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Materiales Metálicos:
Son substancias inorgánicas que están formados por uno o más elementos metálicos,
pudiendo contener también algunos no metálicos como por ejemplo Carbono, Nitrógeno,
Oxígeno, etc. Los metales tienen una estructura cristalina en la que los átomos están
dispuestos de manera ordenada como consecuencia de su enlace atómico de tipo metálico.
Los metales a su vez se caracterizan por ser buenos conductores térmicos y eléctricos, alta
resistencia mecànica, elevada rigidez, ductilidad y resistencia al impacto, todos son sólidos
a excepción del mercurio y así mismo poseen un brillo característico que es el brillo metálico
que ningún otro tipo de material posee; cuando se habla de su uso, se prefiere normalmente
el empleo de sus combinaciones denominados aleaciones con el fin de mejorar ciertas
propiedades, estas propiedades están relacionadas con la composición, tamaño, forma y
distribución de sus componentes, tan es así, que la adición de un componente, incluso
menos de 1% pueden modificar intensamente las propiedades de dicha aleación
Materiales cerámicos:
Según su estructura, los cerámicos pueden clasificarse en dos grandes grupos, los
cristalinos que son estructuras sencillas y las de silicato. Los cristalinos generalmente
presentan enlaces atómicos iónicos y covalentes (ambos a la par) de estos destacan el
òxido de magnesio, òxido de aluminio, diòxido de silicio y el más destacado entre ellos es la
estructura perovskita, todas estas son relevantes por su aplicaciòn como material
piezoeléctricos, otra estructura es el mineral espinela (Mg Al2, O4,) que corresponde a un
material magnético no metálico. La unidad bàsica de las estructuras de silicato es el
tetraedro y todas las estructuras que conforman este grupo tienen relevancia importante en
la ingenieria por su aplicacion como aislantes electricos; ademas de esa unidad basica, los
silicatos tiene compuestos como la soilicie, silicatos de aluminio, de magnesio.
Otra clase de ceramico son los vidrios compuestos por estructura no cristalina con
propiedades muy especificas como lo son la transparencia, dureza a temperatura ambiente
y buena resistencia a la corrosión por lo que su campo de aplicaciones principales es en
òptica en dode se usa el vidrio como el biomaterial ideal
Continuando con sus aplicaciones en el area de la salud se dice que los ceramicos
compuestos por silicie, borosilicatos y aluminio presentan propiedades estructurales y
mecánicas muy similares a los huesos humanos sin embargo por sus características
anteriores recordemos que se pensara en este material en la fabricación de dispositivos
que no deban soportar cargas, como es el caso de la cirugía del oído medio, en el relleno
de defectos óseos tanto en cirugía bucal como en cirugía ortopédica e inclusive en
articulaciones metálicas
Materiales compuestos:
Están integrados por una combinación de dos o más micro o macro constituyentes que
difieren en forma y composición química y que siempre serán insolubles entre sí. Así como
sucedía en la aleaciones metálicas, estas biomateriales compuestos existen con la finalidad
de obtener o adicionar propiedades que un solo material en su forma natural no posee
además estas propiedades a obtener son poco usuales es por esto que ningún otro material
perteneciente a los grupos pasados lo posee, y pueden ser enfocados en la densidad,
resistencia, tenacidad, biocompatibilidad, resistencia al desgaste, rendimiento a distintas
temperaturas, resistencia a la corrosiòn, etc., en estos compuesto pueden encontrarse en
un mismo material la mezcla de metal-polímero, metal-cerámico y cerámico-polímero o
incluso una mezcla del mismo grupo, es decir polimero-polimero, ceramico-ceramico.
Debido a estas ventajas, los materiales compuestos tienen una gran aplicación en áreas
donde las propiedades mecánicas, la resistencia y la baja densidad de los materiales son
decisivos, como la construcción, la aeronáutica, la automotriz y la medicina y la
odontológica, entre muchas otras
TRADUCCION
Biomaterials are those materials of natural or artificial origin suitable for inclusion in the living
organism in order to restore functionally and morphologically organs and tissues altered by
trauma, degenerative diseases or malformations. Previously biomaterials were used only
when a patient presented himself with critical situations, while today their use and application
concerns many areas of health either for rehabilitation or even for well-being and aesthetics
so in we will talk about the classification and most characteristic properties of the different
materials that exist
Biomaterials can be classified under two different parameters, either from their intrinsic
considerations according to the atomic bond, or according to their characteristics which is
where we will focus where metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites
Metallic Materials:
These are inorganic substances that are formed by one or more metallic elements, and may
also contain some non-metallic ones such as Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, etc. Metals have a
crystalline structure in which atoms are arranged in an orderly manner as a result of their
metallic-type atomic bond. Metals in turn are characterized by being good thermal and
electrical conductors, high mechanical resistance, high rigidity, ductility and impact
resistance, all are solid except for mercury and also have a characteristic shine that is the
metallic shine that no other type of material has; when talking about its use, it is usually
preferred the use of its combinations called alloys in order to improve certain properties,
these properties are related to the composition, size, shape and distribution of its
components, so much so, that the addition of a component, even less than 1% can intensely
modify the properties of said alloy.
Pure metals and alloys are usually divided into two classes depending on their ferrous
composition and non-ferrous alloys, they belong to the first group when their main
constituent is iron and in non-ferrous alloys they lack iron or failing that they only contain
minimum amounts of this
Ferrous alloys are strong, malleable, but with certain disadvantages since the largest
production of this group are steels (Fe-C) which have relative density, poor electrical
conduction and are materials prone to corrosion (except for stainless steels) is why there are
non-ferrous alloys such as Cu-based alloys, To which they are characterized by forming
lightweight, very flexible materials, which allows them to be machined to very different
shapes, in addition to being of low corrosion, or based on Ti, these are very useful in the
chemical industry because many corrosive substances are worked, at present, they have
application in the area of biomaterials as prostheses of bones of high mechanical load such
as the hip, knee, femur, etc. and so there are different elements that help improve its
properties, chromium increases mechanical characteristics at high temperatures, increases
resistance to oxidation and corrosion, increases the elastic limit-tensile strength ratio, also
increases strength and fatigue limit, improves abrasion resistance, manganese increases
hardenability, forms steels very resistant to use, increases toughness; silicon is used as a
deoxidizer, improves oxidation resistance, raises the strength of low alloy steels. Just as
there are alloys that use the same element but in different configurations such as alpha
titanium alloys and beta titanium and one has better temperability than another or greater
toughness, one can be weldable, all these alloys are ferrous or not as long as they have
excellent resistance to corrosion are used in medical prostheses as ideal materials since in
the body there is presence of saline liquids, In addition to their mechanical resistance,
non-toxicity, compatibility with tissues, they are used in staples, screws for dental implants,
aortic valves are manufactured, among many other applications.
Ceramic materials:
Ceramic materials have as a chemical characteristic to be formed or structured by ionic and
covalent bonds so they inherently have a strong toughness, which makes them complex
materials that contain both metallic and non-metallic chemical elements; although this
tenacity has been improved through hot pressure with additives and agglutination reactions,
likewise, within its properties it has to be mechanically speaking they are fragile with low
toughness and ductility, they have high melting points and low conductivities both electrical
and thermal, likewise they behave with relatively high stability in aggressive media and this
is thanks to the balance of their strong bonds.
According to their structure, ceramics can be classified into two large groups, the crystalline
ones that are simple structures and those of silicate. The crystalline lenses generally have
ionic and covalent atomic bonds (both at the same time) of these stand out the magnesium
oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide and the most outstanding among them is the
perovskite structure, all these are relevant for their application as piezoelectric material,
another structure is the spinel mineral (Mg Al2, O4,) which corresponds to a non-metallic
magnetic material. The basic unit of silicate structures is the tetrahedron and all the
structures that make up this group have important relevance in engineering due to their
application as electrical insulators; In addition to that basic unit, silicates have compuestsum
like soilicie, aluminum silicates, magnesium.
Another kind of ceramic are glasses composed of non-crystalline structure with very specific
properties such as transparency, hardness at room temperature and good resistance to
corrosion so its main field of applications is in optics in dode glass is used as the ideal
biomaterial
Continuing with its applications in the area of health it is said that ceramics composed of
silicie, borosilicates and aluminum have structural and mechanical properties very similar to
human bones however due to their previous characteristics we reorder that this material was
thought of in the manufacture of devices that do not have to withstand loads, as is the case
of middle ear surgery, in the filling of bone defects in both oral surgery and orthopedic
surgery and even in metal joints