl �
= ω � � �((� − sen(��))�� + cos� θ(� + sen(��))��)
�η �πr
ηk o� I � dl �
= ((� − sen(��))�� + cos� θ(� + sen(��))��).
��π � r �
E
%JSFDUBNFOUF TJ FO VO EJQPMP FMFNFOUBM EF
UFOHP VOB UFOTJØO V F JOUFOTJEBE I
SFMBDJPOBEPT B USBWÏT EF MB SFTJTUFODJB EF SBEJBDJØO R a d .e . BIPSB UFOFNPT EJQPMPT
FO TFSJF DPO NØEVMP EFM DBNQP SFTVMUBOUF �E�� = ��E d .e . �� -B QPUFODJB UPUBM SBEJBEB FT
FM EPCMF EF MB EFM EF Z MB JNQFEBODJB UBNCJÏO R a = �R a d .e .

1 "OUFOB DPMJOFBM
&O UPEP DBTP TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS
�→
π �π
PT = R a I � = PT = � � S � dS� =
�
� ∫
s
∫ ∫ �S� r
� �
� sen θd�dθ =
π �π
ηk o� I � dl �
=
��π � ∫ ∫ ((� − sen(��))�� + cos θ(� + sen(��))��) sen θd�dθ =
� �
�
π
ηk o� I � dl � ηk o� I � dl �
=
��π �
π ∫
�
sen θ (� + cos� θ)dθ =
��π �
π(� + ��)
ηk o� I � dl � ηk o� I � dl �
= π ⋅ �� = .
��π � �π
$PNP PT = �� R a I �
ηk o� I � dl � � ηk o� dl � �π �
= Ra I� ⇒ Ra = = ��k o� dl � = �� dl �
�π � �π λ
dl �
= ��π � � = �Ra�d .e .
√ FOUSFHP FM EPCMF EF QPUFODJB PT = �� ⋅ �V I QBSB PCUFOFS VO DBNQP

F
%F JHVBM GPSNB
EF NPEVMP �E EPOEF E FT FM DBNQP QSPQPSDJPOBEP QPS VO TPMP EJQPMP FMFNFOUBM
1PS MP UBOUP UFOHP VO WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH NÈYJNP DPO NØEVMP FM EPCMF EFM RVF UFOÓB
QFSP B DPTUB EFM EPCMF EF QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB -B EJSFDUJWJEBE RVFEB JHVBM
"UFOEJFOEP B MB EFĕOJDJØO
U max (�, θ)
��
PT
D= = �π = �� = �.� = �.�� E#,
PT ��π PT ��π
EPOEF EBEP RVF U(�, θ) = �S� ⋅ r �
ηk o� I � dl � � ��
�P�max ⋅ r � = {θ = �} = = PT = P .
��π � ��π �π T
1 "OUFOB DPMJOFBM

4F QJEF FTUVEJBS VOB BOUFOB NVZ VUJMJ[BEB FO SBEJPEJGVTJØO 4F USBUB EF VOB BOUFOB GPSNBEB
QPS EPT EJQPMPT λ�� FO MÓOFB TFQBSBEPT VOB EJTUBODJB d EF BIÓ RVF FTUB BOUFOB SFDJCB FM
OPNCSF EF DPMJOFBM WFS 'JHVSB "NCPT FMFNFOUPT FTUÈO BMJNFOUBEPT DPO MB NJTNB
JOUFOTJEBE I 4F QJEF
B
0CUFOFS FM EJBHSBNB EF SBEJBDJØO TØMP MB GPSNB BQSPYJNBEB QBSB FM QMBOP IPSJ[POUBM
Z FM WFSUJDBM TJ d = λ
C
1SPQPSDJPOBS VOB FYQSFTJØO BVORVF JODMVZB VOB JOUFHSBM TJO SFTPMWFS QBSB MB QPUFODJB

SBEJBEB FO GVODJØO EF MB EJTUBODJB d

D
$BMDVMBS FM WBMPS EF MB QPUFODJB SBEJBEB MB SFTJTUFODJB EF SBEJBDJØO MB HBOBODJB EJSFDUJWB
Z MB EJSFDUJWJEBE QBSB d = λ
E
$POUFTUBS B MB TJHVJFOUF QSFHVOUB {4F NBOUFOESÈO FTUPT NJTNPT WBMPSFT QBSB PUSBT
EJTUBODJBT d 3B[POF TV SFTQVFTUB
z
!
θ
!

! r
d"
!
!
y
!
x
! φ
!
'JHVSB &TRVFNB BOUFOBT DPMJOFBM EF EPT EJQPMPT λ��
!
/PUB "MHVOB EF MBT TJHVJFOUFT JOUFHSBMFT QVFEF TFSMF EF VUJMJEBE
!
! π cos� ( π� cos θ)(� + cos(�π cos θ))

∫ � sen� θ
dθ ≈ �.��
π cos� ( π� cos θ)(� + cos(π cos θ))
∫ � sen� θ
dθ ≈ �.��
π cos� ( π� cos θ)
∫ � sen θ
r0 dθ ≈ �.��
r1
π cos ( � cos θ)(cos (π cos θ))
� π �
dcos θ ∫ � sen θ
dθ ≈ �.��
π cos� ( π� cos θ)(cos(�π cos θ))
θ!
∫ � sen θ
dθ ≈ � ẑ !
Antena 0 d Antena 1
!
1 "OUFOB DPMJOFBM
4PMVDJØO
B
&O MB 'JHVSB TF QVFEF BQSFDJBS RVF d FT MB EJTUBODJB RVF TFQBSB MBT BOUFOBT Z θ FT FM
ÈOHVMP EF MB EJSFDDJØO FO MB RVF TF DBMDVMB FM WBMPS EFM QBUSØO EF SBEJBDJØO SFTQFDUP
BM FKF WFSUJDBM $PNP TF IB BMJOFBEP FM TJTUFNB EF DPPSEFOBEBT EF GPSNB RVF z TF
ẑ FTUF ÈOHVMP DPJODJEF DPO FM
DPSSFTQPOEF DPO FM QSPQJP QPTUF RVF TVTUFOUB MBT BOUFOBT
! WBMPS θ EFM TJTUFNB EF DPPSEFOBEBT FTGÏSJDBT 4J TF DFOUSB FM TJTUFNB EF DPPSEFOBEBT
FO FM QVOUP NFEJP FOUSF MBT BOUFOBT FM EJBHSBNB EF SBEJBDJØO FT PNOJEJSFDDJPOBM FO
θ
! � EFCJEP B MB TJNFUSÓB SFTQFDUP BM FKF z "TÓ TØMP IBZ EFQFOEFODJB FO θ RVF WFOESÈ
EBEB QPS MB EJGFSFODJB EF GBTF ψ FOUSF MPT DBNQPT MFKBOPT RVF TF SFDJCFO EF BNCBT

BOUFOBT RVF EBSÈ MVHBS BM QBUSØO EF HSVQP
Z MB QPUFODJB RVF MMFHBSÓB
! r TJ TØMP IVCJFTF VO
FMFNFOUP SBEJBOEP QBUSØO VOJUBSJP

d" $PNP SFTVMUBEP FM DPSUF EFM QBUSØO EF SBEJBDJØO
QPS DVBMRVJFS QMBOP RVF DPOUFOHB B z TF QVFEF PCUFOFS QPS NVMUJQMJDBDJØO EF QBUSPOFT
! P BQMJDBOEP MB GØSNVMB QBSB VO DPOKVOUP EF EPT BOUFOBT
! 1BSB EPT BOUFOBT JTØUSPQBT TFQBSBEBT VOB EJTUBODJB d FM EJBHSBNB EF SBEJBDJØO FO VO

QMBOP RVF MBT DPOUFOHB UBM DPNP TF EFTDSJCF FO MB 'JHVSB WJFOF EBEP QPSŷ <>
! ψ πd cos θ
�E� = � �E � � cos = � x̂
�E � � cos � �,
� λ
! φ
EPOEF ψ FT FM EFTGBTF DPO FM RVF MMFHB FM DBNQP EF VOB BOUFOB SFTQFDUP EF MB PUSB
! ψ = k o d cos θ.
!
4ØMP IBZ RVF NVMUJQMJDBS FM QBUSØO EF HSVQP FO MB FYQSFTJØO BOUFSJPS
QPS FM
EJBHSBNB WFSUJDBM EF VO EJQPMP UBM DPNP TF NVFTUSB FO MB 'JHVSB /ØUFTF RVF FM
! EJBHSBNB EF SBEJBDJØO VOJUBSJP FT FM DPSUF EF VO QMBOP WFSUJDBM BM EJBHSBNB EF SBEJBDJØO
r0
r1
dcos θ
θ!
z!
Antena 0 d Antena 1
!
'JHVSB &TRVFNB EF BOUFOBT DPMJOFBMFT Z DBNQPT MFKBOPT

EF VO EJQPMP EJTQVFTUP WFSUJDBMNFOUF Z FM SFTVMUBEP FT VO QBUSØO DPO GPSNB EF AAPDIP

UVNCBEP
C
)BZ RVF SFDBMDVMBS MB QPUFODJB SBEJBEB QBSB FM EJQPMP QFSP UFOJFOEP FO DVFOUB FM QBUSØO
EF HSVQP 0 EJDIP EF PUSB GPSNB FO QVOUPT MFKBOPT FM NØEVMP EFM WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH
FT FM NØEVMP EFM DBNQP FMÏDUSJDP BM DVBESBEP QBSUJEP QPS MB JNQFEBODJB DBSBDUFSÓTUJDB
: FM DBNQP FMÏDUSJDP FT FM EF MB FYQSFTJØO EFM "QBSUBEP B
EPOEF E � FT FM DBNQP EF VO
EJQPMP λ�� 4VTUJUVZFOEP E � QPS FM DBNQP SBEJBEP QPS VO EJQPMP λ�� F JOUFHSBOEP FO
VOB FTGFSB DFSSBEB
�→
p t = � � S � ⋅ d S�
∫ S
ηI � cos� ( � cos θ)
π
�π π πd cos θ �
= ∫ ∫ � cos� � � r sen θdθd�
� � �π r
� � sen θ� λ
ηI � π cos� ( π� cos θ)� cos� � πd cos θ
�
=
�π �
�π ∫ � sen θ
λ
dθ.
D
)BDJFOEP d = λ RVFEB
ηI � π cos� ( π� cos θ)� cos� (π cos θ)

p t = � �π
�π ∫� senθ
dθ.
6UJMJ[BOEP MB DVBSUB FYQSFTJØO JOUFHSBM QSPQPSDJPOBEB FO FM FOVODJBEP
ηI �
pt = �π ⋅ �.�� = � ⋅ ��.� ⋅ I � .
�π �
&T EFDJS FM EPCMF EF MB EF VO EJQPMP &WJEFOUFNFOUF MB SFTJTUFODJB EF SBEJBDJØO RVFEB
FM EPCMF
�
p t = I � R a = � ⋅ ��.�I � ⇒ R a = � ⋅ � ⋅ ��.� = � ⋅ ��.�Ω = �R a � .
� λ��
x =
b) Hay que recalcular la potencia radiada para el dipolo pero teniendo en cuenta el patrón de grupo. O dicho de otra
'JHVSB 1BUSØO EF BOUFOB DPMJOFBM QPS NVMUJQMJDBDJØO EF QBUSPOFT QBUSØO EF HSVQP
forma, el vector de poyting es el módulo del campo eléctrico al cuadrado. El campo eléctrico es el de la expresión del
QPSE0QBUSØO
apartado a), donde VOJUBSJP
es el campo JHVBM
de un dipolo λ/2.BAsí,
QBUSØO SFTVMUBOUF
en la expresión de la potencia radiada de un dipolo sólo hay que
incluir el módulo del patrón de grupo al cuadrado,
2 "
! ! ! I 2 cos ( 2 cos# )
2" " " " d cos# %
pt = !
(S ( 0 ( 0 8" 2r 2 sen 2# 4 cos2 $# $ '& r 2 sen# d# d% =
P ! dS =
" " " d cos# %

2 cos2 ( cos# )4 cos2 $ '
!I " 2 # $ &
= 2 2" ( d#
WINFIELD´S
8" English
0 Language
sen# Centre - ¡Tu título de inglés en verano!
3FTQFDUP B MB HBOBODJB EJSFDUJWB QSJNFSP DBMDVMBNPT MB JOUFOTJEBE EF SBEJBDJØO
ηI � cos� ( � cos θ)
π
u(θ, �) = �S� ⋅ r � = � cos� (π cos θ),
�π � sen� θ
Z MB HBOBODJB EJSFDUJWB B QBSUJS EF ÏTUB
u(θ, �) η cos� ( π� cos θ)

d(θ, �) = = � cos� (π cos θ)
p t ��π � ⋅ ��.� ⋅ �π ⋅ sen� θ
cos� ( π� cos θ)
= � ⋅ �.�� cos� (π cos θ).
sen� θ
&TUB FYQSFTJØO OP FT TJOP MB FYQSFTJØO NBUFNÈUJDB EFM DVBESBEP EF MP SFQSFTFOUBEP FO
FM "QBSUBEP B
-B EJSFDUJWJEBE FT FM NÈYJNP RVF UBM DPNP TF WJP FO FM "QBSUBEP B
TF
EB QBSB θ = π�� d = � ⋅ �.�� Z FO E# � + �.�� = �.�� E#
E
1BSB PUSBT EJTUBODJBT OP TF DVNQMJSÈ RVF
π cos� ( π� cos θ)(cos� (π cos θ))
� ∫
� sen θ
dθ ≈ �.��
FO
Z OP TF EBSÈ FO HFOFSBM RVF MB QPUFODJB SBEJBEB TFB EPT WFDFT MB SBEJBEB QPS
VO EJQPMP OJ RVF MB JNQFEBODJB UPUBM TFB MB TVNB EF MBT JNQFEBODJBT EF MBT BOUFOBT FO
FTUF DBTP FM EPCMF BM TFS JHVBMFT &TUP FT MB JNQFEBODJB EF SBEJBDJØO OP FT MB TVNB EF
MBT JNQFEBODJBT EF MPT EJQPMPT FO FTQBDJP MJCSF

B
4FB VOB BOUFOB DVBMRVJFSB FO FM PSJHFO EF DPPSEFOBEBT DBSUFTJBOP 4VQØOHBTF RVF
FM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS EF FTUB BOUFOB FO VO QVOUP MFKBOP DVBMRVJFSB EFM FTQBDJP FT A�
%FNVFTUSF RVF TJ TF EFTQMB[B TJO SPUBDJØO
MB BOUFOB B VO QVOUP DFSDBOP
EFM FKF x B
VOB EJTUBODJB a EFM DFOUSP FM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS SFTVMUBOUF TF QVFEF FTDSJCJS DPNP
A�∆x = A� ⋅ e jk x a
EPOEF k x = k ⋅ sen θ cos � = �π

λ
senθ cos � : RVF QBSB VO EFTQMB[BNJFOUP TJNJMBS FO FM
FKF y Z FO FM FKF z TF UJFOF
A�∆ y = A� ⋅ e jk y a
A�∆z = A� ⋅ e jk z a
$BMDVMF FM WBMPS EF k y Z k z 4VHFSFODJB FM WBMPS k z TF TVFMF VUJMJ[BS FO FM DÈMDVMP EFM

QPUFODJBM WFDUPS EF VO FMFNFOUP EF DPSSJFOUF FO FM FKF z B VOB QFRVF×B EJTUBODJB EFM
DFOUSP
C
4VQPOHB VO EJQPMP λ�� EJTQVFTUP WFSUJDBMNFOUF FO FM QVOUP (x, y, z) = (a, �, �) Z DPO

!̂ !
!!
!
!! !
'JHVSB %JQPMP DPO QMBOP SFĘFDUPS
VO QMBOP DPOEVDUPS QFSGFDUP DPO WFDUPS TVQFSĕDJF Ŷ RVF QBTB QPS FM QVOUP (x, y, z) =
(�, �, �) $BMDVMF FM DBNQP FMÏDUSJDP FO DBNQPT MFKBOPT 0CUFOHB VOB FYQSFTJØO QBSB
FM QBUSØO EF SBEJBDJØO WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH HBOBODJB EJSFDUJWB P TJNJMBS
FO GVODJØO
EFM B[JNVU Z FMFWBDJØO DPO a = λ�� $PNQSVFCF TJ FO FM FKF y UJFOF MB NÈYJNB P MB
NÓOJNB HBOBODJB EJSFDUJWB 1VFEF DPOTVMUBS MB 'JHVSB TJ UJFOF BMHVOB EVEB TPCSF MB
DPOĕHVSBDJØO EF MB BOUFOB
D
&O MB TJUVBDJØO EFM "QBSUBEP C
Z QBSB a = λ�� SFQSFTFOUF FM QBUSØO EF SBEJBDJØO FO FM
QMBOP & RVF QBTB QPS FM FKF y Z FO FM QMBOP ) VUJMJ[BOEP FM NÏUPEP EF NVMUJQMJDBDJØO
EF QBUSPOFT *OEJRVF MB EJSFDDJØO EF NÈYJNB HBOBODJB 5BNCJÏO JOEJRVF DMBSBNFOUF
MPT FKFT
E
&O MB TJUVBDJØO EFM "QBSUBEP C
EJTDVUB DØNP DBMDVMBSÓB FM WBMPS EF MB EJSFDUJWJEBE HB
OBODJB
EF MB BOUFOB JOEJDBOEP TJ TFSÓB BMHVOP EF MPT TJHVJFOUFT WBMPSFT BSHVNFOUBOEP
TV FMFDDJØO
t FM EPCMF EFM WBMPS EF MB HBOBODJB QBSB FM EJQPMP
t MB NJUBE EFM WBMPS EF MB HBOBODJB QBSB FM EJQPMP
t FM NJTNP WBMPS EF MB HBOBODJB QBSB FM EJQPMP
t PUSP WBMPS B DBMDVMBS
4PMVDJØO
B
6O QPUFODJBM WFDUPS DVBMRVJFS FO DPPSEFOBEBT FTGÏSJDBT WJFOF EBEP QPS
A� = r cos � sin θ ⋅ x̂+r sin � sin θ ⋅ ŷ + r cos θ ⋅ ẑ
TJ TF EFTQMB[B MB BOUFOB VOB EJTUBODJB a FO FM FKF x Z DPNP FTUBNPT FO DBNQPT MFKBOPT

FM WFDUPS EFTQMB[BEP FT QBSBMFMP BM BOUFSJPS Z FM FGFDUP FT FM EF VO EFTGBTF QVFTUP
RVF B FGFDUPT EF NBHOJUVE EFM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS FM EFTQMB[BNJFOUP FT JOTJHOJĕDBOUF
$BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP MB QSPZFDDJØO EFM EFTQMB[BNJFOUP TPCSF FM WFDUPS
� A�
∆l = ax̂ ⋅ A�� = (a, �, �) ⋅ (cos � sin θ, sin � sin θ, cos θ) = a cos � sin θ.
&M EFTGBTF FT
�π
∆ x = ∆l = ∆l k � ,
λ
MVFHP FM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS EFTQMB[BEP FT
A�∆x = A� ⋅ e j∆ x = A� ⋅ e j⋅k � a cos � sin θ .
4J TF SFQJUF DPO MPT WFDUPSFT (�, a, �) Z (�, �, a) TF PCUJFOF SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF
A�∆ y = A� ⋅ e j∆ y = A� ⋅ e j⋅k � a sin � sin θ
A�∆z = A� ⋅ e j∆ z = A� ⋅ e j⋅k � a cos θ .
C
&M DBNQP DSFBEP QPS FM EJQPMP FO FM QVOUP (a, �, �) FT E�+a = E�d i p ⋅ e j⋅k � a cos � sin θ FM
QMBOP DPOEVDUPS QPS UFPSÓB EF JNÈHFOFT TF TVTUJUVZF QPS VO EJQPMP DPO JOUFOTJEBE
PQVFTUB E�−a = E�d i p ⋅ e− j⋅k � a cos � sin θ
&M SFTVMUBEP FT MB TVNB
E� = E�+a + E�−a = E�d i p ⋅ (e j⋅k � a cos � sen θ − e− j⋅k � a cos � sen θ )

= E�d i p ⋅ � sen (k � a cos � sen θ) .
1BSB MB EJTUBODJB TVHFSJEB FO FM FOVODJBEP
E� = E�d i p ⋅ � sen � cos � sen θ� .

π

�
4F PCTFSWB RVF FO FM FKF y QBSB � = pi�� TF BOVMB &M NÈYJNP MP UJFOF QBSB θ = π�� Z
� = � &M WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH TFSÈ EF MB GPSNB
η � I o� cos� ( � cos θ)
π
π π
��S�� = ��S�d i p � ⋅ � sen� � cos � sen θ� = � � ⋅ � sen� � cos � sen θ� .
� �π r sen θ� �

D
5FOFNPT VOB NVMUJQMJDBDJØO EF QBUSPOFT DPO d = λ��, α = π &O MB 'JHVSB B TF
NVFTUSBO MBT BOUFOBT MB PSJHJOBM Z MB JNBHFO DPO TVT QBUSPOFT VOJUBSJPT &M QBUSØO EF
HSVQP TF QVFEF DPOTVMUBS P DBMDVMBS DPO
ψ πd cos � α
�E� = �E � cos = �E � cos � + �.
� λ �
&TUF QBUSØO TF QVFEF PCTFSWBS FO MB 'JHVSB C 3FBMJ[BOEP MB NVMUJQMJDBDJØO RVFEB
UFOJFOEP FO DVFOUB RVF MB BOUFOB OP SBEJB IBDJB BUSÈT FM EJBHSBNB FO MB 'JHVSB D
&TUF FT FM SFTVMUBEP QBSB FM QMBOP & 1BSB FM QMBOP ) FT JONFEJBUP MPT QBUSPOFT VOJUBSJPT
TPO PNOJEJSFDDJPOBMFT Z FM QBUSØO EF HSVQP FT EJSFDUBNFOUF FM SFTVMUBEP FMJNJOBO
EP FM MØCVMP J[RVJFSEP QPS FTUBS EFUSÈT EFM QMBOP DPOEVDUPS 2VFEB FM QBUSØO FO MB
'JHVSB E

a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-1191289 Y el vector de Poynting será de la forma
2 p
Ê ˆ 2 cos ( cos q) Êp ˆ
p h I 2
S = Sdip ◊4 sin2 ÁÁ cos f sin q ˜˜˜ = 0 o ◊4 sin2 Á
Á cos f sin q ˜˜˜
Á
Ë2 ˜& 8p 2r 2 sen 2
q 4JTUFNBTÁ
Ë2 ˜&
$BQÓUVMP SBEJBOUFT
3) Tenemos una multiplicación de patrones con d=λ/2, α=π. En la siguiente figura se muestran las an
sus patrones unitarios,
d= /2
.
B
o calcular con
El de grupo se puede consultar
y ,Êpd cos f + a ˜ˆ˜ donde d=2ª. Este patrón es

= 2E0 cos Á E = 2E0 cos
Á
2 la antena Á
do la multiplicación queda, teniendo en cuenta que Ëno radia
l 2 ˜&˜ atrás:
hacia
ẑ
,
,
haciendo la multiplicación queda, teniendo en cuenta que la C
antena no radia hacia atrás:

haciendo la multiplicación queda, teniendo en cuenta que la antena no radia hacia atrás:
ẑ
x̂
z
el resultado para el plano E. Para el plano H es inmediato, los patrones unitarios

x̂ son omnidireccionales
rón de grupo es directamente el resultado, eliminando el lóbulo izquierdo por estar detrás del plano
tor: D
x
Este es el resultado para el plano E. Para el plano H es inmediato, los patrones unitarios son omnidireccionales
y eles
patrón de grupo para
es directamente el Para
resultado,
Este el resultado
conductor:
el plano E. ŷeliminando
el plano el lóbulo izquierdo
H es inmediato, por estar
los patrones detrás delson
unitarios plano
omnidireccionales
y el patrón de grupo es directamente el resultado, eliminando el lóbulo izquierdo por estar detrás del plano
conductor: ŷ
x̂
y
x̂
E
x
nancia hay que calcularla. Esta antena tiene un patrón de radiación distinto que el del dipolo. Y habría
cular la potencia'JHVSB
total
radiada$ÈMDVMP EFM EJBHSBNB
para poder calcularEF laSBEJBDJØO
ganancia. -PT QVOUPT
A priori OFHSPT
parece queJOEJDBO
estaráMBenQPTJDJØO
torno alEF
d) la ganancia hay que calcularla. Esta
MB BOUFOB antena
Z FO el tiene
B
patrón un patrón
Z C
EF de radiación
MB BOUFOB al
JNBHFO distinto
&O B
que el
UFOFNPT del dipolo. Y habría
e la ganancia del dipolo utilizado, porque es parecido del dipolo y no radia aMPT
la EJBHSBNBT
izquierda.
que calcular la potencia totalEFradiada para poder calcular la ganancia. A priori parece que estará
SBEJBDJØO VOJUBSJPT DFOUSBEPT FO DBEB BOUFOB &O C
TF JODMVZF FM QBUSØOen torno al
o esdoble
exactamente el doble.
de la ganancia del dipolo utilizado, porque el patrón es parecido al del dipolo y no radia a la izquierda.
d)Pero
la ganancia hay que el EF HSVQPEsta
calcularla. &O D
TF SFQSFTFOUB
antena tiene unFMpatrón
SFTVMUBEP EF MB NVMUJQMJDBDJØO
de radiación distinto que QBSBelFMdel
QMBOP
dipolo. Y habría
no es exactamente doble.
& OØUFTF RVF TØMP TF SBEJB B MB EFSFDIB EFM QMBOP DPOEVDUPS &O
que calcular la potencia total radiada para poder calcular la ganancia. A priori parece que estará en torno al E
TF EJCVKB
FM NJTNP SFTVMUBEP QBSB FM QMBOP )
doble de la ganancia del dipolo utilizado, porque el patrón es parecido al del dipolo y no radia a la izquierda.
Pero no es exactamente el doble.
E
-B HBOBODJB IBZ RVF DBMDVMBSMB &TUB BOUFOB UJFOF VO QBUSØO EF SBEJBDJØO EJTUJOUP
RVF FM EFM EJQPMP : IBCSÓB RVF DBMDVMBS MB QPUFODJB UPUBM SBEJBEB QBSB QPEFS DBMDVMBS
MB HBOBODJB " QSJPSJ QBSFDF RVF FTUBSÈ FO UPSOP BM EPCMF EF MB HBOBODJB EFM EJQPMP
VUJMJ[BEP QPSRVF FM QBUSØO FT QBSFDJEP BM EFM EJQPMP Z OP SBEJB B MB J[RVJFSEB 1FSP OP
FT FYBDUBNFOUF FM EPCMF
1 "OUFOB 8J'J
&O VOB VSCBOJ[BDJØO TF IB EJTQVFTUP VO QVOUP EF BDDFTP 8J'J FO VO QPTUF EF BMUVSB h t

QBSB EBS DPCFSUVSB B VO DPOKVOUP EF WFDJOPT RVF WJWFO FO DBTBT EJTQFSTBT -PT EBUPT EFM

1 "OUFOB 8J'J
TJTUFNB SBEJBOUF FO FM QPTUF TPO MPT JODMVJEPT FO MB 5BCMB
5BCMB %BUPT TJTUFNB SBEJBDJØO 8J'J FO QPTUF QVOUP EF BDDFTP
/ÞNFSP EF DBOBMFT TJNVMUÈOFPT

"OUFOB %JQPMP λ��
%JTQPTJDJØO EFM EJQPMP WFSUJDBM
(BOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB �.�� E#J
1ÏSEJEBT FO MPT DBCMFT E#
1*3& N8
'SFDVFODJB DFOUSBM �.�� ()[
/JWFM EF SFGFSFODJB 8N�
−�� E#N
4FOTJCJMJEBE JODMVJEP NBSHFO EF E#
-PT FRVJQPT FO MPT IPHBSFT UJFOFO VOB TFOTJCJMJEBE EF −�� E#N B MB RVF TF MF B×BEF VO
NBSHFO EF E# Z USBOTNJUFO B N8 -B HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB EF MPT SFDFQUPSFT TF
UPNBO B E#J Z VOBT QÏSEJEBT EFTQSFDJBCMFT FO DPOFDUPSFT : FM QFSĕM EFM UFSSFOP RVF IBZ
FOUSF FM TJTUFNB SBEJBOUF Z MPT SFDFQUPSFT FT QMBOP DPO DPOEVDUJWJEBE σ QSÈDUJDBNFOUF
OVMB Z QFSNJUJWJEBE SFMBUJWB EF WBMPS ε r = ��
B
&O QSFWJTJØO EFM DVNQMJNJFOUP EF MPT OJWFMFT EF FNJTJPOFT SBEJPFMÏDUSJDBT TFHÞO MP
JOEJDBEP FO FM 3FBM %FDSFUP EFM EF 4FQUJFNCSF TF EFTFB DBMDVMBS MPT WBMPSFT
EF QFSÓNFUSP EF TFHVSJEBE GVFSB EFM DVBM FM ĘVKP EF QPUFODJB FT NFOPS EF 8N�
$BMDVMF FM QFSÓNFUSP EF TFHVSJEBE TJ MB QSPQBHBDJØO TF SFBMJ[B FO FTQBDJP MJCSF
C
$BMDVMF FM QFSÓNFUSP EF TFHVSJEBE TJ TF UJFOF FO DVFOUB RVF QVFEF IBCFS VO SBZP
SFĘFKBEP RVF JODJEB UBNCJÏO FO FM DVFSQP IVNBOP "TVNB FM QFPS DBTP
D
$BMDVMF MB NÈYJNB DPCFSUVSB TJ TF BTVNF QÏSEJEBT FO FTQBDJP MJCSF
E
&O MBT DPOEJDJPOFT EFM "QBSUBEP C
DBMDVMF TJ B Z NFUSPT FT WJBCMF MB DPNVOJ
DBDJØO TJ MB BOUFOB EFM QVOUP EF BDDFTP TF DPMPDB B N EF BMUVSB Z MB SFDFQUPSB B
NFUSPT
4PMVDJØO
B
&M ĘVKP EF QPUFODJB UJFOF RVF TFS NFOPS P JHVBM B 8N� &O FTQBDJP MJCSF
��
pire pire
�S� = < �� ⇒ d � � � = �.� DN.
�πd � �π �S�máx
C
4J IBZ VOB SFĘFYJØO FM DBNQP TF QVFEF EVQMJDBS Z FM ĘVKP DVBESVQMJDBS %F GPSNB RVF
TF UJFOF
��
�pire �pire
�S� = < �� ⇒ d � � � = �.� DN.
�πd � �π �S�máx

D
-P QSJNFSP RVF IBCSÓB RVF WFS FT RVÏ FOMBDF MJNJUB MB DPNVOJDBDJØO TJ FM BTDFOEFOUF
P FM EFTDFOEFOUF 4JFOEP FM EFTDFOEFOUF FM FOMBDF EFTEF FM QPTUF B MPT IPHBSFT Z FM
BTDFOEFOUF FO FM RVF FM RVF USBOTNJUF FT FM FRVJQP FO MPT IPHBSFT IBDJB FM QPTUF &O
BNCPT DBTPT MBT QÏSEJEBT QPS SFDJQSPDJEBE Z MB 1*3& QPS FTUBS MJNJUBEB TPO MB
NJTNB QFSP FM EFTDFOEFOUF SFTQFDUP BM BTDFOEFOUF UJFOF VOB EFHSBEBDJØO EF E#
EFCJEP B VOB QFPS TFOTJCJMJEBE Z VOB NFKPSB EF ��−�.�� = �.�� E# EFCJEP B MB EJGFSFODJB
FO MBT HBOBODJBT EF BOUFOBT &TP IBDF RVF TFB FM BTDFOEFOUF FM FOMBDF RVF MJNJUF MB
DPCFSUVSB MP FTUVEJBNPT &O FTQBDJP MJCSF UFOFNPT RVF MBT QÏSEJEBT TPO
�πd
L b f = �� log .
1PS 'SJJT
PIRE − L b f + � � C mı́n ⇒ ��E#N − L b f � −�� ⇒ L b f � �� E#N,
EFTQFKBNPT MB EJTUBODJB
d máx � ��L b f �� λ��π = �� N,
UPNBOEP MB GSFDVFODJB DFOUSBM
E
&O FTUF DBTP UFOFNPT VO NPEFMP EF SFĘFYJØO FO FM TVFMP FO FM RVF OP TF EBO MBT DPOEJ
DJPOFT QBSB BQMJDBS MB BQSPYJNBDJØO EF UJFSSB QMBOB )BZ RVF DBMDVMBS FM DPFĕDJFOUF EF
SFĘFYJØO DPO MBT TJHVJFOUFT FYQSFTJPOFT QBSB QPMBSJ[BDJØO WFSUJDBM EBEB MB EJTQPTJDJØO
EFM EJQPMP 1SJNFSP IBZ RVF DBMDVMBS MB QFSNJUJWJEBE DPNQMFKB EFM TVFMP
ε o = ε r − j��σ λ = {σ = �} = ε r ,
QBSB MVFHP DBMDVMBS

�
ε o ⋅ TFOψ − ε o − cos� ψ
RV = �R� e − jβ = � ,
ε o ⋅ TFOψ + ε o − cos� ψ
EPOEF
h t + hr �.�� SBE d = �� N
ψ = arctan � �= � �
d �.�� SBE d = �� N
R V = −�.�� d = �� N
⇒� �.
R V = −�.�� d = �� N
8J'J GVODJPOB FO NPEP EVQMFYJØO QPS EJWJTJØO FO FM UJFNQP UJNF EJWJTJPO EVQMFYJOH 5%%
QPS MP RVF MB
GSFDVFODJB EF TVCJEB Z CBKBEB FT MB NJTNB
1 "OUFOB 8J'J
4J DBMDVMBNPT FM EFTGBTF
�π ⋅ ∆l �π ⋅ h t ⋅ h r �.�� d = �� N
∆= = =� �,
λ λd �.�� d = �� N
QPEFNPT JODMVJSMP FO MB FYQSFTJØO EF QÏSEJEBT FO FM NPEFMP EF SFĘFYJØO QBSB EJTUBODJBT

DPSUBT TJO JODMVJS SFGSBDDJØO
C dr = PIRE − L b + G r
�πd
= PIRE − �� log � � + �� log(� + �R� + � ⋅ �R� ⋅ cos(∆ + β)) + G r .
�

λ
%FTQFKBOEP
d = �� N C dr = −��.�� E#N
d = �� N C dr = −��.�� E#N
EF GPSNB RVF TØMP MB ÞMUJNB FT NBZPS RVF MB TFOTJCJMJEBE EF −�� E#N ZB JODMVJEP FM
NBSHFO EF E# &TUP FT B EJTUBODJBT JOUFSNFEJBT FM TJTUFNB OP GVODJPOB
&O MB 'JHVSB TF JODMVZF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB FO GVODJØO EF MB EJTUBODJB QBSB FM
FOMBDF BTDFOEFOUF 4F IB JODMVJEP UBNCJÏO MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB FO FTQBDJP MJCSF Z FO FM
NPEFMP EF UJFSSB QMBOB QBSB EJTUBODJBT FMFWBEBT d > ��h t h r �λ
EBEP QPS
Pdr = PIRE − �� log(d) + �� log(h t h r ) − �� + G r .
Enlace
−40
Espacio Libre
Tierra Plana
−50 Espacio Libre + Reflexión
−60
Pdr
−70
−80
−90
−100
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
d (km)
'JHVSB %JQPMP DPO QMBOP SFĘFDUPS


4FB VOB TJTUFNB EF SBEJPEJGVTJØO EF ". B L)[
&O FTUPT TJTUFNBT FT UÓQJDP
BQPSUBS EBUPT TPCSF MB QSPQBHBDJØO NFEJBOUF VOB HSÈĕDB WFS 'JHVSB FO MB RVF TF
SFQSFTFOUB FM DBNQP SFDJCJEP FO GVODJØO EF MB EJTUBODJB EPOEF FM DBNQP QSPQPSDJPOBEP E c
E# µ7N Ø E#VN
WJFOF EBEP QBSB VOB USBOTNJTJØO DPO VOB BOUFOB EF HBOBODJB �.��
E#J B MB RVF TF MF IB FOUSFHBEP VOB QPUFODJB p t L8 &TUB HBOBODJB TF DPSSFTQPOEF DPO MB
HBOBODJB EF VOB BOUFOB WFSUJDBM DPSUB "7$
NVZ VUJMJ[BEB FO USBOTNJTJPOFT ". "M JHVBM
RVF TF EFĕOF MB 1*3& TF EFĕOF MB QPUFODJB SBEJBEB BQBSFOUF TPCSF BOUFOB WFSUJDBM DPSUB
FČFDUJWF NPOPQPMFSBEJBUFE QPXFS &.31
13"7$
EPOEF MB QPUFODJB SBEJBEB BQBSFOUF
FT SFTQFDUP B VOB BOUFOB WFSUJDBM DPSUB EF GPSNB RVF PRAVC = PT +G t E#J
−G AV C E#J
EPOEF G AV C = �.�� E#J
B
%F MBT TJHVJFOUFT BOUFOBT JOEJRVF DVÈM Z QPS RVÏ VUJMJ[BSÓB DPNP USBOTNJTPS QBSB VOB
SBEJPEJGVTJØO EF ". EJQPMP λ EJQPMP DPSUP CPDJOB ZBHJVEB NPOPQPMP λ TPCSF
FM TVFMP Z NPOPQPMP DPSUP TPCSF FM TVFMP Ø BOUFOB WFSUJDBM DPSUB
4VHFSFODJB QJFOTF
FO VOB USBOTNJTJØO B .)[
C
0CUFOHB VOB FYQSFTJØO FO EFDJCFMJPT QBSB FM DBNQP SFDJCJEP FYQSFTBEP FO E# µ7N
FO GVODJØO EFM DBNQP E c DVBOEP TF FOUSFHB B MB BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB EF HBOBODJB G t FO

E#J
VOB QPUFODJB DVBMRVJFSB Pt FO E#L
0CUFOHB UBNCJÏO MB FYQSFTJØO RVF SFMBDJPOB
MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB FO E#N
FO CPSOBT EF VOB BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB HFOÏSJDB EF HBOBODJB
G r E#J
DPO MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB FYQSFTBEB BIPSB FO E#8
B MB BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB
MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB G t E#J
Z FM DBNQP E c FO E# µ7N

D
$BMDVMF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB DPO MB BOUFOB EF MB 'JHVSB QBSB NÈYJNB HBOBODJB
B VOB EJTUBODJB EF LN DVBOEP TF FOUSFHBO L8 EF QPUFODJB B VOB BOUFOB

USBOTNJTPSB JHVBM B MB EF MB 'JHVSB Z TF USBCBKB B VOB GSFDVFODJB DFOUSBM EF .)[
-B BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB FT VOB BOUFOB EF DVBESP UÓQJDB EF SFDFQDJØO FO BQBSBUPT FRVJQPT
DBEFOBT
EF BVEJP WFS 'JHVSB -B BOUFOB TF DPOFDUB BEBQUBEB B VOB JNQFEBODJB
EF FOUSBEB BM FRVJQP EF BVEJP EF Ω -B BOUFOB FT VO DPOKVOUP EF WVFMUBT EF IJMP
DPOEVDUPS DPO GPSNB EF FTQJSB DVBESBOHVMBS DPNP MB SFQSFTFOUBEB FO MB 'JHVSB
EF MBEP l = �� DN Z SFDPSSJEB QPS VOB DPSSJFOUF EF BNQMJUVE I 4V HBOBODJB UJFOF WBMPS
NÈYJNP �.� FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT $PNQSVFCF RVF FM WBMPS EF UFOTJØO DPSSFTQPOEJFOUF
B FTUB QPUFODJB FTUÈ QPS FODJNB EF VO WBMPS UÓQJDP EF TFOTJCJMJEBE EF E# µ7 Z FT
NFOPS RVF VO WBMPS NÈYJNP QFSNJUJEP EF E# µ7
E
*OEJRVF QBSB MB TJUVBDJØO FO FM BQBSUBEP BOUFSJPS DØNP PSJFOUBSÓB MB BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB
EF MB 'JHVSB FO SFMBDJØO B MB BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB EF MB 'JHVSB QBSB PCUFOFS MB
NÈYJNB HBOBODJB {"QVOUBSÓB FM FKF z IBDJB MB BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB 3B[POF TV SFTQVFTUB
4PMVDJØO
B
-B MPOHJUVE EF POEB FT NVZ HSBOEF QBSB .)[ FT EF NFUSPT MB (JSBMEB NJEF
N
%F GPSNB RVF UBNB×PT EF BOUFOBT DPNQBSBCMFT B MB MPOHJUVE EF POEB TFSÓBO
FOPSNFT "EFNÈT TF CVTDB VOB BOUFOB PNOJEJSFDDJPOBM QVFT TF USBUB EF VO QSPCMFNB
EF SBEJPEJGVTJØO "QBSUF OP FT OFDFTBSJP NPOUBS VOB BOUFOB EF ". FO BMUP QVFTUP RVF

1.5 MHz
100
1 MHz
500 kHz
Intensidad de Campo Eléctrico dBµV/m

80
60
40
20
0
−20
0 1 2
10 10 10
Distancia (km)
'JHVSB 1SPQBHBDJØO FO POEB EF TVQFSĕDJF $BNQP SFDJCJEP E c FO GVODJØO EF MB

EJTUBODJB QBSB L8 EF PRAVC
'JHVSB 'PUPHSBGÓB EF BOUFOB EF DVBESP UÓQJDB EF VO SFDFQUPS EF ".
TV NPEP EF QSPQBHBDJØO FT QPS POEB EF TVQFSĕDJF RVF OP FTUÈ BGFDUBEB TFWFSBNFOUF EF

PCTUÈDVMPT OJ TJNJMBSFT 1PS MP RVF VUJMJ[BS EJQPMPT OP UJFOF TFOUJEP 1PS FTUPT NPUJWPT
UPEBT MBT BOUFOBT RVFEBO EFTDBSUBEBT B FYDFQDJØO EFM NPOPQPMP DPSUP P FM NPOPQPMP
λ NFUSPT

4J DPNQBSBNPT FTUBT BOUFOBT DPO MBT EF '. EPOEF MBT EJNFOTJPOFT TF SFEVDFO FO
Z MB QSPQBHBDJØO FT QPS POEB USPQPTGÏSJDB WFNPT RVF FO '. MBT BOUFOBT UJFOFO RVF
FTUBS FO BMUP : QPS FMMP FM EJQPMP λ FT VOB CVFOB BOUFOB QBSB '. "TÓ B WFDFT TF
VUJMJ[B DPO FM BJTMBNJFOUP BQSPQJBEP FM NJTNP QPTUF RVF TPTUJFOF MB BOUFOB EF '. P

x
x
I
l I
I
I
l
I l z
I z
I
y I
y
(a) (b)
'JHVSB &TRVFNB EF MB BOUFOB EF DVBESP DPO EFTDSJQDJØO EF
(a) (b)JOUFOTJEBEFT Z MPOHJUVEFT
Figura 2: a) fotografía de una antena de cuadro para AM y b) esquema de antena de cuadro
Figura 2: a) fotografía de una antena de cuadro para AM y b) esquema de antena de cuadro
Aisladores Aisladores
Cable de Cable de 75 m 75 m
sujección sujección
Línea Línea
Tierra alim.
Tierra alim.
Aislador de la base
Aislador de la base
'JHVSB &TRVFNB
Figura EFpara
3: Antena
Figura 3: Antena para transmisión
MB BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB
transmisión
Comience a resolver el problema a continuación y en cualquier caso entregue esta hoja.

EF aSBEJPFOMBDFT
Comience a resolver el problema continuación yDPNP FMFNFOUP
en cualquier SBEJBOUFesta
caso entregue EFhoja.
".
C
&M DBNQP SFDJCJEP WJFOF EBEP QPS FM WBMPS EF DBNQP E c FO MB 'JHVSB NÈT MB
EJGFSFODJB FOUSF MB PRAVC SFBM NFOPT MB VUJMJ[BEB QBSB HFOFSBS MB ĕHVSB L8 Ø E#L
-B PRAVC FT MB TVNB EF MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB NÈT MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB SFTQFDUP
B MB BOUFOB WFSUJDBM DPSUB RVF FT � FO E# E#J &TUP FT MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB NÈT
35
35
MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB FO E#J NFOPT E#J
E(E# µ7N) = E c (E# µ7N) + PRAVC(E#L) − PRAVC c (E#L)

= E c (E# µ7N) + Pt′ (E#L) + G t (E#J) − G ant.v er.cor t (E#J)
− PRAVC t,c (E#L),
EPOEF PRAVC FT MB 13"7$ USBOTNJUJEB Z E c FT FM DBNQP SFDJCJEP FO MB 'JHVSB

QBSB VOB QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB PRAVC c = � E#L
4VTUJUVJNPT WBMPSFT FO MB ĕHVSB QSPQPSDJPOBEB MB PRAVC FT EF L8 Ø E#L Z DPNP
G AV C = �.�� E#J
E(E# µ7N) = E c (E# µ7N) + Pt′ (E#L) + G t (E#J) − �.��
1BSB MP TFHVOEP RVF OPT QJEFO MB SFMBDJØO FOUSF QPUFODJB Z DBNQP SFDJCJEPT SFDVSSJNPT
B MB FYQSFTJØO
Pr′ (E#N) = E(E# µ7N) − �� log f (.)[) + G r (E#J) − ��.�
Z TVTUJUVJNPT MB BOUFSJPS QBSB SFMBDJPOBS MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB DPO MB QPUFODJB USBOTNJ

UJEB PCUFOJFOEP
Pr′ (E#N) = E c (E# µ7N) + Pt′ (E#L) + G t (E#J)

− �� log f (.)[) + G r (E#J) − ��.��(E#).
4J TF FYQSFTB MB QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB FO E#8 IBZ RVF SFTUBS E#
Pr′ (E#N) = E c (E# µ7N) + Pt′ (E#8) + G t (E#J)

− �� log f (.)[) + G r (E#J) − ��.��(E#).
D
2VFEB
Pr′ (E#N) = ��(E# µ7N) + ��(E#8) + �.��(E#J)

− �� log �(.)[) + �.��(E#J) − ��.��(E#),
EPOEF FM WBMPS TF IB PCUFOJEP EF MB 'JHVSB QBSB d = �� LN Z f = � .)[ DFOUSP

EF MB CBOEB TF QPESÓB UPNBS UBNCJÏO FM QFPS DBTP f = �.�� .)[
MPT L8 TPO
E#8 MPT �.�� E#J DPSSFTQPOEFO B VOB BOUFOB NPOPQPMP λ TPCSF FM TVFMP Z MB
HBOBODJB NÈYJNB EF MB BOUFOB EF DVBESP DPOTJEFSBEB FT E#J
'JOBMNFOUF
Pr′ (E#N) = −�� E#N.
-B SFMBDJØO FOUSF MB UFOTJØO Z MB QPUFODJB FO VO QVOUP EFQFOEF EF MB SFTJTUFODJB EPOEF

TF BQMJRVF MB UFOTJØO FO FTUF DBTP Ω P(E#N) = V (E# µ) − �� log �� − �� "TÓ QBSB

E# µ7 MB QPUFODJB BTPDJBEB FT EF −�� E#N Z QBSB E# µ7 EF −�� E#N $PO

MP RVF FTUÈ EFOUSP EFM SBOHP WÈMJEP 4F QVFEF DBMDVMBS JHVBMNFOUF RVF MPT −�� E#N
DPSSFTQPOEFO B �� E# µ7 RVF FTUÈ EFOUSP EFM SBOHP
/PUB FM MFDUPS QVFEF TFOUJSTF UFOUBEP EF VUJMJ[BS 'SJJT Z MBT QÏSEJEBT FO FTQBDJP MJCSF
:B TFB EJSFDUBNFOUF P B USBWÏT EF BMHVOB FYQSFTJØO RVF SFMBDJPOF DBNQP Z QPUFODJB
USBOTNJUJEB &M FSSPS FT HSBWF Z EF DPODFQUP QVFT MB QSPQBHBDJØO QPS POEB EF TVQFSĕDJF
OP FT JHVBM B MB EFM FTQBDJP MJCSF : FO UPEP DBTP IBZ RVF TBCFS RVF MB 'JHVSB BM
JHVBM RVF FO PUSBT SFDPNFOEBDJPOFT DPNP MB *5631 FT QSFDJTBNFOUF VOB GPSNB
EF EFTDSJCJS MBT QÏSEJEBT
E
-B BOUFOB QBSB VOB FTQJSB FT FM FRVJWBMFOUF EF BOUFOBT EJQPMPT DPSUPT DFOUSBEBT FO MPT
DFOUSPT EF MPT DVBUSP MBEPT BMJOFBEBT TFHÞO FTPT MBEPT Z DPO JOUFOTJEBE MB JOEJDBEB FO MB
'JHVSB &M DBNQP SFTVMUBOUF TF QVFEF FTUVEJBS DPNP MB TVNB EFM DBNQP QSPEVDJEP
QBSB DBEB QBS EF MBEPT PQVFTUPT $PNP MBEPT PQVFTUPT UJFOFO JOUFOTJEBEFT PQVFTUBT Z
MB EJTUBODJB BM FKF z FT MB NJTNB FM DBNQP FO VO QVOUP EFM FKF z TFSÓB DFSP &M DBNQP FT
NÈYJNP FO FM QMBOP x, y %F GPSNB RVF IBCSÓB RVF BQVOUBS FM FKF z QFSQFOEJDVMBS BM
QMBOP RVF DPOUJFOF MB BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB &O FTUB TJUVBDJØO FM EFTGBTF FOUSF MB UFOTJØO
JOEVDJEB FO MBEPT PQVFTUPT TFSÓB NÓOJNP Z UFOESÓBNPT MB NÈYJNB UFOTJØO SFTVMUBOUF
5BNCJÏO TF QVFEF SB[POBS MP TJHVJFOUF 4F TBCF EFTEF MFDDJPOFT NVZ UFNQSBOBT EF
DBNQPT FN RVF VOB FTQJSB GVODJPOB DPO NÈYJNP SFOEJNJFOUP DVBOEP MB BUSBWJFTB VO
NÈYJNP ĘVKP EF DBNQP NBHOÏUJDP &M EJQPMP P NPOPQPMP FO QPTJDJØO WFSUJDBM UJFOFO
VO DBNQP NBHOÏUJDP EF EJSFDDJØO �ˆ FO DPPSEFOBEBT FTGÏSJDBT QPS MP RVF FM WFDUPS
TVQFSĕDJF EF MB FTQJSB EFCF TFS QBSBMFMP B FTUF WFDUPS

3VJEP F *OUFSNPEVMBDJØO
& O UPEPT MPT QSPCMFNBT EF FTUF DBQÓUVMP TF QSPQPOF DBMDVMBS MB SFMBDJØO TF×BM B SVJEP
P DVBMRVJFSB EF TVT WBSJBOUFT "MUFSOBUJWBNFOUF TF QSPQPOF DPNQSPCBS TJ MB QP
UFODJB SFDJCJEB FTUÈ QPS FODJNB EF MB OFDFTBSJB P VNCSBM %POEF FTUF VNCSBM TF DBMDVMB
HFOFSBMNFOUF B QBSUJS EF MB DPOEJDJØO EF SFMBDJØO TF×BM B SVJEP 5BNCJÏO FO NVDIPT
EF MPT QSPCMFNBT QSPQVFTUPT TF QJEF DBMDVMBS MB SFMBDJØO QPUFODJB EF TF×BM ÞUJM B QPUFODJB
EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO EF UFSDFS PSEFO
: FO BMHVOPT MB SFMBDJØO TF×BM ÞUJM B MB TVNB EF
SVJEP NÈT EJTUPSTJØO &O UPEPT MPT QSPCMFNBT TF BTVNF FO HFOFSBM RVF IBZ BEBQUBDJØO
EF JNQFEBODJBT
*OUSPEVDDJØO
&O FM 1SPCMFNB 1 TF QSFTFOUB VO TFODJMMP DÈMDVMP EF SVJEP F JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO &M
1SPCMFNB 1 QMBOUFB VO QSPCMFNB EF DÈMDVMP EF SVJEP FO FM RVF IBZ RVF DBMDVMBS
MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF BOUFOB B QBSUJS EF MPT EBUPT EF SVJEP HBMÈDUJDP Z MB BUNØTGFSB &O FM
1SPCMFNB 1 IBZ RVF DBMDVMBS MB TFOTJCJMJEBE EF VO TJTUFNB EJHJUBM Z BEFNÈT TF SFMBDJPOB
ÏTUB DPO MB QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB &M 1SPCMFNB 1 EF VO TJTUFNB EJGVTJØO EF BVEJP EJHJUBM
Ø SBEJP EJHJUBM EJHJUBM BVEJP CSPBEDBTUJOH %"#
JOUSPEVDF WBSJBT OPWFEBEFT TF QJEF
USBCBKBS DPO QPUFODJB Z UFOTJØO Z BM DBMDVMBS MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO DPO EPT UPOPT B MB FOUSBEB
ÏTUPT OP BMDBO[BO MB FOUSBEB EF UPEPT MPT CMPRVFT OP HFOFSBOEP JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO FO UPEPT
FMMPT &O FM 1SPCMFNB 1 TF SFRVJFSF FM EJTF×P EFM ĕMUSP EF GSFDVFODJB JOUFSNFEJB '*

&M 1SPCMFNB 1 OP JOUSPEVDF OPWFEBE BMHVOB SFGPS[BOEP DPODFQUPT BOUFSJPSFT &O
FM 1SPCMFNB 1 TF BOBMJ[B EF GPSNB DPOKVOUB FM SVJEP Z MB EJTUPSTJØO DBMDVMÈOEPTF MB
SFMBDJØO TF×BM B SVJEP NÈT JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO TJHOBM UP OPJTF BOE EJTUPSUJPO SBUJP 4*/"%

4*/3
Z FWJEFODJBOEP RVÏ FGFDUP QSFEPNJOB QBSB WBMPSFT CBKPT Z BMUPT EF QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB
&M 1SPCMFNB 1 JODJEF TPCSF MB JEFB EF RVF FM SVJEP JOUSPEVDJEP QPS FM USBOTNJTPS FT
EFTQSFDJBCMF OP TF IBDFO DÈMDVMPT EF SVJEP FO FM USBOTNJTPS
&M 1SPCMFNB 1 QSFTFOUB
VO TJTUFNB RVF USBCBKB DPO OJWFMFT NVZ CBKPT Z BMUPT EF QPUFODJB BOBMJ[BOEP FM SVJEP Z MB
" WFDFT FTUF VNCSBM WJFOF EBEP QPS VO OJWFM NÓOJNP SFRVFSJEP QPS FM TJTUFNB OP TJFOEP FM SVJEP FM GBDUPS
RVF MJNJUB FM GVODJPOBNJFOUP EFM NJTNP &O FTUF DBTP TF EJDF RVF FM TJTUFNB FTUÈ MJNJUBEP QPS QPUFODJB Z OP
QPS SVJEP


$BQÓUVMP 3VJEP F *OUFSNPEVMBDJØO
JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO FO FM NJTNP &O FM 1SPCMFNB 1 TF SFMBDJPOB MB TFOTJCJMJEBE DPO MB

QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB QBSB EBS DPCFSUVSB [POBM VTBOEP MB SFDPNFOEBDJØO *5631
: FO FM 1SPCMFNB 1 TF JODMVZFO IPKBT EF DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT EF FRVJQPT SFBMFT "VORVF
QFSUFOFDF B PUSP DBQÓUVMP FM 1SPCMFNB 1 FT VO QSPCMFNB CBTUBOUF DPNQMFUP RVF TF
BDPOTFKB SFBMJ[BS BM UFSNJOBS FTUF DBQÓUVMP
-PT DPODFQUPT OFDFTBSJPT QBSB SFTPMWFS MPT QSPCMFNBT QMBOUFBEPT TF QVFEFO DPOTVMUBS
FO <> FYDFQUP MPT SFMBDJPOBEPT DPO FM DÈMDVMP EF QSPQBHBDJØO QBSB MPT RVF TF QVFEF
SFDVSSJS B <> " DPOUJOVBDJØO TF JODMVZF VOB EFTDSJQDJØO EF MPT DÈMDVMPT NÈT SFMFWBOUFT
VUJMJ[BEPT FO FTUPT QSPCMFNBT VUJMJ[BOEP MB OPUBDJØO JOUSPEVDJEB BM DPNJFO[P EFM UFYUP
3VJEP Z TFOTJCJMJEBE
5FNQFSBUVSB Z öHVSB EF SVJEP
&O FTUF UFYUP WFS DPNJFO[P EFM NJTNP TF EFOPUB QPS f r Z Tr MB ĕHVSB Z MB UFNQFSBUVSB
FRVJWBMFOUF EF SVJEP SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF EFM SFDFQUPS GPSNBEP ÏTUF QPS MPT FMFNFOUPT RVF
WBO EFTEF FM DPOFDUPS EF BOUFOB B MB FOUSBEB BM EFNPEVMBEPS 1PS PUSP MBEP f a Z Ta TF
VUJMJ[BO QBSB EFOPUBS MB ĕHVSB Z MB UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EF SVJEP EF MB BOUFOB : f s Z Ts
EFOPUBO MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP Z MB UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EFM TJTUFNB DPNQMFUP BOUFOB NÈT
SFDFQUPS "RVÓ MBT ĕHVSBT EF SVJEP FTUÈO FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT Z MBT EFOPUBNPT QPS FMMP
FO NJOÞTDVMBT -B NJTNB OPUBDJØO QBSB MBT ĕHVSBT EF SVJEP FO NBZÞTDVMBT TF VUJMJ[BSÈ
QBSB EFOPUBS E#
-B SFMBDJØO FOUSF FTUBT NBHOJUVEFT WJFOF EBEB QPS MBT TJHVJFOUFT FYQSFTJPOFT -B UFNQF
SBUVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB WJFOF EBEB QPS
Ts = Ta + Tr .
$BMDVMBNPT UBNCJÏO MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB f s = Ts �T� EPOEF T� FT MB UFNQFSBUVSB

BNCJFOUF ,
&TUB WJFOF EBEB FO UÏSNJOPT EF MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP EF BOUFOB Z SFDFQUPS
QPS MB TJHVJFOUF FYQSFTJØO FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT
f s = f a + f r − �.
1PS PUSP MBEP Ta = T� f a Z Tr = T� ( f r − �) 0USP SFTVMUBEP DPOPDJEP FT RVF MB ĕHVSB EF

SVJEP EF VOB SFE QBTJWB B UFNQFSBUVSB BNCJFOUF FT FM WBMPS EF TVT QÏSEJEBT
4J FM SFDFQUPS FTUÈ GPSNBEP QPS WBSJPT CMPRVFT FO DBEFOB MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP FRVJWBMFOUF
FT
f� − � f� − � f −�
fr = f� + + + � + ...
g� g� g� g� g� g�
EPOEF g i FT MB HBOBODJB EFM CMPRVF i Z f i TV ĕHVSB EF SVJEP Z FM QSJNFS CMPRVF FT FM CMPRVF

TFHVJEP EFM EFM
&M SVJEP B MB TBMJEB EFM TJTUFNB TF QVFEF FTDSJCJS FO GVODJØO EF FTUPT WBMPSFT DPNP
n = kTs Bg = kT� f s Bg,
/P MJOFBMJEBE
EPOEF B FT FM BODIP EF CBOEB FRVJWBMFOUF EF SVJEP Z g FT MB HBOBODJB EFTEF MB DPOFYJØO

EF BOUFOB IBTUB MB TBMJEB EFM TJTUFNB &T IBCJUVBM USBCBKBS DPO FTUF SVJEP SFGFSJEP FO PUSP
QVOUP DPNP FO FM DPOFDUPS EF BOUFOB "TÓ QPS FKFNQMP TF EJDF RVF FM SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB
SFGFSJEP BM QVOUP DPOFDUPS EF BOUFOB QVOUP 3 FO MB 'JHVSB FT
n�R = kTs B = kT� f s B.
4FOTJCJMJEBE
&O SBEJPDPNVOJDBDJPOFT EJHJUBMFT FT IBCJUVBM VUJMJ[BS <>
c e b �Tb e b ⋅ R b
= = ,
n n� ⋅ B n� ⋅ B
EPOEF c FT MB QPUFODJB EF QPSUBEPSB FO VO B FT FM BODIP EF CBOEB FRVJWBMFOUF EF SVJEP Z
R b = ��Tb FT FM SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP
1PS PUSP MBEP TF EFĕOF w = e b �n � DPNP MB SFMBDJØO TF×BM B SVJEP OPSNBMJ[BEB
eb p′r g T Tb p′r
w= = = ,
n � kT� f s g T kT� f s R b
EPOEF f s FT MB ĕHVSB P GBDUPS

EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB FO VO Z g T FT MB HBOBODJB EF UPEPT
MPT CMPRVFT FOUSF BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB Z MB FOUSBEB BM EFNPEVMBEPS EPOEF TF NJEF MB w
4F QVFEF EFTQFKBS FTUB FYQSFTJØO QBSB PCUFOFS c = p′r = wkT� f s R b 4J TF FYJHF VOB
SFMBDJØO TF×BM B SVJEP OPSNBMJ[BEB NÓOJNB w min MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB FT MB VNCSBM P
TFOTJCJMJEBE TVQVFTUP RVF FM TJTUFNB FTUÈ MJNJUBEP QPS SVJEP Z OP QPS QPUFODJB &O FTUF
DBTP TF EFTQFKB t h = w min kT� f s R b Z FO E# RVFEB
Th (E#N) = Wmin (E#) + Fs (E#) + �� log R b (CJUTT) − ��(E#N)[),
EPOEF BM FTUBS −�� FYQSFTBEP FO E#N)[ MB QPUFODJB SFTVMUBOUF UBNCJÏO MP FTUÈ /ØUFTF
RVF CJUTT UJFOF EJNFOTJØO EF IFSDJP EBEP RVF R b FT FM JOWFSTP EFM UJFNQP EF CJU Z RVF W
Z Fs TPO BEJNFOTJPOBMFT &TUB FYQSFTJØO FT NVZ ÞUJM BM QSPQPSDJPOBS MB QPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB
QBSB EBEP VO EFUFSNJOBEP OJWFM EF SVJEP Z VO SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP BMDBO[BS VO W PCKFUJWP &M
W FTUÈ ÓOUJNBNFOUF SFMBDJPOBEP DPO MB UBTB EF FSSPS EF CJU CJU FSSPS SBUF #&3
BMDBO[BEB
-B FYQSFTJØO BOUFSJPS FTUÈ EBEB QBSB TJTUFNBT EJHJUBMFT QBSB TJTUFNBT BOBMØHJDPT TF MMFHB
B VOB FYQSFTJØO QBSFDJEB B QBSUJS EF MB SFMBDJØO TF×BM B SVJEP 4/3

Th (E#N) = SN R min (E#) + Fs (E#) + �� log B()[) − ��(E#N)[).
/P MJOFBMJEBE
4J MB TFOTJCJMJEBE OPT JNQPOF VO NÓOJNP B MB QPUFODJB NÓOJNB SFDJCJEB FM DÈMDVMP EF

MB EJTUPSTJØO QPS OP MJOFBMJEBE QFSNJUF EFUFSNJOBS MB QPUFODJB NÈYJNB RVF FM SFDFQUPS
P USBOTNJTPS QVFEF NBOFKBS -B EJTUPSTJØO QPS OP MJOFBMJEBE EF VO EJTQPTJUJWP TF NJEF

EF EJGFSFOUFT GPSNBT 6OB EF MBT NÈT VUJMJ[BEBT FT DBMDVMBS MB SFMBDJØO FTQFSBEB FOUSF MB
QPUFODJB ÞUJM B MB TBMJEB Po Z MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO EF UFSDFS PSEFO I � &TUB
SFMBDJØO VOB EJGFSFODJB TJ TF FTDSJCF FO EFDJCFMJPT TF EFOPUB QPS SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO
GSFOUF B JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO EF UFSDFS PSEFO RP = Po − I �
1BSB DBMDVMBS FTUF WBMPS TF TVFMF QSPQPSDJPOBS VOB DBSBDUFSÓTUJDB QSPQJB EF MB OP MJOFBMJ
EBE EFM EJTQPTJUJWP FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP P JOUFSDFQDJØO EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO EF UFSDFS
PSEFO IP� &TUF ÞMUJNP TF QVFEF EBS B MB FOUSBEB P B MB TBMJEB &O FTUF UFYUP TF USBCBKBSÈ
TJFNQSF B MB TBMJEB $PO FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS FM OJWFM EF EJTUPSTJØO
QPS JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO EF UFSDFS PSEFO Z DPO ÏTUF MB SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO -B QPUFODJB EF
TBMJEB MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO Z FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP FTUÈO SFMBDJPOBEPT QPS MB
TJHVJFOUF FYQSFTJØO FO E#
I � = �Po − �IP�o .

$VBOEP TPO WBSJPT CMPRVFT MPT RVF GPSNBO VO EJTQPTJUJWP P SFDFQUPS TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS FM
QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP FRVJWBMFOUF QVEJFOEP USBCBKBS QPTUFSJPSNFOUF DPNP TJ TF USBUBTF EF
VO TPMP CMPRVF 4J UFOFNPT n CMPRVFT FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP FRVJWBMFOUF FT
i p � = �� (g � g � ...g n ⋅ i p �,� ) + ��(g � ...g n ⋅ i p �,� ) + ... + ��i p �,n � ,
EPOEF i p �,i FT FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP EF UFSDFS PSEFO EFM CMPRVF i FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT Z
g i FT MB HBOBODJB EFM CMPRVF i
-B QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO EF UFSDFS PSEFO TF QVFEF NFEJS JOUSPEVDJFOEP EPT
UPOPT B MB FOUSBEB EF VO TJTUFNB Z BOBMJ[BOEP MB QPUFODJB B MB TBMJEB 4J TF JOUSPEVDFO
EPT UPOPT VOP B f � Z PUSP B f � BQBSFDFSÓBO QSPEVDUPT EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO B � f � − f � Z
B � f � − f � DPO QPUFODJB I � &O FM QSPDFTP IBZ RVF EFUFSNJOBS DPO DVJEBEP TJ MPT UPOPT
ZP MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO BQBSFDFO P OP B MB TBMJEB TPCSF UPEP TJ IBZ WBSJPT CMPRVFT DPO
EJGFSFOUFT BODIPT EF CBOEB DPNP FO VO SFDFQUPS TVQFSIFUFSPEJOP 1PS FKFNQMP QVFEFO
DBVTBS JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO BM BUSBWFTBS MPT QSJNFSPT CMPRVFT Z OP QBTBS FO MPT TJHVJFOUFT
6OB WF[ DBMDVMBEB MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO MB SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO TF DBMDVMB
SFTUBOEP FTUBT DBOUJEBEFT FO E#
RP = Po − I � .

4F UJFOF VO SFDFQUPS CBTBEP FO FM EJBHSBNB EF CMPRVFT NPTUSBEP FO MB 'JHVSB 4F QJEF
DBMDVMBS
B
-B TFOTJCJMJEBE RVF BTFHVSB TF DVNQMF MB FTQFDJĕDBDJØO EF SN R = ��E#
C
-B QPUFODJB EF UFSDFS PSEFO B MB FOUSBEB EFM EFNPEVMBEPS DVBOEP TF JOUSPEVDFO EPT
UPOPT EF −�� E#N TFQBSBEPT Z L)[ EF MB GSFDVFODJB DFOUSBM

Gr=20dB G RF=22 dB
GMX=8.5 dB GFI =30 dB
Ltr=0.5 dB
Demod
SNR≥45 dB
Ta=500 K
FMX=17 dB FFI=10 dB
FRF=3.8 dB IP3,MX o=3 dBm IP3,FI o=∞
IP3,RFo=23 dBm P1dB=-6 dBm B=16 kHz
P1dB=12.1 dBm
B=2MHz
'JHVSB &TRVFNB EF SFDFQUPS TVQFSIFUFSPEJOP Z WBMPSFT EF MPT QBSÈNFUSPT EF TVT
EJTQPTJUJWPT
4PMVDJØO
B
1BSB DBMDVMBS FM SVJEP Z BTÓ DBMDVMBS MB TFOTJCJMJEBE VUJMJ[BOEP MB SN R NÓOJNB BENJTJCMF
IBZ RVF DBMDVMBS MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP FRVJWBMFOUF EFM TJTUFNB Z BOUFT MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP
EFM SFDFQUPS &TUB ÞMUJNB WJFOF EBEB QPS
f r = l tr ( f RF + ( f M X − �)�g RF + ( f F I − �)�(g RF g M X )) = �.��
EPOEF TF IB VUJMJ[BEP NJOÞTDVMBT QBSB EFOPUBS RVF MBT NBHOJUVEFT FTUÈO FO VOJEBEFT
OBUVSBMFT WFS OPUBDJØO
-B ĕHVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB
f s = f a + f r − �,
EPOEF
f a = Ta �To = �.��.
4F UJFOF DPNP EBUP Ta = �� , 6OB WF[ DBMDVMBEPT MPT WBMPSFT BOUFSJPSFT RVFEB
Fs = �� log( f s ) = �.�� E#.
$PNP FM BODIP EF CBOEB NÈT SFTUSJDUJWP FM ÞMUJNP FT B = ��⋅�� FM SVJEP UPUBM SFGFSJEP
B MB FOUSBEB TF DBMDVMB DPNP
N = −�� E#N)[ + Fs + �� log(�� ⋅ �� ) = −��.�� E#N.
: MB TFOTJCJMJEBE QPUFODJB NÓOJNB B MB FOUSBEB
Pr � = SN R + N = SN R + �� log(B) + Fs − ��
i
= �� − ��.�� = −��.�� E#N.
C
&TUP FT VOB QSVFCB UÓQJDB EF EPT UPOPT FO MBT RVF MPT UPOPT TJFNQSF FTUÈO EFOUSP

EFM BODIP EF CBOEB IBTUB TV TBMJEB DSFBOEP JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO FO UPEPT MPT CMPRVFT
$BMDVMBNPT FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP Z MVFHP B QBSUJS EF MB QPUFODJB EF TBMJEB MB QPUFODJB
EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO EF UFSDFS PSEFO "NCBT MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO Z FM QVOUP
EF JOUFSDFQUP FTUÈO EBEPT B MB TBMJEB
i p � = ��(��(g M X g F I i p �,RF ) + ��(i p �,F I )),
EPOEF i p � JOEJDB QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP EF UFSDFS PSEFO B MB TBMJEB Z FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT
&O EFDJCFMJPT
IP� = �� log(i p � ) = ��.�� E#N.
-B QPUFODJB EF FOUSBEB FT EBUP MB EFM UPOP EF FOUSBEB Pi = −�� E#N Z MB HBOBODJB

UPUBM G T EFTEF MB FOUSBEB B MB TBMJEB
G T = −L tr + G RF + G M X + G F I = �� E#.
-B QPUFODJB EF TBMJEB RVFEB Po = Pi + G T = �� E#N : MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO
I � = �Po − �IP� = −��.�� E#N.

-B FTUBDJØO UFSSFOB EF VO TJTUFNB EF DPNVOJDBDJPOFT QPS TBUÏMJUF SFDJCF FO MB GSFDVFODJB
DFOUSBM EF MB CBOEB $ ()[
Z VUJMJ[B VO SFDFQUPS CBTBEP FO FM EJBHSBNB EF CMPRVFT
NPTUSBEP FO MB 'JHVSB FO FM RVF MB BOUFOB FT EF UJQP QBSBCØMJDP -B UFNQFSBUVSB EF
BOUFOB FT BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF Ta = �� , MBT QÏSEJEBT FO MPT DBCMFT EF BMJNFOUBDJØO L tr = �.�
E# FM BNQMJĕDBEPS EF 3' FT VO -/" DPO HBOBODJB EF E# Z UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EF
�� , 4F DPOPDF BEFNÈT RVF FM NF[DMBEPS QSFTFOUB VOB UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EF �� ,
Z VOBT QÏSEJEBT EF E# Z RVF FM BNQMJĕDBEPS EF GSFDVFODJB JOUFSNFEJB TF DBSBDUFSJ[B QPS
VOB HBOBODJB EF E# Z UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EF SVJEP EF �� , &M SFRVJTJUP QBSB RVF FM
SVJEP OP JOVUJMJDF FM TJTUFNB FT RVF TF DVNQMB MB SFMBDJØO G�T � ��.� + �� log( f (()[)��)
E#, -B UFNQFSBUVSB EF SFGFSFODJB FT T� = �� , 4F QJEF
B
%FUFSNJOBS MB UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EFM TJTUFNB
C
$BMDVMBS FM NÓOJNP EJÈNFUSP OFDFTBSJP EF MB BOUFOB TVQPOJFOEP VO SFOEJNJFOUP EF
BOUFOB EFM *ODMVZB E# EF NBSHFO
D
4J MB TFOTJCJMJEBE EFM EFNPEVMBEPS TBMJEB EF FUBQB '*
FT −�� E#N {RVÏ QPUFODJB EF
TF×BM TF OFDFTJUB B MB FOUSBEB EF MB BOUFOB QVOUP 1 FO MB 'JHVSB
E
$BMDVMBS MB UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EF SVJEP EF MB BOUFOB Ta TJ FM SVJEP RVF QSPQPSDJPOB
ÏTUB BM TJTUFNB TF NPEFMB DPNP FM QSPEVDJEP QPS VOB JNQFEBODJB DPO UFNQFSBUVSB
FRVJWBMFOUF EF SVJEP Tc = �� , SVJEP HBMÈDUJDP
TFHVJEB EF MB BUNØTGFSB NPEFMBEB
&O DPNVOJDBDJPOFT QPS TBUÏMJUF FM DPDJFOUF G�T = G(E#) − �� log(T( ,))
respuesta en el espacio reservado. No olvide marcar la casilla correspondiente al Plan al que pertenece ( Nuevo/ Antiguo).
Problema 2. (0.75+0.75+0.75+0.75)
La estación terrena de un sistema de comunicaciones por satélite recibe en la frecuencia central de la banda C (6GHz)
utiliza un receptor basado en el diagrama de bloques mostrado en la figura, en el que la antena es de tipo parabólico.
temperatura de antena es aproximadamente Ta = 45º K, las pérdidas en los cables de alimentación LTR=0.3dB,
amplificador de RF es un LNA
DPNP con ganancia
VO DVBESJQPMP QBTJWPdeBEBQUBEP
30 dB y Btemperatura Tatm = ��de
UFNQFSBUVSBequivalente , Z35º atm =
K, que elLmezclador
BUFOVBDJØO presenta u
temperatura equivalente de 400 º K y unas pérdidas de 10 dB, y que el amplificador de frecuencia intermedia
�.� E#
caracteriza por una ganancia de 50 dB y temperatura equivalente de ruido de 900º K. El requisito para que el ruido
inutilice el sistema es que se cumpla la relación G/T ≥ 22.7 + 20 log(fGHZ/4) dB/ºK. La temperatura de referencia
To=290ºK. Se pide:
GRF GMX GFI
LTR
Ta P
TRF TMX TFI
&TRVFNB
'JHVSB receptor
Figura: Sistema de laEF SFDFQUPS
estación terrena
a) Determine la temperatura equivalente del sistema.
4PMVDJØO
LTR = 0.3; lTR = 10LTR /10 ; TTR = To∑ (lTR - 1) = 20.74
TRF = 35; GRF = 35; gRF = 10 GRF /10
B
$BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP MBT UFNQFSBUVSBT FRVJWBMFOUFT EF SVJEP EF UPEPT MPT CMPRVFT
TMX = 400; GMX = ! 10; gMX = 10 GMX /10
L = �.� E#; l tr = ��L tr �� ; Ttr = T� ⋅ (l tr − �) = ��.�� ,,
TFI = 900; GFI = 50; gFI =tr10 GFI /10
TRF = �� , ; G RF = �� E#; g RF = ��G RF �� ,
TM X = �� ,; G M X = −�� E#; g M X = ��G M X �� ,
TR = TTR + TRF ◊lTR + TMX ◊lTR / grf + TFI ◊lTR /(g RF ◊gmx ) = 68.31∫ K
TS = Ta + TR = 113.32 TF I = �� ,; G F I = �� E#; g F I = ��G F I �� .
(Puede continuar escribiendo por detrás de este folio si le falta espacio)

1BSB MVFHP DBMDVMBS MB UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EFM DPOKVOUP FO TFSJF
b) Calcule el mínimo diámetro necesario de la antena, suponiendo un rendimiento de antena del 68 %. Incluya 3 dB
margen. Tr = Ttr + TRF ⋅ l T R + TM X ⋅ l tr �g r f + TF I ⋅ l tr �(g RF ⋅ g M x ) = ��.�� ,,
G = 22.7 + 20∑ = Ta++3Tr+=10∑
log(6T/s 4) + ��.��
�� log(Ts )= ��.�� ,, dB
= 49.76
g = 10G /10 ; EPOEF Ta FT VO EBUP
l = 3 ◊108 /( f ◊109 );
C
&O QSJNFS MVHBS B QBSUJS EF MB FYQSFTJØO RVF OPT TVNJOJTUSBO FO FM FOVODJBEP EFTQFKB
h = .68;
NPT MB FYQSFTJØO EF MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB QBSBCØMJDB
g = h ◊(p ◊D / l ) 2 ﬁ D = g / h ◊l p = 5.94 m
G�T ≥ ��.� + �� log( f ()[��) E#, ⇒
G = si��.�
(Puede continuar escribiendo por detrás de esta hoja + ��
le falta log(��) + � + �� log(Ts )
espacio) = ��.�� E#.
" QBSUJS EF MB FYQSFTJØO EF MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB QBSBCØMJDB EFTQFKBNPT FM EJÈNFUSP

�
g = η ⋅ (π ⋅ D�λ)� ⇒ D = g�η ⋅ λ�π = �.�� N,

EPOEF
g = ��G�� ,
λ = � ⋅ �� ( f ⋅ �� ),
η = �.��.
D
-P ÞOJDP RVF IBZ RVF IBDFS FT SFTUBS MB HBOBODJB EF UPEB MB DBEFOB
Pdr � = −�� − G F I − G M X − G RF + L T R = −��.� E#N.
NJO
E
&M QSPCMFNB TF SFEVDF B FODPOUSBS MB UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EF VO TJTUFNB DPO
VOB BOUFOB B Tc Z VO SFDFQUPS RVF FT VO DVBESJQPMP BEBQUBEP EF HBOBODJB −L atm B
UFNQFSBUVSB Tatm $BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP
Tatm = ,,
L atm = �.�,
l atm = ��L atm �� ,
Tc = �� ,.
QBSB MVFHP EFUFSNJOBS FTUF WBMPS VTBOEP MB FYQSFTJØO EF MB UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EF

VO DVBESJQPMP QBTJWP B VOB UFNQFSBUVSB EFUFSNJOBEB FO FTUF DBTP MB EF MB BUNØTGFSB
RVF UJFOF B TV FOUSBEB VOB JNQFEBODJB B Tc
Tc (l atm − �)
Ta = + ⋅ Tatm = ��.�� ,,
l atm l atm
RVF FT TJNJMBS BM WBMPS BQPSUBEP DPNP EBUP FO FM FOVODJBEP /ØUFTF RVF BRVÓ OP TF
QJEF MB UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF B MB FOUSBEB TJOP B MB TBMJEB QPS FTP TF EJWJEF UPEP QPS
l atm
RVF FT EPOEF FTUÈ MB BOUFOB
1 4JTUFNB %JHJUBM

4F USBOTNJUFO DBOBMFT UFMFGØOJDPT NFEJBOUF VOB TF×BM 1$. B .CQT -B USBOT
NJTJØO TF SFBMJ[B DPEJĕDBOEP FM USFO EF CJUT SFTVMUBOUF Z NPEVMBOEP VOB QPSUBEPSB FO �.�
()[ -B EJTUBODJB FT EF LN &M USBOTNJTPS FTUÈ DPNQVFTUP GVOEBNFOUBMNFOUF QPS USFT
NØEVMPT DVZBT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT TPO
t .PEVMBEPS 214, DPO QVMTP SFDUBOHVMBS EJSFDUBNFOUF FO 4)'
t "NQMJĕDBEPS EF QPUFODJB
o 1PUFODJB EF TBMJEB �� E#N
t 'JMUSP EF TBMJEB BKVTUBEP BM MØCVMP QSJODJQBM
o 1ÏSEJEBT �.� E#
&M DBOBM SBEJPFMÏDUSJDP UJFOFO MBT TJHVJFOUFT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT

1 4JTUFNB %JHJUBM
t "OUFOBT
o (BOBODJB E#J
o 5FNQFSBUVSB EF SVJEP ,
t 1ÏSEJEBT EF QSPQBHBDJØO
o "TVNB QSPQBHBDJØO FO FTQBDJP MJCSF
&M SFDFQUPS FTUÈ DPOTUJUVJEP QPS MPT TJHVJFOUFT CMPRVFT
t 'JMUSP EF FOUSBEB
t 6O BNQMJĕDBEPS EF CBKP SVJEP MPX OPJTF BNQMJĕFS -/"
o (BOBODJB E#
o 'BDUPS EF SVJEP �.� E#
t %FNPEVMBEPS 214, FO 4)'
-B 'JHVSB NVFTUSB MB E b �N � OFDFTBSJB B MB FOUSBEB EFM EFNPEVMBEPS QBSB PCUFOFS
EJTUJOUBT UBTBT EF FSSPS EF CJU
��−�
��−�
��−�
��−�
#&3
��−�
��−�
��−�
��−�
� � � � � ��
&C /
'JHVSB #&3 EFM EFNPEVMBEPS 214,
4F QJEF
B
4J FM ĕMUSP USBOTNJTPS EFCF UFOFS VO BODIP EF CBOEB JHVBM B �B l + � .)[ EPOEF B l FT
MB BODIVSB EF CBOEB EF USBOTNJTJØO FO CBOEB CBTF EF MB NPEVMBDJØO DBMDVMBS FM BODIP
EF CBOEB EFM ĕMUSP EF TBMJEB EFM USBOTNJTPS

C
$BMDVMBS BUFOEJFOEP ÞOJDBNFOUF B MB QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB MB NÈYJNB UBTB EF USBOT
NJTJØO DPNQBUJCMF DPO VOB #&3 ��−� 3FĕFSB TVT DÈMDVMPT B MB FOUSBEB EFM SFDFQUPS
D
$POUFTUBS B MB TJHVJFOUF QSFHVOUB {)BCSÈ JOUFSGFSFODJB FOUSF TÓNCPMPT JOUFSTZNCPM
JOUFSGFSFODF *4*
FO FM TJTUFNB 4J MB IVCJFSF EJTF×F MB TPMVDJØO PQPSUVOB NBOUFOJFOEP
MPT SFTVMUBEPT BOUFSJPSFT
4PMVDJØO
B
4J FM ĕMUSP USBOTNJTPS EFCF UFOFS VO BODIP EF CBOEB JHVBM B �B l + � .)[ OFDFTJUBNPT
DBMDVMBS QSJNFSP B l 1BSB FMMP Z BTVNJFOEP VO QVMTP SFDUBOHVMBS Z RVF FM SFDFQUPS TF
RVFEB DPO FM MØCVMP QSJODJQBM FMJNJOBOEP MBT EFNÈT DPNQPOFOUFT B l = ��Ts EPOEF
Ts FT FM UJFNQP EF TÓNCPMP
1BSB DBMDVMBS Ts QSJNFSP IBZ RVF DBMDVMBS FM UJFNQP EF CJU $PNP R b = ��.�� .CQT
FOUPODFT Tb = ��R b -VFHP OFDFTJUBNPT TBCFS FM OÞNFSP EF QVOUPT EF MB DPOTUFMBDJØO
QBSB DBMDVMBS FM UJFNQP EF TÓNCPMP $PNP FT VOB NPEVMBDJØO DVBUFSOBSJB FM OÞNFSP
EF QVOUPT EF MB DPOTUFMBDJØO FT M = � Z Ts = log (M) ⋅ Tb 2VFEB B l = ��Ts = ��.��
�
.)[ %F GPSNB RVF FM BODIP EF CBOEB QBTP EF CBOEB RVFEB
B = �B l + � .)[ = ��.�� .)[.
C
" QBSUJS EF MB QPUFODJB RVF MMFHB BM SFDFQUPS Z EF MB E b �N � NÓOJNB QFSNJUJEB EFTQFKBNPT
FM SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP NÈYJNP QPTJCMF
-B QPUFODJB RVF MMFHB FT MB USBOTNJUJEB NFOPT MBT QÏSEJEBT EFM NFEJP )BZ RVF BQMJDBS
'SJJT
Pdr = PIRE − L b + G = −��.�� E#N
EPOEF
PIRE = Pt + G t = Pe t − L tt + G t = �� − �.� + G t = �� − �.� + �� = ��.� E#N

L b = �� log(�πd�λ) = ��.� E#
Z d = � ⋅ �� N f = �.� ⋅ �� )[ c = � ⋅ �� NT λ = c� f

$BMDVMBNPT BIPSB FM SVJEP Z QBSB FMMP MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP B MB FOUSBEB EFM SFDFQUPS
-B FYQSFTJØO EF MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT WJFOF EBEB QPS
f s = f a + f r − � EPOEF f a = Ta �T� FT MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP EF BOUFOB Z f r MB EFM SFDFQUPS
&TUF ÞMUJNP FTUÈ DPNQVFTUP QPS VO CMPRVF QBTJWP EF 3' TFHVJEP EF VO BNQMJĕDBEPS EF
CBKP SVJEP &O FTUF DBTP MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP FRVJWBMFOUF FT MB TVNB FO E# P FM QSPEVDUP
FO VO EF MBT ĕHVSBT EF SVJEPT EF MPT CMPRVFT -B ĕHVSB EF SVJEP EFM QSJNFSP TPO TVT
QÏSEJEBT BM TFS VOB SFE QBTJWB -B ĕHVSB EF SVJEP EFM -/" FT EBUP
L tr = �.� E# F l na = �.� E#
1 %"#
$PO UPEP MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB RVFEB DPO f r = l tr f l na
f s = Ta �T� + l tr f l na − � = �.�� → Fs = �.�� E#.
$PNP Fs FTUÈ SFGFSJEP FO FM NJTNP QVOUP RVF Pr FM DPOFDUPS EF BOUFOB FO FM SFDFQUPS

WFS 'JHVSB
QPEFNPT JNQPOFS RVF MB TFOTJCJMJEBE TFB JHVBM B MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB
Z EFTQFKBS FM SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP VUJMJ[BOEP MB TJHVJFOUF FYQSFTJØO
Pr = E b �N � E# + Fs E# + �� log(R b (CQT)) − �� E#N)[ = −��.�� E#N,
Z EF MB ĕHVSB E b �N � = �� E# QBSB BER = ��−� RVFEB
�� log(R b ) =Pr − E b �N � − Fs + �� ⇒ R b � = ��(R b ��) = �� .CQT.
max
D
)BZ *4* QPS FM TJHVJFOUF NPUJWP 4F VUJMJ[B VO QVMTP SFDUBOHVMBS EF GPSNB RVF MB
USBOTGPSNBEB EF FTUF QVMTP UJFOF DPNQPOFOUFT FTQFDUSBMFT FO UPEBT MBT GSFDVFODJBT
Z TV EFOTJEBE FTQFDUSBM EF QPUFODJB PDVQB UPEP FM FTQFDUSP -B NBZPS QBSUF EF MB
QPUFODJB TF DPODFOUSB FO FM MØCVMP QSJODJQBM EF MB EFOTJEBE FTQFDUSBM EF QPUFODJB &O
FTUF QSPCMFNB TF EFUFDUB MB TF×BM DPO TØMP FTUF MØCVMP Z FM FGFDUP FT FM EF IBCFS QBTBEP
MB TF×BM SFDJCJEB QPS VO ĕMUSP QBTP EF CBKB EF FTUF BODIP "M TVQSJNJS MPT EFNÈT MPCVMPT
FM QVMTP SFDUBOHVMBS EFKB EF TFSMP QBSB QBTBS B TFS VOB GPSNB AABDBNQBOBEB DPO DPMBT
RVF BGFDUBO B TÓNCPMPT QPTUFSJPSFT Z BOUFSJPSFT " FGFDUPT QSÈDUJDPT FTUP TF USBEVDF FO
RVF TF SFDJCF VO USFO EF QVMTPT RVF EVSBO DBEB VOP NÈT EF Ts TFHVOEPT Z FO FTUF DBTP
OP DVNQMFO MB DPOEJDJØO EF /ZRVJTU HFOFSBOEP *4*
6OB TPMVDJØO VTVBM FT VUJMJ[BS VO QVMTP EF SBÓ[ EF DPTFOP BM[BEP &TUPT QVMTPT EVSBO
NÈT EF Ts QFSP DVNQMFO MB DPOEJDJØO EF /ZRVJTU 2VFEBSÓB EJTF×BS FM QVMTP QSPQPSDJP
OBOEP FM QBSÈNFUSP α EF DBÓEB P SPMMPČ TBCJFOEP RVF FM BODIP EF CBOEB FRVJWBMFOUF
QBTP EF CBKP QBSB FTUF QVMTP TFSÓB (� + α)�(�Ts )
1 %"#
$POTJEFSF VO EJTF×P QSFMJNJOBS EF VO SFDFQUPS EF %"# .)[
CBTBEP FO VO
FTRVFNB TVQFSIFUFSPEJOP DPO DVBUSP TFDDJPOFT BOUFOB FUBQB EF 3' NF[DMBEPS Z FUBQB EF
GSFDVFODJB JOUFSNFEJB -PT EBUPT EF DBEB TFDDJØO TF JODMVZFO FO MB 'JHVSB 4F DPOPDF
BEFNÈT RVF
t -B JNQFEBODJB EF FOUSBEB Z TBMJEB EF UPEPT MPT FMFNFOUPT FT EF Ω

t &O FM NPEP %"# VUJMJ[BEP TF USBOTNJUFO CJUT DBEB µT
t -B NPEVMBDJØO FT %214, &O FTUB NPEVMBDJØO TF OFDFTJUB VOB SFMBDJØO FOFSHÓB EF
CJU B EFOTJEBE FTQFDUSBM EF SVJEP EF E# QBSB VOB BER < ��−�
t &TUB BER < ��−� FT MB OFDFTBSJB QBSB MB DPSSFDUB EFDPEJĕDBDJØO EF MB TF×BM USBOTNJ
UJEB
B
%FUFSNJOF MB UFNQFSBUVSB Z MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB

h) Se considera que puede haber señales en canales adyacentes de hasta 50 dB por encima de la señal de inter
cuando esta tiene un valor igual al de la sensibilidad. Se considera aquí un valor de sensibilidad de -95 dBm.
aparecen a la entrada dos tonos de igual potencia y valor (-95+50 dBm), uno en el canal inmediato super
(fc+1536 KHz) y otro en el canal siguiente (fc +(2x1536 KHz)) y la potencia de señal en el canal de interés
KHz)es la de la sensibilidad -85 dBm, calcule la relación a$BQÓUVMP 3VJEP
la salida entreF *OUFSNPEVMBDJØO
la potencia útil y la intermodulaci
producida por estos tonos (únicamente por estos tonos).
Ta=290K
Ga=3dBi
IPo = +20 dBm IPo = +15 dBm IPo = +20 dBm
A B C D
GRF = 15 dB LMX = 7 dB GFI = 30 dB

FRF = 4 dB TMX = 1160K TFI = 1000K
B= 10MHz B =1536 kHz
Fig. P2.B: Receptor
'JHVSB &TRVFNB EFM SFDFQUPS
C
$BMDVMF MB TFOTJCJMJEBE B MB FOUSBEB EFM SFDFQUPS QVOUP " $BMDVMF FM WBMPS FO E#N Z FO
E# µ7
D
&TDSJCB MB TFOTJCJMJEBE FO UÏSNJOPT EF DBNQP FMÏDUSJDP DBNQP FMÏDUSJDP OFDFTBSJP FO
MBT JONFEJBDJPOFT EF MB BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB

E
4F DPOTJEFSB RVF QVFEF IBCFS TF×BMFT FO DBOBMFT BEZBDFOUFT EF IBTUB E# QPS FODJNB
EF MB TF×BM EF JOUFSÏT DVBOEP FTUB UJFOF VO WBMPS JHVBM BM EF MB TFOTJCJMJEBE : VO WBMPS
EF TFOTJCJMJEBE EF −�� E#N 4J BQBSFDFO B MB FOUSBEB EPT UPOPT EF JHVBM QPUFODJB Z
WBMPS −�� + �� E#N
VOP FO FM DBOBM JONFEJBUP TVQFSJPS f c + �� L)[
Z PUSP FO
FM DBOBM TJHVJFOUF f c + (� ⋅ �� L)[
Z MB QPUFODJB EF TF×BM FO FM DBOBM EF JOUFSÏT f c

L)[
FT MB EF MB TFOTJCJMJEBE −�� E#N DBMDVMF MB SFMBDJØO B MB TBMJEB FOUSF MB QPUFODJB
ÞUJM Z MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO QSPEVDJEB QPS FTUPT UPOPT ÞOJDBNFOUF QPS FTUPT UPOPT

4PMVDJØO
B
-B UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EF SVJEP EF VO TJTUFNB SFDFQUPS TF DBMDVMB VUJMJ[BOEP MB
FYQSFTJØO Ts = Ta + Tr RVF FT MB TVNB EF MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF SVJEP EF MB BOUFOB Z EFM
SFDFQUPS " TV WF[ Z EBEP RVF IBZ USFT DVBESJQPMPT FO TFSJF MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF SVJEP
EFM SFDFQUPS FT
TM X TF I
Tr = TRF + + ,
g RF g RF g M X
EPOEF MBT HBOBODJBT FTUÈO FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT Z MBT UFNQFSBUVSBT TPO DPOPDJEBT B
FYDFQDJØO EF MB UFNQFSBUVSB EFM CMPRVF EF SBEJPGSFDVFODJB ²TUB TF DBMDVMB B QBSUJS EF
MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP EFM CMPRVF E# DPNP
TRF = T� ( f RF − �),
EPOEF MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP FTUÈ FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT Z T� FT MB UFNQFSBUVSB BNCJFOUF

1 %"#
3FBMJ[BOEP MPT DÈMDVMPT
TRF = �� ,,
TM X TF I
Tr = TRF + + = �� ,,
g RF g RF g M X
Ts = Ta + Tr = �� ,.
1PS PUSP MBEP MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS EJSFDUBNFOUF DPNP
f s = Ts �T� = �.�� ⇒ Fs = �.�� E#.
&M QSPCMFNB QPESÓB IBCFSTF SFTVFMUP UBNCJÏO SFTPMWJFOEP QSJNFSP MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP
EFM TJTUFNB Z EFTQVÏT MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF SVJEP EFM NJTNP -B FYQSFTJØO EF MB ĕHVSB EF
SVJEP FT
f s = f a + f r − �.
$PNP f a = Ta �T� = � RVFEB f s = f a + f r − � = f r $BMDVMBNPT FTUB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP MB

FRVJWBMFOUF EF MPT USFT CMPRVFT EFM SFDFQUPS
fM X − � f −�
f r = f RF + + FI .
g RF g RF g M X
1BSB DBMDVMBS MB UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB CBTUBSÓB IBDFS Ts = T� f s
C
&M DÈMDVMP EF MB TFOTJCJMJEBE OP FT DPNQMJDBEP TJ TF UJFOFO CJFO FO DVFOUB VOB TFSJF
EF GBDUPSFT &M QSJNFSP FT TBCFS FO RVÏ QVOUP TF USBCBKB "RVÓ TF USBCBKB B MB FOUSBEB
: OP IBZ DBCMF EF BMJNFOUBDJØO FOUSF BOUFOB Z SFDFQUPS -VFHP IBZ RVF EJTUJOHVJS
FOUSF TJTUFNB BOBMØHJDP Z TJTUFNB EJHJUBM &O FM QSJNFSP TF TVFMF FYJHJS VOB SFMBDJØO
TF×BM B SVJEP VOB SFMBDJØO FOUSF QPUFODJB EF TF×BM Z QPUFODJB EF SVJEP FO FM BODIP EF
CBOEB RVF TF QBTB BM EFNPEVMBEPS &O FM TFHVOEP TF FYJHF RVF TF DVNQMB B MB FOUSBEB
EFM EFNPEVMBEPS VOB EFUFSNJOBEB SFMBDJØO FOFSHÓB EF CJU B EFOTJEBE FTQFDUSBM EF
QPUFODJB &O OVFTUSP DBTP TF USBUB EF VO TJTUFNB %"# EJHJUBM BVEJP CSPBEDBTUJOH : MB
FYJHFODJB EF DBMJEBE FT VOB SFMBDJØO FOFSHÓB EF CJU B EFOTJEBE FTQFDUSBM EF QPUFODJB EF
E# &TUB SFMBDJØO FT
eb p g ⋅ Tb pr
w = e b �n o = = r = ⇒ c� A = p r = w ⋅ kTo f s R b .
kTo f s g kTo f s g kTo f s R b
%POEF TF IB EFTQFKBEP MB QPUFODJB EF QPSUBEPSB QSPNFEJP RVF TF SFDJCF FO GVODJØO

EFM QSPEVDUP kT� FM SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP R b Z MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB ZB DBMDVMBEB
&TUF OJWFM EF TF×BM UJFOF RVF TFS NBZPS RVF FM VNCSBM EBEP QPS MB TFOTJCJMJEBE
eb
c� A � � ⋅ kTo f s R b .
n � mı́n

&O E#
C A � E b �N � � − ��E#N)[ + Fs + �� log R b (CQT).
mı́n
"QMJDBNPT FTUB FYQSFTJØO
C A � �� − ��E#N)[ + �.�� + �� log �� ⋅ �� = − E#N

EPOEF
��
Rb = = �� LCQT.
�� ⋅ ��−�
&O UÏSNJOPT EF UFOTJØO
V (E# µ7) C E#N

⋅ MPH R Ω
E# µ7.
D
4F QJEF SFMBDJPOBS MB QPUFODJB EFUSÈT EF MB BOUFOB DPO FM DBNQP FO MBT JONFEJBDJPOFT
EF MB NJTNB &TUB SFMBDJØO WJFOF EBEB QPS FM QSPEVDUP EFM ĘVKP EF QPUFODJB QPS FM ÈSFB
FGFDUJWB 4VTUJUVZFOEP QSJNFSP FM WBMPS EFM ĘVKP EF QPUFODJB FYQSFTBEP FO UÏSNJOPT EF
DBNQP FMÏDUSJDP FĕDB[ Z MVFHP FM WBMPS EFM ÈSFB FĕDB[ FO GVODJØO EF MB HBOBODJB EF MB
BOUFOB
e� e � λ� e� λ�
p r = �P� ⋅ A e f = ⋅ Ae f = ⋅ ⋅ gr = ⋅ ⋅g .
η η �π ��π �π r
&TUB FYQSFTJØO FO EFDJCFMJPT RVFEB
Pr (E#N) = E(E# µ7N) − �� log f (.)[) + G r − ��.�.
&O FTUF QSPCMFNB TF DPOPDF C = Pr Z UFOFNPT RVF DBMDVMBS FM DBNQP FMÏDUSJDP %FTQF
KBNPT
E(E# µ7N) = Pr (E#N) + �� log f (.)[) − G r + ��.�.
&M WBMPS EF MB GSFDVFODJB FT FM WBMPS EF MB GSFDVFODJB QPSUBEPSB 5FOFNPT FO %"# VOB

TFSJF EF DBOBMFT EFOUSP VO BODIP EF CBOEB .)[
RVF FTUÈ FO MB CBOEB ***
1PEFNPT UPNBS FM WBMPS DFOUSBM P TFS DPOTFSWBEPSFT Z UPNBS FM QFPS DBTP &M QFPS DBTP
TF EB QBSB MB NÈYJNB GSFDVFODJB
E(E# µ7N) = −��.�� + �� log �� − � + ��.� = ��.��(E# µ7N).
E
"RVÓ TF FTUÈ DPNQSPCBOEP MP SPCVTUP RVF FT FM SFDFQUPS B MB QSFTFODJB EF TF×BMFT GVFSUFT
QSØYJNBT 4F JOUSPEVDFO EPT UPOPT VOP FO FM DBOBM BEZBDFOUF BM EF JOUFSÏT Z PUSP FO FM
TJHVJFOUF &TUPT UPOPT QSPEVDFO JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO -B EF UFSDFS PSEFO DBF KVTUP FO MB
GSFDVFODJB EF QPSUBEPSB EFM DBOBM EF JOUFSÏT : IBZ RVF DPNQBSBS MB QPUFODJB EF TF×BM
ÞUJM RVF WFOESÓB EFM DBOBM EF JOUFSÏT DPO FTUB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO )BZ RVF
UFOFS DVJEBEP QPSRVF MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO OP FT MB HFOFSBEB QPS MB NF[DMB

EF GSFDVFODJBT EF MB TF×BM EF JOUFSÏT "TÓ RVF IBZ RVF DBMDVMBS QPS VO MBEP MB QPUFODJB
B MB TBMJEB EFCJEP B MB TF×BM ÞUJM : QPS PUSP MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO EFCJEB B FTUPT UPOPT
1BSB DBMDVMBS MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO EFCJEB B FTUPT UPOPT IBZ RVF UFOFS FO
DVFOUB RVF QBTBO QPS MB FUBQB EF 3' Z QPS FM NF[DMBEPS QFSP FO '* TF ĕMUSBO BOUFT EF
BNQMJĕDBS 1PS MP RVF MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO TF QSPEVDF TØMP EFCJEP B MPT EPT QSJNFSPT
CMPRVFT $BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP VO CMPRVF FRVJWBMFOUF B FTUPT EPT QSJNFSPT CMPRVFT &M
QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP FRVJWBMFOUF B MB TBMJEB FT
� � � � �
o
= o
+ o = � +
i p �,T g M X i p �,RF i p �,M X �.��
�� N8 ��.� N8
⇒ i p o�,T = ��.�� N8 ⇒ o
IP�,T = ��.�� E#N.
-B JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO EFCJEB B MPT UPOPT RVFEB
I � = �Po,tonos − �IP�,T
o
= �(−�� + �� + �� − �) − �(��.��) = −��.�� E#N.
-B QPUFODJB EF TF×BM ÞUJM B MB TBMJEB FT MB QPUFODJB B MB GSFDVFODJB EFM DBOBM EF JOUFSÏT
Po,ÞUJM = Pr + G RF − L M X = −�� + �� − � = −�� E#N.
'JOBMNFOUF
Po,ÞUJM − I �,tonos = −�� − (−��.�) = ��.�� E#.
&M ÞMUJNP CMPRVF TF IB PCWJBEP QPSRVF OP JOUSPEVDF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO EFCJEB B MPT UP
OPT EF GVFSB EFM DBOBM -P ÞOJDP RVF IBDF FT BNQMJĕDBS MB TF×BM ÞUJM Z MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO
QPS FM NJTNP GBDUPS %F GPSNB RVF MB SFMBDJØO FOUSF NBHOJUVEFT RVFEB JHVBM

4F EFTFB EJTF×BS VO SFDFQUPS FO MB CBOEB EF .)[ &M FTRVFNB QSPQVFTUP FT FM JODMVJEP
FO MB 'JHVSB EPOEF FM BNQMJĕDBEPS EF GSFDVFODJB JOUFSNFEJB TF QVFEF DPOTJEFSBS
MJOFBM
4F QJEF
B
$BMDVMBS FM OÞNFSP EF QPMPT EFM ĕMUSP EF '* RVF HBSBOUJ[B VOB QSPUFDDJØO SFTQFDUP EFM
DBOBM BEZBDFOUF EF E# 4VQPOHB VOB DBOBMJ[BDJØO EF L)[ QBSB USBOTNJUJS VOB
TF×BM EF L)[ ZB NPEVMBEB
Z VOB SFTQVFTUB EF UJQP CVUUFSXPSUI
C
$BMDVMBS MB TFOTJCJMJEBE Z MB NÈYJNB QPUFODJB BENJTJCMF BNCBT B MB FOUSBEB Z FYQSFTB
EBT FO E#N TJ B MB TBMJEB EFCF IBCFS VOB 4/3 Z VOB SFMBDJØO TF×BM B JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO
TVQFSJPSFT B E#

Ta=1000 K
Gr=12 dB LMX=3 GFI =20 dB
GRF=15
FMX=10 dB FFI=20 dB
FRF=10 dB
IP3,MXo=10 dBm B=16 kHz
IP3,RFo=20 dBm
B=30 MHz
'JHVSB &TRVFNB EF SFDFQUPS Z WBMPSFT EF MPT QBSÈNFUSPT EF TVT EJTQPTJUJWPT
4PMVDJØO
B
-B BUFOVBDJØO FT EF A = �� E# FM BODIP EF CBOEB B = �� L)[ &M QVOUP FO FM RVF TF
UJFOF RVF DVNQMJS MB BUFOVBDJØO FT
∆ f = �� − �� = �� L)[.
%F GPSNB RVF FO VO ĕMUSP CVUUFSXPSUI FM PSEFO OFDFTBSJP FT

A
n= = ��.
(�� log(∆ f �(B��))
/ØUFTF RVF FM QVOUP FO FM RVF TF BTFHVSB MB BUFOVBDJØO FT KVTUP EPOEF FNQJF[B MB

TJHVJFOUF TF×BM EFOUSP EF TV DBOBMJ[BDJØO 4F QPESÓB IBCFS UPNBEP FM QVOUP NFEJP
FOUSF DBOBMJ[BDJØO ∆ f = ��.� L)[
C
1BSB DBMDVMBS MB TFOTJCJMJEBE OFDFTJUBNPT DBMDVMBS FM SVJEP -B ĕHVSB EF SVJEP FRVJWB
MFOUF EFM SFDFQUPS FT
f r = f RF + ( f M X − �)�g RF + ( f F I − �)�(g RF g M X ) = ��.��.
&O EFDJCFMJPT
Fr = �� log( f r ) = ��.�� E#.
4J TF UJFOF FO DVFOUB FM SVJEP EF BOUFOB UFOFNPT MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB
f s = f a + f r − � = Ta �T� + f r − � → Fs = ��.�� E#,
EPOEF Ta = �� , FT EBUP Z T� = �� , FT MB UFNQFSBUVSB BNCJFOUF 'JOBMNFOUF MB

TFOTJCJMJEBE QBSB VOB SN R DBTP BOBMØHJDP

TVQFSJPSFT B E# RVFEB
Pr � = SN R + Fs + �� log(B = ��L)[) − ��E#N)[ = −��.�� E#N.
min
3FTQFDUP B MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO MB SFMBDJØO TF×BM B JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO 4*3

UJFOF RVF
DVNQMJS
SIR = Po − I � > ��,
EPOEF Po FT MB QPUFODJB ÞUJM EF TBMJEB F I � MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO EF UFSDFS

PSEFO $PNP
I � = �Po − �IP� ,
EPOEF IP� FT FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP EF UFSDFS PSEFO B MB TBMJEB RVF QBSB VOB DBEFOB
EF CMPRVFT PCFEFDF B MB FYQSFTJØO
i p � = ��(��(g M X g F I i p �,RF ) + ��(g f i i p �,M X ) + ��(i p �,F I )) → IP� = ��.� E#N,
EPOEF MB FUBQB EF '* TF IB DPOTJEFSBEP MJOFBM i p �,F I ≈ ∞

TVTUJUVZFOEP
Po − �Po + �IP� > ��,
Z EFTQFKBOEP
Po < IP� − SIR��.
2VFEB Po < ��.�� E#N Z DPNP Pi = Po − G t Pi < −��.�� E#N EPOEF MB HBOBODJB UPUBM
EFM SFDFQUPS FT
G t = G � + G � + G � = �� E#

4FHÞO MB SFDPNFOEBDJØO $&15 3FD 53 QBSB UFSNJOBMFT SBEJP DPO NPEVMBDJØO FO
GSFDVFODJB QBSB WP[ MB SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO DPOUSB MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO EF UFSDFS PSEFO
EFCF TFS NBZPS EF E# NFEJEB FO FM QVOUP QBSB FM RVF MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO
FTUÈ E# QPS FODJNB EF MB QPUFODJB EF SVJEP B MB TBMJEB 4F QJEF
B
7FSJĕDBS TJ FM TJTUFNB SFDFQUPS FO MB 'JHVSB DVNQMF DPO FTUB FTQFDJĕDBDJØO TJ BM
NFEJS MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO TF JOUSPEVDFO EPT UPOPT B L)[ Z L)[ EF MB GSFDVFODJB
DFOUSBM EFM DBOBM TJOUPOJ[BEP
C
7FSJĕDBS MB SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO TJ MPT UPOPT FTUÈO B Z L)[ FTUP FT UBM DPNP
JOEJDB MB OPSNB B Z DBOBMFT EFM DBOBM EF JOUFSÏT

RF
IP3 =+25dBm P1dB =10 dBm B=12.5KHz
P1dB =14dBm
B=60MHz
Fig. P1: Receptor
! Gr=12!dB!
! GRF=20!dB! GMX=;6.5!dB! GFI!=30!dB!
Ltr=1!dB!
!
Demod!
SNR≥45!dB!
Ta=500!K!
FMX=15!dB!! FFI=10!dB!
FRF=8!dB! IP3,MXo=!∞! IP3,FIo=30!dBm!
IP3,RFo=+25!dBm! P1dB=10!dBm! B=12.5!kHz!
P1dB=14!dBm! ! !
B=60!MHz!
!
4PMVDJØO
B
#ÈTJDBNFOUF IBZ RVF FTUJNBS FM SVJEP TVNBSMF E# JHVBMBS FM SFTVMUBEP B MB QPUFODJB
EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO Z DPNQSPCBS RVF MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO FTUÈ E# QPS EFCBKP EF MB
QPUFODJB ÞUJM
1SJNFSP DBMDVMBNPT FM OJWFM EF SVJEP B MB TBMJEB QVFT IBZ RVF DPNQBSBS MB JOUFSNPEVMB
DJØO DPO FTUF OJWFM 1BSB DBMDVMBS FM SVJEP IBZ RVF DBMDVMBS MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP FRVJWBMFOUF
EFM TJTUFNB Z BOUFT MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP EFM SFDFQUPS &TUB ÞMUJNB WJFOF EBEB QPS
f r = l tr ( f RF + ( f mx − �)�g RF + ( f F I − �)�(g RF g M X )) = �.��
NJFOUSBT RVF MB EFM TJTUFNB
f s = f a + f r − � = �.�
EPOEF
f a = Ta �T� = �.��.
6OB WF[ DBMDVMBEBT FO E# RVFEB
Fs = �� log( f s ) = �.� E#.
&M SVJEP UPUBM TF DBMDVMB DPNP
NJ = −�� + Fs + �� log(B = ��.� ⋅ �� ) = −��.�� E#N.
&TUF FT FM SVJEP UPUBM EFM TJTUFNB SFGFSJEP B MB FOUSBEB EFM TJTUFNB FO MB DPOFYJØO EF
BOUFOB 1BSB DBMDVMBSMB B MB TBMJEB TØMP IBZ RVF TVNBSMF FO E# MB HBOBODJB UPUBM
NP = NJ + G T = −��.�� E#N,
EPOEF
G T = −L tr + G RF + G M X + G F I = ��.� E#.
&M SVJEP NÈT E# FT MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO QBSB MB RVF DPNQSPCBS MB SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFD

DJØO
I � = NP + �� = −��.�� E#N.
&M QSPCMFNB TF SFEVDF B DBMDVMBS MB QPUFODJB EF TBMJEB QBSB MB RVF TF QSPEVDF FTUB
QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO /ØUFTF RVF MPT UPOPT MMFHBO BM BNQMJĕDBEPS EF 3' QSP
EVDJFOEP JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO QFSP MVFHP WVFMWFO B QSPEVDJS NÈT FO FM BNQMJĕDBEPS EF
'* "TÓ MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO FT EFCJEB B BNCPT BNQMJĕDBEPSFT 1BSB SFMBDJPOBS QPUFODJB
EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO Z QPUFODJB EF TBMJEB IBDF GBMUB FM QVOUP EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO B MB
TBMJEB MP DBMDVMBNPT VUJMJ[BOEP MBT SFMBDJPOFT UFØSJDBT PQPSUVOBT
i p � = ��(��(g M X g F I i p �,RF ) + ��(i p �,F I )).
&O EFDJCFMJPT
IP� = �� log i p � = ��.�� E#N.
-B QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO EF UFSDFS PSEFO Z MB QPUFODJB EF TBMJEB FTUÈO SFMBDJP

OBEBT QPS MB TJHVJFOUF FYQSFTJØO EF EPOEF TF EFTQFKB MB QPUFODJB EF TBMJEB
I � = �P − �IP� ⇒ PP = (I � + �IP� )�� = −�.�� E#N.
'JOBMNFOUF
RP = PP − I � = ��.�� E#,
MVFHP OP DVNQMF
C
"IPSB MPT UPOPT OP QBTBO BM BNQMJĕDBEPS EF '* QPS MP RVF MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO FT TØMP
MB EF 3' EBEP RVF FM NF[DMBEPS FT MJOFBM
i p � = g M X g F I i p �,RF .
3FQJUJFOEP MPT DÈMDVMPT RP = ��.�� E# RVF TÓ DVNQMF MB FTQFDJĕDBDJØO

/PUB MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO Z FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP FTUÈO DBMDVMBEPT B MB
TBMJEB

4F EFTFB EJTF×BS VO SFDFQUPS EF SBEJPEJGVTJØO '. FO FM SBOHP .)[ &M FTRVFNB
QSPQVFTUP FT FM JODMVJEP FO MB 'JHVSB

4F QJEF
B
$BMDVMBS FM OÞNFSP EF QPMPT EFM ĕMUSP EF '* RVF HBSBOUJ[B RVF FM ĕMUSP JOUSPEV[DB
VOB BUFOVBDJØO JHVBM P NBZPS EF E# FO MB GSFDVFODJB DFOUSBM EFM DBOBM BEZBDFOUF
4VQPOHB VOB DBOBMJ[BDJØO EF L)[ QBSB USBOTNJUJS VOB TF×BM NPOP EF L)[ EF
BODIP EF CBOEB ZB NPEVMBEB
Z VOB SFTQVFTUB EF UJQP #VUUFSXPSUI
C
$BMDVMBS MB TFOTJCJMJEBE Z MB NÈYJNB QPUFODJB BENJTJCMF BNCBT B MB FOUSBEB Z FO E#N
TJ FM EFNPEVMBEPS EF '. EFCF UFOFS VOB 4*/3
p + n + i�
SIN R = �� log � �
n + i�
TVQFSJPS B E# EPOEF s FT MB QPUFODJB EF TF×BM n MB EF SVJEP F i MB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO
3FQSFTÏOUFMB FO GVODJØO EF MB QPUFODJB EF FOUSBEB
!
Demod!FM!
!
GMX=!3!dB! GFI!=30dB!
GRF=10!dB)
FMX=!10dB! FFI=10!dB!!
FRF=6!dB!
IP3,MXo=!10dBm! IP3,FIo=20!dBm!
IP3,RFo=20!dBm!
B=20!MHz! B=200!kHz!
! !
4PMVDJØO
B
-B BUFOVBDJØO FYJHJEB FT A = �� E# 4J FM BODIP EF CBOEB EF QBTP FT B = �� L)[ Z MB
EJTUBODJB EFM DFOUSP B MB GSFDVFODJB EPOEF EFCF DBFS A E# FT ∆ f = �� L)[ FOUPODFT
FM PSEFO EFM ĕMUSP FT
n = A�(�� log(∆ f �(B��)) = ��.
C
$BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP FM SVJEP QBSB DBMDVMBS MB 4*/3 1BSB FTP FT OFDFTBSJP DBMDVMBS MB
ĕHVSB EF SVJEP EFM SFDFQUPS
Demod FM
f r = f RF + ( f M X − �)�g RF + ( f F I − �)�(g RF g M X ) = �.��
G2=3 GFI =30dB

G1=10
Z MB EFM TJTUFNB
F1=6dB F2=10dB, F3=10 dB
o
IP3,2 =10dBm IP3,3o=20dBm
IP3,1o=20dBm
B=20MHz f s = f a + f r − B=100KHz
�,
Fig. P1: Receptor FM

!

EPOEF
f a = Ta �To .
4F BTVNF Ta = �� , MVFHP Fs = Fr = �� log f r = �.�� E# &M SVJEP B MB TBMJEB RVFEB
N i = −�� E#N)[ + Fs + �� log(B = �� ⋅ �� )[)

= −��.�� E#N.
N o = N i + G T = −��.�� E#N.
EPOEF G T = G RF + G M X + G � = �� E# 5BNCJÏO MB QPUFODJB B MB TBMJEB FT MB QPUFODJB B
MB FOUSBEB NÈT FTUB HBOBODJB FO EFDJCFMJPT
PP = PJ + G T .
1BSB DBMDVMBS MB 4*/3 IBDF GBMUB BEFNÈT DBMDVMBS MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO EF

UFSDFS PSEFO $BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP B MB TBMJEB QVFT QFSNJUF
SFMBDJPOBS MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO DPO MB QPUFODJB ÞUJM
i p � = ��(��(g � g � i p �,RF ) + ��(g � i p �,M X ) + ��(i p �,F I )),
RVF FO E# RVFEB IP� = ��.�� E# -B QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO FT GVODJØO EF FTUF

QBSÈNFUSP Z EF MB QPUFODJB EF TBMJEB
I � = �Po − �IP� .
$PNP
I � = �� log(p�o ) − �� log(i p�� ) = �� log(p�o �i p�� ),
UFOFNPT RVF MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO B MB TBMJEB FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT FT
i � = p�o �i p�� .
'JOBMNFOUF
SN IR = �� log((p o + i � + n)�(i � + n))

= �� log((p o + p�o �i p�� + n)�(p�o �i p�� + n))
= �� log((p i g T + (p i g T )� �i p�� + n)�((p i g T )� �i p�� + n)).
%F SN IR = �� E# UFOFNPT VOB QPUFODJB NÓOJNB −��.�� E#N RVF TF DPSSFTQPOEF

DPO MB TFOTJCJMJEBE JODMVTP TJ TF UPNB DPNP DSJUFSJP SN R = �� E# QPSRVF MB JOUFS
NPEVMBDJØO FT EFTQSFDJBCMF Z UBNCJÏO MP FT FM SVJEP SFTQFDUP B MB TF×BM -B QPUFODJB
NÈYJNB BENJTJCMF QBSB BTFHVSBS MB SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO FT −��.�� E#N 4F BEKVOUB
MB 'JHVSB JOEJDBOEP FTUPT QVOUPT

SNIR, I3 y el corte con 20 dB

150
100
50
−50
−100
−200 −180 −160 −140 −120 −100 −80 −60 −40 −20 0
Pi en dBm
'JHVSB 4/3 Z 4*/3 GSFOUF B MB QPUFODJB EF FOUSBEB
/PUB PUSB QPTJCMF TPMVDJØO FT DPOTJEFSBS RVF FM SVJEP FT EFTQSFDJBCMF DVBOEP MB

JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO FT BMUB Z RVF MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO FT EFTQSFDJBCMF DVBOEP MB SFMBDJØO TF×BM
B SVJEP FT CBKB %F FTB GPSNB TF PCUJFOFO TJNJMBSFT SFTVMUBEPT DPO NFOPS FTGVFS[P 1PS
FKFNQMP MB QPUFODJB NÓOJNB BTÓ DBMDVMBEB FT −��.�� E#N
/PUB FO FM DÈMDVMP EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO TF BTVNF RVF TF UJFOFO EPT UPOPT FO FM BODIP
EF CBOEB EF GSFDVFODJB JOUFSNFEJB RVF QSPEVDFO QSPEVDUPT EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO Z VOP
DBF EFOUSP EF FTUF BODIP EF CBOEB
1 3VJEP FO TF×BM SFDJCJEB EFTEF VO USBOTNJTPS
4FB VO USBOTNJTPS EF DPNVOJDBDJPOFT NØWJMFT B .)[ DPO SBEJP EF DPCFSUVSB r = �

LN -B QSPQBHBDJØO EJTDVSSF FO VO UFSSFOP TVCVSCBOP -PT FRVJQPT SFDFQUPSFT UJFOFO
VOB TFOTJCJMJEBE NÈYJNB VUJMJ[BCMF EF −�� E#N DPOFDUBEPT EJSFDUBNFOUF B VOB BOUFOB
NPOPQPMP λ�� TPCSF QMBOP DPOEVDUPS
4F EFTFB HBSBOUJ[BS MB DPCFSUVSB FO FM EF
FNQMB[BNJFOUPT QFSJNFUSBM
Z EFM UJFNQP B MB EJTUBODJB r = � LN &M TJTUFNB EFCF
BTFHVSBS FO MBT DJSDVOTUBODJBT EFTDSJUBT VOB UBTB EF FSSPS EF CJU QPS EFCBKP EF ��−� RVF
QBSB MB NPEVMBDJØO VTBEB L)[ EF BODIP EF CBOEB B LCQT
FRVJWBMF B FYJHJS B MB
TBMJEB EFM SFDFQUPS VOB SFMBDJØO FOFSHÓB EF CJU B EFOTJEBE FTQFDUSBM EF QPUFODJB EF E#
&M USBOTNJTPS UJFOF FM FTRVFNB EF MB ĕHVSB Z VOB BMUVSB FGFDUJWB EF N $POTUB EF VO
DPOWFSTPS EF GSFDVFODJB VO BNQMJĕDBEPS Z EJTUJOUPT DJSDVJUPT EF NJDSPPOEBT DPOTJEFSBEPT
dBm conectados directamente a una antena monopolo λ/4 (sobre plano conductor). Se desea garantizar la cob
50% de emplazamientos y 50% del tiempo a la distancia r=2 Km. El sistema debe asegurar en las circunstanc
una tasa de error de bit por debajo de 10-3, que para la modulación usada (200KHz de ancho de banda a
equivale a exigir
1 3VJEP FOa TF×BM
la salida delEFTEF
SFDJCJEB receptor una relación energía de bit a densidad espectral
VO USBOTNJTPS de potencia d
transmisor tiene el esquema de la figura, y una altura efectiva de 30 m. La cadena consta de un conversor de
un amplificador y distintos circuitos de microondas considerados como pasivos. La antena se conecta a través
DPNP QBTJWPT -B BOUFOB TF DPOFDUB B USBWÏT EF VO DBCMF HVJBPOEBT
EF BMJNFOUBDJØO
(guiaondas) de alimentación.
/PUB 1VFEF BTJHOBS WBMPSFT FTUÈOEBS B PUSPT QBSÈNFUSPT RVF OFDFTJUF
Nota: Puede asignar valores estándar a otros parámetros que necesite.
G=0 dBd
Pet
L=2 dB
IP3,Mxo≈∞ IP3,Amo=61 dBm
G=52 dB Lcir=4 dB
LMx=6 dB
P1dBo=42 dBm
Transmisor
Figura Pb 2
'JHVSB &TRVFNB EFM USBOTNJTPS
a) Calcule una estimación de la mínima potencia necesaria entregada por el transmisor que asegura una BER d
b) Calcule la potencia máxima entregada por el transmisor que asegura a la salida una relación de prot
B
$BMDVMFdeVOB
intermodulación FTUJNBDJØO
tercer EF MB NÓOJNB
orden, dentro del canalQPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB
útil, mayor de 35 FOUSFHBEB
dB. QPS FM USBOTNJTPS
−�
c) CalculeRVF BTFHVSB
la figura de VOB #&3
ruido, enEF �� de los receptores. Si se rediseñasen los mismos para mejorar la sensibili
dB,
cuál es el mejor valor de sensibilidad posible.
C
$BMDVMF MB QPUFODJB NÈYJNB FOUSFHBEB QPS FM USBOTNJTPS RVF BTFHVSB B MB TBMJEB VOB
SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO QBSB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO EF UFSDFS PSEFO EFOUSP EFM DBOBM ÞUJM
Comience NBZPS
a resolver el E#
EF problema a continuación y en cualquier caso entregue esta hoja.
D
$BMDVMF MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP FO E# EF MPT SFDFQUPSFT 4J TF SFEJTF×BTFO MPT NJTNPT QBSB
NFKPSBS MB TFOTJCJMJEBE DBMDVMF DVÈM FT FM NFKPS WBMPS EF TFOTJCJMJEBE QPTJCMF
4PMVDJØO
B
*HVBMBNPT MB TFOTJCJMJEBE B MB QPUFODJB NÓOJNB SFDJCJEB
S ms = Pdr = Pe t − L tt + G t − L b + G r − L tr
⇒ Pe t = S ms + L tt − G t + L b − G r + L tr
⇒ Pe t = −�� + � − �.�� + L b − (�.�� + �) + �,
EPOEF MB HBOBODJB EFM NPOPQPMP FT FM EPCMF EF MB EFM EJQPMP Z MBT QÏSEJEBT QPS DPOF
YJPOFT Z DBCMF EF BMJNFOUBDJØO FO FM SFDFQUPS TF IBO EFTQSFDJBEP
&M WBMPS EF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB RVF TF IB JHVBMBEP B MB TFOTJCJMJEBE FT FM WBMPS NFEJBOP
%F GPSNB RVF FO FM EF UJFNQP FM OJWFM SFDJCJEP FTUBSÈ QPS FODJNB Z FO FM
QPS EFCBKP *HVBMNFOUF FO FM EF FNQMB[BNJFOUPT FM OJWFM FTUÈ QPS FODJNB Z FM
QPS EFCBKP
2VFEB DBMDVMBS MBT QÏSEJEBT EFM NFEJP 4JFOEP VO TJTUFNB EF DPNVOJDBDJPOFT NØWJMFT
Z BM OP EJTQPOFS EF EBUPT TPCSF FM USB[BEP VSCBOP TF PQUB QPS VUJMJ[BS FM NÏUPEP EF

0LVNVSB)BUB QBSB [POB TVCVSCBOB DPO BMUVSB EF NØWJM �.� N
L b = ��.�� + ��.�� ⋅ log ��( f ) − ��.�� ⋅ log ��(h t )

+ (��.� − �.�� ⋅ log ��(h t )) ⋅ log ��(d)
L = L b − � ⋅ log ��( f ��)� − �.� = ��.�� E#.
'JOBMNFOUF Pe t = ��.�� E#N

C
"VORVF FO QSJODJQJP QVEJFSB QBSFDFS RVF MPT DÈMDVMPT EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO WBO B TFS
DPNQMJDBEPT TØMP IBZ VO FMFNFOUP OP MJOFBM FO MB DBEFOB EFM USBOTNJTPS FM BNQMJĕDBEPS
1PS FMMP OPT JSFNPT B TV TBMJEB QBSB IBDFS MPT DÈMDVMPT
4BCFNPT RVF
I � = � ⋅ Po − �IP�o
RP = Po − I � = �(IP� − Po ).
4F FYJHF B MB TBMJEB RVF MB SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO TFB NBZPS EF E# UBM DPNP TF IB

EJDIP FT FRVJWBMFOUF B FYJHJSMP B MB TBMJEB EFM BNQMJĕDBEPS
Po = IP�o − RP�� = �� − �� = ��.� E#N.
$PNP QJEFO QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB
Pe t = Po − L c ir = ��.� E#N.
/ØUFTF RVF DPO FM BQBSUBEP B

Z C
TF IBO EFUFSNJOBEP MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB NÓOJNB
Z NÈYJNB RVF QVFEP DPOTJEFSBS FO MB QMBOJĕDBDJØO EFM TJTUFNB
D
-B QSJNFSB QBSUF FT JONFEJBUB 6UJMJ[BOEP MBT GØSNVMBT BQSPQJBEBT
S ms = Fs + E b �N o ( E#) + �� log(R b ) − �� E#N)[

⇒ Fs = S ms − E b �N o ( E#) − �� log(R b ) + ��
⇒ Fs = −�� E#N − � − �� log(�� ⋅ �� ) + �� E#N)[ = �.�� E#.
1BSB MB TFHVOEB QBSUF EF FTUF BQBSUBEP IBZ RVF QFOTBS VO QPDP &O QSJODJQJP MB ĕHVSB
EF SVJEP EF VO SFDFQUPS FT MB SFMBDJØO FOUSF MB 4/3 B MB FOUSBEB Z B MB TBMJEB 4JFOEP FM
SFDFQUPS VO DPOKVOUP EF CMPRVFT RVF USBTMBEBO Z BNQMJĕDBO MB TF×BM FO FM NFKPS EF MPT
DBTPT JEFBM
EFKBSÈO FTUB SFMBDJØO UBM DPNP MB FOUSFHVF MB BOUFOB &TUP FT RVF f r = �
E#
" MB GSFDVFODJB EF USBCBKP QPEFNPT DPOTJEFSBS RVF MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF BOUFOB FT
Ta = T� = �� , 1PS UPEP FMMP
f s = f a + f r − � = Ta �T� + f r − � = � ⇒ Fs = � E#.
1BSB FTUB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP MB TFOTJCJMJEBE NÈYJNB VUJMJ[BCMF TFSÈ TJFNQSF NBZPS EF
S ms = � + � + �� ⋅ log(�� ⋅ �� ) − �� E#N)[ = −��.�� E#N.

&O MB 'JHVSB TF JODMVZF VO SFDFQUPS TVQFSIFUFSPEJOP QBSB DPNVOJDBDJPOFT JOBMÈNCSJ

DBT DPO EPT FUBQBT EF GSFDVFODJB JOUFSNFEJB *'
0USBT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT EFM SFDFQUPS TPO MBT
TJHVJFOUFT
t &M SBOHP EF FOUSBEB QBSB FM SFDFQUPS FO FM QVOUP " FTUÈ FOUSF −�� E#N Z −�� E#N
t "ODIP EF CBOEB FT ��.� L)[ Z MB GSFDVFODJB EF USBCBKP .)[
t &M %Y TXJUDI DPONVUBEPS

FT VO CMPRVF DPO EPT FTUBEPT QPTJCMFT 6OP FO FM RVF MB
TF×BM RVF TF SFDJCF FT EÏCJM Z FO FM RVF MBT QÏSEJEBT EFM CMPRVF TPO �.� E# &M PUSP
FTUBEP FTUÈ EJTF×BEP QBSB OJWFMFT EF TF×BMFT SFDJCJEBT BMUPT &O FTUF DBTP MBT QÏSEJEBT
TPO E#
t &M FTRVFNB JODMVZF VO BNQMJĕDBEPS DPO DPOUSPM BVUPNÈUJDP EF HBOBODJB BVUPNBUJD

HBJO DPOUSPM "($
"($
DPO WBMPSFT EF HBOBODJB FOUSF Z E#
4F QJEF
B
$BMDVMBS FM WBMPS NÓOJNP EF C�N FO FM QVOUP $ EFM FTRVFNB EF MB 'JHVSB RVF
TF BMDBO[BSÈ EFOUSP EFM SBOHP EF FOUSBEB DPOTJEFSBEP QBSB FTUF SFDFQUPS −�� B −��
E#N
EPOEF C FT MB QPUFODJB EF TF×BM ÞUJM B MB TBMJEB
C
$BMDVMBS FM QFPS WBMPS EF MB SFMBDJØO C�I � FO FM QVOUP # EFM FTRVFNB EF MB 'JHVSB
RVF TF BMDBO[BSÈ EFOUSP EFM SBOHP EF FOUSBEB %POEF I � FT MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO EF UFSDFS
PSEFO
/PUB IBHB MBT BQSPYJNBDJPOFT RVF FTUJNF PQPSUVOBT KVTUJĕDÈOEPMBT
4PMVDJØO
B
)BZ RVF BOBMJ[BS FM QFPS DBTP FO UÏSNJOPT EF SFMBDJØO TF×BM B SVJEP RVF TF EB QBSB
MB TF×BM EF FOUSBEB NFOPS −�� E#N &M %Y 4XJUDI TF QPOF FO FM FTUBEP EF NFOPSFT
QÏSEJEBT %FTEF FM QVOUP EF WJTUB EFM SVJEP VO CMPRVF BDUJWP QSFDFEJEP EF VOB DBEFOB
EF CMPRVFT QBTJWPT QVFEFO BHSVQBSTF GÈDJMNFOUF TVNBOEP MBT ĕHVSBT EF SVJEP FO E#
WFS 5BCMB
5BCMB 'JHVSBT EF SVJEP EF MBT QSJNFSB FUBQBT
#MPRVFT %Y #1'%Y .JY .JY #1'

-/" 4XJUDI-/" #1' "($ .)[
"NQ
/' E#

(BJO E#


Justifique todas sus respuestas. Si en el inciso de alguna pregunta encuentra dificultad, pase a contestar las siguientes. Escriba su
respuesta en el espacio reservado.
Problema 1. (1.5+1.5) En la Figura Pb 1 se incluye un receptor superheterodino para comunicaciones inalámbricas con
dos etapas de frecuencia intermedia (IF). Otras características del receptor son las siguientes:
• El rango de entrada para el receptor, en el punto A, está entre -110 dBm y -25 dBm.
• Ancho de banda es 24.3 KHz y la frecuencia de trabajo 881MHz.
• El Dx switch es un bloque con dos estados posibles. Uno en el que la señal que se recibe es débil y en el que las
pérdidas del bloque son 0.5 dB. En este estado se mejora la protección contra señales interferentes próximas en
frecuencia. El otro estado está diseñado para niveles de señales recibidas altos. En este caso las pérdidas son 28
dB.
• El esquema incluye un amplificador con control automático de ganancia (AGC) con valores de ganancia entre 12
y 72 dB.
Gr=0 dBi RF IF-1 IF-2
Pr
QDM
A B C
Bloque: Dx LNA1 881MHz Dx Switch LNA2 Mix 86.8MHz Amp Mix 450MHz AGC 450MHz
Quad.
Dem
NF (dB) 3.7 1.6 1.8 0.5/28 1.6 6 3 1.5 10 6 39 6 -
Gain (dB) -3.7 11 -1.8 -0.5/-28 11 -6 -3 15 23 -6 72/12 -6 -
o
IP3 (dBm) 100 7 100 33 7 30 30 10 5 100 17 100 -
Nota: NF es figura de ruido, Gain es ganancia e IP3o es el punto de intercepto de 3er orden a la salida.
Figura Pb 1
'JHVSB &TRVFNB EF SFDFQUPS DPO DPONVUBEPS Z WBMPSFT EF MPT QBSÈNFUSPT EF TVT EJTQPTJUJWPT
Se pide:
a) Calcule el valor mínimo de C/N en el punto C del esquema de la Figura Pb 1 que se alcanzará dentro del rango de
entrada considerado para este receptor (-110 a -25 dBm).
b) Calcule el peor valor de la relación C/I3 en el punto B del esquema de la Figura Pb 1 que se alcanzará dentro del rango
de entrada. Donde I3 es la intermodulación de tercer orden.

Nota: haga las aproximaciones que estime oportunas, justificándolas.
Comience a resolver el problema a continuación y en cualquier caso entregue esta hoja.
-VFHP TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP UPUBM BQMJDBOEP MB GØSNVMB EF MB ĕHVSB EF

SVJEP EF VOB DBEFOB EF CMPRVFT
f� − � f� − � fk − �
fr = f� + + + ... + ,
g� g� g� g � g � ...g k−�
EPOEF MBT ĕHVSBT EF SVJEP FTUÈO FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT "QMJDBOEP MB GØSNVMB MB ĕHVSB
EF SVJEP RVFEB N Fr = Fr = �.�� E# "TVNJFOEP RVF B MB GSFDVFODJB EF USBCBKP MB
UFNQFSBUVSB EF BOUFOB FT MB UFNQFSBUVSB BNCJFOUF To = Ta = �� , MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP
EFM TJTUFNB RVFEB JHVBM RVF MB EFM SFDFQUPS Fs = Fr = �.�� E#
4F QJEF MB SFMBDJØO C�N QBSB FMMP IBDF GBMUB DBMDVMBS C Z N
C = Pdr = −�� E#N,
N = �� log(kT� f s B) = −�� E#N)[ + Fs + �� log(B = ��.� ⋅ �� )[)
= −��.�� E#N,
Z MVFHP TV EJGFSFODJB UPEP FO EFDJCFMJPT
C − N = −�� − ��.�� = ��.�� E#.
C
)BZ RVF BOBMJ[BS FM QFPS DBTP QBSB MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO RVF TF EBSÈ QBSB VOB TF×BM
EF FOUSBEB NÈYJNB
EF −�� E#N "QMJDBNPT MB GØSNVMB QBSB DBMDVMBS FM QVOUP EF
JOUFSDFQUP FRVJWBMFOUF B MB TBMJEB
� � � �
= + + ... + = ��.�� N8−� .
i p �,T g � ...g k i p �,� g � ...g k i p �,� i p �,k
5BCMB 1VOUPT EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO Z HBOBODJBT EF MPT DVBESJQPMPT FOUSF MPT QVOUPT " Z
#
#MPRVFT %Y -/" #1' %Y 4XJUDI -/"

i
G i E#
−�.� �� −�.� −��
o
IP�,i E#N
��
$PO MP RVF RVFEB IP�o = −��.�� E#N /ØUFTF RVF UPEP QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO
Z QVOUPT EF JOUFSDFQUPT FTUÈO SFGFSJEPT B MB TBMJEB -B HBOBODJB FO FTUF QVOUP G T =
∑ i=� G i = −��.� E# 1PS MP RVF MB QPUFODJB EF TF×BM B MB TBMJEB RVFEB
�
o
Pdr = Pdr + G T = −�� E#N − ��.� E# = −��.� E#N

Z MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO
I � = �Po − �IP�,T = � ⋅ (−��.� E#N) − � ⋅ (−��.�� E#N) = −��.�� E#N.
'JOBMNFOUF MB SFMBDJØO QPUFODJB EF TF×BM B JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO
C − I � = ��.�� E#,
DPO C = Pdr
1 $PCFSUVSB Z SVJEP
4F EFTFB JOTUBMBS VO USBOTNJTPS EF POEBT NÏUSJDBT QBSB SBEJPEJGVTJØO '. FTUÏSFP
.)[
DVZB [POB EF DPCFSUVSB FT SVSBM WBMPS NFEJBOP EF JOUFOTJEBE EF DBNQP NFEJEP
B N QPS FODJNB EFM UFSSFOP OP JOGFSJPS B E# µ7N E#V
TFHÞO MB 3FD EFM
Pb 24. Problema *563
EF 1. LN EF SBEJP
Examen BMSFEFEPS EFM FNQMB[BNJFOUP
Extraordinario. 20.03.2003 &M TJTUFNB SBEJBOUF FT VOB BOUFOB
Apellidos: EJQPMP FO λ�� Z FTUÈ TJUVBEP FO FM FYUSFNP EF VO NÈTUJM EF N EF BMUVSB FSJHJEP FO VO
Nombre:
Problemas (6 NPOUÓDVMP
ptos) ParaEFaprobar
N es EFnecesario
BMUVSB TPCSF MB BMUVSB
obtener NFEJB
2 o más EFMen
puntos UFSSFOP BM RVF TF EB TFSWJDJP -B
Problemas.
FNJTPSB FTUÈ TJUVBEB FO MB CBTF EF MB UPSSF VOJÏOEPTF BM USBOTNJTPS DPO MB BOUFOB NFEJBOUF
VO DBCMF DPBYJBM DVZB QÏSEJEB B MB GSFDVFODJB EF USBCBKP FT EF �.�� E#N MBT QÏSEJEBT FO
P1. (1.5+1.5)DPOFDUPSFT
Justifique todas sus respuestas. Escriba su respuesta en el espacio reservado. Puede continuar escribiendo por detrás de esta hoja o
TF FTUJNBO FO �.� E# 4J MB POEVMBDJØO EFM UFSSFOP TF FTUJNB FO N MB BOUFOB
SFDFQUPSB UJFOF N EF BMUVSB Z E#E EF HBOBODJB η = ��
Z FM TJTUFNB SFDFQUPS
utilizar más hojas (en este orden) si le falta espacio.
Se desea instalar un transmisor

PCFEFDF BM FTRVFNB de ondas métricas
EF MB 'JHVSB paraDBMDVMF
radiodifusión FM estéreo (88-108 MHz), cuya zona de cobertura
es urbana (valor mediano de intensidad de campo, medido a 10 m por encima del terreno, no inferior a 66 dBu, según la
Rcd. 412 del B
ITU-R), de 20 km
-B QPUFODJB de radio alrededor
TVNJOJTUSBEB QPS FM del η = ��El
emplazamiento.
USBOTNJTPS
sistema radiante es una antena dipolo en λ/2 y
está situado en el extremo de un mástil de 15 m de altura, erigido en un montículo de 135 m. La emisora está situada en la
C
uniéndose
base de la torre, -B SFMBDJØOal C�N QBSB con
transmisor VO SFDFQUPS TJUVBEP FO
la antena mediante un FM MÓNJUF
cable EFM ÈSFB
coaxial cuyaEF TFSWJDJP
pérdida QBSB MB de trabajo
a la frecuencia
es de 0.17 dB/m;GSFDVFODJB
las pérdidas
NÈT enBMUB
conectores se estiman en 0.5 dB. Si la ondulación del terreno se estima en 50 m, la
antena receptora tiene 10 m de altura y 0dBd de ganancia (η = 100%), y el sistema receptor obedece al esquema de la
figura adjunta, calcule:
L0 = 2 dB G1 = 20 dB G2 = 3 dB L3 = 3 dB G4 = 20 dB
Ta=290º
B = 2 MHz F1 = 2 dB F2 = 3 dB B = 20 kHz F4 = 10 dB
c) Potencia suministrada
'JHVSB por el transmisor
&TRVFNB EF (η = 90 %).
SFDFQUPS QBSB FTUVEJBS MB DPCFSUVSB EF USBOTNJTJØO '.
Se utilizará la Rec 3702 por ser un modelo apropiado para radiodifusión
En la Rec 370 se propone
E=Ec4PMVDJØO
+(P)-(Δh)+(hr)+(L)+(D)
En nuestro problema (Δh=50m)=0, (hr=10m)=0, (L=50%, valor mediano)=0, y (D)=0 porque no tenemos
B
4F VUJMJ[BSÈ MB 3FD *5631 QPS TFS VO NPEFMP BQSPQJBEP QBSB SBEJPEJGVTJØO
datos disponibles. Queda,
E=Ec+(P)
BOUFSJPSNFOUF *5631
Donde (P) se puede leer como PRA en dBk.

E=Ec+PRA(dBk)
De la Figura 3.52 para ht=150m y 20 Km
Ec=64dBu
y
PRA=66-Ec=2dBk
Como
1 $PCFSUVSB Z SVJEP
&O VOB BQMJDBDJØO EF FTUB SFDPNFOEBDJØO IBZ RVF TFHVJS VOB TFSJF EF QBTPT RVF
FOVNFSBNPT
%FUFSNJOBS UJQP EF USBZFDUP UJFSSB NBS NJYUP &O OVFTUSP DBTP FT EF VO TPMP
UJQP UJFSSB
%FUFSNJOBS FM UBOUP QPS DJFOUP EFM UJFNQP SFRVFSJEP &O OVFTUSP DBTP OP EJDFO
OBEB TVQPOESFNPT EFM UJFNQP
$BMDVMBS MB BMUVSB EF MB BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB h � Z PCUFOFS FM WBMPS DPSSFTQPOEJFOUF
EFM DBNQP E c (h � ) SFCBTBEP FO FM EF FNQMB[BNJFOUPT &TUF WBMPS TF NJSB
FO VOB EF MBT ĕHVSBT TVNJOJTUSBEBT QPS MB SFDPNFOEBDJØO WFS UBNCJÏO <>
QBSB EJTUJOUPT WBMPSFT EFM EFM UJFNQP GSFDVFODJB Z UJQPT EF TVFMPT /PTPUSPT
UPNBNPT DPNP TF IB JOEJDBEP MB DPSSFTQPOEJFOUF BM EFM UJFNQP Z VOB
BMUVSB EF BOUFOB h � = �� + �� = �� N : MB EF .)[ RVF FT JEØOFB QBSB '.
&YJTUF VOB DVSWB QBSB h � = �� N QPS MP RVF OP IBZ RVF JOUFSQPMBS Z MB DPSSFDDJØO
QPS BMUVSB EF BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB (h � ) FT DFSP &TUB BMUVSB TF IB UPNBEP TJHVJFOEP
MBT JOTUSVDDJPOFT EF MB SFDPNFOEBDJØO MB EJTUBODJB FT NBZPS EF LN OP TF
DPOPDF FM QFSĕM EFM UFSSFOP Z TF IB BTVNJEP RVF MB UJFSSB BMSFEFEPS FT NÈT P
NFOPT QMBOB
"DUVBMÓDFMB DPO MB QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB TVNBOEP BM WBMPS EF DBNQP SFDJCJEP
FTUB DPSSFDDJØO (P)
$PSSFDDJØO QPS BMUVSB EF BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB $PNP FM WBMPS MFÓEP FT FM DPSSFT
QPOEJFOUF BM EF VOB DVSWB OP IBZ RVF JODMVJS DPSSFDDJØO
*OUFSQPMF DPO MB GSFDVFODJB $PNP MB GSFDVFODJB EF USBCBKP TF DPSSFTQPOEF DPO
.)[ FM WBMPS FT EJSFDUBNFOUF FM MFÓEP FO MB ĕHVSB TFMFDDJPOBEB /P IBZ RVF
JOUFSQPMBS "TÓ MB DPSSFDDJØO QPS GSFDVFODJB FT DFSP (E) = �
$PSSJKB FO GVODJØO EF MB BMUVSB EF MB BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB TVNBOEP (h r ) &O OVFTUSP
DBTP MB BMUVSB EF BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB FT EF N RVF FT MB BMUVSB QBSB MB RVF MB DVSWB
EB FM WBMPS EF DBNQP SFDJCJEP FO FOUPSOP SVSBM QPS MB UBOUP (h r ) = �
$PSSJKB FO GVODJØO EFM USBZFDUP FO NFEJP VSCBOPTVCVSCBOP B×BEJFOEP (M) &M
FOUPSOP FT SVSBM Z OP IBZ RVF IBDFS OJOHVOB DPSSFDDJØO
$PSSJKB DPO FM EFTQFKBNJFOUP EFM SFDFQUPS (D) /P UFOFNPT JOGPSNBDJØO BDFSDB
EFM QFSĕM EFM UFSSFOP BTÓ RVF BTVNJSFNPT RVF FM ÈOHVMP EF EFTQFKBNJFOUP EFM
SFDFQUPS FT NFOPS B �.��○ Z RVF FTUB DPSSFDDJØO FT OVMB
$PSSJKB QBSB PUSP QPSDFOUBKF EF VCJDBDJPOFT (L) &O OVFTUSP DBTP TF QJEF FM WBMPS
NFEJBOP Z FTUF TF DPSSFTQPOEF DPO EFM UJFNQP Z EF FNQMB[BNJFOUPT
E = E c + (h � ) + (P) + (h r ) + (M) + (D) + (L) = E c + (P).
%POEF (P) TF QVFEF MFFS DPNP PRA QPUFODJB SBEJBEB BQBSFOUF

FO E#L &TUP FT VO
JODSFNFOUP FO E# EF QPUFODJB SFTQFDUP B MB USBOTNJUJEB TF USBOTNJUF EJSFDUBNFOUF FO
VO JODSFNFOUP FO FM DBNQP SFDJCJEP $PNP MB QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB FO MBT ĕHVSBT EF
MB SFDPNFOEBDJØO FT L8 EF PRA E#L Z FM WBMPS EF QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB SFBM FO

E#L FT FM JODSFNFOUP EF QPUFODJB FTUP FT (P)
E = E c + PRA E#L.
%F MB ĕHVSB DPSSFTQPOEJFOUF FO MB SFDPNFOEBDJØO WFS <> QBSB h t = �� N Z LN

OPT EB
E c = �� E#V
PRA = E − E c = �� − �� = −�� E#L.
%POEF E FT FM WBMPS OFDFTBSJP RVF TF OPT FYJHF TFB EF E#V %FTQFKBNPT MB QPUFODJB
OFDFTBSJB $PNP
PRA = Pt + G t E#E
= Pe t − L tt − L at + G t E#E
,
RVFEB
Pe t = PRA + L tt + L at − G t = −�� + �.�� + �.�� − � = −�.�� E#L.
C
$BMDVMBNPT MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB MB QPUFODJB EF SVJEP Z MBT SFTUBNPT -B QPUFODJB
SFDJCJEB TF FTDSJCF FO GVODJØO EFM DBNQP
Pdr = E − �� log( f (.)[)) − ��.� + G

= �� E#V − �� log(��) − ��.� + �.�� = −��.�� E#N.
1BSB DBMDVMBS FM SVJEP IBDF GBMUB DBMDVMBS QSJNFSP MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB
Fs = Fa + Fr − �.
4J Ta = To = �� , RVF FT VOB BQSPYJNBDJØO BDFQUBEB QBSB FTUBT GSFDVFODJBT Z

TVQFSJPSFT FOUPODFT Fs = Fr -B FYQSFTJØO FO E# QBSB Fs RVFEB
Fs = Fr = L � (E#) + �� log( f � + ( f � − �)�g � + (l � f � − �)�(g � g � )) = �.�� E#,
EPOEF TF IB VTBEP RVF MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP FRVJWBMFOUF EF VO CMPRVF QSFDFEJEP EF VOB

BUFOVBEPS FT FM QSPEVDUP EF TV ĕHVSB EF SVJEP QPS MBT QÏSEJEBT FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT
P MB TVNB FO E#T &M SVJEP SFGFSJEP B MB FOUSBEB EPOEF FTUÈ DBMDVMBEB Pdr
N = Fs (E#) + �� log(B = �� ⋅ �� )[) − ��(E#N)[) = −��.�� E#N
'JOBMNFOUF
C�N = Pdr − N = ��.�� E#.
1 5SBOTDFQUPS B .)[
&TUF WBMPS FT BMUP -B 3FD EF MB *563 FTUBCMFDF VO OJWFM NVZ TVQFSJPS BM SVJEP
&TUP GBDJMJUB FM IBDFS GSFOUF B QPTJCMFT JOUFSGFSFODJBT EF PUSBT FNJTJPOFT
1 5SBOTDFQUPS B .)[

4FBO EPT FRVJQPT " Z # &M FRVJQP " DPOTJTUF FO VO TJTUFNB EF QPTJDJPOBNJFOUP (14
DPOFDUBEP B VO USBOTNJTPS B .)[ #BOEB *4.
EPOEF FM (14 DBEB DJFSUP UJFNQP
FOWÓB MB JOGPSNBDJØO EF QPTJDJØO BM FRVJQP # "NCPT FRVJQPT TF DPOTUSVZFO B QBSUJS
EF VO USBOTDFQUPS FO VO DIJQ DVZP FTRVFNB TF JODMVZF FO MB 'JHVSB %F GPSNB RVF
DVBOEP TF USBOTNJUF MB JOGPSNBDJØO EF " B # FM USBOTDFQUPS FO FM FRVJQP " GVODJPOB DPNP
USBOTNJTPS Z FM EFM FRVJQP # DPNP SFDFQUPS &M USBOTDFQUPS TF QVFEF VUJMJ[BS QBSB Z
.)[ TJFOEP MB QSJNFSB MB GSFDVFODJB VUJMJ[BEB 5BOUP FO FM FRVJQP " DPNP FO FM #
FM USBOTDFQUPS TF DPOFDUB B MB BOUFOB NFEJBOUF VO DJSDVJUP EF QÏSEJEBT �.� E# -B BOUFOB
FT VO NPOPQPMP λ�� TPCSF QMBOP DPOEVDUPS %FTQSFDJF MBT QÏSEJEBT EF DPOFDUPSFT -B
QSPQBHBDJØO TF BQSPYJNBSÈ QPS FTQBDJP MJCSF Z TF DPOTJEFSB VOB EJTUBODJB EF LN 4F
FTDPHF VOB WFMPDJEBE EF USBOTNJTJØO EF ��.� LCJUTT RVF UJFOF BTPDJBEB VOB TFOTJCJMJEBE EF
−�� E#N QBSB VOB #&3 EF ��−� &TUB TFOTJCJMJEBE FT QBSB FM TJTUFNB DPNQMFUP JODMVZFOEP
BOUFOB : FTUÈ SFGFSJEB B MB FOUSBEB EFM USBOTDFQUPS
"UFOEJFOEP B MB 'JHVSB Z UBCMBT BEKVOUBT
B
$BMDVMF VOB FTUJNBDJØO EF MB NÓOJNB QPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB FOUSFHBEB QPS FM USBOTNJTPS
" FO FM QVOUP FOUSF FM USBOTDFQUPS Z FM DJSDVJUP EF BOUFOB RVF BTFHVSB VOB #&3 EF ��−�
FO FM SFDFQUPS # 4J TF FOUSFHBO E#N {RVÏ NBSHFO TF EFKB QBSB QÏSEJEBT BEJDJPOBMFT
B MBT EF FTQBDJP MJCSF
C
$BMDVMF MB SFMBDJØO E b �N o B MB FOUSBEB EFM EFNPEVMBEPS OFDFTBSJB QBSB MB TFOTJCJMJEBE
FYJHJEB TF BTVNF RVF FM SFDFQUPS FTUÈ MJNJUBEP QPS SVJEP Z OP QPS OJWFM NÓOJNP EF
QPUFODJB

D
&O FM USBOTNJTPS Z QBSB E#N EF QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB DBMDVMF MB SFMBDJØO FOUSF MB
QPUFODJB EF TBMJEB Z MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO EF UFSDFS PSEFO FO FM QVOUP 3' 065
5BCMB $BSBDUFSÓTUJDBT EF SVJEP EFM 539 B .)[
#MPRVF -/" .JYFS *' 4UBHF

/' E#

(BJO E#


RSSI / IF
RF Buffer
RF IN LNA IF Stage DeMod
Buffer
Encoder
/N
RF OUT PA
Charge XOSC_2
LPF PD /R Osc XOSC_1
Pump
O1O2
'JHVSB &TRVFNB EFM USBOTDFQUPS B .)[
Parámetro) Min.) Típico) Max) Unidad) )

Separación 0 64 65 kHz La frecuencia correspondiente al "0"
de digital se denota por f0, mientras que f1
frecuencias, corresponde al "1". La separación de
FSK binaria frecuencias es f1-f0. La portadora RF, fc,
viene dada por fc=(f0+f1)/2. La
separación de frecuencia es
programable en pasos de 250 Hz.
Separaciones hasta 65 kHz están
garantizadas para frecuencias de
referencia de 1 MHz. Separaciones más
grandes se alcanzan a mayores
frecuencias de referencia.
Potencia de -20 0 10/4 dBm Entregada a una carga de 50 Ω. La

Salida potencia de salida es programable.
433 / 868
MHz
RF 140/80 Ω Modo transmisión, óptima impedancia de
Impedancia carga.
de salida
433 / 868
MHz
Armónicos: -7/-15 dBm Medida para máxima potencia de salida.
2º Armónico -27/-29 Un filtrado externo se debería usar para
3er Armónico reducir la emisión de armónicos para
433/868 MHz cumplir determinados requisitos.
)
'JHVSB $BSBDUFSÓTUJDBT 3' EFM USBOTDFQUPS B .)[

1 5SBOTDFQUPS B .)[
4PMVDJØO
B
-BT QÏSEJEBT TPO MBT EF FTQBDJP MJCSF
L b = ��.�� + �� log f .)[

+ �� log d LN

RVF RVFEBO
L b = ��.�� + �� log( f .)[

) + �� log ��(d LN
) = ��.�� E#.
/P IBZ DBCMFT Z MBT QÏSEJEBT EF MPT DPOFDUPSFT TPO EFTQSFDJBCMFT -BT QÏSEJEBT FOUSF FM
USBOTNJTPS Z MB BOUFOB TF EFCFO ÞOJDBNFOUF BM EVQMFYPS
L tt = L tr = �.� E#.
-B HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB FT FM EPCMF EF MB EF VO EJQPMP λ�� G = G λ�� + � = �.�� E#

"QMJDBOEP 'SJJT EFTQFKBNPT MB QPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB QBSB SFDJCJS VOB QPUFODJB JHVBM B MB
TFOTJCJMJEBE
Pdr = Pe t − L tt + G t − L + G r − L tr ⇒ Pe t = S + L tt − G t + L − G r + L tr
Pe t = −�� + �.� − �.�� + L − �.�� + �.� = −�.�� E#N.
4J VUJMJ[BNPT VOB QPUFODJB EF E#N FM NBSHFO RVF RVFEBSÓB TFSÓB
M = � − Pe t = �.�� E#.
C
)BZ RVF BOBMJ[BS MPT USFT CMPRVFT RVF TJHVFO B MB FOUSBEB 3' */ FO MB 'JHVSB
5FOJFOEP FO DVFOUB RVF EFMBOUF UFOFNPT MB BOUFOB Z FM DJSDVJUP EF BDPQMP -B ĕHVSB EF
SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB TFSÓB
f s = f a + f r − � = Ta �T� + f r − � = f r ⇒ Fs = Fr E#,
EPOEF TF IB BTVNJEP RVF B MB GSFDVFODJB EF USBCBKP Ta = To = �� , 1BTBOEP B

VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT Z BHSVQBOEP FO VO TPMP CMPRVF f � FM DJSDVJUP EF BOUFOB Z FM -/"
f� − � f� − �
fr = f� + +
g� g� g�
�.�� − � �� − �
= �.�� + + = ��.� ⇒ Fs = Fr = ��.�� E#.
�.� �.� ⋅ �.��
$PNP MB TFOTJCJMJEBE
E b �N o (E#) = C − (Fs + �� log(R b ) − �� E#N)[),
EPOEF C = p′r TFHÞO MB OPUBDJØO EF MB 'JHVSB EFTQFKBNPT QPOJFOEP MB FDVBDJØO BM

MÓNJUF Z UFOJFOEP FO DVFOUB RVF MB Fs TF IB DBMDVMBEP SFGFSJEB BM QVOUP FOUSF BOUFOB Z

DJSDVJUP EF BDPQMP Z RVF IBZ RVF MMFWBS MB TFOTJCJMJEBE p′r � = C mı́n BM NJTNP QVOUP
mı́n
E b �N o (E#)� = (C mı́n + L Dx ) − Fs − �� ⋅ log(R b ) + �� E#N)[ =

mı́n
= −�� E#N + �.� − ��.�� − �� log(��.� ⋅ �� ) + ��
= ��.�� E#.
D
$POPDFNPT MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO QBSB MB QPUFODJB NÈYJNB EF TBMJEB &TP OPT QFSNJUF
EFTQFKBS FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP Z DBMDVMBS MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO QBSB DVBMRVJFS PUSP DBTP
$BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP $PNP
I � = � ⋅ Po − �IP�o ,
RVFEB
IP�o = (� ⋅ Po − I � )��.
-B QPUFODJB EF TBMJEB NÈYJNB B .)[ Z MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO EF UFSDFS PSEFO BTPDJB

EB TPO E#N Z −�� E#N SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF UBM DPNP TF EFTQSFOEF EF MB 'JHVSB
1BSB FTUPT WBMPSFT
IP�o = (� ⋅ Po − I � )�� = (� ⋅ �� − (−��))�� = ��.� E#N.
1BSB Po = � E#N
RP = Po − I � = �(IP� − Po ) = �� E#.
&O MB ĕHVSB BQBSFDF �� EPOEF FM FT QBSB .)[ Z FM QBSB .)[
4FSWJDJP öKP UFSSFOBM
*OUSPEVDDJØO
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VO SBEJPFOMBDF P EF WBSJPT TJ FYJTUFO SFQFUJEPSFT &O HFOFSBM TF SFTVFMWF QSJNFSP FM CBMBODF
EF FOMBDF BTFHVSBOEP RVF TF SFDJCB VOB TF×BM QPS FODJNB EFM VNCSBM P TFOTJCJMJEBE "RVÓ
TF TVFMF UFOFS FO DVFOUB MB EJGSBDDJØO DPO VO GBDUPS EF DPSSFDDJØO EFM SBEJP UFSSFTUSF
BDPSEF B MBT FYJHFODJBT JNQVFTUBT TJ TF FTUÈ FO TJUVBDJØO EF UJFSSB DVSWB " FTUP TF EFEJDBO
FM QSJNFS Z ÞMUJNP QSPCMFNB QSPQVFTUP 1SPCMFNB 1 Z 1SPCMFNB 1 &O FM ÞMUJNP TF
JOUSPEVDF VO SFQFUJEPS BDUJWP FOUSF EPT QVOUPT &TUF QSPCMFNB FT JOUFSFTBOUF EF DBSB B
SFTPMWFS QSPCMFNBT EF SBEJPFOMBDFT FTQBDJBMFT EPOEF FM TBUÏMJUF IBDF EF SFQFUJEPS
6OB WF[ SFTVFMUP FM FOMBDF TF DBMDVMB FM UJFNQP FO FM RVF FM TJTUFNB WB B TVGSJS VOB
JOUFSSVQDJØO EFCJEP B FGFDUPT FTQPSÈEJDPT &OUSF FTUPT FGFDUPT MPT NÈT JNQPSUBOUFT TPO
MB BWFSÓB EF FRVJQPT FM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP EF MB TF×BM QPS MMVWJB P VO NVMUJUSBZFDUP QMBOP
P MB EJTUPSTJØO RVF TVGSF MB TF×BM EFCJEP B VO EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP TFMFDUJWP FO GSFDVFODJB
EFCJEP B NVMUJUSBZFDUP &M DÈMDVMP EF MB DBMJEBE DVCSF FM FTUVEJP EF FTUBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT 6O

BOÈMJTJT JONFEJBUP EF DBMJEBE TFSÓB FWBMVBS FM UJFNQP FO FM RVF TJTUFNB FTUÈ JOUFSSVNQJEP
Z DPNQBSBSMP DPO VO VNCSBM V PCKFUJWP DPNQSPCBOEP TJ DVNQMF DPO FM NJTNP "RVÓ FM
DSJUFSJP EF DBMJEBE TFSÓB FM RVF OP IVCJFSB JOUFSSVQDJPOFT
4JO FNCBSHP MB *56 EJTUJOHVF FOUSF EPT UJQPT EF JOUFSSVQDJPOFT BUFOEJFOEP B TV EV
SBDJØO .JFOUSBT RVF FM NVMUJUSBZFDUP FT VO FGFDUP DPO VOB DPSUB EVSBDJØO UÓQJDBNFOUF
NFOPS EF VOPT QPDPT TFHVOEPT Z BGFDUB B MB ĕEFMJEBE EFM TJTUFNB MBT BWFSÓBT Z MB MMVWJB
BGFDUBO B MB EJTQPOJCJMJEBE EFM TJTUFNB EFKÈOEPMP JOIÈCJM EVSBOUF NJOVUPT IPSBT P JODMVTP
EÓBT &YJTUFO EJWFSTBT SFDPNFOEBDJPOFT RVF FTUBCMFDFO UBOUP FM UJFNQP B QBSUJS EFM DVÈM VOB
JOUFSSVQDJØO TF DPOTJEFSB VOB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE DPNP MPT PCKFUJWPT P UJFNQPT NÈYJNPT FO
FM RVF FM TJTUFNB QVFEF FTUBS JOEJTQPOJCMF P UFOFS QÏSEJEBT EF ĕEFMJEBE &O QBSUJDVMBS MB
*56 QSPQPOF VO VNCSBM EF T QBSB EJTUJOHVJS FOUSF BNCBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT FTUBCMFDJFOEP
BTÓ DPNP DSJUFSJPT QBSB FWBMVBS MB DBMJEBE EFM TJTUFNB MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE JOUFSSVQDJØO
NBZPS EF T
Z MB ĕEFMJEBE JOUFSSVQDJØO NFOPS EF T
&O TVT EJGFSFOUFT SFDPNFO
EBDJPOFT TF FTUBCMFDFO PCKFUJWPT UJFNQPT NÈYJNPT QBSB BNCPT DSJUFSJPT &M JOHFOJFSP
FWBMÞB BNCPT DSJUFSJPT QBSB VO TJTUFNB Z DPNQSVFCB RVF TF DVNQMFO EJDIPT PCKFUJWPT &O


$BQÓUVMP 4FSWJDJP öKP UFSSFOBM
FM SFTUP EF QSPCMFNBT QSPQVFTUPT 1SPCMFNB 1 B 1SPCMFNB 1 TF SFBMJ[B FTUF UJQP EF
FTUVEJP
" DPOUJOVBDJØO TF JODMVZFO CSFWFT DPNFOUBSJPT BDFSDB EFM DÈMDVMP EF FTUBT JOUFSSVQDJP
OFT RVF QVFEF DPNQMFUBS FO <>
&RVJQPT
&OUSF MBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT EF MBSHB EVSBDJØO TF FODVFOUSB MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS FRVJQPT

1PS FRVJQP TF FOUJFOEF VOB QBSUF P FM DPOKVOUP EF MPT FRVJQPT FO FM USBOTNJTPS FM SFDFQUPS
VO SFQFUJEPS P VOB FTUBDJØO OPEBM : TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS MB EJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS VO FRVJQP FO
QBSUJDVMBS P QPS VO DPOKVOUP EF FMMPT /PSNBMNFOUF TF EFTFB DBMDVMBS MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE
EFM DPOKVOUP EF UPEPT MPT FRVJQPT FO VOP P NÈT WBOPT EF VO SBEJPFOMBDF "M UBOUP QPS
DJFOUP EFM UJFNQP FO FM RVF IBZ JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS FRVJQPT TF MF EFOPNJOB FO FTUF UFYUP
U E WFS MB OPUBDJØO BM DPNJFO[P EF FTUF EPDVNFOUP
&YJTUFO EJTUJOUBT DPOĕHVSBDJPOFT EF SFQFUJEPSFT VO TØMP FRVJQP VO DPOKVOUP SFDFQUPS
NÈT USBOTNJTPS "EFNÈT TF QVFEFO UFOFS FRVJQPT DPO SFTFSWB BDUJWB IPU TUBOE CZ
)4#
$VBOEP IBZ )4# TF TVFMF EFOPUBS BM FTRVFNB M + N QPS DBEB M FRVJQPT GVODJP
OBOEP TF UJFOFO N FRVJQPT EF SFTFSWB %F GPSNB RVF QBSB RVF IBZB VO GBMMP UJFOFO RVF
DBFS TJNVMUÈOFBNFOUF NÈT EF N + � FRVJQPT -B DBTVÓTUJDB EF DPOĕHVSBDJPOFT FT HSBOEF Z
FM JOHFOJFSP EFCF JEFOUJĕDBSMB Z BQMJDBS MBT FYQSFTJPOFT BEFDVBEBT QBSB DBMDVMBS FTUF UJFNQP
EF JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE 1BSB NFKPSBS FTUB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE TF QVFEFO TFMFDDJPOBS FRVJQPT
DPO UJFNQP NFEJP FOUSF GBMMPT NFBO UJNF CFUXFFO GBMJVSFT .5#'
FMFWBEPT UJFNQP
NFEJP FO SFQBSBS NFBO UJNF UP SFQBJS .553
SFEVDJEPT ZP )4# 1VFEF DPOTVMUBS <>
QBSB FODPOUSBS FYQSFTJPOFT RVF MF QFSNJUBO IBDFS FTUPT DÈMDVMPT
-MVWJB
&O FM DBTP EF MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS MMVWJB MPT DÈMDVMPT TPO JONFEJBUPT TJ TF DPOPDF A p MB
BUFOVBDJØO FYDFEJEB FO FM p EFM UJFNQP &O FTUF DBTP TJ MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB MMFHB DPO VO
NBSHFO EF M E# QPS FODJNB EFM VNCSBM Th MB NÈYJNB BUFOVBDJØO QFSNJUJEB FT M = A p
EF EPOEF TF EFTQFKB U p = p TJFOEP U p MB OPUBDJØO VUJMJ[BEB QBSB MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE
QPS QSFDJQJUBDJØO /ØUFTF RVF MB BUFOVBDJØO QPS MMVWJB FT JNQPSUBOUF B QBSUJS EF VOPT
()[ 1PS FMMP TF TVFMFO SFBMJ[BS DÈMDVMPT EF JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS MMVWJB DVBOEP MB
GSFDVFODJB TVQFSB FTUF WBMPS 1BSB SFEVDJS FM UJFNQP EF JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS MMVWJB TF
QVFEF JODSFNFOUBS MB QPUFODJB TJ FT QPTJCMF P EJTNJOVJS MB EJTUBODJB JOTUBMBOEP NÈT
FTUBDJPOFT
%FTWBOFDJNJFOUP NVMUJUSBZFDUP
&M NVMUJUSBZFDUP UJFOF VO EPCMF FGFDUP 1PS VO MBEP IBDF RVF UPEBT MBT GSFDVFODJBT EFM
BODIP EF CBOEB VUJMJ[BEP TF SFDJCBO FO QSPNFEJP DPO VOB DBÓEB EF F E# : QPS PUSP IBDF
RVF VOBT GSFDVFODJBT TF SFDJCBO DPO NBZPS BUFOVBDJØO RVF PUSBT QSPWPDBOEP RVF IBZB
*4* &M QSJNFSP FT FM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP QMBOP Z FM UBOUP QPS DJFOUP EFM UJFNQP FO FM RVF FM
TJTUFNB OP GVODJPOB EFCJEP B ÏTUF MP EFOPNJOBNPT PT P &M TFHVOEP FT FM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP
TFMFDUJWP TJFOEP FM UBOUP QPS DJFOUP EFM UJFNQP BTPDJBEP PT S : FM SFTVMUBEP EF BNCPT
PT T

/ØUFTF RVF TJ FM BODIP EF CBOEB FT FTUSFDIP QPSRVF OP TF USBOTNJUBO HSBOEFT WFMPDJEB

EFT FM FGFDUP EFM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP TFMFDUJWP OP FT JNQPSUBOUF 1PS FMMP OP TF TVFMF DBMDVMBS
PT S QBSB SFHÓNFOFT CJOBSJPT JOGFSJPSFT B .CQT 5BNCJÏO TJ TF VUJMJ[BO JHVBMBEPSFT V
NPEVMBDJØO QPS EJWJTJØO FO GSFDVFODJB PSUPHPOBM 0SUIPHPOBM GSFRVFODZ EJWJTJPO NVMUJQMF
YJOH 0'%.
FM FGFDUP TF SFEVDF TFOTJCMFNFOUF P TF FMJNJOB 1VFEF DPOTVMUBS <> QBSB
DBMDVMBS MBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT QPS EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP NVMUJUSBZFDUP
1BSB NFKPSBS MB QÏSEJEB EF ĕEFMJEBE QPS EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP QMBOP TF QVFEF SFDVSSJS B
BVNFOUBS MB QPUFODJB 4J FTUP OP GVFSB QPTJCMF TF QPESÓB NFKPSBS ÏTUB Z MB EFCJEB B EFTWB
OFDJNJFOUP TFMFDUJWP VUJMJ[BOEP EJWFSTJEBE -B SFEVDDJØO FO MB EJTUBODJB ZP GSFDVFODJB
UBNCJÏO QVFEF UFOFSTF FO DVFOUB
4F EFTFB DPOTUSVJS VO FOMBDF QPS SBEJP FOUSF VOB FTUBDJØO CBTF EF UFMFGPOÓB NØWJM B
.)[ Z VO SFQFUJEPS P 3FĘFY
&M SBEJPFOMBDF EJTDVSSF QPS VOB SFHJØO EF UFSSFOP MMBOP
Z IPSJ[POUBM DPO DPFĕDJFOUF EF SFĘFYJØO IPSJ[POUBM Z WFSUJDBM BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF R = −�
TFQBSBEBT FOUSF TÓ QPS VOB EJTUBODJB EF LN -B DPNQB×ÓB QSPZFDUJTUB VUJMJ[B UPSSFT EF
N F JOTUBMBDJPOFT FTUÈOEBS "OUFOB%VQMFYPS(VÓB EF POEB DVZPT EBUPT TPO
t "OUFOBT 1BSBCØMJDBT UJQP 1'&" "/%3&8
o (BOBODJB ��.�E#J
o %JÈNFUSP �.�N
o "ODIP EFM IB[ �.�○
o *NQFEBODJB EF FOUSBEB ��Ω BEBQUBEB B MPT FRVJQPT
o 1PMBSJ[BDJØO IPSJ[POUBM
t 'JMUSP EVQMFYPS
t (VÓB EF POEB "/%3&8
o "UFOVBDJØO B ��.)[ Z EF �.�� E# N
B
$BMDVMF MB FĕDJFODJB EF MB BOUFOB Z FTUJNF FM BODIP EFM IB[ $PNQBSF FM SFTVMUBEP DPO
FM EBUP RVF EB FM GBCSJDBOUF
C
$BMDVMF MB EFOTJEBE P ĘVKP
EF QPUFODJB 8N�
Z FM WBMPS EF DBNQP FMÏDUSJDP 7N
RVF IBZ B N EF MB BOUFOB FO MB EJSFDDJØO EF NÈYJNB HBOBODJB Z FO FTQBDJP MJCSF TJ MB

1*3& FT EF �� E#8 4J TF UJFOF FO DVFOUB FM TVFMP DPOEVDUPS QFSGFDUP JOEJRVF IBTUB
EPOEF QPESÓBO JODSFNFOUBSTF DPNP NÈYJNP MPT WBMPSFT DBMDVMBEPT
D
$BMDVMF FM WBMPS SFDJCJEP EF QPUFODJB B MB TBMJEB EF MB HVÓB EF POEB Z FO E#N QPS FTUB
BOUFOB TJ PUSB EF MBT NJTNBT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT FOGSFOUBEB B FMMB Z B LN EF EJTUBODJB
USBOTNJUF DPO VOB 1*3& EF �� E#8
E
&O MB TJUVBDJØO EFM BQBSUBEP BOUFSJPS Z QBSB IBDFS VOBT QSVFCBT TF DPOFDUB B MB HVÓB
EF POEB VO SFDFQUPS DPO ĕHVSB EF SVJEP EF �� E# EF GPSNB RVF QBSB FM DPOKVOUP

BOUFOBEVQMFYPSHVÓB EF POEBSFDFQUPS TF SFRVJFSF VO WBMPS EF QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB B MB

FOUSBEB EFM SFDFQUPS EF −�� E#N QBSB DVNQMJS DPO MBT DPOEJDJPOFT EF E b �N � FOFSHÓB
EF CJUEFOTJEBE FTQFDUSBM EF QPUFODJB EF SVJEP
B MB TBMJEB EFM SFDFQUPS $PNQSVFCF
QSJNFSP RVF TF DVNQMF RVF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB FT NBZPS RVF FTUF WBMPS 4J MB USBOTNJ
TJØO FT EJHJUBM DPO BODIP EF CBOEB EF L)[ Z SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP LCQT DBMDVMF
MB E b �N � OFDFTBSJB B MB TBMJEB FM SFDFQUPS +VTUJĕRVF BEFDVBEBNFOUF TVT SFTQVFTUBT 4J
VUJMJ[B VO NPEFMP EF QSPQBHBDJØO BSHVNFOUF QPS RVÏ MP FMJHF *OEJRVF DMBSBNFOUF MBT
VOJEBEFT FO MBT RVF FYQSFTB TVT SFTVMUBEPT Z DVBOEP QSPDFEB TJ TPO QJDP P QSPNFEJP
4PMVDJØO
B
-B HBOBODJB EF VOB BOUFOB QBSBCØMJDB FT g = η � πD � 5PNBOEP MPT WBMPSFT EF SFGFSFO
�
λ
DJB
π ⋅ �.�
�
��.�� = η � � ⇒ η = �.�� ⇒ ��.� %.
� ⋅ �� ⋅ ��

&M BODIP EF IB[ BQMJDBOEP MB GØSNVMB θ = ��λ�D (○ ) = �.� MJHFSBNFOUF NBZPS EFM
EBEP QPS FM GBCSJDBOUF �.�○
C
&M DÈMDVMP EFM ĘVKP EF QPUFODJB TF MMFWB B DBCP VUJMJ[BOEP MB FYQSFTJØO
pire ��
�S� = = = �.�� W�m .
�

�πd � �π ⋅ ��
&M DBNQP BTVNJFOEP DBNQPT MFKBOPT

MP EFTQFKBNPT EF TV SFMBDJØO DPO FM ĘVKP EF
QPUFODJB
� √
�S� = e � �η ⇒ e = η �S� ≈ ��π�.� = ��.�� V�m (rms).
4J TF UJFOF FO DVFOUB FM TVFMP FO BMHVOPT QVOUPT QPEFNPT UFOFS FM EPCMF EF JOUFOTJEBE

EF DBNQP Z DVBUSP WFDFT NÈT EF QPUFODJB
D
"RVÓ FO QSJODJQJP IBZ RVF EFDBOUBSTF QPS VO NPEFMP EF UJFSSB QMBOB P DVSWB 4J TF
DBMDVMB MB ĘFDIB TF DPOTUBUB MP RVF ZB TF JOUVZF B UFOPS EFM WBMPS UBO DPSUP EF MB EJTUBODJB
RVF MB QSPQBHBDJØO OP TF DPSSFTQPOEF DPO VO NPEFMP EF UJFSSB DVSWB 1PS PUSP MBEP
LN GSFOUF B N IBDFO QFOTBS RVF FT WÈMJEB MB BQSPYJNBDJØO EF UJFSSB QMBOB EBEP
BEFNÈT RVF FM DPFĕDJFOUF EF SFĘFYJØO FT −� "TÓ DPNQSPCBNPT TJ d > ��h t h r λ = �.�
LN Z DPNP MB SFTQVFTUB FT BĕSNBUJWB BQMJDBNPT MB FYQSFTJØO BQSPYJNBEB EF UJFSSB
QMBOB
L b = �� log d(km) − �� log(h t (m) ⋅ h r (m)) + ��

= �� log � − �� log(�� ⋅ ��) + �� = �� E#,
EPOEF OP TF IB UFOJEP FO DVFOUB POEB EF TVQFSĕDJF QPS TFS MB GSFDVFODJB NBZPS EF
.)[ Z B DPOUJOVBDJØO 'SJJT
Pdr = PIRE − L b + G t − L tr = ��(dBW) − ��(dB) + ��.�(dB) − �.�(dB)

= −��.� E#8 = −�.� E#N,
EPOEF
L tr = l ⋅ α c abl e + L du pl x = �.�� × �.�� + �.� = �.� E#.
E
$PNP MMFHBO −�.� E#N DVNQMF DPO DSFDFT FM WBMPS SFRVFSJEP
1BSB DBMDVMBS MB E b �N � BTPDJBEB B MPT −�� E#N DBMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP FM SVJEP -B ĕHVSB
EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB FT Fs = L tr + Fr = �.� + �� = ��.�dB TVQVFTUB MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF
SVJEP EF BOUFOB �� , -B TFOTJCJMJEBE B MB TBMJEB EF BOUFOB EPOEF FTUÈ SFGFSJEB MB
BOUFSJPS ĕHVSB EF SVJEP FT −�� E#N+�.� = −��.� E#N BQMJDBNPT MB FYQSFTJØO EF
TFOTJCJMJEBE FO FM DBTP EJHJUBM
Th (dBm) = E b �N � (dB)� (dB) + Fs (dB)

mı́n
+ �� log R b (bps) − ��(dBm�Hz).
4VTUJUVZFOEP WBMPSFT Z EFTQFKBOEP
−��.�(dBm) = E b �N � (dB)� (dB) + ��.�(dB)

mı́n
+ �� log �� ⋅ �� (bits�sg) − �� ⇒ E b �N � (dB) � �.��dB.
%F GPSNB RVF E b �N � � = �.�� E#

mı́n
4F DPOTJEFSB VO WBOP EF SBEJPFOMBDF EJHJUBM RVF UJFOF MBT TJHVJFOUFT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT
t (BOBODJBT EF "OUFOBT G = �� E#
t 1ÏSEJEBT FO DBCMFT BMJNFOUBDJØO L T = �.� E#
t *OUFOTJEBE EF MMVWJB QBSB FM EFM UJFNQP R �.�� = �� NNI
t 1PUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB PIRE = �� E#N
t 6NCSBM QBSB BER = ��−� T h � = −�� E#N
t MT TR = � I
t MTBF = �� I
t f = �.� ()[
t 1PMBSJ[BDJØO 7FSUJDBM
t 7FMPDJEBE R b = �� .CJUTT
t .PEVMBDJØO 2".
t %FTWBOFDJNJFOUP NVMUJUSBZFDUP DPO GBDUPS Po = �.��
t .BSHFO OFUP M e = ��.� E#
t %JTUBODJB d = �� LN

%POEF MPT EBUPT EF FRVJQPT MPT .5#' FTUÈO ZB EBEPT QBSB MPT EPT TFOUJEPT 4VQPOHB
QSPQBHBDJØO FO FTQBDJP MJCSF
B
&WBMÞF MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE Z MB ĕEFMJEBE EFM FOMBDF Z DPNQSVFCF RVF DVNQMF DPO
PCKFUJWPT EF MB *56 TFDDJØO SBEJPDPNVOJDBDJPOFT *563
*563 '
Z
*563 ' Z '
QBSB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE Z ĕEFMJEBE SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF Z
LN 1BSB EJTUBODJBT NFOPSFT EF TF PCUJFOF VO PCKFUJWP QSPQPSDJPOBM B MB
EJTUBODJB 4J MB EJTUBODJB FT NFOPS EF LN TF PCUJFOF FM PCKFUJWP QBSB LN -PT
PCKFUJWPT FTUÈO EBEPT QBSB MB SFMBDJØO EF TFHVOEPT DPO NVDIPT FSSPSFT TFWFSFMZ FSSPSFE
TFDPOE SBUJP 4&43

C
$BMDVMF MB TJHOBUVSB OPSNBMJ[BEB EFM SFDFQUPS k r
D
4VQPOHB RVF FM OJWFM BMUVSB
EF MB TJHOBUVSB EF FTUF UJQP EF SFDFQUPSFT TF NBOUJFOF
DPOTUBOUF JOEFQFOEJFOUFNFOUF EFM OÞNFSP EF OJWFMFT : FM BODIP EF MB NJTNB JHVBM
BM BODIP EF CBOEB EFM SFDFQUPS
W FT EJSFDUBNFOUF QSPQPSDJPOBM B �� log M DPO M
�
DVBMRVJFS OÞNFSP EF OJWFMFT W(MHz) = W� � log M QBSB BMHÞO W� 4J TF BTVNJFTF
�
UBNCJÏO RVF FM VNCSBM OFDFTBSJP Th� OP WBSÓB DPO FM OÞNFSP EF OJWFMFT
t {-B DBMJEBE NFKPSB P FNQFPSB DPO FM OÞNFSP EF OJWFMFT %FNVÏTUSFMP
t $BMDVMF FM DPOKVOUP EF OJWFMFT QBSB MPT DVBMFT TF BTFHVSB RVF TF DVNQMFO MPT
PCKFUJWPT EF DBMJEBE SFDPNFOEBEPT QPS MB *563
/PUB 3FDVFSEF RVF QBSB EJTUBODJBT NFOPSFT EF TF PCUJFOF VO PCKFUJWP QSPQPSDJPOBM
B MB EJTUBODJB 4J MB EJTUBODJB FT NFOPS EF LN TF PCUJFOF FM PCKFUJWP QBSB LN -PT
PCKFUJWPT EBEPT FO FM FOVODJBEP FTUÈO EBEPT QBSB MB 4&43
4PMVDJØO
B
&O DVBOUP B MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE UFOFNPT MB TVNB EFCJEB B QSPQBHBDJØO MMVWJB
Z B
FRVJQPT
U = UE + UP .
-B EFCJEB B FRVJQPT TF DBMDVMB EF MB TJHVJFOUF GPSNB
U E = MT TR�MTBF × �� = �.�� %.
-B U P OP TF DBMDVMB ZB RVF B ()[ OP IBZ BUFOVBDJØO QPS MMVWJB U P = �
U = U E + U P = �.�� %.
&M PCKFUJWP NBSDBEP QPS MB *563 QBSB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE FT EF �.�⋅�� = �.�� %

QBSB MPOHJUVEFT JHVBMFT P JOGFSJPSFT B LN RVF FT NBZPS RVF �.�� % TF DVNQMFO
PCKFUJWPT
3FTQFDUP B MB ĕEFMJEBE IBZ RVF FWBMVBS EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP QMBOP Z TFMFDUJWP $PNP OPT
EBO FM NBSHFO OFUP MB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF UFOFS VO EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP QMBOP P TFMFDUJWP FT
PT T = �.�� ⋅ ��−M e �� × �� = �.�� %.

&M PCKFUJWP NBSDBEP QBSB MPOHJUVEFT JOGFSJPSFT B LN FT EF �.�� ⋅ �� =

�.�� % TF DVNQMFO PCKFUJWPT
C
1BSB DBMDVMBS MB TJHOBUVSB OPSNBMJ[BEB DPOPDJFOEP FM NBSHFO OFUP TF TJHVF FM TJHVJFOUF
QSPDFEJNJFOUP
Ķ
4F DBMDVMB FM NBSHFO CSVUP 1BSB FMMP TF DBMDVMBO MBT QÏSEJEBT
L b = �� log(�πd�λ) = ��.�� E#
Z MVFHP FM NBSHFO
M � = PIRE − L b + G T − L T R − Th = ��.�� E#.
ĶĶ
4F DBMDVMB MB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF UFOFS VO EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP TFMFDUJWP PT S
PT S = P� (��−M e �� − ��−M � �� ) × �� = �.�� %.
ĶĶĶ
4F EFTQFKB MB TJHOBUVSB OPSNBMJ[BEB k r EF
PT S = η ⋅ C ⋅ Pb ⋅ � ⋅ k r (τ m �Ts )� × ��
EPOEF
η = � − exp(−�.� ⋅ P��.�� ) = �.��

C=�
Pb = �.��
τ m = �.�(d��)�.� = �.�� ns
Ts = log (M)�R b ⋅ �� = ��.�� ns, M = ��.
2VFEB
k r = PT S �(η ⋅ C ⋅ Pb ⋅ � ⋅ (τ m �Ts )� × ��) = �.��
D
4J FM VNCSBM OP EFQFOEJFTF EFM OÞNFSP EF OJWFMFT FM PT P TF NBOUFOESÓB DPOTUBOUF
2VFEB PT T mx = �.�� % Z PT P = P� ⋅ ��−M � �� × �� EF EPOEF TF TBDB RVF PT S =
PT T − PT P = �.�� % "RVÓ PT S FT FM NÈYJNP QPSDFOUBKF BENJTJCMF QBSB EFTWB
mx
mx mx
OFDJNJFOUP TFMFDUJWP
4J FM OJWFM BMUVSB
EF MB TJHOBUVSB TF NBOUJFOF DPOTUBOUF JOEFQFOEJFOUFNFOUF EFM
OÞNFSP EF OJWFMFT Z FM BODIP EF MB NJTNB JHVBM BM BODIP EF CBOEB EFM SFDFQUPS
TF QVFEF FTDSJCJS DPNP B .)[

= W� � log M DPO M DVBMRVJFS OÞNFSP EF OJWFMFT
�
&M WBMPS EF C FT VO GBDUPS EF DPSSFDDJØO RVF UPNBNPT B Z MB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF RVF b DPFĕDJFOUF EFM TFHVOEP
SBZP EFM NPEFMP EF EPT SBZPT WBMHB VOP TF UPNB B
&O MB QSÈDUJDB MB E �N OFDFTBSJB QBSB VOB #&3 EBEB BVNFOUB DPO MPT OJWFMFT EF MB NPEVMBDJØO
b �
&O MB QSÈDUJDB Z FO HFOFSBM FM OJWFM QVFEF TVCJS BM BVNFOUBS FM OÞNFSP EF OJWFMFT BM TFS MB DPOTUFMBDJØO NÈT
TFOTJCMF B QFSUVSCBDJPOFT

JOUSPEVDJNPT FTUPT WBMPSFT FO MB TJHOBUVSB
k ′r = K A ⋅ K B
EPOEF
K A = B(.)[) ⋅ Ts
T
K B = s ⋅ ��−B C �� .
%F GPSNB RVF
Ts�
k ′r = B(.)[) ⋅ ⋅ ��−B C ��
τ
DPO Ts Z τ FO µsg 3FBMJ[BOEP DÈMDVMPT TJNQMFT QPOFNPT MB TJHOBUVSB k ′r FO GVODJØO
EF MB TJHOBUVSB EFM DBTP EFM BQBSUBEP BOUFSJPS k r RVF FTUBCB EBEP QBSB VOB 2".
�log M�R b ⋅ ��

�
W�
k ′r = ⋅ �
⋅ ��−B C ��
log� M τ
log M ⋅ �� log M r
k ′r = W� ⋅ �
⋅ ��−B C �� ⋅ �
τ ⋅ Rb� log� M r
log M r ⋅ �� log M log M log M
k ′r = W� ⋅ �
⋅ ��−B C �� ⋅ �
= kr ⋅ �
= kr ⋅ �
.
τ ⋅ Vb� log� M r log� M r �

"RVÓ M r = �� FT FM OÞNFSP EF OJWFMFT JOJDJBM FM EF VOB 2".
*OUSPEVDJFOEP FM WBMPS EF MB TJHOBUVSB FO FM DÈMDVMP EFM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP TFMFDUJWP
PT S = η ⋅ C ⋅ Pb ⋅ � ⋅ k r �� ⋅ log M(τ m �Ts )� × ��,

�
PT S = η ⋅ C ⋅ Pb ⋅ � ⋅ k r �� ⋅ log Mτ m
� (ns) (�� (T log M))� × ��,
�
� b �
PT S = η ⋅ C ⋅ Pb ⋅ � ⋅ k r �� ⋅ τ m
� (ns) (�� R )� � log M × ��.
�
b
-VFHP QPEFNPT DPODMVJS RVF PT S DSFDF BM EJTNJOVJS FM OÞNFSP EF OJWFMFT : FM

mx
OÞNFSP EF OJWFMFT NÓOJNP QBSB DVNQMJS DPO MBT SFDPNFOEBDJPOFT FT
log M = η ⋅ C ⋅ Pb ⋅ � ⋅ k r �� ⋅ τ m
� (ns) (�� R )� × ��P = �.�� ⇒ M ≥ �.
�
� b TS mx

6OB DPNQB×ÓB WB B JOTUBMBS VO SBEJPFOMBDF EFM TFSWJDJP ĕKP FOUSF EPT QVOUPT 4F DPOPDFO
MPT EBUPT JODMVJEPT FO MB 5BCMB
5BCMB %BUPT EFM SBEJPFOMBDF B ()[
(BOBODJBT EF "OUFOBT G = �� E#
*OUFOTJEBE EF MMVWJB QBSB FM EFM UJFNQP R �.�� NNI
1PUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB PIRE = �� E#N
1ÏSEJEBT EF DBCMFT Z DPOFDUPSFT FO DBEB FYUSFNP E#
.PEVMBDJØO 214,
1BSB #&3��−� 4/3 OPSNBMJ[BEB W = E b �N � = �� E#
3ÏHJNFO CJOBSJP .CQT
'JHVSB EF SVJEP SFGFSJEP B MB FOUSBEB EF MB FUBQB EF 3' Fs = � E#
%BUPT JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF FRVJQPT FO DBEB FYUSFNP MT TR = �� I
MTBF = �� I
'SFDVFODJB EF USBCBKP f = �.��.�� ()[
1PMBSJ[BDJØO )PSJ[POUBM
%FTWBOFDJNJFOUP NVMUJUSBZFDUP DPO GBDUPS P� = �.��
%JTUBODJB d = �� LN
4JHOBUVSB OPSNBMJ[BEB EFM SFDFQUPS kr = �
&M FOMBDF OP UFOESÈ JOUFSSVQDJPOFT NBZPSFT EF T FO FM EFM UJFNQP OJ

JOUFSSVQDJPOFT NFOPSFT EF T FO FM )BCSÈ JOUFSSVQDJØO DVBOEP MB BER > ��−�
&M QFSĕM FT FM EBEP FO MB 'JHVSB Z TF DPOTJEFSB VO NPEFMP EF QSPQBHBDJØO EF UJFSSB
QMBOB DPO EJTUBODJB NVDIP NBZPS RVF MBT BMUVSBT EF MBT BOUFOBT d >> h � , h �
10 m 15 m
16 km
m
'JHVSB 1FSĕM EFM SBEJPFOMBDF
4F QJEF
7FS DVBESP OBDJPOBM EF BUSJCVDJØO EF GSFDVFODJBT $/"'

MB IPKB EF VUJMJ[BDJØO 6/ Z MB JOUFSGB[SBEJPFMÏD
USJDB SFHMBNFOUBEB *3 QBSB MPT SBEJPFOMBDFT EFM TFSWJDJP ĕKP QVOUP B QVOUP FO MB CBOEB EF GSFDVFODJBT EF
.)[

B
$PNQSPCBS TJ QBSB VO SÏHJNFO EF .CQT FM SBEJPFOMBDF DVNQMF DPO MPT PCKFUJWPT
QBSB MBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT &O DBTP EF RVF OP MP DVNQMB BQPSUF QPTJCMFT TPMVDJPOFT
4PMVDJØO
B
1BSB MBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT MBSHBT FWBMVBNPT MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF FRVJQPT Z EF MMVWJB -B
JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF FRVJQPT FT DPNP TJHVF &O DBEB FYUSFNP IBZ EPT FRVJQPT JHVBMFT
1PS MP RVF MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF FRVJQPT RVFEB
U E = � ⋅ MT TR�(MTBF) × �� = � ⋅ ��(��) × �� = � ⋅ ��−� .
$PNP MB GSFDVFODJB FT CBKB Z BEFNÈT MB EJTUBODJB UBNCJÏO OP IBZ JOUFSSVQDJPOFT

MBSHBT QPS MMVWJB 1PS MP RVF
U = U P + U E = � + �.�� % < �.�� %.
-VFHP TÓ DVNQMF FM PCKFUJWP

3FTQFDUP B MBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT DPSUBT DPNP FM SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP FT BMUP FT QPTJCMF RVF
IBZB QSPCMFNBT QPS NVMUJUSBZFDUP UBOUP QMBOP DPNP TFMFDUJWP
PT T = PT P + PT S = (Po ⋅ ��−M � �� + η ⋅ C ⋅ Pb (�) ⋅ k ⋅ � ⋅ τ m

� �T � ) × ��( %).
s
1BSB FM DÈMDVMP EFM NBSHFO CSVUP QBSB FM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP QMBOP IBDF GBMUB DBMDVMBS FM
NBSHFO Z FTUF B QBSUJS EFM VNCSBM &M VNCSBM RVFEB
Pdr � Th� = E b �N � � (E#) − ��(dBm�Hz) + Fs (E#) + �� log R b (bps)

mı́n
= �� − �� + � + �� log �� ⋅ �� = −��.�� E#N.
: DBMDVMBOEP MBT QÏSEJEBT
L b = �� log d(LN) − �� log(h � h � ) + �� + γ a ⋅ d

L b = �� log ��(LN) − �� log(�� ⋅ ��) + �� + � ⋅ d = ��.�� E#.
6UJMJ[BOEP 'SJJT FM NBSHFO RVFEB
M � = PIRE − L b + G r − L tr − Th�
= �� − ��.�� + �� − � − (−��.��) = ��.�� E#,
EPOEF MBT QÏSEJEBT QPS HBTFT BUNPTGÏSJDPT B FTUB GSFDVFODJB TPO NÓOJNBT Z TF IBO
EFTQSFDJBEP 1BSB FM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP TFMFDUJWP TF DBMDVMB η = � − exp(−�.� ⋅ Po�.�� ) =
�.�� Z
�.�
d(km)
τ m = �.� ⋅ � � OT = �.�� OT.
��

&M UJFNQP EF TÓNCPMP FT Ts = (��) ⋅ �� OT = �.�� OT : FM NBSHFO ZB TF DBMDVMØ

BOUFSJPSNFOUF
'JOBMNFOUF
PT T = PT P + PT S = �.�� + �.�� = �.�� % > �.�� %.
: /0 DVNQMF
1BSB SFEVDJS FTUF QPSDFOUBKF TF QPESÓB BVNFOUBS MB QPUFODJB QFSP OP MPHSBSÓBNPT
SFEVDJSMP NÈT BMMÈ EF PT S 5BNCJÏO TF QPESÓB JOUSPEVDJS EJWFSTJEBE P VO SFDFQUPS EF
NFKPSFT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT RVF JODMVZB JHVBMBDJØO $PO FTUB ÞMUJNB TPMVDJØO QPEFNPT
DPOTVMUBOEP FM WBMPS EF MB TJHOBUVSB OPSNBMJ[BEB QBSB VO SFDFQUPS 214, DPO JHVBMBDJØO
SFEVDJS MB TJHOBUVSB EF B %F GPSNB RVF RVFEBSÓB
PT T = PT P + PT S = �.�� + �.�� = �.�� %,
RVF 4¶ DVNQMF

4F DPOTJEFSB VO WBOP EF SBEJPFOMBDF EJHJUBM RVF UJFOF MBT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT JODMVJEBT FO MB
5BCMB Z FM QFSĕM FO MB 'JHVSB %POEF MBT BMUVSBT FTUÈO EBEBT TPCSF FM OJWFM EFM NBS
&M SBEJP EF MB UJFSSB FT R T = �� LN
5BCMB %BUPT EFM SBEJPFOMBDF EFM TFSWJDJP ĕKP
(BOBODJBT EF "OUFOBT G = �� E#
1ÏSEJEBT FO DBCMFT BMJNFOUBDJØO E#
*OUFOTJEBE EF MMVWJB QBSB FM EFM UJFNQP R �.�� NNI
.PEVMBDJØO ��2".
3FMBDJØO TF×BM B SVJEP OPSNBMJ[BEB QBSB #&3��−� w = E b �N � = �� E#
'JHVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB DPOKVOUP BOUFOB Z SFDFQUPS Fs = � E#
5JFNQP NFEJP FO SFQBSBS MT TR = � I
5JFNQP NFEJP FOUSF GBMMPT EF DBEB USBOTDFQUPS MTBF = �� I
'SFDVFODJB EF USBCBKP f = �.��.�� ()[
'BDUPS EF BQBSJDJØO EF NVMUJUSBZFDUP P� = �.��
4JHOBUVSB OPSNBMJ[BEB EFM SFDFQUPS k r = �.�
&M GBDUPS EF SBEJP FGFDUJWP EF MB UJFSSB k T = ��
6O SBEJPDBOBM VOB GSFDVFODJB EF JEB Z PUSB EF WVFMUB
1PMBSJ[BDJØO WFSUJDBM
B
&WBMÞF MBT QÏSEJEBT CÈTJDBT EF QSPQBHBDJØO

Pb 30. Problema 1. Segundo Parcial 06.03

Apellidos: Nombre: Plan: N ! A!
Justifique todas sus respuestas. Si en el inciso de alguna pregunta encuentra dificultad, pase a contestar las siguientes. Escriba su
respuesta en el espacio reservado. No olvide marcar la casilla correspondiente al Plan al que pertenece ( Nuevo/ Antiguo).
Problema 1. (1+2) Se considera un vano de radioenlace digital que tiene las siguientes características
! Ganancias de Antenas G=35 dB ! f =2.4 GHz
! Pérdidasen cables alimentación 0 dB ! Polarización $BQÓUVMP 4FSWJDJP öKP UFSSFOBM
Vertical
! Intensidad de lluvia para el 0.01% del ! Desvanecimiento multitrayecto con factor
tiempo R =32mm/h
C
0.01%JTDVUB DØNP JOUFSWJFOF FM SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP PFOo=0.27 MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE Z ĕEFMJEBE EFM
! Potencia transmitida
SBEJPFOMBDF PIRE=60
$PNQSVFCF dBm TJ FT WJBCMF FM ! Distancia
SBEJPFOMBDF d=15 Km
B VO SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP EF �� .CQT
Pb 30. Problema 1. Segundo Parcial 06.03
! Modulación QPSK
FO UÏSNJOPT EF DBMJEBE Z MPT PCKFUJWPT Nombre:
Apellidos:
! Signatura normalizada
EF MB *563 '
Z *563 del receptor
'
Plan: NZ!
Kr=1.7A !
-3
Para BER=10 '
Justifique , w=E
todas /N
b QBSB
o =
sus respuestas.15 dB
SiJOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE !
en el inciso de alguna Zpregunta
ĕEFMJEBE El factor de
SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF
encuentra radio efectivo de
Z lasLN
dificultad, pase a contestar la tierra: k=4/3
siguientes. Escriba su
! Umbral Th3= -60 dBm
respuesta en el espacio reservado. No olvide marcar la casilla ! Nota: Si necesitase evaluar los criterios de fidelidad
correspondiente al Plan al que pertenece ( Nuevo/ Antiguo).
! Fs=8 dB /PUB 1.
Problema 3FDVFSEF
(1+2) SeRVF QBSB EJTUBODJBT
considera un vano de NFOPSFT (calidad)
radioenlaceEFdigital
y compararlos
TF PCUJFOF
que tiene VO PCKFUJWP
las siguientes conQSPQPSDJPOBM
objetivos de la ITU,
características
B MB! EJTUBODJB 4J de
MB EJTUBODJB FT NFOPS utilice sólo los
PCKFUJWP QBSB LN(Severely
relativos a la SESR Errored
! MTTR=1h Ganancias Antenas G=35 dB EF LN TF !PCUJFOF f =2.4FMGHz -PT
! PCKFUJWPT
MTBF=20000h EBEPTenFOcables
FM FOVODJBEP FTUÈO0 dB Seconds
EBEPT QBSB MB!4&43 Ratio).
! Pérdidas alimentación Polarización Vertical
!
Intensidad de lluvia para el 0.01% del ! Desvanecimiento multitrayecto con factor
Y el siguiente pe tiempo R0.01=32mm/h Po=0.27
! Potencia transmitida PIRE=60 dBm ! Distancia d=15 Km 15 m
! Modulación QPSK ! Signatura normalizada del receptor 200Kr=1.7
m
20 m Para BER=10-3, w=Eb/No= 15 dB ! El factor de radio efectivo de la tierra: k=4/3
!
160 m
! Umbral Th3= -60 dBm Nota: Si necesitase evaluar los criterios de fidelidad
! Fs=8 dB 120 m (calidad) y compararlos con objetivos de la ITU,
! MTTR=1h utilice sólo los relativos a la SESR (Severely Errored
! MTBF=20000h Seconds Ratio).
50 m
Y el siguiente perfil 9 km
15 m
20 m 200 m
15 km 160 m
Donde las alturas están dadas sobre el nivel del 120
mar.mEl radio de la tierra es 6370 Km.
Se pide: 'JHVSB %BUPT EFM QFSĕM EFM SBEJPFOMBDF DPO EJGSBDDJØO
a) Evalúe las pérdidas básicas de propagación.
50 m
4PMVDJØO
Se calcula la flecha 9 Km plana, f<5m:
para comprobar que estamos en tierra x ⋅ (d − x ) 9 ⋅ (15 − 9)
f (x ) = = ⋅ 103 = 3.18m
2kRo 2 ⋅ 4 / 3 ⋅ Ro
B
4F DBMDVMB QSJNFSP MB ĘFDIB QBSB DPNQSPCBS RVF 15 Km FTUBNPT FO UJFSSB QMBOB f < � N WFS
Calculamos el radio de la
'JHVSB primera
zona de Fresnel:
Donde las alturas están dadas sobre el nivel R1 del
= {Rmar.
(m),El radiodde
f (MHz), (Km)la }tierra
= 548es 6370
d1d2
Km.= 21.22 m
x ⋅ (d − x) � ⋅ (�� − �)
f (d1 + d2 )
a) Evalúe las pérdidas básicasf (x) = = ⋅ �� = �.�� N.

Se pide:
�
� ⋅ �� ⋅ R T
de propagación.
�k T R T
Se calcula
T la flecha para comprobar que estamos en tierra plana, f<5m: f (x ) = x ⋅ (d − x ) = 9R⋅ (15 − 9) ⋅ 103 = 3.18m
$PNQSPCBNPT TJ IBZ EJGSBDDJØO DBMDVMBOEP FM SBEJP EF MB QSJNFSB 2kRo [POB
2 ⋅ 4 / 3EF
⋅ Ro'SFTOFM Z
MB BMUVSB
Calculamos EFM PCTUÈDVMP
el radio de la primeraZ zona
DPNQSPCBOEP Y R TJ MB [POB EF 'SFTOFM TF PCTUBDVMJ[B
de Fresnel:(x) d1d2 NÈT BMMÈ EFM
ht R1 = { R(m), f (MHz), d (Km)} = 548
f (d1 + d2 ) hr
= 21.22 m
O
c(x)
T R
z(0) YR(x) z(d) c(d)

c(0) ht hr
O f(x)
c(x)
z(0) z(d) c(d)

c(0)
f(x)
La altura del rayo a 9Km: y(x)=z(0k+(z(d)-zk0))/d ·x=140+(215-140)/15·9=185 m
El despejamiento:'JHVSB
h(x)=c(x)+f(x)-y(x)=160+3.18-185=-21.82 m
1FSĕM EFM UFSSFOP JODMVZFOEP MB QSPUVCFSBODJB EF MB UJFSSB Z MB OPUBDJØO VUJMJ[B
h(x)/R1 < -0.6 luego haydel
La altura
EB
despejamiento
rayo a 9Km: suficiente y no hay obstáculo.
y(x)=z(0k+(z(d)-zk0))/d Además, este obstáculo
·x=140+(215-140)/15·9=185 m apantalla el rayo reflejado
y a la frecuenciaEl2.4 GHz las pérdidas por lluvia son despreciables. Las
despejamiento: h(x)=c(x)+f(x)-y(x)=160+3.18-185=-21.82 m
pérdidas son las básicas en el vacío:
Lb=Lbf=20 log(4h(x)/R
π d/ 1λ)=123.57
< -0.6 luegodB
hay despejamiento suficiente y no hay obstáculo. Además, este obstáculo apantalla el rayo reflejado
y a la frecuencia 2.4 GHz las pérdidas por lluvia son despreciables. Las pérdidas son las básicas en el vacío:
Lb=Lbf=20 log(4 π d/ λ)=123.57 dB
74
74
MÓNJUF QFSNJUJEP &M SBEJP TF DBMDVMB DPNP

�
�
R � = {R(N), f (.)[), d(LN)} = ��
d� d�
= ��.�� N.
f ⋅ (d � + d � )
1PS PUSP MBEP DBMDVMBNPT MB BMUVSB EFM SBZP QPS FODJNB EFM PCTUÈDVMP B LN
y(x) = z(�) + ((z(d) − z(�))�d) ⋅ x = �� + ((�� − ��)��) ⋅ � = �� N.
&M EFTQFKBNJFOUP
h(x) = c(x) + f (x) − y(x) = �� + �.�� − �� = −��.�� N,
Z FM EFTQFKBNJFOUP OPSNBMJ[BEP h(x)�R � = −�.�� RVF FT CBTUBOUF NFOPS EF −�.�
MVFHP IBZ EFTQFKBNJFOUP TVĕDJFOUF Z OP IBZ PCTUÈDVMP "EFNÈT BTVNJNPT RVF FTUF
PCTUÈDVMP BQBOUBMMB FM SBZP SFĘFKBEP Z B MB GSFDVFODJB ()[ QFPS DBTP MBT QÏSEJEBT
QPS MMVWJB TPO EFTQSFDJBCMFT 1PS MP RVF MBT QÏSEJEBT TPO MBT CÈTJDBT FO FM WBDÓP
L b = L b f = �� log(�πd�λ) = ��.�� E#.
C
&M SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP JOUFSWJFOF FO FM NBSHFO CSVUP B USBWÏT EFM VNCSBM BGFDUBOEP BM
NBSHFO QBSB MMVWJB Z QBSB EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP QMBOP NVMUJUSBZFDUP 5BNCJÏO JOUFSWJFOF FO
MB QSPCBCJMJEBE P QPSDFOUBKF EF UJFNQP FO FM RVF IBZ VO EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP TFMFDUJWP ZB
RVF FM BODIP EF CBOEB FT NBZPS &O FTUF DBTP OP BGFDUB B MBT QÏSEJEBT QPS MMVWJB QPSRVF
MB GSFDVFODJB FT NFOPS EF ()[ %F GPSNB RVF TØMP JOUFSWJFOF FO FM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP
NVMUJUSBZFDUP FTUP FT FO MB QÏSEJEB EF ĕEFMJEBE
1SJNFSP FWBMVBNPT MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE Z MVFHP MB ĕEFMJEBE -B QSJNFSB WJFOF EBEB QPS
MB TVNB EF MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS QSPQBHBDJØO MMVWJB
Z QPS JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE EFCJEB
B FRVJQPT
U T = U P + U E ≤ �.�� %,
EPOEF FM PCKFUJWP TFHÞO MB SFDPNFOEBDJØO EF MB *56 FT �.� ⋅ �� = �.�� %

&M QSJNFSP FT DFSP ZB RVF MB GSFDVFODJB FT NFOPS EF ()[ Z QPS EFCBKP EF FTUB
GSFDVFODJB MB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF UFOFS VO EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP EFCJEP B MMVWJB FT NVZ QFRVF×B
U P ≈ � %.
-B JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS FRVJQPT
U E = � × MT TR�MTBF × �� = �.�� %,
EPOEF TF IB UFOJEP FO DVFOUB RVF UFOFNPT EPT FRVJQPT USBOTDFQUPSFT VOP FO DBEB
FYUSFNP
%F GPSNB RVF
U T = �.�� % < �.�� %,

MVFHP FT NFOPS RVF FM PCKFUJWP ĕKBEP QPS MB *56 4F DPOTUBUB RVF FM SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP OP
JOUFSWJFOF FO FM DÈMDVMP EF JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE
3FTQFDUP B MB ĕEFMJEBE TF DBMDVMB MB TVNB EF MPT UJFNQPT FO MPT RVF IBZ QÏSEJEB EF
ĕEFMJEBE EFCJEP B EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP QMBOP Z TFMFDUJWP
PT T = PT P + PT S ≤ �.�� %,
Z TF DPNQBSB DPO FM PCKFUJWP RVF TFHÞO MB SFDPNFOEBDJØO EF MB *56 FT �.�� ⋅

�� = �.�� % EBEP RVF MB MPOHJUVE FT NFOPS EF LN
1BSB DBMDVMBS FM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP QMBOP PT P OFDFTJUBNPT DBMDVMBS FM NBSHFO -B QP
UFODJB SFDJCJEB FT
C = Pr = PIRE − L b + G = −��.�� E#N.
4VQPOFNPT R b = �� .CQT Z DBMDVMBNPT FM VNCSBM
Th = W E#
+ Fs E#
+ �� log(R b CQT
) − �� E#N)[
= −��.�� E#N.
3FTUBNPT BNCPT WBMPSFT QBSB PCUFOFS FM NBSHFO
M � = C − Th = ��.�� E#N.
/ØUFTF RVF EBEP RVF MBT QÏSEJEBT FO DPOFDUPSFT Z DBCMFT FT DFSP EB JHVBM TJ UPNBNPT
FM DPOFDUPS EF BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB P MB FOUSBEB EFM SFDFQUPS DPNP QVOUPT EF SFGFSFODJB
QBSB FM SVJEP &M EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP QMBOP WJFOF EBEP QPS
PT P = P� ��−(M � ��) × �� = �.�� %.
4J DBMDVMBNPT BIPSB FM WBMPS EF PT S QBSB R b = �� .CQT
PT S = η ⋅ C ⋅ Pb ⋅ k r ⋅ � ⋅ (τ m �Ts )� × �� = �.�� %,
EPOEF C = � Z Pb = � TPO WBMPSFT VTBEPT IBCJUVBMNFOUF Z
η = � − exp(−�.� ⋅ P��.�� ) = �.��

τ m = �.� ⋅ (d��)�.� = �.�� ns
N = log (��) = �
�
Ts = N�R b ⋅ �� = ��.�� ns.
2VFEB
PT T = PT P + PT S = �.�� % ≤ �.�� %,
RVF FT NFOPS RVF FM PCKFUJWP MVFHP DVNQMF &M SBEJPFOMBDF DVNQMF DPO MBT FTQFDJĕDB
DJPOFT EF ĕEFMJEBE


6OB DPNQB×ÓB WB B JOTUBMBS VO SBEJPFOMBDF EFM TFSWJDJP ĕKP FOUSF EPT QVOUPT $BEB FYUSFNP
DPOTUB EF VOB VOJEBE JOUFSOB FRVJQP EF JOUFSJPS RVF FOWÓB MB TF×BM B VOB VOJEBE FYUFSOB
RVF FTUÈ TJUVBEB KVTUP EFUSÈT EF MB BOUFOB -B VOJEBE FYUFSOB FT MB RVF IBDF EF USBOTDFQUPS
TVCF Z CBKB FO SFDFQDJØO
B SBEJPGSFDVFODJB 4F DPOPDFO BEFNÈT MPT EBUPT FO MB 5BCMB
5BCMB %BUPT EF SBEJPFOMBDF B ()[
(BOBODJBT EF "OUFOBT G = ��.� E#

"UFOVBDJØO QPS MMVWJB WFS ĕHVSB BEKVOUB
.PEVMBDJØO 214,
1BSB #&3 4/3 OPSNBMJ[BEB W = E b �N � = �� E#
3ÏHJNFO CJOBSJP & .CQT
'JHVSB EF SVJEP SFGFSJEP B MB FOUSBEB EF MB FUBQB EF 3' Fs = � E#
%BUPT FRVJQPT EF VOJEBEFT FYUFSJPSFT MT TR = � I
MTBF = �� B×PT
%BUPT FRVJQPT EF VOJEBEFT JOUFSJPSFT MT TR = � I
MTBF = �� B×PT
'SFDVFODJB EF USBCBKP f = �� ()[
'BDUPS EF BQBSJDJØO EF NVMUJUSBZFDUP Po = �.��
4JHOBUVSB OPSNBMJ[BEB EFM SFDFQUPS k r = � TJO JHVBMBDJØO
5BNCJÏO TF TBCF RVF FOUSF BOUFOB Z VOJEBE FYUFSOB IBZ DPOFDUPSFT RVF JOUSPEVDFO
E# EF QÏSEJEBT
1BSB FTUF UJQP EF FOMBDF Z EJTUBODJBT NFOPSFT EF LN OP TF UFOESÈO JOUFSSVQDJPOFT
NBZPSFT EF T FO FM EFM UJFNQP OJ JOUFSSVQDJPOFT NFOPSFT EF T FO FM
)BCSÈ JOUFSSVQDJØO DVBOEP MB BER > ��−� &M QFSĕM FT UBM RVF FM SBZP SFĘFKBEP
FTUÈ BQBOUBMMBEP Z OP IBZ QÏSEJEBT QPS EJGSBDDJØO -B BUFOVBDJØO FYDFEJEB FO FM p EFM
UJFNQP EFCJEP B MMVWJB QBSB LN ()[ Z FTB [POB DMJNBUPMØHJDB WJFOF EBEB QPS MB
'JHVSB QBSB MB QPMBSJ[BDJØO VTBEB WFSUJDBM
4F QJEF
B
$PNQSPCBS RVF FM SBEJPFOMBDF DVNQMF DPO MPT PCKFUJWPT ĕKBEPT QBSB MBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT
4VQPOHB RVF OP IBZ SFĘFYJØO OJ EJGSBDDJØO
C
$PNQSPCBS TJ FM SBEJPFOMBDF DVNQMF DPO MPT PCKFUJWPT ĕKBEPT QBSB MBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT
TJ FM SBEJPFOMBDF DPOTUBSB EF EPT WBOPT JHVBMFT BM EFTDSJUP
4PMVDJØO
B
1BSB MBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT MBSHBT FWBMVBNPT MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF FRVJQPT Z EF MMVWJB -B
JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF FRVJQPT FT DPNP TJHVF &O DBEB FYUSFNP IBZ EPT FRVJQPT VOJEBE

Atenuación excedida (dB)

10
20
30
40
50 −3 −2 −1
10 10 10
% del tiempo
'JHVSB "UFOVBDJØO QPS MMVWJB FYDFEJEB FO FM p EFM UJFNQP QBSB ()[ LN EF
EJTUBODJB Z QPMBSJ[BDJØO WFSUJDBM
FYUFSOB Z VOJEBE JOUFSOB &M DPOKVOUP EF MPT EPT FT VO FRVJQP DPO JHVBM UJFNQP EF
SFQBSBDJØO Z UJFNQP NFEJP FOUSF GBMMPT EBEP QPS
��MTBFt = ��MTBF int + ��MTBFe x t

= ��(�� ⋅ �� ⋅ ��) + ��(�� ⋅ �� ⋅ ��) ⇒ MTBFt = �� I.
: FM DPOKVOUP EFM SBEJPFOMBDF UJFOF VOB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE RVF FT FM EPCMF EF MB JOEJTQP

OJCJMJEBE EF DBEB FYUSFNP 1PS MP RVF MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF FRVJQPT RVFEB
U E = � ⋅ MT TR�MTBFt × �� = � ⋅ ��(��) × �� = �.� ⋅ ��−� .
-B JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS MMVWJB TF DBMDVMB B QBSUJS EFM NBSHFO Z ÏTUF B QBSUJS EFM VNCSBM
Z MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB &M VNCSBM FT FM TJHVJFOUF
Pdr � Th� = E b �N � � − ��dBm�Hz + Fs + �� log R b (bps)

mı́n
= �� − �� + � + �� log �� ⋅ �� = −��.�� E#N.
-B QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB EFQFOEF EF MB QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB Z EF MBT QÏSEJEBT B USBWÏT EF MB

GØSNVMB EF 'SJJT -BT QÏSEJEBT QBSB FM QFSĕM EFTDSJUP TF DPSSFTQPOEFO DPO MBT QÏSEJEBT
FO FTQBDJP MJCSF NÈT MBT QÏSEJEBT QPS HBTFT BUNPTGÏSJDPT RVF TF QVFEFO DPOTVMUBS FO
<> P FO MBT SFDPNFOEBDJPOFT EF MB *56
L b = ��.�� + �� log f (()[) + �� log d(LN) + γ a ⋅ d

= ��.�� + �� log �� + �� log ��(LN) + �.��dB�km ⋅ d(LN) = ��.�� E#
Z FM NBSHFO
M � = PIRE − L b + G r − L tr − Th �
= �� − ��.� + �� − � − (−��.��) = ��.� E#.
-BT QÏSEJEBT QPS HBTFT BUNPTGÏSJDPT B FTUB GSFDVFODJB IBO SFTVMUBEP TFS NÓOJNBT Z QPS
FMMP TF IBO EFTQSFDJBEP $PO FTUF NBSHFO Z DPOTVMUBOEP MB ĕHVSB BEKVOUB TF UJFOF VO
U P = p = �.�� %
: FO UPUBM
U = U P + U E = �.�� % < �.�� %

-VFHP 4¶ DVNQMF FM PCKFUJWP 3FTQFDUP B MBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT CSFWFT DSFBEBT QPS EFTWB
OFDJNJFOUP NVMUJUSBZFDUP FTUBT WJFOFO EBEBT QPS MB FYQSFTJØO
PT T = PT P + PT S = (Po ⋅ ��−M � �� + η ⋅ C ⋅ Pb (�) ⋅ k ⋅ � ⋅ τ m

� �T � ) × ��( %)
s
EPOEF η = � − exp(−�.� ⋅ Po�.�� ) = �.�� Z
d(LN)
�.�
τ m = �.� ⋅ � � OT = �.�� OT.
��
&M UJFNQP EF TÓNCPMP FT Ts = (��) ⋅ �� OT = ��.�� OT : FM NBSHFO ZB TF DBMDVMØ

BOUFSJPSNFOUF 'JOBMNFOUF
PT T = PT P + PT S = �.�� + �.�� = �.�� % < �.�� %.
4¶ DVNQMJFOEP MPT PCKFUJWPT 4J TF EFTFBTF SFEVDJS FTUF WBMPS TF QPESÓB BVNFOUBS MB

QPUFODJB QVFT MBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT DPSUBT FTUÈO MJNJUBEBT QPS QPUFODJB FTUP FT QPS
EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP QMBOP Z OP TFMFDUJWP 5BNCJÏO TF QPESÓB VUJMJ[BS EJWFSTJEBE
C
4J FM SBEJPFOMBDF UVWJFSB EPT WBOPT Z DPNP MB EJTUBODJB TVNB EF MPT EPT FT NFOPS EF
LN MPT PCKFUJWPT RVFEBSÓBO JHVBM : FM QPSDFOUBKF EF JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE Z EF QÏSEJEB
EF ĕEFMJEBE DBMJEBE
TF EVQMJDBSÓB &O FTUF FTDFOBSJP WFNPT RVF
U � WBOPT = � ⋅ U = � ⋅ �.�� % = �.�� % � �.�� %,
QPS MP RVF OP DVNQMJSÓB QPS QPDP DPO MPT PCKFUJWPT EF JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE 3FTQFDUP B
MPT PCKFUJWPT EF ĕEFMJEBE
PT T ,� WBOPT = �PT T = � ⋅ �.�� % = �.�� % < �.�� %,
RVF 4¶ DVNQMF DPO MPT PCKFUJWPT 1BSB IBDFS FM SBEJPFOMBDF WJBCMF TF QPESÓBO JOUSPEVDJS
QPS FKFNQMP VO TJTUFNB SFEVOEBOUF )4#



6OB DPNQB×ÓB EF UFMFGPOÓB NØWJM EFTFB JOTUBMBS VO SBEJPFOMBDF EJHJUBM EFM TFSWJDJP ĕKP B
�� ()[ QBSB VOJS EPT FTUBDJPOFT CBTF B USBWÏT EF VO WBOP EF �� LN EF MPOHJUVE &M FOMBDF
UJFOF VO PCTUÈDVMP BHVEP EF JODJEFODJB SBTBOUF FTUP FT DPO EFTQFKBNJFOUP h = � Z RVF
JOUSPEVDF VOBT QÏSEJEBT EF E# B MB QBS RVF FWJUB DVBMRVJFS SFĘFYJØO FO FM TVFMP
4F QSPQPOF VUJMJ[BS QBSB FMMP FRVJQPT EF MB TFSJF 'MFYJ)PQQFS EF /PLJB QBSB VOB
USBOTNJTJØO EÞQMFY EF � × �& SFTVMUBOEP �.� .CQT FO DBEB TFOUJEP NPEVMBEPT FO VO
SBEJPDBOBM 5BOUP FM USBOTNJTPS DPNP FM SFDFQUPS DPOTUBO EF VOB VOJEBE JOUFSJPS *6

BM QJÏ EF MB UPSSF Z VOB VOJEBE FYUFSJPS 06
DPO MB FUBQB EF 3' KVOUP B MB BOUFOB FO
FM FYUSFNP TVQFSJPS EF MBT UPSSFT EF N 4F TBCF BEFNÈT RVF IBZ VOB QSPCBCJMJEBE
η = ��.�� EF RVF FYJTUB BDUJWJEBE NVMUJUSBZFDUP FO FM WBOP QBSB FTB [POB DMJNÈUJDB
"EFNÈT QBSB FTB [POB DMJNÈUJDB Z MB QPMBSJ[BDJØO VTBEB WFSUJDBM TF DPOPDF MB BUFOVBDJØO
A p FYDFEJEB FO FM p EFM UJFNQP WFS 'JHVSB 4F DPOPDFO BEFNÈT MPT TJHVJFOUFT EBUPT
t 1PUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB FOUSFHBEB B BOUFOB

SFHVMBCMF B E#N
t (BOBODJB BOUFOBT ��.� E#J
t .PEVMBDJØO π��%214,
t 1PUFODJB SFDJCJEB OFDFTBSJB QBSB BER = ��−� Z & �.� .CQT
Pdr = −�� E#N
t 'JHVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB E#
t )4# UBOUP FO 06 DPNP FO *6
t 5JFNQP NFEJP FOUSF GBMMPT MTBF B×PT QBSB 06 Z MTBF B×PT QBSB *6
t 5JFNQP NFEJP FO SFQBSBS MT TR IPSBT UBOUP QBSB 06 DPNP *6
t 4JHOBUVSB OPSNBMJ[BEB EFM SFDFQUPS k = log M M FM OÞNFSP EF QVOUPT EF MB
�
DPOTUFMBDJØO EF MB NPEVMBDJØO
&M PQFSBEPS IB ĕKBEP DPNP DSJUFSJPT EF DBMJEBE FM UBOUP QPS DJFOUP EFM UJFNQP FO FM RVF
FM TJTUFNB TVGSF JOUFSSVQDJPOFT MBSHBT Z DPSUBT Z DPNP PCKFUJWPT RVF MBT QSJNFSBT >T
BER > ��−�
OP TVQFSFO FM �.�� % Z MBT DPSUBT ≤ T BER > ��−�
OP TVQFSFO FM
BOVBM &M EFQBSUBNFOUP EF SBEJP UJFOF RVF DBMDVMBS MB NÓOJNB QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB QBSB
MB RVF FM FOMBDF TFB WJBCMF FWJUBOEP BTÓ JOUFSGFSFODJBT B PUSPT TJTUFNBT
4F QJEF
B
$BMDVMBS FM WBMPS EF FTUB QPUFODJB *OEJRVF TJ FT OFDFTBSJP NBOUFOFS FO FM EJTF×P FM
)4#
4PMVDJØO
B
&O QSJODJQJP MB GSFDVFODJB EF USBCBKP OP FT NVZ BMUB MP RVF IBDF QFOTBS RVF FM FOMBDF
OP FTUBSÈ MJNJUBEP QPS MMVWJB -PT UJFNQPT NFEJPT FOUSF GBMMPT TPO HSBOEFT MP RVF
QBSFDF JOEJDBS RVF MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE P JOUFSSVQDJPOFT MBSHBT OP WB B TFS VO QSPCMFNB
.JFOUSBT RVF TÓ MP TFSÈ MB QÏSEJEB EF ĕEFMJEBE P JOUFSSVQDJPOFT CSFWFT FO MBT RVF
DPNP FM SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP FT CBKP ≤ �� .CQT FM FGFDUP EFM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP TFMFDUJWP FT
EFTQSFDJBCMF
FM �× JOEJDB RVF TF VUJMJ[BO MBT EPT QPMBSJ[BDJPOFT QBSB USBOTNJUJS

Atenuación excedida (dB)

10
20
30
40
50 −3 −2 −1
10 10 10
% del tiempo
'JHVSB "UFOVBDJØO QPS MMVWJB FYDFEJEB FO FM p EFM UJFNQP QBSB ()[ LN EF
EJTUBODJB Z QPMBSJ[BDJØO WFSUJDBM
1SPDFEFNPT DBMDVMBOEP FM NBSHFO OFDFTBSJP QBSB RVF TF DVNQMBO MPT PCKFUJWPT EF

JOUFSSVQDJPOFT MBSHBT JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE
Z DPSUBT ĕEFMJEBE
Z RVFEBSOPT DPO FM NÈT
SFTUSJDUJWP FM NBZPS 1BSB MVFHP DBMDVMBS MB QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB OFDFTBSJB
$BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP FM NBSHFO OFDFTBSJP QBSB RVF TF DVNQMB MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE -B
JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF FRVJQPT TFSÓB MB SFTVMUBOUF EF MB TVNB EF MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE FO
DBEB FYUSFNP &O DBEB FYUSFNP UFOFNPT EPT FRVJQPT GVODJPOBOEP MB *6 Z MB 06 FM
MTBF FRVJWBMFOUF FT
MTBFe = (MTBFIU
−� + MTFB−� )−�
OU
= ((�� ⋅ �� ⋅ ��)−� + (�� ⋅ �� ⋅ ��)−� )−� = �.�� ⋅ �� ,
: DBMDVMBNPT
q = MT TR�(MT TR + MTBFe ) = ��(�� + �.�� ⋅ �� ) = �.�� ⋅ ��−� .
QBSB ĕOBMNFOUF FTUJNBS MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE

M+N
U e = � ⋅ �� ⋅ � �(mq) N+�
N +�
�+�
= � ⋅ �� ⋅ � �(� ⋅ �.�� ⋅ ��−� )�+� = �.��−� %,
�+�
)FNPT UFOJEP FO DVFOUB FM )4# MVFHP WFSFNPT BM ĕOBM TJ FT OFDFTBSJP NBOUFOFSMP
EPOEF m = � QPSRVF UFOFNPT VO WBOP Z M = N = � QPSRVF FM )4# )PU 4UBOE #Z
FT
M + N = � + � %BEP RVF FM NÈYJNP WBMPS QFSNJUJEP FT �.�� % Z RVF FM WBMPS BOUFSJPS
EF JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS FRVJQPT FT NVZ NVZ QFRVF×P FM NÈYJNP WBMPS QFSNJUJEP

QBSB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS QSPQBHBDJØO FT BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF FTUF NJTNP WBMPS
U = U e + U p = �.�� ⋅ ��−� + U p ⇒ U p ≈ �.�� %.
.JSBOEP FO MB ĕHVSB EF BUFOVBDJØO QPS MMVWJB FM WBMPS EFM NBSHFO TPQPSUBEP RVFEB
M �,U = �� E# BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF
1BSB DBMDVMBS MB QÏSEJEB EF ĕEFMJEBE DBMDVMBNPT MB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF UFOFS VO EFTWBOFDJ
NJFOUP NVMUJUSBZFDUP PCWJBOEP MPT EFTWBOFDJNJFOUPT TFMFDUJWPT EBEP RVF FM SÏHJNFO
CJOBSJP FT SFEVDJEP NFOPS EF .CQT
PT T = PT P + PT S = PT P ≤ �.�� %,
EPOEF
PT P = P� ��−(M � ��) × �� ≤ �.�� %.
%FTQFKBNPT FM NBSHFO OFDFTBSJP
M �,PT T = −�� log(� ⋅ ��−� �P� ) = ��.�� E#,
EPOEF FM WBMPS EFM GBDUPS EF BQBSJDJØO EF NVMUJUSBZFDUP .VMUJQBUI 0DDVSSFODF 'BDUPS

P� TF DBMDVMB B QBSUJS EFM WBMPS EFM BDUJWJEBE NVMUJUSBZFDUP η = �.�� FO UBOUP QPS
VOP

η = � − exp(−�.� ⋅ Po�.�� ) ⇒ Po = �.��.
$PNP TF QSFWFÓB FM NBSHFO QBSB BTFHVSBS MB ĕEFMJEBE FT FM NÈT SFTUSJDUJWP Z FT FM RVF

ĕKB MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB UBM DPNP TJHVF -B QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB FT QPS 'SJJT
C = Pdr = Pe t − L tt + G t − L b + G r − L tr
= Pe t − � + ��.� − ��.�� + ��.� − � = Pe t − ��.�� E#N,
EPOEF
L b = �� log(�πd�λ) + L D + γ o+w d
= �� log(�π��.��) + � + �.�� ⋅ �� = ��.�� E#,
Z EPOEF B TV WF[ MBT QÏSEJEBT QPS EJGSBDDJØO DPSSFTQPOEJFOUFT B VO EFTQFKBNJFOUP

h = � N TPO E# OP TF IB UFOJEP FO DVFOUB OJOHVOB SFĘFYJØO Z MB BUFOVBDJØO
FTQFDÓĕDB EF HBTFT BUNPTGÏSJDPT TF IB DPOTVMUBEP FO MB HSÈĕDB DPSSFTQPOEJFOUF
%BEP RVF FM VNCSBM P TFOTJCJMJEBE FT EBUP Th� = −�� E#N Z FM NBSHFO CSVUP DBMDVMBEP
FT M � = ��.�� E#
C min = Th� + M � = −��.�� E#N.
*HVBMBOEP
Pe t − ��.�� = −��.�� E#N ⇒ Pe t = ��.�� E#N.
'JOBMNFOUF TF DPODMVZF UBM DPNP TJHVF RVF FM )4# OP FT OFDFTBSJP 1BSB MB QPUFODJB
7FS <> Ø MBT SFDPNFOEBDJPOFT EF MB *56
1 3BEJPFOMBDF B ()[
FOUSFHBEB DBMDVMBEB FM NBSHFO CSVUP FT EF ��.�� E# Z MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS MMVWJB FT

JOTJHOJĕDBOUF U p = �.�� FO MB ĕHVSB -B JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS FRVJQPT TJO )4# RVFEB
U e = � ⋅ �� ⋅ q = �.�� %,
RVF TVNBEB B MB U p FT NFOPS EFM PCKFUJWP
1 3BEJPFOMBDF B ()[

4F EFTFB BOBMJ[BS FO 4FWJMMB MB WJBCJMJEBE EF VO SBEJPFOMBDF EFM TFSWJDJP ĕKP FO MB CBOEB
JOEVTUSJBM DJFOUÓĕDB Z NÏEJDB JOEVTUSJBM TDJFOUJĕD BOE NFEJDBM *4.
*$.
B
()[ 4F VUJMJ[BSÈO FRVJQPT /PLJB $BEB FYUSFNP DPOTUB EF VO QBS EF FRVJQPT VOB VOJEBE
JOEPPS *6
P EF JOUFSJPS Z VOB VOJEBE PVUEPPS 06
P EF FYUFSJPS -B VOJEBE EF FYUFSJPS
DPOTUB EF EPT CMPRVFT VOB FUBQB EF 3' TFHVJEB EF MB BOUFOB -B VOJEBE EF JOUFSJPS Z MB
FYUFSJPS TF DPOFDUBO FO CBEB CBTF B USBWÏT EF VOB JOUFSGB[ QSPQJFUBSJB EFOPNJOBEB ĘFYCVT
-B VOJEBE JOUFSJPS *6
UJFOF VO UJFNQP NFEJP FOUSF BWFSÓBT NVZ HSBOEF DPNQBSBEP DPO
FM EF MB VOJEBE FYUFSJPS EF GPSNB RVF MB *6 OP TF UJFOF FO DVFOUB B MB IPSB EF DBMDVMBS MB
JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE UPUBM -B VOJEBE EF FYUFSJPS UJFOF MBT TJHVJFOUFT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT
t 5BTB EF USBOTNJTJØO FO DBEB TFOUJEP .CQT
t %FUFDDJØO %PCMF %JGFSFODJBM %%%
'&$ Z FOUSFMB[BEP RVF OPT EBO VO WBMPS
OFDFTBSJP EF −�� E#N QBSB VOB #&3 EF ��−�
t (BOBODJB EF BOUFOB E#J
t -B QÏSEJEB EF MB DPOFYJØO FOUSF MB FUBQB EF 3' Z MB BOUFOB FT EFTQSFDJBCMF
t $VNQMF DPO MB OPSNB &54 RVF FTUBCMFDF VO BODIP EF CBOEB EF .)[
t 5JFNQP NFEJP FOUSF GBMMPT .5#' EFM DPOKVOUP *606 FT EF B×PT
t 5JFNQP NFEJP FO SFQBSBS .553 EF I
t 5SBOTNJTJØO FO 5%%
t 1*3& NÈYJNB EF E#8
t 1ÏSEJEBT QPS EFTBQVOUBNJFOUP EF BOUFOBT E#
t .PEVMBDJØO .4,
t "MUVSBT EF BOUFOBT EF N
t 1PMBSJ[BDJØO WFSUJDBM
t 4JHOBUVSB OPSNBMJ[BEB EF QBSB VOB #&3 EF ��−�
&O DVBOUP B MBT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT EF MB QSPQBHBDJØO FO FTUB MPDBMJ[BDJØO
t 4F BQPSUB FM DÈMDVMP EF MB BUFOVBDJØO QPS MMVWJB FYDFEJEB FO VO p EFM UJFNQP QBSB
FTUB [POB DMJNBUPMØHJDB Z QPMBSJ[BDJØO WFSUJDBM FO MB 'JHVSB
t &O DVBOUP BM NVMUJUSBZFDUP FO MB [POB FM GBDUPS Po EF BQBSJDJØO EF NVMUJUSBZFDUP
.0' NVMUJQBUI PDDVSSFODF GBDUPS
SFTQPOEF B MB FYQSFTJØO �.�� ⋅ � �f � ⋅ � ��
d �
� DPO
f FO ()[ Z d FO LN
4F EFTFB VUJMJ[BS FTUPT FRVJQPT QBSB DVCSJS VO TØMP WBOP FOUSF EPT FEJĕDJPT EFOUSP EF
VO DBNQVT VOJWFSTJUBSJP RVF EJTUBO N &O FM BOÈMJTJT EFM SBEJPFOMBDF VO TPMP WBOP Z
QBSB VO TPMP DBOBM TF BTVNF WJTJØO EJSFDUB Z BVTFODJB EF SFĘFYJØO JOUFOTB FO FM TVFMP

B
%JTDVUB DØNP BGFDUBSÈO MPT TJHVJFOUFT GBDUPSFT B MB IPSB EF BOBMJ[BS FM SBEJPFOMBDF HBTFT
BUNPTGÏSJDPT MMVWJB WFHFUBDJØO EJGSBDDJØO NVMUJUSBZFDUP F JOUFSGFSFODJBT *OEJRVF
EF GPSNB QSFDJTB TJ IBZ RVF UFOFSMPT FO DVFOUB P OP Z FO DBTP BĕSNBUJWP EFTDSJCB
CSFWFNFOUF DVÈM TFSÓB FM FGFDUP
C
$BMDVMF TJ QBSB FTB EJTUBODJB N Z VO WBMPS EF JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE JOUFSSVQDJPOFT
NBZPSFT EF T
JHVBM BM JNQVFTUP QPS MB 6*5 *563 '
EF WBMPS FM
FOMBDF FT WJBCMF
D
$BMDVMF FM WBMPS EF ĕEFMJEBE JOUFSSVQDJPOFT DPSUBT NFOPSFT EF T
FO DVBOUP B 4&4
Z WFSJĕRVF TJ DVNQMF FM PCKFUJWP EF MB 6*5 *563 ' Z '
EF
30
25
20
Arain dB
15
10
0 −4 −3 −2 −1 0
10 10 10 10 10
porcentage de tiempo
'JHVSB "UFOVBDJØO QPS MMVWJB FYDFEJEB FO VO QPSDFOUBKF EFM UJFNQP QBSB ()[ Z
N DPO QPMBSJ[BDJØO WFSUJDBM
4PMVDJØO
B
1BTBNPT B EFTDSJCJS FM FGFDUP B ()[
t (BTFT BUNPTGÏSJDPT MB GSFDVFODJB FTUÈ FO VO QJDP EF BUFOVBDJØO FMFWBEP "GFDUBSÈ
EF GPSNB EFDJTJWB
t -MVWJB UFOESÈ VO FGFDUP NBSDBEP RVF MJNJUBSÈ MB EJTUBODJB NÈYJNB
t %JGSBDDJØO B FTUB GSFDVFODJB FM SBEJP EF MB QSJNFSB [POB EF 'SFTOFM FT NVZ
QFRVF×P Z TF FYJHF MÓOFB EF WJTJØO EJSFDUB MJOF PG TJHIU -04

t 7FHFUBDJØO FM FGFDUP FT QSPOVODJBEP Z TF DPNQPSUB DPNP VOB EJGSBDDJØO
t .VMUJUSBZFDUP DPNP MBT EJTUBODJBT TFSÈO DPSUBT Z BÞO TJFOEP MPT NÈSHFOFT QFRVF
×PT OP TFSÈO VO QSPCMFNB

1 3BEJPFOMBDF B ()[
t *OUFSGFSFODJBT TJFOEP VOB CBOEB *$. UJFOF FO QSJODJQJP QSPCMFNBT EF JOUFSGF

SFODJB 1FSP DPNP MB BUFOVBDJØO EFCJEP B HBTFT BUNPTGÏSJDPT FT HSBOEF OP TF
DBVTB JOUFSGFSFODJBT FMFWBEBT B PUSPT TJTUFNBT B NFOPT RVF FTUÏO NVZ DFSDB 1PS
FTP JODMVTP FO MB CBOEB MJDFODJBEB FO &TQB×B EF ()[ OP PUPSHBO DBOBMFT
DPODSFUPT TJOP TØMP MB QPTJCJMJEBE EF USBOTNJUJS 1PS PUSB QBSUF FTUF UJQP EF SBEJP
FOMBDF TF VUJMJ[B FO DPNVOJDBDJPOFT FOUSF TBUÏMJUFT ZB RVF BMMÓ MB BUFOVBDJØO QPS
HBTFT BUNPTGÏSJDPT FT JSSFMFWBOUF &T NÈT TF FWJUBO BTÓ JOUFSGFSFODJBT EFTEF UJFSSB
C
&M PCKFUJWP QSPQPSDJPOBEP FT FM EF MB SFDPNFOEBDJØO *563 ' QBSB VOB EJTUBODJB
JOGFSJPS P JHVBM B LN "OBMJ[BNPT MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF FRVJQPT Z EF QSPQBHBDJØO
U = U E + U p � �.�� %.
-B JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS FRVJQPT IBZ VOP FO DBEB FYUSFNP EFM SBEJPFOMBDF
MT TR �.�
�U i ( %) ≈ � × �� = � × �� = �.��.
MTBF �� ⋅ ��
1BSB DBMDVMBS MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS MMVWJB DBMDVMBNPT FM NBSHFO CSVUP
M � = PIRE − L b + G r − L tr − Th � = (�� + ��(E#N)) − L b + �� − � − (−��)

= �� − L b .
'BMUBSÓB QPS DBMDVMBS MBT QÏSEJEBT
L b = ��.�� + �� log f (()[) + �� log d(km) + γ a ⋅ d + L a ,
EPOEF L a TPO MBT QÏSEJEBT BEJDJPOBMFT FO FTUF DBTP QPS EFTBQVOUBNJFOUP $PO d = �.�
LN RVFEB
L b = ��.�� + �� log ��.� + �� log �.�(km) + ��dB�km ⋅ �.�(km) + �
= ��.�� E#
: FM NBSHFO
M � = �� − L b = �.�� E#
)BDJFOEP M � = A p = A rain Z EFTQFKBOEP U p = p RVFEB NJSBOEP FO MB 'JHVSB

U p = �.�� % RVF TVNBEP B MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS FRVJQPT SFTVMUB
U = U E + U p = �.�� + �.�� = �.�� %,
RVF FT NFOPS EFM PCKFUJWP DVNQMJÏOEPMP
D
3FTQFDUP BM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP NVMUJUSBZFDUP FM GBDUPS EF BQBSJDJØO EF EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP

RVFEB
f d � ��.� �.� �
P� = �.�� ⋅ � � ⋅ � � = �.�� ⋅ � � ⋅ � � = �.� ⋅ ��−� ,
� ��
QBSB d = �.� LN P� = �.� ⋅ ��−� &TUF WBMPS FT NVZ CBKP EFCJEP B RVF MB EJTUBODJB FT
SFEVDJEB -B QÏSEJEB EF ĕEFMJEBE EFCJEB B NVMUJUSBZFDUP SFTQPOEF B MB FYQSFTJØO
PT T = PT P + PT S
= (Po ⋅ ��−M � �� + ηCPb (�)k�τ m
� �T � ) × ��( %) � �.�� %(d < �� LN),
EPOEF η = � − exp(−�.� ⋅ Po�.�� ) = �.�� ⋅ ��−� Z τ m = �.� ⋅ � d(km) � OT = �.��

�.�
��
OT &M UJFNQP EF TÓNCPMP FT �� OT ZB RVF TF USBOTNJUFO .CQT FO DBEB TFOUJEP
FO 5%% Z MB UBTB FGFDUJWB FT EF .CQT "EFNÈT BM TFS VOB .4, TF USBUB EF VOB
NPEVMBDJØO CJOBSJB 1BSB SFHÓNFOFT NFOPSFT EF .CQT FM PT S FT EFTQSFDJBCMF OP
PCTUBOUF MP DBMDVMBNPT 1PS PUSP MBEP UFOFNPT DBMDVMBEP FM NBSHFO EFM BQBSUBEP
BOUFSJPS M � = �.� E# 4VTUJUVZFOEP WBMPSFT
PT T = PT P + PT S
= (�.� ⋅ ��−� ��−M � �� + �.�� ⋅ ��−� ⋅ � ⋅ �.�� ⋅ �� ⋅ � ⋅ (�.��.�)� ) × ��
= (�.�� ⋅ ��−� + �.�� ⋅ ��−�� ) × �� = �.�� ⋅ ��−� % << �.�� %.
4F DPODMVZF RVF TÓ TF DVNQMFO MPT PCKFUJWPT EF ĕEFMJEBE Z RVF FM GBDUPS RVF MJNJUB MB
EJTUBODJB FT MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE 4F PCTFSWB BEFNÈT RVF EFCJEP B RVF MB EJTUBODJB FT
NVZ QFRVF×B MB EJTQFSTJØO EFM SFUBSEP EFM TFHVOEP USBZFDUP SFTQFDUP BM QSJNFSP FO
FM NPEFMP EF EPT SBZPT FT NVZ QFRVF×B "EFNÈT FM UJFNQP EF TÓNCPMP OP FT NVZ
QFRVF×P MP RVF EJTNJOVZF FM FGFDUP EF MB JOUFSGFSFODJB FOUSF TÓNCPMPT %F IFDIP
QPESÓBNPT IBCFS PCWJBEP FM DÈMDVMP ZB RVF QBSB SFHÓNFOFT CJOBSJPT NFOPSFT EF
.CQT OP TF TVFMF DBMDVMBS 1PS UPEP FMMP MB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF UFOFS EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP
TFMFDUJWP FT EFTQSFDJBCMF

4F QSPQPOF SFBMJ[BS VO SBEJPFOMBDF FOUSF EPT QVOUPT " Z $ &O QSJODJQJP VUJMJ[BOEP
GSFDVFODJBT EF MB CBOEB *$. B �.� ()[ &M SBEJPFOMBDF UJFOF EPT WBOPT DPO VO SFQFUJEPS
BDUJWP OP SFHFOFSBUJWP # CBDLUPCBDL FO VO QVOUP JOUFSNFEJP EF g B EF HBOBODJB
-BT EJTUBODJBT FOUSF " Z # Z FOUSF # Z $ TPO d AB Z d BC SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF EF WBMPSFT
BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF JHVBMFT d AB = d BC = d 4F VUJMJ[BO BOUFOBT QBSBCØMJDBT UPEBT JHVBMFT EF
HBOBODJB g a EJÈNFUSP D Z SFOEJNJFOUP η 5PEBT MBT BMUVSBT EF BOUFOB TPCSF FM TVFMP TPO
BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF JHVBMFT EF WBMPS h 7FS 'JHVSB 4F OFDFTJUB B MB TBMJEB EF MB DBCFDFSB
Ø GSPOUFOE VOB SFMBDJØO FOFSHÓB EF CJU B EFOTJEBE FTQFDUSBM EF QPUFODJB EF SVJEP E b �N �
EF �� E# QBSB VO SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP EF �� .CQT
B
%FNVFTUSF RVF QBSB VO TPMP WBOP TJ TF VTBO BOUFOBT QBSBCØMJDBT EF EJÈNFUSP ĕKP Z TJ
MB QSPQBHBDJØO GVFTF FO FTQBDJP MJCSF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB FO GVODJØO EF MB QPUFODJB
c c Fr ,C = 10 log fr ,C
gtr = 0.1 dB/m Ga = 10 log ga =20 dBi T0 =290 ºK

d) Si el repetidor B y el receptor en C tienen igual punto de intercepto de tercer orden, indique y explique si a efectos de
1 3FQFUJEPS
cálculo BDUJWP OP SFHFOFSBUJWP
de intermodulación a la salida del receptor en C, el repetidor puede obviarse, introduce una intermodulación
parecida a la del receptor C, o si por el contrario es el elemento que más contribuye a la distorsión.
pet ,A pt ,A pr ,B pr ,C
gB , fr ,B ltr
ga ga ga ga
h
gC , fr ,C n0 ?
d
Fig'JHVSB
Pb 1: &TRVFNB
Esquema EFM SFQFUJEPS
del sistema
5BCMB %BUPT "QBSUBEP $
Pt,A = �� log p t,A N8

= � E#N G B = �� log g B = �� E# Fr,B = �� log f r,B = �.� E# 18
h = �� N d = � LN G C = �� log g C = �� E# Fr,C = �� log f r,C = � E#
γ tr = �.�� E#N G a = �� log g a = ��.� E# T� = �� ,
USBOTNJUJEB OP EJTNJOVZF BM BVNFOUBS MB GSFDVFODJB f {2VÏ EFQFOEFODJB UJFOF DPO

MB GSFDVFODJB 3FQJUB MPT DÈMDVMPT QBSB DBMDVMBS MB EFQFOEFODJB DPO MB GSFDVFODJB TJ MB
QSPQBHBDJØO GVFTF FO UJFSSB QMBOB d > ��h t h r λ

C
$BMDVMF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB FO $ Pr,C FO GVODJØO EF MB QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB FO "
p t,A TJ TF BTVNF NPEFMP EF UJFSSB QMBOB d > ��h t h r λ
&YQSFTF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB
FO GVODJØO FOUSF PUSPT EF MPT QBSÈNFUSPT D, η, h, f , d Z c %POEF c FT MB WFMPDJEBE EF
QSPQBHBDJØO
D
&M SFQFUJEPS UJFOF VOB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP f r,B 4F VUJMJ[B DPNP DBCFDFSB FO $ VO USBOT
DFQUPS RVF UJFOF VOB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP f r,C Z VOB HBOBODJB FO SFDFQDJØO g C -PT DB
CMFT FOUSF BOUFOB Z USBOTDFQUPS UJFOFO VOBT QÏSEJEBT l tr GVODJØO EF VOB BUFOVBDJØO
FTQFDÓĕDB EF γ E#N 4F EFTQSFDJBO QÏSEJEBT FO DPOFDUPSFT $BMDVMF MB EFOTJEBE FT
QFDUSBM EF QPUFODJB EF SVJEP B MB TBMJEB EFM SFDFQUPS FO $ FO GVODJØO FOUSF PUSPT EF
T� , l tr , f r,B , f r,C , d, g B , g C Z g a %POEF T� FT MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF SVJEP BNCJFOUF %JTDVUB
FM FGFDUP EFM SFQFUJEPS # FO FM SVJEP UPUBM "TVNB NPEFMP EF UJFSSB QMBOB d > ��h t h r λ

E
4J TF UJFOFO MPT EBUPT FO MB 5BCMB DBMDVMF MB SFMBDJØO QPSUBEPSB B EFOTJEBE FTQFDUSBM
EF SVJEP 5BNCJÏO JOEJRVF TJ FM SBEJPFOMBDF FT WJBCMF FO UÏSNJOPT EF TFOTJCJMJEBE
6UJMJDF MBT BQSPYJNBDJPOFT RVF FTUJNF PQPSUVOBT KVTUJĕDÈOEPMBT *OEJRVF MBT VOJEBEFT
FO FM SFTVMUBEP ĕOBM Z FO UPEPT MPT QBTPT JOUFSNFEJPT
F
4J FM SFQFUJEPS # Z FM SFDFQUPS FO $ UJFOFO JHVBM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP EF UFSDFS PSEFO
JOEJRVF Z FYQMJRVF TJ B FGFDUPT EF DÈMDVMP EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO B MB TBMJEB EFM SFDFQUPS
FO $ FM SFQFUJEPS QVFEF PCWJBSTF JOUSPEVDF VOB JOUFSNPEVMBDJØO QBSFDJEB B MB EFM
SFDFQUPS $ P TJ QPS FM DPOUSBSJP FT FM FMFNFOUP RVF NÈT DPOUSJCVZF B MB EJTUPSTJØO

4PMVDJØO
B
4J MBT BOUFOBT TPO QBSBCØMJDBT Z EF EJÈNFUSP ĕKP MB HBOBODJB BVNFOUB DPO MB GSFDVFODJB
1BSB EFNPTUSBSMP CBTUB DPO FYQSFTBS MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB FO GVODJØO EF MB MPOHJUVE
EF POEB Z UBNCJÏO MBT QÏSEJEBT FO WBDÓP
πD �
ga = η � �
λ
Z
�πd �
lb f = � � .
λ
%FTQVÏT TF FYQSFTB MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB FO GVODJØO EF MB QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB
πD � λ � πD �
p r = p t ⋅ g a ⋅ (��l b f ) ⋅ g a = p t η � � � � η� �
λ �πd λ
(πD)
� �
= p t �η � f �.
�πdc
: TF EFNVFTUSB RVF OP TØMP OP EJTNJOVZF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB DPO MB GSFDVFODJB TJOP

RVF IBZ VOB HBOBODJB DVBESÈUJDB B NFEJEB RVF BVNFOUB MB NJTNB
&O UJFSSB QMBOB l b = d � �(h t ⋅ h r )� FTUP FT OP IBZ EFQFOEFODJB DPO MB GSFDVFODJB 2VFEB
VOB EFQFOEFODJB EF PSEFO DVBSUP
πD � (h t ⋅ h r )
�
πD �
p r = p t ⋅ g a ⋅ (��l b ) ⋅ g a = p t η � � η � �
λ d� λ
h h (πD)
� �
hπD � �
= p t �η t r � � � f � = p t η� � � f ,
d c dc
EPOEF c FT MB WFMPDJEBE EF QSPQBHBDJØO

C
-B QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB FO # FT
p r,B = p t,A ⋅ g a ⋅ (��l b (d AB )) ⋅ g a .
-B SFDJCJEB FO $
p r,C = p t,B ⋅ g a (��l b (d BC ))g a = p t,A g a (��l b (d AB ))g a ⋅ g B ⋅ g a (��l b (d BC ))g a

πD a � h �
= p t,A g a� g C �l b (d AB )l b (d BC ) = p t,A g B η �a � � � �
λ d AB d BC
πhD a � �
= p t,A g B η �a � � f .
cd
D
&M SVJEP B MB TBMJEB EFM USBOTDFQUPS FO $ FT FM SVJEP JOUSPEVDJEP QPS FTUF n �,C NÈT FM
EFM DBCMF EF BMJNFOUBDJØO EF $ NÈT FM EF MB BOUFOB FO $ NÈT FM USBOTNJUJEP QPS #

n �,B Z BUFOVBEP QPS FM NFEJP "TÓ
n � = n �,C (��l tr )g C + n �,B g B g a (��l b )g a (��l tr )g C
EPOEF
n �,B = kTs,B = {Ta = T� } = kT� f r,B

n �,C = kTs,C = {Ta = T� } = kT� l tr f r,C

FTUÈO SFGFSJEPT B MB TBMJEB EF MBT BOUFOBT 2VFEB
n � = kT� l tr f r,C (��l tr )g C + kT� f r,B g B g a (��l b )g a (��l tr )g C =

= kT� f r,C g C + kT� f r,B g B g C g a� �l b l tr .
3FFTDSJCJFOEP FTUB FYQSFTJØO FO UÏSNJOPT EF MBT QÏSEJEBT
�
n � = kT� f r,C g C + kT� f r,B g B g C g a� (h�d) .
�

l tr
&M QFTP MB JNQPSUBODJB RVF FO FM SVJEP ĕOBM UJFOF FM SFQFUJEPS GSFOUF BM EFM SFDFQUPS
$ EFQFOEFSÈ TPCSF UPEP EFM WBMPS g B g a� (h�d) $PNP MB BMUVSB EF BOUFOB FTUÈ FO FM
�
PSEFO EF NFUSPT Z MB EJTUBODJB FO LN FM ÞMUJNP GBDUPS UFOESÈ VO WBMPS QPS FODJNB

EF −�� E# &O FM QSPEVDUP g B g a� MBT BOUFOBT UJFOFO VOPT �� E# EF HBOBODJB �� E#

NJFOUSBT MB HBOBODJB EFM SFQFUJEPS TFB NFOPS EF VOPT �� E# FM SVJEP FO FM SFQFUJEPS TJ
UJFOF VOB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP TJNJMBS B MB EFM SFDFQUPS OP IBZ RVF UFOFSMP FO DVFOUB &TUP
FT FM OJWFM EF TF×BM RVF MMFHB B $ FT CBKP Z FM SVJEP JOUSPEVDJEP QPS $ FT SFMFWBOUF 4J #
JOUSPEVKFTF VO WBMPS NVZ FMFWBEP MB TF×BM RVF MMFHB B $ FT NVZ BMUB DPNQBSBEB DPO FM
SVJEP HFOFSBEP QPS FTUF SFDFQUPS Z FM SVJEP RVF JNQPSUB FT FM RVF B×BEJFTF FM SFQFUJEPS
E
$BMDVMBNPT MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB
p r,C = p t,A ⋅ g a� ⋅ g B �l b� = Pt,A + �G a + G B − �L b

= � E#N + ��.� + �� − �� = −��.� E#N,
EPOEF
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Ts = T� f s = �� ⋅ �.� = ��.� ,
$BMDVMBNPT MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB FO FM FOMBDF BTDFOEFOUF G ra
πD � π��.� �
G ra = �� log �η � � � = �� log ��.� � � � = ��.�� E#.
λ �.��
EPOEF QBSB DBMDVMBS MB MPOHJUVE EF POEB TF UPNØ MB NBZPS GSFDVFODJB : FM GBDUPS EF

DBMJEBE FO FM FOMBDF BTDFOEFOUF
G�T = G ra − �� log(Ts ) = ��.�� − �� log ��.� = ��.�� E#�,.

D
$BMDVMBNPT MB 1*3&
PIRE = �� log � + � = � E#8 = �� E#N,
Z FM VNCSBM P TFOTJCJMJEBE RVF WJFOF EBEP QPS MB FYQSFTJØO
Th� = E b �N � − �� E#N)[ + �� log R b + Fs .

4VTUJUVZFOEP WBMPSFT JODMVJEP FM WBMPS EF E b �N � = � E# RVF QBSB MB NPEVMBDJØO

π��%214, Z VOB BER = � ⋅ ��−� TF QVFEF MFFS FO MB 'JHVSB
Th� = � − �� + �� log ��.� ⋅ �� + �.�� = −��.�� E#N.
"IPSB BQMJDBNPT 'SJJT F JNQPOFNPT RVF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB TFB NBZPS RVF MB TFOTJCJ
MJEBE PIRE − L b + G r � Th� $BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP MBT QÏSEJEBT
L b = �� log(�πd�λ) = �� log (�π ⋅ d(km) ⋅ �� (� ⋅ �� ⋅ �� )) = ��.�� E#.
EPOEF IBZ RVF DBMDVMBS QSJNFSP MB EJTUBODJB TBUÏMJUF FTUBDJØO UFSSFOB

�
d = D s� + r � − �rD s cos ρ cos λ = �� LN,
EPOEF B TV WF[ ρ = ρ � − ρ � = −�.��○ − ��○ Z λ = ��.��○ /P DPOGVOEJS FTUF λ DPO FM

BOUFSJPS RVF EFOPUBCB MPOHJUVE EF POEB
4F DPODMVZF RVF FM FOMBDF FT WJBCMF BVORVF DPO FTDBTP NBSHFO
PIRE − L b + G r � Th�
�� − ��.�� + ��.�� −��.�� E#N ⇒ −��.�� −��.��.
&O FM EJTF×P EF VO TBUÏMJUF TF DPOUFNQMB TV VTP QBSB EBS TFSWJDJP EF SBEJPEJGVTJØO EF 57

EF VO DBOBM DPO BODIP EF CBOEB �� .)[ 4F EFTFB DBMDVMBS MB 1*3& FO FM TBUÏMJUF QBSB VOB
G�T FO SFDFQDJØO FTUBDJØO UFSSFOB
EF � E#, 4F USBCBKB FO MB CBOEB ,V Z �� ()[

-B EFHSBEBDJØO EFM FOMBDF BTDFOEFOUF EFĕOJEB DPNP
(c�n) t
L = �� log � �,
(c�n)d
TF ĕKB FO −�.� E# EPOEF (c�n) t FT MB SFMBDJØO QPUFODJB EF QPSUBEPSB B SVJEP UPUBM FO FM

SFDFQUPS EF MB FTUBDJØO UFSSFOB Z (c�n)d FT MB SFMBDJØO QPUFODJB EF QPSUBEPSB B SVJEP FO FM
SFDFQUPS EFCJEB TØMP BM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF BNCBT FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT -B (C�N) t FO
E# OFDFTBSJB B MB FOUSBEB EFM EFNPEVMBEPS FT EF ��.� E# 4F EFCFO JODMVJS FO MPT DÈMDVMPT
�.� E# EF QÏSEJEBT QPS EFTQPMBSJ[BDJØO Z �.� E# QPS QÏSEJEBT QPS EFTBQVOUBNJFOUP -BT
QÏSEJEBT QPS HBTFT BUNPTGÏSJDPT Z MMVWJBT TPO EFTQSFDJBCMFT
&M TBUÏMJUF FT (&0 DPO QPTJDJØO ��○ & 4F FTUVEJB DVCSJS VOB [POB MP NÈT BM OPSUF QPTJCMF
QBÓTFT OØSEJDPT
FO FTUF NJTNP NFSJEJBOP
B
$BMDVMF EF GPSNB FYBDUB MB MBUJUVE NÈYJNB B MB RVF TF QVFEF EBS DPCFSUVSB SBEJPFMÏDUSJDB
*OEJRVF TJ TF QPESÈ EBS DPCFSUVSB B MB JTMB EF 4WBMCBSE DFOUSBEB FO ��○ & ��○ /
FO
/PSVFHB
C
$BMDVMF MB 1*3& RVF EFCFSÓB UFOFS FM TBUÏMJUF QBSB MB MBUJUVE OPSUF
NÈYJNB QPTJCMF
D
&M TJTUFNB EF SFDFQDJØO FTUÈ GPSNBEP QPS VOB BOUFOB QBSBCØMJDB EF � N EF EJÈNFUSP
SFOEJNJFOUP Z UFNQFSBUVSB EF SVJEP Ta = �� , TFHVJEP EF VO -/# EF ĕHVSB EF
SVJEP F = �.� E# $PNQSVFCF RVF FM TJTUFNB SFDFQUPS DVNQMF MBT FTQFDJĕDBDJPOFT EF
G�T E#,
/PUBT SBEJP EF MB UJFSSB r = �� LN EJTUBODJB TBUÏMJUF B DFOUSP EF MB UJFSSB D s = (r + h) =
�� LN 1VFEF CVTDBS MB JTMB EF 4WBMCBSE FO VO NBQB DPNP (PPHMF .BQT P (PPHMF
&BSUI &M TBUÏMJUF FT USBOTQBSFOUF FTUP FT OP FT SFHFOFSBUJWP
4PMVDJØO
B
&O FTUB TJUVBDJØO MB FMFWBDJØO FT EF �○ TFHÞO MB EFĕOJDJØO EF DPCFSUVSB SBEJPFMÏDUSJDB
5FOFNPT MPT TJHVJFOUFT EBUPT ρ � = ��○ ρ � = ��○ λ =?○ r = �� LN Z D s = ��
LN $BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP MB EJGFSFODJB EF MPOHJUVEFT ρ = ρ � − ρ � = �○ &M B[JNVU FT
��○ 1BSB DBMDVMBS MB FMFWBDJØO Z EFTQFKBS MB MBUJUVE DBMDVMBNPT FM ÈOHVMP JOUFSNFEJP
a = arc cos (cos λ cos ρ) DPO FM UFPSFNB EFM TFOP
sen a cos(θ) cos(θ + a)

= = ,
d r+h r
Z EFTQFKBNPT
r
λ = a = acos �cos(θ) � − θ = {θ = �○ } = ��.��○ ,
r+h
EPOEF TF IB JNQVFTUP θ = �○ EBEP RVF QPS EFCBKP OP IBZ DPCFSUVSB SBEJPFMÏDUSJDB
-VFHP OP TFSÈ QPTJCMF DVCSJS MB JTMB EF 4WBMCBSE
C
$BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP MB SFMBDJØO C�N OFDFTBSJB FO FM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF B QBSUJS EF MB
UPUBM Z MB EFHSBEBDJØO
(c�n) t
L = �� log � � ⇒ �� log �(c�n)d � = �� log �(c�n) t � − L = �� E#.
(c�n)d
-VFHP DBMDVMBNPT MB SFMBDJØO C�N FO FM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF
C G rd
� � = PIRE d (E#8) − L b f d E#
− L a p+pol +
E#
N d Ts
− �� log k(E#8, )[) − �� log(B()[)),

EPOEF
L b f d = ��.� + �� log f ()[

+ �� log d LN
= ��.� + �� log(��) + �� log(��) = ��.�� E#
TPO MBT QÏSEJEBT FO FM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF L a p+pol MBT QÏSEJEBT QPS EFTBEBQUBDJØO Z
EFTQPMBSJ[BDJØO G rd MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB FO FM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF Ts MB
UFNQFSBUVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB SFDFQUPS FO FM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF k FT MB DPOTUBOUF
EF #PMU[NBO Z B FT FM BODIP EF CBOEB FRVJWBMFOUF EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB SFDFQUPS FO FM
FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF : MB EJTUBODJB OFDFTBSJB FO FM DÈMDVMP EF MBT QÏSEJEBT BQMJDBOEP MB
GØSNVMB P FM UFPSFNB EFM DPTFOP TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS DPNP
� sen a
d= D s� + r � − �rD s cos ρ cos λ = (r + h) = LN.
cos(θ)
'JOBMNFOUF EF
EFTQFKBNPT MB PIRE
⇒ ��E# = PIRE d + � − ��.�� + � + ��.� − � − �� log(�� ⋅ �� )

⇒ PIRE d = �� E#8.
&TUB QPUFODJB FTUÈ VOPT E# QPS FODJNB EF MB 1*3& NÈYJNB IBCJUVBM EF TBUÏMJUFT #44
1PS PUSP MBEP FO FTUPT DÈMDVMPT OP TF IBO JODMVJEP QÏSEJEBT QPS HBTFT BUNPTGÏSJDPT OJ
QPS MMVWJB RVF OP TFSÈO NVZ JNQPSUBOUFT BM TFS MB GSFDVFODJB EF CBKBEB DFSDBOB B
()[
D
1PEFNPT DBMDVMBS MB G�T Z DPNQBSBS P UBNCJÏO EBEP RVF FM EJÈNFUSP EF MB BOUFOB
FTUÈ ĕKBEP EFTQFKBS MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF SVJEP OFDFTBSJB Z WFS TJ FM WBMPS EF MB NJTNB
QBSB FM SFDFQUPS FT NFOPS )BDFNPT FTUP ÞMUJNP 1PS VO MBEP
G rd
E#
G rd − �� log(Ts ),
Ts
EPOEF Ts FT MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB FO FM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF 1PS PUSP
πD � π⋅� �
G rd = �� log �η � � � = �� log ��.�� = ��.�� E#.
λ �.��
$PNP �� log(Ts ) = G rd − � = ��.� TF DPODMVZF RVF UJFOF RVF DVNQMJSTF Ts ≤ ��.� ,
-B UFNQFSBUVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB SFDFQUPS FO MB FTUBDJØO UFSSFOB FT Ts = Ta + Tr

EPOEF Tr = T� ( f r − �) = ��(��.�� − �) = �� ⋅ �.�� = ��.�� Z Ta = �� , UBM DPNP
TF BQPSUB FO FM FOVODJBEP "TÓ QBSB MB BOUFOB QBSBCØMJDB VUJMJ[BEB MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF
SVJEP FYJHJEB FT ��.� , Z MB EFM SFDFQUPS Ts = ��.�� + �� = ��.�� , MVFHP FM SFDFQUPS
DVNQMF TPCSBEBNFOUF

1 4BUÏMJUF (&0 Z 5%."
4J MP IVCJÏSBNPT IFDIP DBMDVMBOEP MB G�T RVFEBSÓB SFTVNJEP EF MB TJHVJFOUF GPSNB
l = ��L E#
�� = ��.�� = �.��
Tr = T� ( f r − �) = ��(�.�� − �) = ��.�� ,
Ts = Ta + Tr = ��.�� ,
G�T E#,
= G rd − �� log(��.��) = ��.�� E#, > � E#,.
1 4BUÏMJUF (&0 Z 5%."

6O TBUÏMJUF (&0 FM "TUSB - FO ��.�○ & EJTQPOF FOUSF PUSPT EF VO USBOTQPOEFEPS EF
.)[ 4F EFTFB EBS TFSWJDJP B VOB FTUBDJØO UFSSFOB FO *CJ[B �○ ��′ ��′′ & Z ��○ ��′ ��′′ / DPO
G�T EF E#, -B GSFDVFODJB EF CBKBEB FT EF ()[
B
$BMDVMF FM B[JNVU Z FMFWBDJØO EF MB BOUFOB $BMDVMF MB EJTUBODJB EFM TBUÏMJUF B MB FTUBDJØO
UFSSFOB
C
4VQPOHB RVF TF SFDJCF FO MB FTUBDJØO UFSSFOB VOB USBNB NÞMUJQMFY QPS EJWJTJØO FO
UJFNQP UJNF EJWJTJPO NVMUJQMFY 5%.
EF NT EF EVSBDJØO DPOTJTUFOUF FO � + N
TMPUT JHVBMFT TJFOEP MPT EPT QSJNFSPT TMPUT USBOTNJTJPOFT EF USÈĕDP EF TF×BMJ[BDJØO
QBSB TJODSPOJ[BDJØO DPO CJUT DBEB VOP Z FM SFTUP JHVBMFT DPO CJUT EF DBCFDFSB Z
n CJUT EF EBUPT &M UJFNQP EF HVBSEB EF DBEB TMPU FT OT Z FM SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP UPUBM
CSVUP EF MB USBNB FT EF .CQT *OEJRVF FM OÞNFSP NÈYJNP EF VTVBSJPT TJNVMUÈOFPT
QPTJCMF TJ DBEB VTVBSJP HFOFSB VO USÈĕDP ZB DPEJĕDBEP B LCQT
D
4J TF VUJMJ[BTF UPEP FM USBOTQPOEFEPS QBSB VOB USBOTNJTJØO EJHJUBM 5%.5%." DPO
NPEVMBDJØO %214, DPO SBÓ[ EF DPTFOP BM[BEP Z GBDUPS EF DBÓEB SPMMPČ
α = �.� Z
TF OFDFTJUB VOB E b �N � ≥ �.� E# QBSB VOB #&3≤ ��−� B MB TBMJEB EFM EFDPEJĕDBEPS EF
DBOBM EF UBTB DPO VOB 1*3& EF E#8 DPNQSVFCF TJ FM SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP EF
.CQT ZB DPEJĕDBEP FT WJBCMF
4PMVDJØO
B
$BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP MB EJGFSFODJB EF MPOHJUVEFT ρ = ρ � − ρ � = �.�� − ��.� = −��.��○
"IPSB DBMDVMBNPT FM B[JNVU 1BSB FTP DBMDVMBNPT FM ÈOHVMP JOUFSNFEJP
UBO �ρ�
& BUBO � � = ��.��○
TJO �λ�
: DPNP FTUBNPT FO FM DVBESBOUF /0 A = �� − E = ��.�○ 1BSB DBMDVMBS MB FMFWBDJØO

DBMDVMBNPT FM ÈOHVMP BVYJMJBS a Z BQMJDBNPT MB FYQSFTJØO
θ = atan((cos(a) − �.��)� sen(a)) = ��.��○ ,
EPOEF FT FM DPDJFOUF r�(r + h) DPO r = �� LN Z h = �� LN Z cos(a) =

cos(θ) cos(λ) = ��.��○

$BMDVMBNPT QPS ÞMUJNP MB EJTUBODJB %BEPT MPT EBUPT ρ = −��.��○ λ = ��.��○ r = ��
LN Z D s = �� LN TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS DPNP
�
d = D s� + r � − �rD s cos ρ cos λ = �� km.
C
*NQPOFNPT RVF UPEP MP USBOTNJUJEP FO VOB USBNB EVSF FM UJFNQP EF USBNB Ttr = ��
NT
Ttr = �((��)Tb + TG ) + N((�� + ��n)Tb + TG ),
EPOEF TG = �� OT FT FM UJFNQP EF HVBSEB Z Tb = �� ⋅ ��−� /FDFTJUBNPT DBMDVMBS n

5FOJFOEP FO DVFOUB RVF DBEB TMPU EFCF USBOTNJUJS LCQT
�� ⋅ �� ⋅ Ttr = ��n → n = ��.
: EFTQFKBOEP RVFEB N = ��
D
$PNQSPCFNPT QSJNFSP RVF FM BODIP EF CBOEB FT TVĕDJFOUF FTUP FT RVF FM BODIP EF
CBOEB B FT NFOPS P JHVBM BM EFM DBOBM B c
B = (� + α)�Ts = (� + α)R b �� ≤ B c ,
EPOEF Ts = log MTb = �Tb DPO M = � QPS TFS VOB NPEVMBDJØO DVBUFSOBSJB $PNP
α = �.� Z B c = �� .)[ BODIP EF CBOEB EFM USBOTQPOEFEPS
RVFEB BM JHVBMBS R b = ��
�
.CQT
1PS PUSP MBEP IBZ RVF DPNQSPCBS RVF MMFHB QPUFODJB TVĕDJFOUF -B QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB
WJFOF EBEB QPS
C = PIRE − L b + G r ,
Z MB QPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB
C n = E b �N � �min + �� log(kT) + �� log R b .
1BSB RVF MB DPNVOJDBDJØO TFB WJBCMF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB UJFOF RVF TFS DPNP NÓOJNP
JHVBM B MB QPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB C ≥ C n "TÓ QBSB C = C n QPEFNPT EFTQFKBS MB 1*3&
NÓOJNB OFDFTBSJB
C − C n = � ⇒ PIRE − L b + G r − (E b �N � �min + �� log(kT) + �� log R b ) = �
Z RVFEB
�� log R b = PIRE E#8

− E b �N � �min − L b + G�T − k E#8,)[
,
EPOEF FT OFDFTBSJP FTUJNBS MBT QÏSEJEBT RVF TJO UFOFS FO DVFOUB MB BUFOVBDJØO QPS
MMVWJB Z HBTFT BUNPTGÏSJDPT FT NBZPSNFOUF EFCJEB B QÏSEJEBT FO FTQBDJP MJCSF -BT
QÏSEJEBT EFTQSFDJBOEP BUFOVBDJØO QPS HBTFT BUNPTGÏSJDPT Z MB BUFOVBDJØO QPS MMVWJB
RVFEBO
L b = �� log(�πd�λ) = �� log (�π ⋅ d(km) ⋅ �� (� ⋅ �� ⋅ �� )) = ��.� E#.
4VTUJUVZFOEP FO

�� log(R b ) = �� E#8
− �.� − ��.� + �� − (−��.�) E#8,)[
= ��.�,
Z
R b = ��.�� .CQT.
&TUF WBMPS FT NVZ TVQFSJPS B .CQT FTUP QFSNJUJSÓB SFMBKBS MB G�T FO VO WBMPS EF
��.� − �� log(�� .CQT

) = �.�� E#.


6O TBUÏMJUF (&0 TJUVBEP FO FM NFSJEJBOP ��○ 8 Z USBCBKBOEP FO MB GSFDVFODJB EF CBKBEB EF
()[ EJTQPOF FOUSF PUSPT EF VO USBOTQPOEFEPS EF .)[ 4F EFTFB EBS TFSWJDJP B
VOB FTUBDJØO UFSSFOB FO 4FWJMMB �○ ��′ ��′′ 8 Z ��○ ��′ ��′′ / DPO G�T EF E#,
B
4J TF VUJMJ[BTF UPEP FM USBOTQPOEFEPS QBSB VOB USBOTNJTJØO EJHJUBM DPO NPEVMBDJØO
214, DPO SBÓ[ EF DPTFOP BM[BEP Z GBDUPS EF DBÓEB SPMMPČ
α = �.� Z TF OFDFTJUB VOB
E b �N � ≥ �.� E# QBSB VOB #&3≤ ��−� VUJMJ[BOEP DPSSFDJØO EF FSSPSFT DPEJĕDBDJØO EF
DBOBM
IBDJB EFMBOUF GPSXBSE FSSPS DPSSFDUJPO '&$
JOEJRVF MB 1*3& NÓOJNB
OFDFTBSJB FO FM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF TBUÏMJUF B UJFSSB
Z FM SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP BTPDJBEP B MB
USBOTNJTJØO
C
&O MBT DPOEJDJPOFT EFM "QBSUBEP B
TJ TF VUJMJ[BTF FM USBOTQPOEFEPS QBSB RVF BDDFEJFTFO
N VTVBSJPT NFEJBOUF 5%." DBMDVMF FM SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP ÞUJM EF DBEB VTVBSJP -B USBNB
EF NT EF EVSBDJØO DPOTJTUF FO �+N TMPUT TJFOEP MPT EPT QSJNFSPT TMPUT USBOTNJTJPOFT
EF USÈĕDP EF TF×BMJ[BDJØO QBSB TJODSPOJ[BDJØO DPO CJUT DBEB VOP Z FM SFTUP JHVBMFT
DPO CJUT EF DBCFDFSB Z n CJUT EF EBUPT &OUSF DBEB QBS EF TMPUT IBZ OT EF
HVBSEB *OEJRVF FM OÞNFSP NÈYJNP EF VTVBSJPT TJNVMUÈOFPT QPTJCMF TJ DBEB VTVBSJP
HFOFSB VO USÈĕDP B LCQT ZB DPEJĕDBEP
D
&O MBT DPOEJDJPOFT EFM "QBSUBEP C
TF QSFTUB TFSWJDJP EF UFMFGPOÓB B VO DPOKVOUP EF
FTUBDJPOFT UFSSFOBT FO VO ÈSFB HFPHSÈĕDB &O FM TJTUFNB IBZ �.�� UFOUBUJWBT EF MMBNBEB
FO MB QFPS IPSB QPS DBEB FTUBDJØO UFSSFOB DPO VOB EVSBDJØO EF MMBNBEB EF T
4F DPOTJEFSB VO SÏHJNFO EF MMBNBEBT FO QÏSEJEBT Z VOB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF QÏSEJEB
EF MMBNBEB EFM 4VQPOHB RVF TF SFTFSWBO TMPUT QBSB FTUF TFSWJDJP NÈT QBSB
TF×BMJ[BDJØO JOEJRVF DVÈOUBT FTUBDJPOFT UFSSFOBT TF QPESÓBO TFSWJS

4PMVDJØO
B
-B QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB WJFOF EBEB QPS
C = PIRE − L b + G r ,
Z MB QPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB QPS
C n = E b �N � �min + �� log(kT) + �� log R b .
1BSB RVF MB DPNVOJDBDJØO TFB WJBCMF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB UJFOF RVF TFS DPNP NÓOJNP
JHVBM B MB QPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB C ≥ C n "TÓ QBSB C = C n QPEFNPT EFTQFKBS MB 1*3&
NÓOJNB OFDFTBSJB
C − C n = � ⇒ PIRE − L b + G r − (E b �N � �min + �� log(kT) + �� log R b ) = �
Z RVFEB
PIRE E#8
= E b �N � �min + �� log(R b ) + L b − G�T + k E#8,)[
.
4VTUJUVZFOEP WBMPSFT DPOPDJEPT
PIRE E#8
= �.� + �� log(R b ) + L b − �� + (−��.�) E#8,)[
,
Z RVFEBSÓB DBMDVMBS FM SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP Z MBT QÏSEJEBT

&M SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP TF DBMDVMB EF GPSNB BQSPYJNBEB UFOJFOEP FO DVFOUB FM BODIP EF
CBOEB B F JNQPOJFOEP RVF TFB NFOPS RVF FM EFM USBOTQPOEFEPS B c
B = (� + α)�Ts ≤ B c .
$PNP α = �.� Z B c = �� .)[ BM JHVBMBS RVFEB Ts = �.�� ⋅ ��−� T Z FM UJFNQP EF CJU

MB NJUBE EBEP RVF UFOFNPT VOB 214, Tb = Ts �� = �.�� ⋅ ��−� = �� ⋅ ��−� T %F
GPSNB RVF FM SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP FT
R b = ��Tb = �� .CQT.
1BSB DBMDVMBS MBT QÏSEJEBT UFOFNPT RVF DBMDVMBS MB EJTUBODJB %BEPT MPT EBUPT ρ � = −��○
ρ � = −�.��○ λ = ��.��○ r = �� LN Z D s = �� LN DBMDVMBNPT MB EJTUBODJB
�
d = D s� + r � − �rD s cos ρ cos λ = �� km,
DPO ρ = ρ � − ρ � -BT QÏSEJEBT EFTQSFDJBOEP BUFOVBDJØO QPS HBTFT BUNPTGÏSJDPT Z MB

BUFOVBDJØO QPS MMVWJB RVFEB
L b = �� log(�πd�λ) = �� log (�π ⋅ d(km) ⋅ �� (� ⋅ �� ⋅ �� ))

= ��.�� E#.

'JOBMNFOUF TVTUJUVZFOEP FTUPT WBMPSFT
PIRE E#8
= �.� + �� log(� ⋅ �� ) + ��.�� − �� + (−��.�) E#8,)[
= ��.� E#8.
C
*NQPOFNPT RVF MB EVSBDJØO EF UPEP MP USBOTNJUJEP FO VOB USBNB JHVBMF FM UJFNQP EF
USBNB Ttr = �� NT
Ttr = �((��)Tb + TG ) + N((�� + ��n)Tb + TG )
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Z USBWÏT EF PUSPT QBSÈNFUSPT TF QVFEF EFSJWBS FM OÞNFSP EF VTVBSJPT TJNVMUÈOFPT RVF
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MB USBOTNJTJØO &O FM %- TVFMF TFS MB QPUFODJB EJTQPOJCMF FO FM /PEP # MB RVF MJNJUB FTUF
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TJTUFNB 4F JOUSPEVDF CSFWFNFOUF BRVÓ DPNP TF MMFWB B DBCP FTUF QSPDFTP QBSB TJTUFNBT
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TF QSPDFEF DPNP TJHVF 6OB WF[ DBMDVMBEP FM QBUSØO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO J Z FM OÞNFSP EF
DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJP FO DBEB DFMEB TF DBMDVMB FM USÈĕDP RVF TF QVFEF TFSWJS DPO FMMPT USÈĕDP
PGFSUBEP A o RVF EFQFOEF EFM HSBEP EF TFSWJDJP P UBOUP QPS DJFOUP EF MMBNBEBT QFSEJEBT
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QÏSEJEBT TF VTB MB &SMBOH # QBSB IBDFS FTUF DÈMDVMP &O QBSBMFMP TF DBMDVMB FM USÈĕDP RVF
EFNBOEBO MPT VTVBSJPT QPS VOJEBE EF TVQFSĕDJF RVF NVMUJQMJDBEP QPS MB TVQFSĕDJF EF
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DFMEB Z B QBSUJS EF ÏTUF FM ÓOEJDF EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO P DVBMRVJFS PUSP QBSÈNFUSP JHVBMBOEP FM
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FT FM OÞNFSP EF BHSVQBDJPOFT FO FM TJTUFNB RVF FT FM OÞNFSP EF WFDFT RVF TF SFVUJMJ[B
FM BODIP EF CBOEB DPNQMFUP BTJHOBEP BM TJTUFNB &O SFTVNFO TF DBMDVMB S c JHVBMBOEP
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5BCMB 5SÈĕDP FO &SMBOHT TFSWJEP DPO N c DBOBMFT Z VOB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF DPOHFTUJØO
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DBMDVMBS MPT WBMPSFT RVF GBMUBO

4F DPOTJEFSB FM DFOUSP EF VOB HSBO DJVEBE FO MB RVF VOB PQFSBEPSB EF UFMFGPOÓB NØWJM
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t NJMMPOFT EF IBCJUBOUFT
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t -PT BCPOBEPT SFBMJ[BSÈO �.� JOUFOUPT EF MMBNBEB FO IPSB DBSHBEB
t -B EVSBDJØO NFEJB EF MBT MMBNBEBT FT EF T
t 4F FYJHF VO (P4 UBNCJÏO QSPCBCJMJEBE EF DPOHFTUJØO
EFM
t 3FMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO C�I DPDBOBM OFDFTBSJB EF E# NÈT E# EF NBSHFO FO NPEP
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t -B BMUVSB EF MBT BOUFOBT EF MBT FTUBDJØO CBTF EF (4. CBTF USBOTDFJWFS TUBUJPO #54
TPO EF N Z MB EF MPT TJTUFNB NØWJM NPCJMF TZTUFN .4

EF �.� N
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TPO VOB QPUFODJB NÈYJNB FOUSFHBEB QPS QPSUBEPSB EF 5Y
EF ��.� E#N Z VOB
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EF �.� E#J EF HBOBODJB
t 4F DPOTJEFSBO .4 DPO QPUFODJB NÈYJNB EF E#N 8
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Z UJFNQP TPO σL = �� E# Z σT = � E#
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TFOTJCJMJEBE FO E# Z MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB BIPSB FT E# NFOPT 1PEFNPT FYQSFTBS
BTÓ MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB FO FM NØWJM FO GVODJØO EF MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB FO MB FTUBDJØO
CBTF Z SFBMJ[BS MPT DÈMDVMPT
Pe t � = Pe t � − (S ms − S bts ) = ��.�� − �� = ��.�� E#N.
ms bts
D
&O FTUF QSPCMFNB OPT EBO EJSFDUBNFOUF FM UBNB×P EF VOB DFMEB %F GPSNB RVF QBSB VOB
EFOTJEBE EF USÈĕDP EBEB IBZ RVF DBMDVMBS FM OÞNFSP EF DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJP OFDFTBSJPT
QBSB TBUJTGBDFS MB EFNBOEB
-B EFOTJEBE EF BCPOBEPT BC
P NØWJMFT QPS LN� FT
ρ m = I o p I p,m M t �S t = �.� ⋅ �.�� ⋅ �.� ⋅ �� .�� = ��.� BCLN� .
EPOEF I o p FT FM ÓOEJDF EF DVPUB EF NFSDBEP EFM PQFSBEPS Z I p,m FT FM ÓOEJDF EF QFOFUSB

DJØO EF MB UFMFGPOÓB NØWJM &M OÞNFSP EF BCPOBEPT QPS DFMEB
M c = ρ m S c = ��.� BC,
√
EPOEF FM ÈSFB EF MB DFMEB FT S c = � �R � �� = �.�� LN�
-BT UFOUBUJWBT EF MMBNBEB QPS IPSB FT EBUP L l l = �.� MMI Z MB EVSBDJØO UBNCJÏO H l l = ��
T &M USÈĕDP EFNBOEBEP FO VOB DÏMVMB
A d = M c L l l H l l �� = �.�� &.
%POEF TF IB EJWJEJEP QPS QBSB FTDSJCJS UPEP FO MBT NJTNBT VOJEBEFT *HVBMÈOEPMP
-BT GSFDVFODJBT EFM 6- OP FT MB NJTNB RVF FO FM %- BVORVF NVZ DFSDBOB EF GPSNB RVF MBT QÏSEJEBT EF
QSPQBHBDJØO TPO BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF JHVBMFT

BM PGFSUBEP FO VOB DÏMVMB DPO N c DBOBMFT
A o = B−� (p c = � %, N c )
OPT EB NJSBOEP FO MB UBCMB 5BCMB VO UPUBM EF N c = �� DBOBMFT OFDFTBSJPT %PT QPS
UBEPSBT EF (4. DPO VO UJNFTMPU QPS USBOTDFQUPS EFEJDBEP B DPOUSPM OPT QSPQPSDJPOB
� × (� − �) = �� DBOBMFT EF USÈĕDP
E
-B SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO TF QSPQPSDJPOB DPNP EBUP R p = � + � E# Z r p = ��R p �� =
��.�� FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT 3FDVÏSEFTF EFM QSJNFS BQBSUBEP RVF FO FM NPEFMP EF
QSPQBHBDJØO VUJMJ[BEP n = �.�� &M OÞNFSP EF DÏMVMBT JOUFSGFSFOUFT FT i = � QPS TFS
DFMEBT PNOJEJSFDDJPOBMFT %F GPSNB RVF
J = ��(� + (i ⋅ r p )��n )� = �.��.

&M OÞNFSP SØNCJDP JONFEJBUBNFOUF TVQFSJPS FT FM J = �

$PO TFDUPSJ[BDJØO TF QVFEF JOUSPEVDJS DBCFDFP P UJMU $PO DBCFDFP MB SFMBDJØO EF
QSPUFDDJØO TF SFEVDF FO E# R p = �� − � = �� Z r p = ��R p �� = �� : BM JHVBM RVF BOUFT
n = �.�� $PO TFDUPSJ[BDJØO Z EF GPSNB BQSPYJNBEB FM OÞNFSP EF DÏMVMBT JOUFSGFSFOUFT
FT i = � Ø i = � $PO i = �
J = ��(� + (i ⋅ r p )��n )� = �.��.
&M OÞNFSP SØNCJDP JONFEJBUBNFOUF TVQFSJPS FT FM J = � 4J TF VUJMJ[BTFO TFDUPSFT

IFYBHPOBMFT EF ○ TFSÓB DPOWFOJFOUF QBSB UFOFS VO FNQMB[BNJFOUP QPS DBEB USFT
TFDUPSFT VTBS VO NÞMUJQMP EF BEFNÈT EF TFS SØNCJDP Z UFOESÓBNPT J = � JHVBMNFOUF
4J CJFO FM OÞNFSP RVF TBMF FT JHVBM JOEJDBOEP VO JHVBM BQSPWFDIBNJFOUP EF MPT SFDVSTPT
FTQFDUSBMFT IBCSÓB RVF UFOFS FO DVFOUB QBSB VO BOÈMJTJT HMPCBM RVF FM OÞNFSP EF
FNQMB[BNJFOUPT TF SFEVDJSÓB ZB RVF USFT TFDUPSFT IFYBHPOBMFT DPNQBSUJSÓBO VO NJTNP
FNQMB[BNJFOUP : RVF MB $* NFKPSBSÓB TFOTJCMFNFOUF -B BHSVQBDJØO QBSB FTUF WBMPS
EF QBUSØO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO Z � TFDUPSFT QPS FNQMB[BNJFOUP TF EFOPNJOB �� &O MB
'JHVSB TF JODMVZF VO FTRVFNB EPOEF TF IB NBSDBEP FO MÓOFB HSVFTB MB BHSVQBDJØO
Z DPO QVOUPT MPT FNQMB[BNJFOUPT EFTEF EPOEF TF SBEJBSÓB B MBT DFMEBT BOFYBT DPO
TJTUFNBT SBEJBOUFT EJTUJOUPT USBCBKBOEP B GSFDVFODJBT EJTUJOUBT

6OB PQFSBEPSB EF UFMFGPOÓB NØWJM EFTFB EFTQMFHBS VO TJTUFNB DFMVMBS %$4 FO FM DFOUSP
EF 4FWJMMB %JTQPOF EF SBEJPDBOBMFT QPSUBEPSBT
&M EFQBSUBNFOUP EF SBEJPGSFDVFODJB
DVFOUB DPO MPT TJHVJFOUFT EBUPT
t 4VQFSĕDJF LN�
t 1PCMBDJØO �� IBCJUBOUFT
FTUB PQFSBEPSB BDBQBSB FM EF FTUF NFSDBEP

'JHVSB &TRVFNB EF TFDUPSJ[BDJØO EF ○
t -B EVSBDJØO NFEJB EF MBT MMBNBEBT FT EF TFHVOEPT

t 4F FYJHF FM (P4 P QSPCBCJMJEBE EF DPOHFTUJØO
EF MB OPSNB (4.
t 3FMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO OFDFTBSJB EF E# FO NPEP 'VMM 5$) RVF FT FM RVF TF QSFWÏ
VUJMJ[BS
t -B BMUVSB EF MBT BOUFOBT EF MBT #54 TPO EF NFUSPT Z QBSB MPT .4 TF DPOTJEFSB MB
BMUVSB FTUÈOEBS EF �.� N
t &M DBCMF EF BMJNFOUBDJØO RVF VOF USBOTNJTPS Z BOUFOBT EF MB #54 UJFOF E# EF
QÏSEJEBT
TFOTJCJMJEBE EF −�� E#N
t /P IBZ TFDUPSJ[BDJØO
t -BT BOUFOBT EF MBT #54 TPO PNOJEJSFDJPOBMFT EF E#J EF HBOBODJB

t &M TJTUFNB EFCFSÓB PQFSBS DPO UFMÏGPOPT EF TFOTJCJMJEBE JHVBMFT P NFKPSFT B −�� E#N
NFEJEPT FO MB VOJØO BOUFOBSFDFQUPS

t -BT HBOBODJBT EF MBT BOUFOBT FO MPT UFSNJOBMFT TF TVQPOESÈO E#J /P TF DPOTJEFSBO
t -BT QÏSEJEBT TF NPEFMBO DPO MB FYQSFTJØO l b = kd n DPO d FO NFUSPT k = � Z n = �.�
t 4F EFCF JODMVJS FO MBT QÏSEJEBT VO NBSHFO EF �� E#
t 4F VUJMJ[B VO DBOBM EF TF×BMJ[BDJØO QPS FTUBDJØO CBTF
t -B PQFSBEPSB EJTQPOF EF VO UFSDJP EF MB CBOEB EF
Z UJFNQP TPO σL = � E# Z σT = � E#
-B PQFSBEPSB IB EFDJEJEP EFTQMFHBS DFMEBT EF SBEJP �.� LN Z OFDFTJUB DBMDVMBS

B
&M OÞNFSP EF USBOTDFQUPSFT OFDFTBSJPT QPS FTUBDJØO CBTF
C
-B QPUFODJB NÓOJNB B USBOTNJUJS EFTEF MB FTUBDJØO CBTF QBSB BTFHVSBS DPCFSUVSB QFSJ
NFUSBM FO FM EFM UJFNQP Z EF FNQMB[BNJFOUPT 0CUFOHB MB QPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB

USBOTNJUJEB QPS FM NØWJM B QBSUJS EF MB QPUFODJB BOUFSJPS MB OFDFTBSJB FO MB FTUBDJØO
CBTF
4PMVDJØO
B
$BMDVMBNPT FM USÈĕDP EFNBOEBEP QBSB FM UBNB×P EF DFMEB EBEP : MP JHVBMBNPT BM
USÈĕDP EFNBOEBEP FO GVODJØO EFM OÞNFSP EF DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJP QBSB EFTQFKBS FTUF
ÞMUJNP
&M USÈĕDP EFNBOEBEP FO VOB DÏMVMB FT
A d = S c ρ m ⋅ L l l ⋅ H l l = �.�� ⋅ �� ⋅ �.� ⋅ �� = �.�� &,
EPOEF
√ √
S c = R � � �� = �.�� = �.�� LN� .
*HVBMÈOEPMP BM PGFSUBEP FO VOB DÏMVMB DPO N c DBOBMFT
A o = B−� (p c = � %, N c )
OPT EB JOUFSQPMBOEP FO MB UBCMB 5BCMB VO UPUBM EF N c = �� DBOBMFT OFDFTBSJPT

2VFEBSÓB DPNQSPCBS TJ FT QPTJCMF DPO MPT SFDVSTPT EFM TJTUFNB DVCSJS FTUB OFDFTJEBE
&O QSJODJQJP OFDFTJUBNPT N c = �� DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJP B MPT RVF B×BEJNPT VO DBOBM NÈT
EF TF×BMJ[BDJØO &O %$4 TF USBOTNJUFO TMPUT QPS QPSUBEPSB %F GPSNB RVF DPO
QPSUBEPSBT P USBOTDFQUPSFT TBUJTGBDFNPT MBT FYJHFODJBT EF USÈĕDP 7BNPT B DPNQSPCBS
B DPOUJOVBDJØO RVF TF EJTQPOF EF FTUF OÞNFSP EF DBOBMFT FO FM TJTUFNB &M OÞNFSP
EF SBEJPDBOBMFT EJTQPOJCMFT EF OVFTUSB PQFSBEPSB FT 1BSB VOB DFMEB TFSÓB FTUF
OÞNFSP FOUSF FM QBUSØO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO J RVF EFTDPOPDFNPT Z UFOFNPT RVF DBMDVMBS
1BSB MB SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO EBEB R p = � E# RVFEB FO VO r p = ��R p �� = �.�� : FM
OÞNFSP NÓOJNP EF DFMEBT QPS SBDJNP OFDFTBSJP J TF DBMDVMB QBSB FM DBTP EF BOUFOBT
PNOJEJSFDDJPOBMFT BDVEJFOEP B MB TJHVJFOUF FYQSFTJØO
J = ��(� + (� ⋅ r p )��n )� = ��(� + (� ⋅ �.��)��.� )� = �.� ⇒ �,
EPOEF TF IB UPNBEP FM OÞNFSP SØNCJDP JONFEJBUBNFOUF TVQFSJPS "TÓ FOUSF J = �

TPO BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF QPS DFMEB
4F DPODMVZF RVF IBZ DBOBMFT EF TPCSB RVF QPESÓBO EFEJDBSTF B [POBT NVZ EFOTBT B
USBOTNJTJØO EF EBUPT (134&%(&
y
C
&TUBNPT FO DPNVOJDBDJPOFT EF UFMFGPOÓB NØWJM BVUPNÈUJDB QVCMJD MBOE NPCJMF OFUXPSL
1-./
5."
EJHJUBMFT /FDFTJUBNPT RVF MMFHVF VOB QPUFODJB JHVBM B MB TFOTJCJMJEBE
EFM NØWJM S = −�� E#N NÈT L = � E# EF QÏSEJEB BEJDJPOBM NÈT VOB DPSSFDDJØO QPS
EFM UJFNQP Z FNQMB[BNJFOUP ∆ e C NÈT VO NBSHFO EF E# MB DPSSFDDJØO

QPS SVJEP FO TJTUFNBT 5." EJHJUBMFT FTUÈ JODMVJEB FO MB TFOTJCJMJEBE

Pdr = C n = C min + L + ∆ e C + M = −�� + � + �.�� + �� = −��.�� E#N
EPOEF
∆ e C = ((K(L)σL )� + (K(T)σT )� ) = ((� ⋅ σL )� + (�.�� ⋅ �)� ) = �.�� E#
��
Z K(��) = �.�� EF MB 5BCMB EF <> Z σT = � E# FT EBUP

1PS 'SJJT Pdr = Pe t − L tt + G t − L b − M + G r Z MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB QPS FM 5Y EF MB #54
Pdr = Pe t − L tt + G t − L b + G r ⇒
Pe t = −��.�� + � − �.� + ��.�� − � = ��.�� E#N,

EPOEF TJ l b = kd n Z L b = �� log l b = �� log(� ⋅ ��.� ) = ��.�� E#

1BSB FM NØWJM UFOFNPT RVF MBT QÏSEJEBT TPO MBT NJTNBT FM DBOBM FT SFDÓQSPDP DBNCJB MB
TFOTJCJMJEBE FO E# Z MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB BIPSB FT E# NFOPT
Pe t � = Pe t � − (S ms − S bts ) = ��.�� − �� = ��.�� E#N.
ms bts

6O PQFSBEPS EF UFMFGPOÓB NØWJM (4. EJTQPOF EF VOB CBOEB EF �.� .)[ FO DBEB TFOUJEP
FOMBDF EF TVCJEB Z FOMBDF EF CBKBEB 4F EB TFSWJDJP B VOB [POB MMBOB SVSBM EF TVQFSĕDJF
LN� FO MB RVF MBT QÏSEJEBT EF QSPQBHBDJØO TF NPEFMBO DPNP l b (d) = k ⋅ d �.� d FO NFUSPT
-B EFOTJEBE EF USÈĕDP FT IPNPHÏOFB Z EF WBMPS &LN� &M OÞNFSP NFEJP EF UFOUBUJWBT
EF MMBNBEBT QPS BCPOBEP EVSBOUF MB IPSB EF NBZPS EFNBOEB FT EF Z MB EVSBDJØO NFEJB
EF ÏTUBT EF T &M PCKFUJWP EF DBMJEBE QSPCBCJMJEBE EF DPOHFTUJØO
ĕKBEP QPS FM PQFSBEPS
QBSB FM TJTUFNB B EFTBSSPMMBS FT EFM Z MB SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO TF×BM B JOUFSGFSFODJB
DPDBOBM FT EF E# %JNFOTJPOF FM TJTUFNB DFMVMBS QBSB TBUJTGBDFS FM USÈĕDP FO MB QFPS
IPSB DPO MB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF DPOHFTUJØO EBEB VUJMJ[BOEP DÏMVMBT TFDUPSFT
IFYBHPOBMFT
&O DBEB DÏMVMB TF FNQMFBSÈ VO DBOBM EF VTVBSJP QBSB TF×BMJ[BDJØO
B
4J TF VUJMJ[BO DFMEBT IFYBHPOBMFT DPO TJTUFNBT SBEJBOUFT PNOJEJSFDDJPOBMFT DBMDVMF FM
OÞNFSP UPUBM EF DFMEBT OFDFTBSJBT
C
1BSB FWJUBS VO UBNB×P FYDFTJWP EFM QBUSØO EF SBEJBDJØO TF QSPQPOF JODMVJS TFDUPSJ[BDJØO
-B TFDUPSJ[BDJØO FT EF ��○ EF GPSNB RVF TF DPMPDB VO QPTUF P FNQMB[BNJFOUP FO FM
WÏSUJDF DPNÞO EF USFT DFMEBT IFYBHPOBMFT TJFOEP DBEB VOB EF MBT USFT DFMEBT VOB
FTUBDJØO CBTF DPO TVT QSPQJPT FRVJQPT &M OÞNFSP EF DFMEBT QPS BHSVQBDJØO J BIPSB
TFSÈ NÞMUJQMP EF Z EFCFSÈ TFS SØNCJDP NBOUFOJÏOEPTF MB SFMBDJØO J = (D�R)� ��
EPOEF D FT MB EJTUBODJB EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO Z R FT FM SBEJP EF MB DFMEB 4F SFRVJFSF DBMDVMBS
VOB FYQSFTJØO QBSB FM OÞNFSP EF DFMEBT QPS BHSVQBDJØO DPO TFDUPSJ[BDJØO J FO GVODJØO
EF MB SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO r p RVF IBDF RVF TF DVNQMB MB NJTNB : DBMDVMBS FM OVFWP
OÞNFSP EF DFMEBT UPUBM UFOJFOEP FO DVFOUB MB TFDUPSJ[BDJØO 1BSB FMMP QVFEF

(2 + 1 ptos) (1 hora)
Un operador de telefonía móvil GSM dispone de una banda de 4.2 MHz (tanto en el sentido ascendente como en el
descendente). Se da servicio a una zona llana rural de superficie 400 Km2 en la que las pérdidas de propagación se
2.9
modelan como lb(d)=k·d . La densidad de tráfico es homogénea y de valor 12 Erlang/Km2. El número medio de
tentativas de llamadas por abonado durante la hora de mayor demanda es de 0.2 y la duración media de éstas de 120 s. El
objetivo de calidad (probabilidad de congestión) fijado por el operador para el sistema a desarrollar es del 2%, y la
relación de protección señal a interferencia cocanal es de 15 dB.
Dimensione el sistema celular para satisfacer el tráfico en la peor hora con la probabilidad de congestión dada, utilizando
t células
6UJMJ[BS BMHVOB
(sectores) BQSPYJNBDJØO
hexagonales. En cada célula seCVSEB
empleará un canal de usuario para señalización. Se pide:
a) Si se utilizan celdas hexagonales con sistemas radiantes omnidireccionales, calcule el número total de celdas
t necesarias.
1SPDFEFS EF VOB GPSNB NÈT FYBDUB EF MB TJHVJFOUF GPSNB
DBMDVMF MB SFMBDJØO
FOUSF
b) MB QPUFODJB
Para evitar ÞUJM Z del
un tamaño excesivo MB patrón
JOUFSGFSFOUF
de radiación sec�i DVBOEP
propone TØMP IBZBLaVOB
incluir sectorización. DFMEB JOUFSGFSFOUF
sectorización es de 120º, de
UBM DPNP TF JOEJDB FO MB 'JHVSB Z
DBMDVMF VOB FYQSFTJØO RVF
forma que se coloca un poste o emplazamiento en el vértice común de tres celdas hexagonales, siendo cada una de las tres
celdas una estación base con sus propios equipos. El número de celdas por agrupación, J, ahora será múltiplo SFMBDJPOF
de 3 y
FM QBUSØO
deberá EF manteniéndose
ser rómbico, SFVUJMJ[BDJØO DPO( MB
la relación D / SFMBDJØO
R) / 3 = J . EF
2
QSPUFDDJØO
Se requiere calcular una FOexpresión
FM DBTP EFel número
para UFOFS
BHSVQBDJPOFT
de celdas por agrupaciónBMSFEFEPS "QSPYJNF
con sectorización, FM FGFDUP
J, en función EFM SFTUP
de la relación EF MBTrp, que
de protección,
misma. Y calcular el nuevo número de celdas total, teniendo en cuenta la sectorización.
DFMEBT
hace queJOUFSGFSFOUFT
se cumpla la
BQSPYJNBOEP MB JOUFSGFSFODJB UPUBM DPNP WFDFT MB DBMDVMBEB BOUFSJPSNFOUF FO

Para ello puede

EBEP RVF las
b.1 Utilizar BM aproximaciones
NFOPT EF queMBT TFJT
estime DBVTBO VOB JOUFSGFSFODJB QSÈDUJDBNFOUF OVMB
oportunas
EFCJEP b.2 B MB PSJFOUBDJØO
Proceder de una forma más EFexacta,
TV QBUSØO EF SBEJBDJØO
de la siguiente forma: 1) calculeZ EPT EF MBT
la relación entreSFTUBOUFT UJFOFO
la potencia útil y la
VOB JOUFSGFSFODJB NFOPS
interferente, c/i, cuando RVF
sólo haya MB
una QSPWPDBEB
celda interferente QPS MB
tal como RVF DBVTB
se indica MB NBZPS
en la siguiente JOUFSGFSFODJB
figura, Fig Pb 2, y 2)
calcule una expresión que relacione el patrón de reutilización con la relación de protección en el caso de tener 6
FO
agrupaciones
Z TF BTVNF RVFAproxime
alrededor. MB JOUFSGFSFODJB EF deBNCBT
el efecto del resto FRVJWBMF
las 5 celdas B MB
interferentes EF ÏTUBla interferencia
aproximando
total como 3 veces la calculada anteriormente, en 1), dado que al menos 3 de las seis causan una interferencia
prácticamente nula debido a la orientación de su patrón de radiación.
Nota: La opción b.1 puntuará 0.3 ptos y la b.2 puntuará 1pto.
c
i
2R D
Fig Pb 2: sectorización de 120 º con celdas hexagonales.

'JHVSB &TRVFNB EF TFDUPSJ[BDJØO EF ○
N B=1% 2% 3% 5%
1 .001 0.0204 0.0309 0.0526
4PMVDJØO 6
10
1.91
4.46
2.28
5.08
2.54
5.53
2.96
6.22
11 5.16 5.84 6.33 7.08
16 8.88 9.83 10.5 11.5
B
1SPDFEFNPT EF GPSNB FTUÈOEBS DBMDVMBOEP FM USÈĕDP PGFSUBEP FM USÈĕDP EFNBOEBEP F
21 21.8 14 15.9 16.2
JHVBMÈOEPMPT 60 46.9 49.6 51.6 54.6
100 84.1 88 90.8 95.2
150 131.6 136.8 114.06 146.7
1BSB DBMDVMBS FM USÈĕDP PGFSUBEP OFDFTJUBNPT TBCFS FM OÞNFSP EF DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJPT
200 179.7 186.2 190.9 198.5
QBSB KVOUP DPO MB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF DPOHFTUJØO VUJMJ[BS MB &SMBOH # 1BSB DBMDVMBS FM
Tabla P2. Tráfico en Erlangs servido con N canales y una probabilidad de congestión dada
OÞNFSP EF DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJP UFOFNPT RVF SFQBSUJS FM BODIP EF CBOEB FOUSF MBT DÏMVMBT
93
EF VOB BHSVQBDJØO J 5FOFNPT RVF DBMDVMBS QSJNFSP FTUF OÞNFSP 1SJNFSP DBMDVMBNPT
MB SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO
r p = ��R p �� = �� = ��.��
Z MVFHP FM QBUSØO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO
J ′ = �� ⋅ �� + (� ⋅ r p )��n � = �� ⋅ [� + (� ⋅ ��.��)��.� ] = ��.��.

� �

1PS MP UBOUP J = �� FM OÞNFSP SØNCJDP NÈT DFSDBOP QPS BSSJCB &TUF J FT FM OÞNFSP EF
DFMEBT QPS SBDJNP P QBUSØO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO &M OÞNFSP EF QBSFT EF
QPSUBEPSBT FO
DBEB DFMEB FT FM BODIP EF MB CBOEB EJWJEJEP QPS FM BODIP EF VO SBEJPDBOBM FO (4.
L)[
C c = B�� L)[ = �� L)[�� L)[ = ��.

&O (4. UFOFNPT JOUFSWBMPT EF UJFNQP P DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJP FO DBEB QPSUBEPSB 1PS
MP RVF EJWJEJNPT FM OÞNFSP SFTVMUBOUF FOUSF FM OÞNFSP EF DÏMVMBT NVMUJQMJDBNPT QPS
Z MF RVJUBNPT VO DBOBM DPSSFTQPOEJFOUF B TF×BMJ[BDJØO
N c = �C c �J� × � − � = �.
&M USÈĕDP PGFSUBEP QPS DBEB DFMEB FT MB JOWFSTB EF MB GVODJØO &SMBOH # B−� (� %, �) = �.��
&
1PESÓBNPT JHVBMBS USÈĕDP PGFSUBEP Z EFNBOEBEP B OJWFM EF DFMEB QBSB EFTQFKBS FM ÈSFB
EF DFMEB Z MVFHP FM QSPEVDUP QJ FM OÞNFSP UPUBM EF DFMEBT 1FSP QBSB FM EBUP RVF TF
QJEF FT NÈT JONFEJBUP JHVBMBS MB PGFSUB Z MB EFNBOEB FO UPEB MB [POB EF DPCFSUVSB
$BMDVMBNPT FM USÈĕDP EFNBOEBEP UPUBM
A t,d = S t ρ a
EPOEF ρ a = �� &LN� Z S t = �� LN� *HVBMBOEP USÈĕDPT PGFSUBEPT Z EFNBOEBEPT

UPUBMFT A t,o = A t,d RVFEB A t,o = QJA o %FTQFKBOEP FM OÞNFSP EF DFMEBT UPUBM FT
QJ = S t ρ a �A o = �� ⋅ ��.�� = ��.
C
&O MB QSJNFSB PQDJØO QPEFNPT VUJMJ[BS MB NJTNB GØSNVMB RVF FO DFMEBT PNOJEJSFDDJPOB
MFT Z TVQPOFS RVF BM IBCFS TFDUPSJ[BDJØO Z UFOFS BOUFOBT EJSFDDJPOBMFT MB JOUFSGFSFODJB FT
EFCJEB B BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF DFMEBT Z OP B 3FFTDSJCJFOEP MB FYQSFTJØO SFFNQMB[BOEP
FM QPS FM RVFEB
�
J� �� + (�r p )��n � = �.��.
�

�
2VF BSSPKB VO WBMPS EF J = � FM NBZPS FOUFSP NÞMUJQMP EF Z SØNCJDP FT J = � 3FQFUJ
NPT MPT DÈMDVMPT EFM BQBSUBEP BOUFSJPS QBSB FTUF QBUSØO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO %JWJEJNPT FM
OÞNFSP SFTVMUBOUF FOUSF FM OÞNFSP EF DÏMVMBT NVMUJQMJDBNPT QPS Z MF RVJUBNPT VO
DBOBM DPSSFTQPOEJFOUF B TF×BMJ[BDJØO
N c = �C c �J� × � − � = ��.
1BSB FTUF SFTVMUBEP FM USÈĕDP PGFSUBEP QPS DFMEB FT
A o = �.�� &.
-B PGFSUB UPUBM RVFEB BM JHVBM RVF BOUFT A t,o = QJA o 'JOBMNFOUF JHVBMBOEP USÈĕDP
PGFSUBEP Z EFNBOEBEP UPUBM A t,o = A t,d FM OÞNFSP EF DFMEBT OFDFTBSJP RVFEB
QJ = S t ρ a �A o = ��.
2VF FT TFOTJCMFNFOUF NFOPS "EFNÈT IBZ RVF UFOFS FO DVFOUB RVF DPO TFDUPSJ[BDJØO
TØMP IBDF GBMUB VO FNQMB[BNJFOUP QPS DBEB USFT DFMEBT 5BNCJÏO BVORVF OP TF IB UFOJEP
FO DVFOUB DPO TFDUPSJ[BDJØO TF QVFEF VUJMJ[BS UJMU NFKPSBOEP BÞO NÈT FM TJTUFNB
4J DPNP TFHVOEB PQDJØO TFHVJNPT MPT QBTPT NBSDBEPT FO FM FOVODJBEP QBSB PCUFOFS
VOB NFKPS BQSPYJNBDJØO UFOFNPT RVF QSPDFEFS EF MB TJHVJFOUF GPSNB $BMDVMBNPT
QSJNFSP MB SFMBDJØO QPUFODJB ÞUJM B JOUFSGFSFOUF
c pire�(kd cn ) d in D c + �R c n
= = = � �
i pire�(kd in ) d cn �R c
n n
Dc �
=� + �� = � (�J) + �� .
��
�R c �
1BSB JOUFSGFSFOUFT MB JOUFSGFSFODJB UPUBM FT WFDFT MB DBMDVMBEB QBSB VOP
n
c � �
= � (�J)�� + �� .
it � �
*NQPOFNPT RVF TFB NBZPS RVF MB SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO Z EFTQFKBOEP DBMDVMBNPT FM
QBUSØO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO
n
� � �
c�i t � r p ⇒ � (�J) + �� r p ⇒ J � �(�r p )��n − �� .
�
��
� � �
1BSB FM QSPCMFNB RVF OPT PDVQB RVFEB

�
J� �(�r p )��n − �� = �.��,
�

�
MVFHP FM NBZPS FOUFSP NÞMUJQMP EF Z SØNCJDP FT J = � )BCSÓB VOB QPSUBEPSB QPS
DFMEB Z UFOESÓBNPT FM NJTNP SFTVMUBEP NJTNP OÞNFSP EF DFMEBT RVF BOUFSJPSNFOUF
&O QSJODJQJP FTUB FYQSFTJØO FT NÈT QSFDJTB Z DPOTFSWBEPSB RVF MB EF MB FYQSFYJØO

%F IFDIP IBZ VOB EJGFSFODJB TJHOJĕDBUJWB FOUSF MPT WBMPSFT �.�� Z �.�� "M
BVNFOUBS MB EJTUBODJB EF R B �R MB SFMBDJØO c�i FNQFPSB SFTQFDUP B MB TJUVBDJØO EF
QBSUJEB FO
1PS PUSP MBEP FO VO DBTP TF IB DPOTJEFSBEP MB JOUFSGFSFODJB UPUBM
DPNP EPT WFDFT MB JOUFSGFSFODJB EF MB DFMEB NÈT JOUFSGFSFOUF NJFOUSBT RVF FO FM TFHVOEP
TF IB DPOTJEFSBEP VO GBDUPS EF "QBSUF DPO UJMU PCUFOESÓBNPT VOB EJGFSFODJB NFOPT
TJHOJĕDBUJWB 5BNCJÏO MBT QÏSEJEBT FO FOUPSOPT SVSBMFT TPO QFRVF×BT FO DPNQBSBDJØO
DPO VO FOUPSOP VSCBOP &TP IBDF RVF MB JOUFSGFSFODJB EF DFMEBT DPDBOBMFT TFB NBZPS
4J TF VUJMJ[BO FYQPOFOUFT EF QÏSEJEBT NBZPSFT QPS FKFNQMP EF �.� Ø �.� MB EJGFSFODJB
TF SFEVDJSÓB BVO NÈT

6O PQFSBEPS EF UFMFGPOÓB NØWJM (4. EJTQPOF EF VOB CBOEB EF �.� .)[ FO FM TFOUJEP
BTDFOEFOUF Z PUSP BODIP EF CBOEB EF �.� .)[ FO FM EFTDFOEFOUF
4F QMBOFB MPDBMJ[BS VO
DFOUSBM EF DPONVUBDJØO FO TJTUFNB EF DPNVOJDBDJPOFT NØWJMFT NPCJMF TXJUDIJOH DFOUFS
.4$
QBSB TFSWJS VOB [POB VSCBOB DJSDVMBS EF SBEJP LN FO MB RVF MBT QÏSEJEBT EF
QSPQBHBDJØO TF NPEFMBO DPNP l b (d) = k ⋅ d �.� DPO d FO NFUSPT -B EFOTJEBE EF IBCJUBOUFT
FO FTUB [POB FT EF hab�km� &M ÓOEJDF EF QFOFUSBDJØO EF FTUF PQFSBEPS FO MB QPCMBDJØO

FT EF VO EF BCPOBEPT &M OÞNFSP NFEJP EF UFOUBUJWBT EF MMBNBEBT QPS BCPOBEP

EVSBOUF MB IPSB EF NBZPS EFNBOEB FT EF Z MB EVSBDJØO NFEJB EF ÏTUBT EF T &M
PCKFUJWP EF DBMJEBE QSPCBCJMJEBE EF DPOHFTUJØO
ĕKBEP QPS FM PQFSBEPS QBSB FM TJTUFNB B
EFTBSSPMMBS FT EFM Z TF QSFWÏ JOTUBMBS BOUFOBT VUJMJ[BOEP UJMU EF GPSNB RVF MB SFMBDJØO
EF QSPUFDDJØO FGFDUJWB TF SFEVDF EF B E#
%JNFOTJPOF FM TJTUFNB DFMVMBS QBSB TBUJTGBDFS FM USÈĕDP FO MB QFPS IPSB DPO MB QSPCBCJMJ
EBE EF DPOHFTUJØO EBEB VUJMJ[BOEP DFMEBT IFYBHPOBMFT Z TJTUFNBT SBEJBOUFT PNOJEJSFDDJP
OFT &O DBEB DÏMVMB TF FNQMFBSÈ VO DBOBM GÓTJDP QBSB TF×BMJ[BDJØO
B
$BMDVMF FM OÞNFSP NÓOJNP QPTJCMF EF DÏMVMBT QPS SBDJNP
C
$BMDVMF FM OÞNFSP EF DBOBMFT GÓTJDPT EJTQPOJCMFT QBSB UPEB MB [POB EF DPCFSUVSB Z QBSB
FM OÞNFSP EF DÏMVMBT QPS SBDJNP PCUFOJEP FM OÞNFSP EF DBOBMFT EF USÈĕDP EJTQPOJCMFT
FO VOB #54
D
1BSB FM OÞNFSP EF DÏMVMBT DBMDVMBEP FO FM "QBSUBEP B
PCUFOHB FM ÓOEJDF EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO
Z FM OÞNFSP UPUBM EF #54 OFDFTBSJBT
E
&M DPTUF EF JOTUBMBDJØO EF VO FNQMB[BNJFOUP FT FMFWBEP ZB RVF IBZ CVTDBSMP QBHBS QPS
FM VTP EFM NJTNP QPS MB JOTUBMBDJØO EF MB DBTFUJMMB JOTUBMBDJPOFT FMÏDUSJDBT FRVJQPT FUD
1PS FMMP TF QJEF FO FTUF BQBSUBEP FTUVEJBS BMHVOB QSPQVFTUB BMUFSOBUJWB RVF QFSNJUB
SFEVDJS FM OÞNFSP EF ÏTUPT $PNQBSF FM OÞNFSP EF DFMEBT OFDFTBSJBT PCUFOJEP DPO FM
EFM BQBSUBEP BOUFSJPS /PUB TVQPOHB RVF MB PQFSBEPSB QVFEF JODPSQPSBS MPT TJTUFNBT P
UÏDOJDBT RVF VTUFE DSFB DPOWFOJFOUF
4PMVDJØO
B
-B SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO RVF TF FYJHF FT EF �� E# RVF TF SFEVDF EF GPSNB FGFDUJWB B
E# TJ IBZ UJMU 1BSB DFMEBT PNOJEJSFDDJPOBMFT OP IBZ UJMU "TÓ MB SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO
RVF IBZ RVF FYJHJS FT E# RVF FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT FT
r p = ��R p �� = �� = ��.��.
&TUB FT MB SFMBDJØO QPUFODJB EF QPSUBEPSB B JOUFSGFSFODJB NÈYJNB RVF TPQPSUB FM TJTUFNB

%F FTUF WBMPS TF TBDB FM NÓOJNP QBUSØO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO QPTJCMF
J ′ = �� ⋅ �� + (� ⋅ r p )��n � = �� ⋅ [� + (� ⋅ ��.��)��.� ] = �.��.

� �

$PNP FO HFPNFUSÓB IFYBHPOBM FM OÞNFSP EF DFMEBT QPS BHSVQBDJØO UJFOF RVF TFS VO
OÞNFSP SØNCJDP FM NÓOJNP QBUSØO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO FT FM NFOPS OÞNFSP SØNCJDP
NBZPS EF J ′ FTUP FT J = �
C
5FOFNPT JOUFSWBMPT EF UJFNQP QPS DBEB QPSUBEPSB &M OÞNFSP EF QBSFT EF QPSUBEPSBT
FT FM BODIP EF MB CBOEB EJWJEJEP QPS FM BODIP EF VO SBEJPDBOBM FO (4. L)[
C c = B�� L)[ = �� L)[�� L)[ = ��.

%JWJEJNPT FM OÞNFSP SFTVMUBOUF FOUSF FM OÞNFSP EF DÏMVMBT Z MF RVJUBNPT VO DBOBM

DPSSFTQPOEJFOUF B TF×BMJ[BDJØO
N c = � × �C c �J� − � = � × � − � = ��.
-B FYQSFTJØO BOUFSJPS JOEJDB RVF TF SFQBSUFO QPSUBEPSBT DPNQMFUBT B FTUBDJPOFT CBTF

4PCSB VOB QPSUBEPSB RVF QPESÓB EFKBSTF EF SFTFSWB QBSB FTUBDJØO CBTF RVF MVFHP WFB
JODSFNFOUBEP TV USÈĕDP 5BNCJÏO QPESÓB IBCFSTF TVQVFTUP QPS TJNQMJDJEBE VO SFQBSUP
VOJGPSNF EF TMPUT FOUSF DFMEBT "VORVF FTUP OP TF DPSSFTQPOEF DPO MB SFBMJEBE EF (4.
D
&O FM BQBSUBEP BOUFSJPS TF DBMDVMØ FM OÞNFSP EF DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJP &M USÈĕDP RVF
VOB DFMEB QVFEF TFSWJS DPO FTPT DBOBMFT A o TF DBMDVMB DPNP TJHVF &M USÈĕDP PGFSUBEP
TF DBMDVMB B QBSUJS EFM (P4 Z EFM OÞNFSP EF DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJP EJTQPOJCMFT FO
OVFTUSP DBTP
A o = B−� (p c , N c ) = B−� (� %, ��) = ��.�� &.
&TUB FT MB PGFSUB EF USÈĕDP QPS QBSUF EF VOB #54 P DFMEB

1PS PUSP MBEP FM USÈĕDP EFNBOEBEP QPS MPT VTVBSJPT TF DBMDVMB NVMUJQMJDBOEP FM USÈĕDP
QPS NØWJM a Z FM OÞNFSP EF NØWJMFT FO VOB DFMEB M c &M USÈĕDP QPS NØWJM BCPOBEP
TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS DPNP
a = L l l ⋅ H l l �� = �.� MMI ⋅ �� T�� = �.�� MMT ⋅ �� T = �.�� &,
EPOEF L l l FT FM OÞNFSP EF UFOUBUJWBT EF MMBNBEB QPS IPSB FO MB QFPS IPSB Z H l l FT MB

EVSBDJØO EF MB MMBNBEB FO TFHVOEPT
4J JHVBMBNPT FM USÈĕDP PGFSUBEP BM EFNBOEBEP
A o = A d = M c a,
EFTQFKBNPT FM OÞNFSP EF NØWJMFT QPS DFMEB M c = A o �a = ��.�

1BSB DBMDVMBS MB TVQFSĕDJF EF DFMEB S c B QBSUJS EF M c QSPDFEFNPT DPNP TJHVF 4J M t FT
FM OÞNFSP UPUBM EF NØWJMFT FO MB [POB EF DPCFSUVSB Z S t MB TVQFSĕDJF UPUBM EF DPCFSUVSB
MB EFOTJEBE EF NØWJMFT FT
ρ m = M t �S t = M c �S c .
: MB TVQFSĕDJF EF DFMEB S c FT
S c = M c �ρ m = M c S t �M t = A o S t �(aM t ) = �.�� LN� .
EPOEF M t = S t ρ h I p = ��.�� ⋅ �� ⋅ �.�� = �.�� ⋅ �� FT FM OÞNFSP UPUBM EF BCPOBEPT

FO FM ÈSFB EF DPCFSUVSB I p FT FM ÓOEJDF EF QFOFUSBDJØO EFM PQFSBEPS FO MB QPCMBDJØO Z
ρ h FT MB EFOTJEBE EF IBCJUBOUFT FO MB [POB
1BSB DBMDVMBS FM ÓOEJDF EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO JHVBMBNPT ÈSFBT
QJS c = S t = A o S t �(aM t ),

EPOEF S t = πR � = ��.�� LN� %FTQFKBOEP
Q ⋅ J = �.�� ⋅ � = ��.�� ⇒ ��,
6O ÓOEJDF EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO NÈT DFSDBOP B MB SFBMJEBE TFSÓB Q = ��J = �.��.

%F GPSNB HFOFSBM FO QSPCMFNBT EF TJTUFNBT DFMVMBSFT '%." Ø TJNJMBSFT TF QVFEF
DBMDVMBS QSJNFSP MB TVQFSĕDJF EF DFMEB TJ OP FT EBUP Z MVFHP B QBSUJS EF FTUB TVQFSĕDJF
SFTPMWFS DVBMRVJFS QSFHVOUB RVF TF GPSNVMF BDFSDB EFM TJTUFNB 4JO FNCBSHP OP FT
MB ÞOJDB GPSNB FO MB RVF TF QVFEF SFTPMWFS FM QSPCMFNB &O FTUF DBTP QPS FKFNQMP
QPESÓBNPT IBCFS DBMDVMBEP EF GPSNB EJSFDUB MP RVF OPT QJEFO FM ÓOEJDF EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO
TJO NÈT RVF JHVBMBS FM USÈĕDP UPUBM PGFSUBEP FO FM TJTUFNB FO UPEBT MBT DFMEBT DPO FM
USÈĕDP EFNBOEBEP FO UPEBT FMMBT 4F JODMVZFO B DPOUJOVBDJØO FTUPT DÈMDVMPT BMUFSOBUJWPT
QBSB DPODMVJS FM NJTNP SFTVMUBEP BOUFSJPS
&M USÈĕDP PGFSUBEP UPUBM FO FM ÈSFB EF DPCFSUVSB FT
A t,o = QJA o ,
Z MB EFNBOEB UPUBM EF USÈĕDP

A t,d = M t a.
-B PGFSUB UPUBM EFCF TFS JHVBM B MB EFNBOEB UPUBM A t,d = A t,o DPO MP RVF
M t a = QJA o ⇒ Q = M t �((A o �a)J) = �.��,
RVF QSPQPSDJPOB Q FM ÓOEJDF EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO FM OÞNFSP EF WFDFT RVF TF SFQJUF VOB

BHSVQBDJØO FO MB [POB EF DPCFSUVSB $PNP DBEB BHSVQBDJØO UJFOF J FTUBDJPOFT CBTF Z
UJFOF RVF IBCFS VO OÞNFSP FOUFSP EF FMMBT FM OÞNFSP UPUBM EF DÏMVMBT FT
Q ⋅ J = �.�� ⋅ � = ��.�� ⇒ ��.
E
4F QSPQPOFO WBSJBT TPMVDJPOFT
4PMVDJØO 4FDUPSJ[BDJØO 6OB TPMVDJØO QPTJCMF FT VTBS TFDUPSJ[BDJØO &O FTUF DBTP FT
IBCJUVBM VUJMJ[BS ��○ $BEB TFDUPS FT VOB DFMEB IFYBHPOBM &M FNQMB[BNJFOUP FTUÈ FO
VO WÏSUJDF DPNÞO EF MPT IFYÈHPOPT &O QSJODJQJP FM QBUSØO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO J FT VO
OÞNFSP SØNCJDP Z BEFNÈT VO NÞMUJQMP EF QBSB QPEFS BTÓ SFQFUJS MB BHSVQBDJØO EF
GPSNB TJTUFNÈUJDB Z RVF MB JOUFSGFSFODJB FO UPEBT MBT DFMEBT TFB MB NJTNB &M OVFWP
QBUSØO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO TFSÓB EF GPSNB BQSPYJNBEB
J ′ = �� ⋅ �� + (� ⋅ r p )��n � = �� ⋅ [� + (� ⋅ ��.��)��.� ] = �.��,

� �

Z J = � FM OÞNFSP SØNCJDP TVQFSJPS NÞMUJQMP EF 5PEP RVFEB JHVBM RVF BOUFT BVORVF
DPO VOB C�I NFKPS QPSRVF TF QVFEF JOUSPEVDJS UJMU QPS MB TFDUPSJ[BDJØO Z UBNCJÏO DPO
VOB SFEVDDJØO FO VO GBDUPS EF FO FM OÞNFSP EF FNQMB[BNJFOUPT EFTEF MPT RVF TF
SBEJBSÓB B TFDUPSFT
/PUB TF QPESÓB IBCFS VUJMJ[BEP UBNCJÏO �r p FO WF[ EF �r p 4F IB PQUBEP QPS VOB
TPMVDJØO NÈT BQSPYJNBEB BVO TJFOEP NFOPT DPOTFSWBEPSB

4PMVDJØO %$" -B TJHVJFOUF TPMVDJØO QSPQVFTUB FT BQMJDBS %$" B UPEB MB BHSVQBDJØO
&M DÈMDVMP FT DPNQMJDBEP Z MP RVF BRVÓ TF WB B SFBMJ[B FT VOB FTUJNBDJØO PQUJNJTUB TVQP
OJFOEP RVF TF QVFEFO SFQBSUJS MBT QPSUBEPSBT TFHÞO FM USÈĕDP FO MBT DFMEBT DVNQMJFOEP
TJFNQSF DPO MBT SFTUSJDDJØO JNQVFTUB QPS MB SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO "EFNÈT OP FT
JONFEJBUP JNQPOFS RVF TF BTJHOFO QPSUBEPSBT DPNQMFUBT B MPT TFDUPSFT BTÓ RVF BTVNJ
SFNPT RVF TF SFQBSUFO TMPUT BVORVF FO MB SFBMJEBE TBCFNPT RVF TF BTJHOBO QPSUBEPSBT
DPNQMFUBT &O FTUF DBTP TF QVFEF BTJHOBS DVBMRVJFS SFDVSTP TMPU B DVBMRVJFS DFMEB Z FM
USÈĕDP PGFSUBEP WJFOF EBEP QPS VOB &SMBOH # DPO UPEPT MPT TMPUT EJTQPOJCMFT
%FM "QBSUBEP C
UFOFNPT TMPUT QPS DFMEBT Z BEFNÈT OPT TPCSBCB VOB QPSUBEPSB
QPS MP RVF UFOFNPT N c = �� ⋅ � + � = �� DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJP Ø USÈĕDP EJTQPOJCMFT FO
MB BHSVQBDJØO B MPT RVF IBCSÈ RVF RVJUBS BM NFOPT QBSB TF×BMJ[BDJØO $BMDVMBNPT
A o = B−� (N c , p c ) FM USÈĕDP PGSFDJEP B UPEB MB BHSVQBDJØO *OUFSQPMBOEP EF MPT WBMPSFT
EF VOB UBCMB EF &SMBOH
A = (N c − ��) ⋅ (��.� − ��.�)�(�� − ��) + ��.� = ��.�� &.
&M ÓOEJDF EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO Q = M t �(A�a) = �.�� : FM OÞNFSP EF FTUBDJPOFT CBTF UPUBM

QJ = ��.� ⇒ ��
&TUP TFSÓB MP NFKPS RVF MP QPESÓB IBDFS TJ TF QVEJFTF EJTUSJCVJS TMPUT TFHÞO EFNBOEB
BTVNJFOEP RVF OP IBZ JOUFSGFSFODJBT 7FNPT RVF TF SFEVDF FM OÞNFSP EF FTUBDJPOFT
CBTF EF B
/PUB 1PESÓBNPT NF[DMBS MBT TPMVDJPOFT Z

6OB FNQSFTB IB EFTQMFHBEP VO TJTUFNB NØWJM UFSSFTUSF QÞCMJDP (4. &M EFTQMJFHVF
UJFOF BHSVQBDJPOFT DPO QBUSØO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO JHVBM B J = � QBSB BIPSSBS GSFDVFODJBT
"TÓ MB BHSVQBDJØO FTUÈ GPSNBEB QPS USFT FTUBDJPOFT CBTF FO VO NJTNP FNQMB[BNJFOUP
&TUP FT USFT TJTUFNBT SBEJBOUFT EF ��○ UBM DPNP TF NVFTUSB FO MB 'JHVSB : UPEBT MBT
QPSUBEPSBT FO VO NJTNP FNQMB[BNJFOUP TPO EJTUJOUBT 4F IB BTVNJEP VOB EJTUSJCVDJØO
IPNPHÏOFB EF VTVBSJPT 5BNCJÏO VOB QSPQBHBDJØO IPNPHÏOFB FTUP FT RVF MBT QÏSEJEBT
EF QSPQBHBDJØO TPO MBT NJTNBT FO UPEBT MBT EJSFDDJPOFT EFTEF DVBMRVJFS FNQMB[BNJFOUP
&M ÈSFB EF DFMEB EJTF×BEB TFDUPS
FT EF LN� SBEJP JHVBM B R = �.�� LN
-B PQFSBEPSB
FODBSHB B PUSB FNQSFTB RVF DPNQSVFCF RVF TF DVNQMFO MPT SFRVJTJUPT EF DBMJEBE QBSB FTUF
TJTUFNB
4F DPOPDF RVF MBT QÏSEJEBT TF QVFEFO DPOTJEFSBS RVF TJHVFO MB FYQSFTJØO l b = kd n DPO
d MB EJTUBODJB FO NFUSPT k = �.� Z n = �.� : TF EFCF JODMVJS VO NBSHFO EF E# 5BNCJÏO
TF BQPSUBO MPT QBSÈNFUSPT DPO MPT RVF TF EJTF×Ø FM TJTUFNB
t 4VQFSĕDJF UPUBM LN�
t 1PCMBDJØO IBCJUBOUFT
FTUB PQFSBEPSB BDBQBSB FM EF FTUF NFSDBEP

S1& S1&
S2& S2& Pot.&
S3& S3& S1& S2& S3&

S1& S1& S1&
S2& S2& S2& Frec.&
S3& S3& S3&
'JHVSB &TRVFNB EF TFDUPSJ[BDJØO DPO J = �
t -B EVSBDJØO NFEJB EF MBT MMBNBEBT FT EF T
t 4F FYJHF VO (P4 UBNCJÏO QSPCBCJMJEBE EF DPOHFTUJØO
EFM
t 3FMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO C�I DPDBOBM OFDFTBSJB EF E# JODMVJEB MB NFKPSB QPS UJMU
t &TUBDJPOFT #54 DVZBT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT NÈT SFMFWBOUFT TPO VOB QPUFODJB NÈYJNB
FOUSFHBEB QPS QPSUBEPSB EF 5Y
EF ��.� E#N Z VOB TFOTJCJMJEBE EF −�� E#N -BT
BOUFOBT TPO TFDUPSJBMFT EF E#J EF HBOBODJB
t &M DBCMF EF BMJNFOUBDJØO RVF VOF USBOTNJTPS Z BOUFOBT EF MB #54 UJFOF E# EF
QÏSEJEBT
&M TJTUFNB EFCFSÓB PQFSBS
DPO UFMÏGPOPT EF TFOTJCJMJEBE JHVBMFT P NFKPSFT B −�� E#N NFEJEPT FO MB VOJØO
BOUFOBSFDFQUPS
-BT HBOBODJBT EF MBT BOUFOBT TF TVQPOESÈO E#J 4F DPOTJEFSBO
E# EF QÏSEJEBT BEJDJPOBMFT
t 4F VUJMJ[B TMPU QBSB TF×BMJ[BDJØO QPS DBEB EPT USBOTDFQUPSFT
t -B PQFSBEPSB EJTQPOF EF DBOBMFT FO MB CBOEB EF
4F QJEF
B
$PNQSPCBS RVF TF DVNQMF FM SFRVJTJUP EF DBMJEBE FO DVBOUP B MB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF
DPOHFTUJØO
C
$PNQSPCBS TJ TF DVNQMF MB DBMJEBE FO DVBOUP BM OJWFM EF TF×BM DPO MPT FRVJQPT QSP
QPSDJPOBEPT 1BSB FM QVOUP NÈT BMFKBEP EFM USBOTNJTPS Z EFM UJFNQP &O FM FOMBDF
BTDFOEFOUF Z EFTDFOEFOUF
D
$PNQSPCBS MB DBMJEBE FO DVBOUP B MB SFMBDJØO QPUFODJB ÞUJM B JOUFSGFSFODJB C�I FO
FM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF Z QBSB FTUF DBTP QBSUJDVMBS DPO TFDUPSJ[BDJØO Z J = � 1BSB FMMP
TVQPOHB RVF UPEPT MPT USBOTNJTPSFT UJFOFO MB NJTNB QPUFODJB Z

$BMDVMF EF GPSNB FYBDUB MB SFMBDJØO QPUFODJB ÞUJM EF QPSUBEPSB B QPUFODJB JOUFSGF
SFOUF FOUSF VOB DFMEB DVBMRVJFSB Z MB DFMEB DPDBOBM RVF NBZPS JOUFSGFSFODJB MF DBVTB
1BSB FMMP TFMFDDJPOF MB DFMEB DPDBOBM JOUFSGFSFOUF DPO MB NBZPS HBOBODJB FO MB EJSFDDJØO
EF MB DFMEB JOUFSGFSJEB
"QSPYJNF MB JOUFSGFSFODJB UPUBM EF UPEBT MBT DFMEBT DPDBOBMFT DPNP WFDFT MB JOUFS
GFSFODJB NÈYJNB EFM BQBSUBEP BOUFSJPS $PO FTUB JOUFSGFSFODJB UPUBM DBMDVMF MB SFMBDJØO
ÞUJM EF QPSUBEPSB B QPUFODJB JOUFSGFSFOUF UPUBM
E
-B PQFSBEPSB EFDJEF JOUSPEVDJS VO OVFWP TJTUFNB QBSB EBS DPCFSUVSB EF EBUPT QBSB MP
RVF JOUSPEVDF VOB OVFWB CBOEB EF GSFDVFODJBT $BEB VTVBSJP NØWJM HFOFSB .#ZUF B
MB IPSB FO MB QFPS IPSB : FM TJTUFNB JOUSPEVDJEP QFSNJUF VUJMJ[BS MB NJTNB GSFDVFODJB
FO UPSOP BM DFOUSP EFM FNQMB[BNJFOUP WFS 'JHVSB 4J MB FĕDJFODJB FTQFDUSBM EF FTUF
OVFWP TJTUFNB FT CT)[ Z FM SBEJP EF MPT IFYÈHPOPT DFOUSBMFT GPOEP CMBODP
FT
N DBMDVMF FM BODIP EF CBOEB W 4� 4� 4�
FO 'JHVSB OFDFTBSJP QBSB QPEFS
TFSWJS FO QSPNFEJP TJO JNQPSUBS FM SFUSBTP FM USÈĕDP EFNBOEBEP
S1& S1& S1&

Pot.&
S2& S2& S2&
S1S& 2S& 3&
S3& S3& S3& S1+2+3&
S1& S1&
Frec.&
S2& S2&
S3& S3&
'JHVSB &TRVFNB 4'3
/PUB &M MBEP EF VO IFYÈHPOP FT JHVBM B TV SBEJP
4PMVDJØO
B
$PNQSPCBNPT TJ FM USÈĕDP PGFSUBEP FT NBZPS EFM USÈĕDP EFNBOEBEP
&M OÞNFSP EF SBEJPDBOBMFT EJTQPOJCMFT FT C c = �� RVF FOUSF J = � TPO QPS DFMEB &M
OÞNFSP EF DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJP FT N c = �� ⋅ � − � = �� ZB RVF IBZ TMPUT QPS QPSUBEPSB Z
SFTFSWBNPT QBSB TF×BMJ[BDJØO VUJMJ[BOEP MPT EBUPT BQPSUBEPT &M USÈĕDP PGFSUBEP QPS
DFMEB FT A o = B−� (p c = � %, N c = ��) = ��.�� &
&M USÈĕDP EFNBOEBEP QPS LN� TF DBMDVMB B QBSUJS EFM USÈĕDP BENJTJCMF ρ a = ρ m L l l H l l =
��.� ⋅ �.� ⋅ �� = ��.�� &LN� %POEF ρ m = �� ⋅ �.� ⋅ �.�� = ��.�
BCLN� FT MB EFOTJEBE EF BCPOBEPT QPS VOJEBE EF TVQFSĕDJF Z TF DBMDVMB DPNP FM
OÞNFSP EF IBCJUBOUFT QPS FM ÓOEJDF EF QFOFUSBDJØO EF MB UFMFGPOÓB NØWJM QPS FM ÓOEJDF
" FTUF TJTUFNB EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO EF GSFDVFODJB TF MF EFOPNJOB SFVUJMJ[BDJØO QBSDJBM EF GSFDVFODJBT 1BSUJBM
'SFRVFODZ 3FVTF 1'3


EF QFOFUSBDJØO EF MB PQFSBEPSB QBSUJEP QPS MB TVQFSĕDJF UPUBM "IPSB TF QBTB B DBMDVMBS

FM USÈĕDP EFNBOEBEP FO VOB DFMEB TFDUPS
Ad = Sc ⋅ ρ a
F JNQPOFNPT MB DPOEJDJØO EF RVF TFB NFOPS RVF FM USÈĕDP PGFSUBEP
A o � A d ⇒ ��.�� ⋅ ��.�� ⇒ 4Ó .
C
5FOFNPT RVF DPNQSPCBS RVF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB FT NBZPS EF MB QPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB
EBEB QPS MB TFOTJCJMJEBE FM UBOUP QPS DJFOUP EF FNQMB[BNJFOUPT Z UJFNQP SFRVFSJEPT Z
VO NBSHFO BEJDJPOBM TJ MP IVCJFSF &O BNCPT FOMBDFT FM EFTDFOEFOUF Z FM BTDFOEFOUF
&TUBNPT FO DPNVOJDBDJPOFT 5." EJHJUBMFT /FDFTJUBNPT RVF MMFHVF VOB QPUFODJB JHVBM
B MB TFOTJCJMJEBE EFM NØWJM S ms = −�� E#N NÈT VOB DPSSFDDJØO QPS �� % EFM UJFNQP
∆ e C NÈT VO NBSHFO EF E# -B DPSSFDDJØO QPS SVJEP Z NVMUJUSBZFDUP FO TJTUFNBT
EJHJUBMFT Z B EJGFSFODJB EF MPT TJTUFNBT BOBMØHJDPT FTUÈ JODMVJEB FO MB TFOTJCJMJEBE
"QBSUF MBT QÏSEJEBT FO DPOFDUPSFT FO FM NØWJM TPO OVMBT "TÓ
Pdr = S ms + L + ∆ e C + M = −�� + � + �.�� + �� = −��.�� E#N,
EPOEF ∆ e C = K(T)σT = �.�� ⋅ � = �.�� E#

1PS 'SJJT Pdr = Pe t − L tt + G t − L b + G r MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB QPS FM 5Y EF MB #54
Pe t � = Pdr + L tt − G t + L b − G r = −��.�� + � − �� + ��.�� − �

BT S
= ��.�� E#N < ��.� E#N.
"RVÓ TF IB DBMDVMBEP MBT QÏSEJEBT EFM NFEJP L b DPNP TJHVF 4J l b = kd n Z L b = �� log l b

FOUPODFT L b = �� log(�.�(� ⋅ �.�� ⋅ �� )�.� ) = ��.�� E# 4F PCTFSWB RVF MB QPUFODJB
OFDFTBSJB FOUSFHBEB FO MB FTUBDJØO CBTF FTUÈ QPS EFCBKP EFM OJWFM NÈYJNP
1BSB FM NØWJM UFOFNPT RVF MBT QÏSEJEBT TPO MBT NJTNBT FM DBOBM FT BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF
SFDÓQSPDP DBNCJB MB TFOTJCJMJEBE FO E# Z MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB BIPSB FT E# NFOPS
Pe t � = −(S ms − S bts ) = ��.�� − � = ��.�� E#N < �� E#N.
MS
-VFHP TÓ QVFEF DVNQMJSTF DPO MPT FRVJQPT QSPQVFTUPT MB DPOEJDJØO EF DBMJEBE
D
$BMDVMBNPT MB SFMBDJØO c�i WFS 'JHVSB
pt
c
= = (��) .
k(�R)n n
pt
i k(�R)n
-BT GSFDVFODJBT EFM 6- OP FT MB NJTNB RVF FO FM %- BVORVF NVZ DFSDBOB EF GPSNB RVF MBT QÏSEJEBT EF
QSPQBHBDJØO TPO BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF JHVBMFT Z EF WBMPS l b = kd n
S1& S1&
c& i&
S2& S2&
S3& S3&
S1& S1& S1&
S2& S2& S2&
S3& S3& S3&
'JHVSB *OUFSGFSFODJB Z QPUFODJB ÞUJM FO FTRVFNB EF TFDUPSJ[BDJØO DPO J = �
"IPSB JNQPOFNPT c� (�i) � r ′p EPOEF TF UJFOFO FO DVFOUB FM SFTUP EF JOUFSGFSFOUFT EF

BRVÓ TF EFEVDF RVF
c �
= (��) � r p .
n

�i �
/ØUFTF RVF r ′p JODMVZF FM FGFDUP EFM UJMU Z VO NBSHFO
$BMDVMBNPT MB SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT r p = ��R p �� = �� = �.��
Z RVFEB
c �
= (��) = ��.�� > r p = �.��.
n

�i �
-VFHP 4* TF DVNQMF MB SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO Z IBZ DPCFSUVSB FO DVBOUP B C�I
E
$BMDVMFNPT FM SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP RVF TF OFDFTJUB Z FM RVF PGFSUB FM TJTUFNB MPT JHVBMBNPT
Z EFTQFKBNPT FM BODIP EF CBOEB -B EFOTJEBE EF NØWJMFT ρ m TF DBMDVMØ FO FM QSJNFS
BQBSUBEP
ρ m = M t I p I o �S t = �� ⋅ �.� ⋅ �.�� = ��.� BCLN� .
: FM SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP EFNBOEBEP FO MPT TFDUPSFT JOUFSJPSFT EF VO FNQMB[BNJFOUP

IFYÈHPOPT EF GPOEP CMBODP
FT FM QSPEVDUP EFM OÞNFSP EF BCPOBEPT FO FTUPT TFDUPSFT
QPS FM SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP QSPNFEJP EF DBEB VOP EF FMMPT R b,ab
R b,d = ρ m ⋅ � ⋅ S c,s f r ⋅ R b,ab = �.�� .CQT
EPOEF √
S c,s f r = � � ⋅ �� = �.� LN�
Z FM SÏHJNFO CJOBSJP EF DBEB BCPOBEP FT
R b,ab = �.� ⋅ �� = �.�� LCQT.

&O FTUF ÞMUJNP DÈMDVMP TF IB EJWJEJEP FM WPMVNFO EF EBUPT CBKBEPT QPS VTVBSJP FO CZUFT
QPS QBSB QBTBSMP B CJUT Z EJWJEP QPS TFHVOEPT QBSB DBMDVMBS FM QSPNFEJP
'JOBMNFOUF FM BODIP EF CBOEB OFDFTBSJP FT FTUF WBMPS EJWJEP QPS MB FĕDJFODJB FTQFDUSBM
W = R b,d �ρ e = �.�� ⋅ �� .� = �.�� .)[
Pb 41. Problema 4. 1ª conv. Ordinaria (examen final). 04.07.06

1 4JTUFNB (4.3
Apellidos: Nombre:
Justifique todas sus respuestas. Si en el inciso de alguna pregunta encuentra dificultad, pase a contestar las siguientes. Esc
respuesta en el espacio
&M TJTUFNB reservado.
HMPCBM QBSB MBT DPNVOJDBDJPOFT NØWJMFT FO MÓOFBT GFSSPWJBSJBT HMPCBM TZTUFN GPS
ProblemaNPCJMF DPNNVOJDBUJPOT 3BJMXBZ (4.3
FT VO TJTUFNB (4. BEBQUBEP BTVNB RVF
4. (1.5+1+0.5)
FT (4. B FGFDUPT EF SFTPMWFS FM QSPCMFNB
B TJTUFNBT GFSSPWJBSJPT 4F QMBOUFB EJTF×BS VO
El sistemaTJTUFNB
GSM-R FO FM(Global
RVF VOPSystem for Mobile
EF MPT PCKFUJWPT FT EBSCommunications-
DPCFSUVSB BM QFSTPOBM Rail)
EF MBesFNQSFTB
un sistema GSM adaptado (asuma qu
GFSSPWJBSJB
a efectos BdeMPresolver
MBSHP EF el MB problema)
WÓB EF USFO aEPOEF MB EFOTJEBE
sistemas EF USÈĕDP
ferroviarios. QPS LNdiseñar
Se plantea FO MB IPSB DBSHBEB en
un sistema FT el que uno de los o
EF �.�al&personal
dar cobertura Z TF SFRVJFSF
de laVOB QSPCBCJMJEBE
empresa EF DPOHFTUJØO
ferroviaria a lo largo EFMde

la -B
víaSFMBDJØO
de tren,EFdonde
QSPUFDDJØO
la densidad de tráfico po
FYJHJEB
hora cargada FT EF
es de 0.5Erlang
E# -ByFNQSFTB EFEJDB
se requiere unaB FTUF NFOFTUFS VO
probabilidad de FTQFDUSP
congestión EF del
.)[
2%.4FLaEFTFB
empresa dedica a este m
DVCSJS VO USBNP EF LN EF WÓB EFM USFO EF BMUB WFMPDJEBE .BESJE4FWJMMB FO VO
espectro de 2 MHz. Se desea cubrir un tramo de 200 Km de vía del tren de alta velocidad Madrid-Sevilla en un USBNP
RVF EJTDVSSF
discurre sobre CastillaTPCSF $BTUJMMB -B
La Mancha en .BODIB FO MÓOFB
línea recta. SFDUB -B PSPHSBGÓB
La orografía del terreno EFMse
UFSSFOP
puedeTFconsiderar
QVFEF plana. Como el e
DPOTJEFSBS QMBOB $PNP FM FTQFDUSP FT MJNJUBEP UFOESFNPT RVF VUJMJ[BS SFVUJMJ[BDJØO
limitado tendremos que utilizar reutilización de frecuencia. Lógicamente, la solución consiste en poner un c EF
estacionesGSFDVFODJB -ØHJDBNFOUF
bases repartidas MB TPMVDJØO
a igual distancia DPOTJTUF
de formaFO QPOFS
linealVOaDPOKVOUP
lo largoEFdeFTUBDJPOFT CBTFT Véase el siguient
este recorrido.
EF GPSNB
adjunto. Nota: LosMJOFBM SFQBSUJEBT
apartados b) yB c)
JHVBM EJTUBODJB Bde
se plantean MP forma
MBSHP EFindependiente
FTUF SFDPSSJEPal 7ÏBTF FM FTRVFNB
a). Lea todo el problema antes de
FO
resolverlo. MB 'JHVSB
Se pide:
'JHVSB &TRVFNB EF MB TPMVDJØO QSPQVFTUB QBSB (4.3 DPO TFDUPSJ[BDJØO
a) Si la relación de protección es de 12 dB obtenga el patrón de reutilización. Se valorará positivamente o
expresión aproximada para calcular este valor en este sistema celular (lineal). Para ello suponga que la in
4F QJEF
causada por todas las posibles celdas interferentes es la misma. Asuma pérdidas en vacío.
b) CalculeB
el0CUFOFS
númeroFMdeQBUSØO
celdasEFnecesarias
SFVUJMJ[BDJØO 4F WBMPSBSÈ QPTJUJWBNFOUF PCUFOFS VOB FYQSFTJØO
si se asume un patrón de reutilización de 5.
BQSPYJNBEB QBSB DBMDVMBS FTUF WBMPS FO FTUF TJTUFNB DFMVMBS MJOFBM
1BSB FMMP TVQPOHB
c) Calcule elRVF MB JOUFSGFSFODJB
índice DBVTBEB QPS UPEBT MBT QPTJCMFT DFMEBT JOUFSGFSFOUFT FT MB NJTNB
de reutilización.
"TVNB QÏSEJEBT IPNPHÏOFBT EF MB GPSNB l b = kd n QBSB BMHVOB DPOTUBOUF k Z FYQPOFOUF
Comience a EF resolver el problema a continuación y en cualquier caso entregue esta hoja.
QÏSEJEBT n
C
$BMDVMBS FM OÞNFSP EF DFMEBT OFDFTBSJBT TJ TF BTVNF VO QBUSØO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO EF J = �
D
$BMDVMBS FM ÓOEJDF EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO

1 4JTUFNB (4.3
4PMVDJØO
B
$BMDVMBNPT MB QPUFODJB ÞUJM SFDJCJEB MB JOUFSGFSFOUF Z EFTQFKBNPT FM QBUSØO EF SFVUJMJ
[BDJØO RVF IBDF RVF FM DPDJFOUF EF BNCBT FTUÏ QPS FODJNB EF MB SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO
-B QPUFODJB RVF MMFHB B VO QVOUP B VOB EJTUBODJB d c EFTEF MB FTUBDJØO CBTF WJFOF EBEB
QPS MB TJHVJFOUF FYQSFTJØO FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT
c = pire t g r �(kd cn ),
EPOEF pire t FT MB 1*3& EF MB FTUBDJØO CBTF FO MB EJSFDDJØO RVF VOF FTUBDJØO CBTF Z FM
QVOUP Z g r FT MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB 4VQPOESFNPT B UFOPS EF MB ĕHVSB
BEKVOUB RVF MBT FTUBDJPOFT CBTF TPO PNOJEJSFDDJPOBMFT Z QPS UBOUP MB 1*3& FT MB NJTNB
FO UPEBT EJSFDDJPOFT EFTQSFDJBNPT MB EJGFSFODJB EF HBOBODJB QBSB QVOUPT DPO EJTUJOUBT
EJTUBODJBT 1PS PUSP MBEP BTVNJNPT RVF MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB FT JTØUSPQB
%F JHVBM GPSNB MB QPUFODJB JOUFSGFSFOUF EFCJEB B VOB DFMEB JOUFSGFSFOUF FT
c = pire t g r �(kd in ),
EPOEF TF IB EFOPUBEP DPO TVCÓOEJDF i B MB EJTUBODJB FTUBDJØO CBTF JOUFSGFSFOUF BM QVOUP

EPOEF TF RVJFSF DBMDVMBS MB SFMBDJØO c�i
%JWJEJNPT BNCPT WBMPSFT QBSB PCUFOFS FM DPDJFOUF c�i
c p t g t �(kd cn ) di n
= = � � .
i p t g t �(kd in ) dc
&M QVOUP QBSB FM RVF IBZ RVF FWBMVBS MB SFMBDJØO c�i EFCF TFS QBSB FM QVOUP EF VOB
DFMEB QBSB FM RVF MB c�i FT QFPS FTUP FT QBSB FM WBMPS d i �d c NFOPS 5PNFNPT RVF FT
BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF FM QVOUP NÈT BMFKBEP EF MB DÏMVMB EF JOUFSÏT FO MB EJSFDDJØO RVF
VOF BNCBT DFMEBT WFS EJCVKP BEKVOUP FO 'JHVSB
&O FTUF FTRVFNB MB EJTUBODJB
EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO FT D c = J ⋅ �d Z MB EJTUBODJB EF VO JOUFSGFSFOUF D c − d = d(�J − �)
ĕOBMNFOUF RVFEB
c di n J�d − d n
=� � =� � = (J� − �) .
n

i dc d
&TUB SFMBDJØO FT QBSB VOB TPMB JOUFSGFSFOUF &O FM DBTP RVF OPT PDVQB UFOFNPT EPT
JOUFSGFSFOUFT VOB EF DBEB TFOUJEP EF MB WÓB 4J TJFOEP DPOTFSWBEPSFT BQSPYJNBNPT MB
JOUFSGFSFODJB EF MB DFMEB JOUFSGFSFOUF FO TFOUJEP PQVFTUP FTUBSÓB QPS MB J[RVJFSEB FO MB
'JHVSB QPS VO WBMPS JHVBM BM DBMDVMBEP TF NVMUJQMJDB QPS EPT MB JOUFSGFSFODJB
c c �
= = (�J − �) ,
n

i total �i �
&O FM DBTP FYBDUP FT GÈDJM DPNQSPCBS RVF RVFEBSÓB VOB SFMBDJØO EFM UJQP c
i total
= �
(�J+�)−n +(�J−�)−n
≥ r p Z RVF
J = � DVNQMJSÓB DPO VOB SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO EF ��.�� E#

Z FM QBUSØO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO FO GVODJØO EF MB SFMBDJØO EF QSPUFDDJØO RVFEB

c �
� r p ⇒ J � �� + ��r p � �
��n
i total
a) La potencia que llega a un punto divida por la potencia �
interferente generada por una celda es
�
= �� + (� ⋅ ��.� ) � = �.�� ⇒ J = �,
��
c pt gt / kdc n
 di n

= 
n =   �
i pt gt / kdi  dc
EPOEFd TF
hay que buscar el peor caso, donde IB UPNBEP n = � QPS DPOTJEFSBSTF FM QFPS DBTP FO [POBT SVSBMFT Z DBNQP
i/dc es menor. Tomemos que es aproximadamente el punto más alejado de
BCJFSUP /ØUFTF RVFceldas
la célula de interés en la dirección que une ambas OP IBDF GBMUB RVF
(ver dibujo TFB OÞNFSP
adjunto). SØNCJDP
La distancia QPSRVF FMesEFTQMJFHVF FT
de reutilización
MJOFBM
D = J ⋅ 2d y la distancia de un interferente D − d = d(2J − 1) , finalmente queda
 di n
( d ( 2Jd − 1) )
n
c
J
i  dc 
d = R 3 /2 D = J ⋅ 2d
Si se aproxima la interferencia'JHVSB
de la
celda &TRVFNB
interferenteEFenMBsentido opuesto
TPMVDJØO por ésta
QSPQVFTUB misma,
QBSB (4.3se multiplica por
DPO TFDUPSJ[BDJØO
dos la interferencia
c c 1
= ( 2J − 1 )n y el patrón de reutilización en función de la relación de protección es
C
4J TF UJFOFO C c = �� QPSUBEPSBT FO UPUBM .)[L)[ UFOFNPT EPT QPS DFMEB &O
=
itotal 2i 2
c 1
UPUBM TMPUT QPS DFMEB FO (4. IBZ TMPUT P DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJP QPS QPSUBEPSB B MPT
1
itotal
≥ rp ⇒ J ≥
2
( 1/ n
2
)
= 1 + (VO
rp ) MFT RVJUBNPT
1 + ( 2RVF (
2 ⋅ DBOBM
1/ 2
101.2 )EF DPOUSPM
= 3.3150
&O ⇒ )
J =
UPUBM 4TMPUT QPS DFMEBT &M USÈĕDP PGFSUBEP FT
A o el= despliegue
Nótese que no hace falta que sea número rómbico porque B−� (p c , Nes
c ) lineal.
= B−� (��, � %) = � &.
b) Si se tienen 10 portadoras&M USÈĕDP EFNBOEBEP

(2MHz/200KHz) FO tenemos
en total, VOB DFMEBdosFTpor = l ⋅ ρEn
A d celda. a =total
l(LN 16) slots
⋅ �.� por
*HVBMBOEP
celda, a
los que les quitamos un canal de control. En total 15 slots por celdas. El tráfico ofertado es
A o = A d ⇒ � = l(LN) ⋅ �.� ⇒ l = �� LN
Ao=B-1(Nc,p)= B-1(15,2%)=9 Erlang

El tráfico demandado en una $PNP l ⋅ ρFTA FM=EJÈNFUSP
celda esFTUF l (km) ⋅ 0.5 DFMEB FO LN IBCSÈ �� ≈ �� DÏMVMBT
EF .MBIgualando
Ao = Ad ⇒ 9 = l (kmD
) ⋅ .5
&M ⇒ l =EF
ÓOEJDF Km
18SFVUJMJ[BDJØO FT Q = ��J = �� = �
Como este es el diámetro de la celda, en 200 Km habrá 200/18≈12 células.
1esQ=12/5≈3
c) el índice de reutilización 4JTUFNB (4.3 TFDUPSJ[BEP
(Puede continuar escribiendo por detrás de esta hoja si le falta espacio)
&M (4.3 FT VO TJTUFNB (4. BEBQUBEP BTVNB RVF FT (4. B FGFDUPT EF SFTPMWFS FM
QSPCMFNB
B TJTUFNBT GFSSPWJBSJPT 4F QMBOUFB EJTF×BS VO TJTUFNB WFS 'JHVSB QBSB
EBS DPCFSUVSB BM QFSTPOBM EF MB FNQSFTB GFSSPWJBSJB B MP MBSHP EF MB WÓB EF USFO EPOEF MB
EFOTJEBE EF USÈĕDP QPS LN FO MB IPSB DBSHBEB FT EF & Z TF SFRVJFSF VOB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF
DPOHFTUJØO EFM -B FNQSFTB EJTQPOF EF VO FTQFDUSP EF .)[ 4F EFTFB DVCSJS VO
USBNP MJOFBM EF LN EF WÓB EFM USFO EF BMUB WFMPDJEBE .BESJE#BSDFMPOB FO VO USBNP
RVF EJTDVSSF TPCSF "SBHØO -B PSPHSBGÓB EFM UFSSFOP TF QVFEF DPOTJEFSBS QMBOB -B TPMVDJØO
QMBOUFBEB FT TJUVBS FNQMB[BNJFOUPT DPO TFDUPSJ[BDJØO EF ��○ B MP MBSHP EFM SFDPSSJEP
102
1 4JTUFNB (4.3 TFDUPSJ[BEP
Z KVOUP B MB MÓOFB GFSSPWJBSJB &M NPEFMP EF QÏSEJEBT EFM NFEJP FT EFM UJQP l = kd n DPO
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MB JOUFSGFSFODJB DBVTBEB QPS UPEBT MBT QPTJCMFT DFMEBT JOUFSGFSFOUFT FT MB NJTNB : RVF
QBSB SBEJPT NFOPSFT EF LN OP IBZ QSPCMFNBT EF DPCFSUVSB FO DVBOUP B SFMBDJØO
TF×BM B SVJEP
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B
-B SFMBDJØO FOUSF MB QPUFODJB ÞUJM c Z MB JOUFSGFSFODJB i TF QVFEF FTDSJCJS FO GVODJØO EF
MB 1*3& MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB g r RVF TF BTVNJSÈ JTØUSPQB Z MBT EJTUBODJBT
d c Z d i EFTEF MB FTUBDJØO CBTF DPO MB RVF TF DPNVOJDB FM NØWJM Z EFTEF MB FTUBDJØO CBTF
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c (pire t g r )�kd cn di n
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i (pire t g r )�kd in dc
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FO MB EJSFDDJØO RVF VOF BNCBT DFMEBT -B EJTUBODJB EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO FT D c = J ⋅ �d EPOEF
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i dc �d
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de laFTSeñal
VOB DFMEB l(LN) ⋅ � *HVBMBOEP
y Comunicaciones
RADIACIÓN Y RADIOCOMUNICACIÓN
A o = A d ⇒ � = l(LN) ⋅ � ⇒ l = � LN.
Convocatoria Ordinaria (Final). 2º Cuatrimestre. 01.07.10

DFMEB FO LN IBCSÈ �� = �� DFMEBT �� FNQMB[B
ellidos: $PNP FTUF FT FM EJÈNFUSP EF MB Nombre: Plan: N A
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iba su nombre ahora mismo, Justifique todas sus respuestas. Si en algún apartado encuentra dificultad, pase a contestar los siguientes. En
quier caso entregue esta hoja firmada.
oblema 2. 3 ptos
4F DPOTJEFSB VOB [POB FO MB RVF VOB PQFSBEPSB EF UFMFGPOÓB NØWJM RVJFSF EFTQMFHBS VO
ma:
TJTUFNB (4. -B [POB DPOTUB EF EPT [POBT VOB EFOUSP EF MB PUSB DPO EJGFSFOUFT
EFOTJEBEFT EF IBCJUBOUFT 4F QSPQPOF IBDFS VO EFTQMJFHVF QPS DBQBT EPOEF TF DVCSF
considera una zona en la que una operadora de telefonía móvil quiere desplegar un sistema GSM 900. La zona consta
UPEB MB [POB DPO VOB $BQB DPOTJTUFOUF FO VO NBMMBEP IFYBHPOBM DPO DFMEBT EF LN EF
dos zonas, una dentro de la otra, con diferentes densidades de habitantes. Se propone hacer un despliegue por capas,
SBEJP Z FO MB [POB DFOUSBM TF JODMVZF TVQFSQVFTUB VOB $BQB DPO VO NBMMBEP EF DFMEBT
de se cubre toda la zona con una Capa 1 consistente en un mallado hexagonal con celdas de 5 Km de radio y en la
IFYBHPOBMFT EF SBEJP LN WFS MB 'JHVSB
a central se incluye superpuesta una Capa 2 con un mallado de celdas hexagonales de radio 1.25 Km.
4 hab/km2
Zona Rural
300 hab/km2
Zona
Suburbana
Zona a cubrir
Figura Pb 2: Zona a cubrir

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operadora le pide al departamento de planificación radio –a usted- que responda a las siguientes cuestiones:
Compruebe que en estas condiciones el sistema es viable en cuanto a cobertura perimetral de señal, para un 90% de
4F DPOPDFO MPT EBUPT EFM TJTUFNB JODMVJEPT B DPOUJOVBDJØO
emplazamientos y 50% del tiempo, en la Zona Suburbana para la Capa 1 (celdas omnidireccionales de radio 5
Km). Se sabe que ten4VQFSĕDJF
la zona rural
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cumple
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epartamento de planificación radio cuenta con los siguientes datos:
Superficie total 800 Km2 Se utilizarán estaciones BTS “ultrasite” de Nokia, cuyas
La tasa de penetración esta operadora en la características más relevantes son una potencia máxima
población es del 20%. entregada por portadora de (Tx) de 44.5 dBm y una
Los abonados realizarán 1.2 intentos de llamada por sensibilidad de -110 dBm. Las antenas tienen 17 dBi de
hora. ganancia.
La duración media de¿Quieres
las llamadas triunfar enminutos.
es de 2.5 tus estudios? Conoce el
Se consideran MSmétodo para
con potencia lograrlo
máxima de 30 dBm (1W).
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t 4F VUJMJ[B DFMEBT PNOJEJSFDDJPOBMFT DPO QBUSØO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO J = � RVF BTFHVSB
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Z FO DVBMRVJFS DBTP MB DPCFSUVSB FT EF DBSÈDUFS TVCVSCBOP "TÓ TF EJTUJOHVFO USFT
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MB DPCFSUVSB C�N &O FM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB FT EF E#N Z
MB TFOTJCJMJEBE EF −�� E#N FO FM BTDFOEFOUF MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB FT EF E#N Z
MB TFOTJCJMJEBE EF −�� E#N &O FTUB TJUVBDJØO FM FOMBDF RVF MJNJUB MB DPCFSUVSB FT FM
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ms bts
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: FM USÈĕDP PGFSUBEP FO MB $BQB FT
A o = B−� (p c , N c ) = B−� (� %, � × � − �) = B−� (� %, �) = �.�� &,
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3FQJUJFOEP MPT DÈMDVMPT
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&M USÈĕDP PGFSUBEP QPS QPSUBEPSBT DPO TMPUT DBEB VOB NFOPT VOP EF TF×BMJ[BDJØO
FT
A o = B−� (p c , N c ) = B−� (� %, ��) = ��.� &
Área de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones

$PO MP RVF DPO MBT USFT QPSUBEPSBT QPEFNPT TFSWJS UPEP FM USÈĕDP EF MB [POB JOUFSJPS Z
RADIACIÓN Y RADIOCOMUNICACIÓN
Segundo parcial BEFNÈT UFOFNPT VOB QPSUBEPSB NÈT EF MB $BQB QBSB JODSFNFOUBS MB PGFSUB EF USÈĕDP 07.06.10
TJ FT OFDFTBSJP -VFHP UBNCJÏO TF DVNQMF MB DBMJEBE FO DVBOUP BM (P4
Apellidos: Nombre: Plan: N ! A!
Escriba su nombre ahora/ØUFTF RVF BM SFTFSWBS
mismo, Justifique todas susVOP B MB $BQB
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encuentra FWJUBNPT JOUFSGFSFODJBT
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FOUSF
cualquier caso entregue esta hoja[POBT Z RVF FTUB FT MB JEFB EFM EJTF×P QPS DBQBT P MBZFST FO JOHMÏT
firmada.
Problema 2. 3 ptos
Firma: 4F DPOTJEFSB VOB [POB FO MB RVF VOB PQFSBEPSB EF UFMFGPOÓB NØWJM RVJFSF EFTQMFHBS VO
TJTUFNB (4. -B [POB DPOTUB EF EPT [POBT VOB EFOUSP EF MB PUSB DPO EJGFSFOUFT
Se considera una EFOTJEBEFT
zona en la que una operadora
EF IBCJUBOUFT WFS de telefonía
'JHVSB móvil quiereIBDFS
4F QSPQPOF desplegar un sistema
VO BOÈMJTJT GSM 900.
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de dos zonas, unaTFdentro
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de la otra, con diferentes densidades de habitantes. Se propone hacer un análisis
donde se cubra toda la zona con un mallado hexagonal con celdas de 5 Km de radio y en la zona central se incluya una
DFOUSBM TF JODMVZB VOB TFHVOEB DBQB DPO DFMEBT IFYBHPOBMFT EF SBEJP LN
segunda capa con celdas hexagonales de radio 1.25 Km.
2.94 hab/km2
Zona Rural
294 hab/km2
Zona
Suburbana
Zona a cubrir
Figura
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2: Zona EF
a cubrir
MB [POB B DVCSJS DPO MBT DBQBT Z FM USÈĕDP FO DBEB [POB
La operadora le pide al departamento de planificación radio –a usted- que responda a las siguientes cuestiones:
a) Compruebe que en estas condiciones el sistema es viable en cuanto a cobertura de C/I.
4F DPOPDFO MPT TJHVJFOUFT EBUPT EFM TJTUFNB
b) Compruebe que en estas condiciones el sistema es viable en cuanto a cobertura perimetral de señal, para un 90% de
emplazamientos.t 4VQFSĕDJF UPUBM �� LN�
c) Compruebe que en estas condiciones el sistema es viable en cuanto a tráfico.
t -B UBTB EF QFOFUSBDJØO FTUB PQFSBEPSB FO MB QPCMBDJØO FT EFM �� %
t -PT BCPOBEPT
El departamento de planificación radio SFBMJ[BSÈO
cuenta con�.�� JOUFOUPT EF
los siguientes MMBNBEB QPS NJOVUP
datos:
2
! Superficie total 800 -B EVSBDJØO NFEJB EF MBT MMBNBEBT! FT Se
t Km EF utilizarán estaciones BTS “ultrasite” de Nokia, cuyas
�.� NJOVUPT
! La tasa de penetración esta operadora en la características más relevantes son una potencia máxima
población es del 20%. entregada por portadora de (Tx) de 44.5 dBm y una
! Los abonados realizarán 0.02 intentos de llamada por sensibilidad de -110 dBm. Las antenas tienen 17 dBi de
minuto. ganancia.
! La duración media de las llamadas es de 2.5 minutos. ! Se consideran MS con potencia máxima de 30 dBm (1W).
! Se exige el grado de servicio (GOS) (también El sistema debería operar con teléfonos de sensibilidad
probabilidad de congestión)
¿Quieres de la norma
triunfar GSM,
en tus 2%.
estudios? iguales o el
Conoce mejores
métodoa -95 para
dBm (medidos
lograrloen la unión antena-
! Relación de protección C/I cocanal necesaria de 9+3 receptor). Las ganancias de las antenas se supondrán 0 dBi.
t 4F FYJHF FM (P4 UBNCJÏO QSPCBCJMJEBE EF DPOHFTUJØO

EF MB OPSNB (4. � %
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t 4F VUJMJ[B VOB TFDUPSJ[BDJØO ��
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t 4F DPOTJEFSBO .4 DPO QPUFODJB NÈYJNB EF �� E#N � 8
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t -B PQFSBEPSB EJTQPOF EF �� DBOBMFT FO MB CBOEB EF ��
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B
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C
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D
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Z FO DVBMRVJFS DBTP MB DPCFSUVSB FT EF DBSÈDUFS TVCVSCBOP "TÓ TF EJTUJOHVFO USFT
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VOB TFDUPSJ[BDJØO �� UFOFNPT VOB BHSVQBDJØO DPO FNQMB[BNJFOUPT DPO TFDUPSFT
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Z MB TFOTJCJMJEBE EF E#N FO FM BTDFOEFOUF MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB FT EF E#N Z
MB TFOTJCJMJEBE EF E#N &O FTUB TJUVBDJØO FM FOMBDF RVF MJNJUB MB DPCFSUVSB FT FM
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ms bts
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RVF TF NJEF FM QFSÓNFUSP FT EPT WFDFT FM SBEJP
$PNP Pdr � < C n /0 IBZ DPCFSUVSB QFSJNFUSBM $/
ms
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3FIBDJFOEP MPT DÈMDVMPT
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ms

Z /0 DVNQMF
$BQB &M SBEJP FT NFOPS LN QFSP MBT QÏSEJEBT TPO NBZPSFT Z IBZ RVF SFIBDFS
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ms
: /0 TF DVNQMFO MPT PCKFUJWPT EF DPCFSUVSB FO MB [POB TVCVSCBOB /ØUFTF RVF FM
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4J SFTFSWBNPT VOP QBSB MB QSJNFSB DBQB Z QBSB MB PUSB UFOFNPT QBSB UPEB MB [POB
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1BSB MB $BQB WBNPT B WFS TJ DPO FM SFTUP EF QPSUBEPSBT QPEFNPT TFSWJS UPEP FM USÈĕDP
3FQJUJFOEP MPT DÈMDVMPT
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&M USÈĕDP PGFSUBEP QPS QPSUBEPSBT DPO TMPUT DBEB VOB NFOPT VOP EF TF×BMJ[BDJØO
FT
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B MB $BQB Z MPT PUSPT B MB $BQB FWJUBNPT JOUFSGFSFODJBT FOUSF [POBT
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QFSÓNFUSP EF MB 'JHVSB &M ÓOEJDF EF QFOFUSBDJØO EF UFMFGPOÓB NØWJM I p FT EFM Z
MB DVPUB EFM NFSDBEP QBSB FTUF PQFSBEPS I o FT EF �� &M PQFSBEPS EJTQPOF EF VOB CBOEB
W EF .)[ QBSB DVCSJS FTUB [POB $BEB NØWJM SFBMJ[B FO MB IPSB DBSHBEB VOB UFOUBUJWB
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EF DPOHFTUJØO EFM
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QVOUP TF BTJHOB BM USBOTNJTPS RVF MMFHB DPO NÈT OJWFM EF TF×BM -BT ÈSFBT SFTVMUBOUFT S c
FO LN� TF EFUBMMBO FO MB 5BCMB KVOUP DPO MB EFOTJEBE EF IBCJUBOUFT ρ hab FO NJMFT EF
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a = LH�� = �� = �� &.

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N = B−� (p, A o ).
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UBCMB UFOJFOEP FO DVFOUB RVF FO (4. TF UJFOF VOB FTUSVDUVSB 5%." EF TMPUT QPS
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A d &

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EF VTVBSJPT

t -BT QÏSEJEBT CÈTJDBT EF QSPQBHBDJØO FO FOUPSOP SVSBM TF QVFEFO DBMDVMBS DPNP

l = kd n EPOEF n = �.� Z k = � Z d FTUÈ FO NFUSPT
t -PT FRVJQPT QPSUÈUJMFT UJFOFO VOB HBOBODJB EF E#J Z VOB TFOTJCJMJEBE EF −�� E#N
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FM QBUSØO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJØO TFB FMFWBEP UBNCJÏO
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[BDJØO FT OFDFTBSJB
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ÞUJM

1BSB HBSBOUJ[BS RVF FM USÈĕDP PGFSUBEP FT TVĕDJFOUF TF JNQPOF RVF FM (04 P QSPCBCJMJ
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(04
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Z TF DPNQSVFCB RVF OP DVNQMJSÓB BM FTUBS FM (04 FO BMHÞO WBMPS FOUSF Z
C
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QFSP OPT IBSÈO GBMUB MBT QÏSEJEBT &O OVFTUSP DBTP
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∆ e E = Pdr − C m = −��.�� − (−��) = ��.�� E#
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� �
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QVFEF DPNQSPCBS RVF TF DPSSFTQPOEF DPO FO 6)' QBSB POEVMBDJØO N Z d < �� LN
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1 $PCFSUVSB 8J'J
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K(L)� = (∆ e C � − (K(T)σT )� )�σL� .
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RVF K(��) = �.�� Z K(��) = �.�� QPS MP RVF TF DPODMVZF RVF MB DPCFSUVSB QFSJNFUSBM
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Z MB UBTB EF MB DPEJĕDBDJØO EF DBOBM FT 3FDVFSEF RVF FO 6.54 TF VUJMJ[B VOB
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Z N "TVNB RVF FM FOMBDF BTDFOEFOUF 6- MJNJUB MB DPNVOJDBDJØO
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$PNP TF VUJMJ[B VOB NPEVMBDJØO DVBUFSOBSJB FM OÞNFSP EF OJWFMFT FT Z R b,bruto =
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EFNPEVMBDJØO Fs FT MB ĕHVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB Z CL U FT FM GBDUPS EF DBSHB -B
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TF DPODMVZF RVF TJ JHVBMBNPT MB
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DBNCJPT FO MB #&3 &M TFHVOEP NPUJWP QPS FM RVF VUJMJ[BS E# FT QPS DPNPEJEBE "VORVF BM
QSJODJQJP QVFEB QBSFDFS BMHP DPNQMJDBEP BM ĕOBM SFTVMUB NVZ DØNPEP TVNBS NBHOJUVEFT
Z HBOBODJBT FO WF[ EF NVMUJQMJDBSMBT
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P = �� log(p�re f ), "
EPOEF re f FT VOB SFGFSFODJB DPO MB RVF DPNQBSBS OVFTUSB NBHOJUVE Z log FT MPHBSJUNP FO
CBTF "TÓ TJ p FT QPUFODJB TF QVFEFO UFOFS MBT TJHVJFOUF TJUVBDJPOFT
re f = � 8 �⇒ P(E#8) = �� log(p�� 8) = �� log(p FO XBUJPT), "
re f = � N8 �⇒ P(E#N) = �� log(p�� N8) = �� log(p FO NJMJXBUJPT), "
re f = � L8 �⇒ P(E#L) = �� log(p�� L8) = �� log(p FO LJMPXBUJPT). "
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Z EF JHVBM GPSNB re f FT VOB SFGFSFODJB RVF QFSNJUF EFĕOJS QPS FKFNQMP QBSB UFOTJØO
re f = �V �⇒ A(E#7) = �� log(a��7) = �� log(a FO 7), "
re f = �µV �⇒ A(E# µ7Ø E#V) = �� log(a��µ7) = �� log(a FO µ7). "
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VOB SFMBDJØO FOUSF QPUFODJBT P FOFSHÓBT p � �p �
G(E#) = �� log(p � �p � ). "
1BSB VOB SFMBDJØO FOUSF BNQMJUVEFT a � �a �
Gv (E#) = �� log(a � �a � ). "
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p � = p � ⋅ g �⇒ P� (E#8) = �� log(p � ⋅ g) = P� + G, "
a � = a � ⋅ gv �⇒ A � (E#8) = �� log(a � ⋅ gv ) = A � + Gv . "
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FO E# -PT QBTPT FOUSF DBOUJEBEFT FO WPMUJPT WPMUJPTN FUD TF SFBMJ[BO EF JHVBM GPSNB
QFSP UFOJFOEP FO DVFOUB RVF FTUÈO BM DVBESBEP "TÓ FO WF[ EF NVMUJQMJDBSEJWJEJS QPS
DBEB DBNCJP EF PSEFO FO MB FTDBMB TF NVMUJQMJDBEJWJEF QPS FM DVBESBEP -P RVF TF
USBEVDF FO TVNBSSFTUBS E# FO WF[ EF E#
5FOJFOEP FTUP FO NFOUF DVBMRVJFS DBNCJP EF VOJEBEFT FT JONFEJBUP 6OB QPUFODJB FO
WBUJPT P(8) FO VOJEBEFT MPHBSÓUNJDBT RVFEB
P(E#8) = �� log(P). "
&O 3' FT IBCJUVBM FYQSFTBSMB FO E#N EFĕOJEB DPNP MB QPUFODJB TPCSF VO NJMJXBUJP QBTBEB

B VOJEBEFT MPHBSÓUNJDBT
P(E#N) = �� log(1N8) = �� log(P��−� ). "
" WFDFT JOUFSFTB FYQSFTBS MB QPUFODJB TPCSF VO LJMPXBUJP UFOFNPT BTÓ MPT E#L
P(E#L) = �� log(1L8) = �� log(P�� ). "
-B SFMBDJØO FOUSF FTUBT DBOUJEBEFT RVFEB
P(E#L) = �� log(P�� ) = �� log(P) − �� = P(E#8) − ��, "
Z
P(E#N) = �� log(P��−� ) = �� log(P) + �� = P(E#8) + ��.
"
1PS PUSP MBEP MB UFOTJØO V FO WPMUJPT Z QPS UBOUP FM DBNQP FMÏDUSJDP E FO 7N
TF
TVFMFO FYQSFTBS FO UFOTJØO TPCSF VO NJDSPWPMUJP QBTBEB B VOJEBEFT MPHBSÓUNJDBT
E(E# µ7N) = �� log(E��µ7N) = �� log(E��−� ) = E(E#7N) + ��, "
V (E# µ7) = �� log(7 µ7) = �� log(7��−� ) = V (E#7) + ��. "

1BSB SFMBDJPOBS UFOTJØO DBNQP
Z QPUFODJB TF SFDVSSF B MB JNQFEBODJB &TUP FT B MB QPUFODJB
EJTJQBEB QPS VOB JNQFEBODJB EF WBMPS R Ω
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P = V ⋅ I = V � �R, "
RVF FO VOJEBEFT MPHBSÓUNJDBT RVFEB
P( E#8) = V (E#7) − �� log R, "
P(E#N) − �� = V (E#V) − �� − �� log R, "
P(E#N) = V (E#V) − �� log R − ��. "

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Santi

Grado en Ingeniería de las Tecnologías de Telecomunicación

ETSI - Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería

Juan José Murillo Fuentes

Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería

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