ULPGC

PERCEPCIÓN, INFORMACIÓN Y COMUNICACIÓN DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO

CONOCIMIENTO EN ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS
TESIS DOCTORAL

PERCEPCIÓN,
INFORMACIÓN
Y COMUNICACIÓN
DEL CAMBIO
CLIMÁTICO
CONOCIMIENTO
EN ESTUDIANTES
UNIVERSITARIOS
CECILIA
KINDELÁN CECILIA KINDELÁN AMORRICH
AMORRICH
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
2013 2013
 
 

UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA 
 

Departamento de Didácticas Especiales 

Programa de Doctorado: Formación del Profesorado 

 
PERCEPCIÓN, INFORMACIÓN Y COMUNICACIÓN DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO. 
CONOCIMIENTO EN ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS 
 

Tesis presentada para optar al grado de Doctor  por 

Cecilia Kindelán Amorrich 

Director de Tesis 

Profesor Doctor Don José Ramón Calvo 

Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 2013 
 
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 A José Ramón,

Gracias por hacer realidad este sueño compartido



 
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I.‐ INTRODUCCIÓN   ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... 1 

1.‐ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN   ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….… 3 

1.1.‐ El Cambio climático   …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….. 5 
         1.1.1.‐ Concepto y definiciones: “cambio climático” vs “variabilidad climática”.………………………….…….. 5 
         1.1.2.‐ Identificación como problema. ……………………………………………………………………………………….………. 7 
         1.1.3.‐ Causas y consecuencias  ………………………………………………………………………………………..……………… 10 

1.2.‐ El papel de la ciencia.  Conocimiento científico. Los científicos del clima  .…………………………………… 15 
  1.2.1.‐ Abismo entre ciencia y sociedad   …………………………………………………………………………..…………….. 17 

1.3.‐  Percepción  del  Cambio  climático     ………………………………………………………………………………………………..  19 

         1.3.1.‐ El clima percibido y el clima real  ………………………………………………………………………………………… 19 
         1.3.2.‐  Percepción  del riesgo   ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….  21 
         1.3.3.‐  Clases  de  percepción  del riesgo  …………………………………………………………………………………………..  25 
         1.3.4.‐ Reacciones psicológicas frente al cambio climático   …………………………………………………………… 26 
         1.3.5.‐ Amplificadores sociales del riesgo   …………………………………………………………………………………….. 27 
         1.3.6.‐ Significado social. El clima como ideología   ……………………………………………………………………..…… 28 

1.4‐ Controversia del Cambio climático ……………………………………………………………………………………..……...…… 30 

1.5‐ El fenómeno negacionista   ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…. 32 
        1.5.1.‐ ´Negacionismo´ vs `escepticismo´   ……………………………………………………………………………….………. 32 
        1.5.2.‐ Que niega el negacionismo, y por qué   …………………………………………………………………………….….. 41 
        1.5.3.‐ Negación del cambio climático real   ……………………………………………………………………………….……. 43 
        1.5.4.‐ Objetivo y estrategias del negacionismo climático   ………………………………………………………….…… 44 
        1.5.5.‐ Tipologías de negacionistas   …………………………………………………………………………………………….…… 51 
        1.5.6.‐ La organización del negacionismo climático   ………………………………………………………………………... 53 
        1.5.7.‐ Argumentos de la negación: el poder de la duda  …………………………………………………………….……. 56 
        1.5.8.‐ Grupos negacionistas: antecedente del tabaco y negacionismo climático …………………….…….…. 60 

1.6.‐ Política Climática   ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 75 
       1.6.1.‐ El modo en el que se gobierna el clima  ………………………………………………………………………..……..… 75 
       1.6.2.‐ El gobierno del clima a través del Mercado   …………………………………………………………………...…..... 77 
       1.6.3.‐ El gobierno del clima a través de los actores no estatales   ……………………………………………..…..…. 80 
       1.6.4.‐ Transferencia del valor del cambio climático   …………………………………………………………………..……. 81 

1.7.‐ ¿Cuál es el verdadero problema?     …………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 84 
       1.7.1.‐ Más allá de la ciencia del cambio climático……………………………………………………………………..………. 84 
       1.7.2.‐ El gran dilema ético   ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….. 85 

 
2.‐ EL PAPEL DE LOS MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN EN RELACIÓN AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO   …………………..  91 

  2.1.‐ El reto de comunicar el cambio climático   …………………………………………………………………………………  91 
  2.2.‐ Teorías de comunicación   …………………………………………………………………………………………..……………… 104 
  2.3.‐ Trivialización, construcción de la objetividad  cambio climático   …………………………………….……….. 116 
  2.4.‐ Paradigmas de la comunicación para la sostenibilidad   …………………………………………………..……….. 117 
 
         2.4.1.‐ Dificultades del periodista para contar la noticia del siglo XXI   ……………………….………………….. 120 
         2.4.2.‐ Medios de comunicación y cambio climático   ………………………………………………………………..….. 134 
 
  2.5.‐ Compromiso de los Medios de comunicación   ………………………………………………………………...……….. 139 
 

3.‐ ACCESIBILIDAD A LA INFORMACIÓN DEL PÚBLICO JOVEN UNIVERSITARIO   ……………..…………….……… 143 

  3.1.‐ Hábitos de consumo de información de los jóvenes   ………………………………………………………………… 143 
  3.2.‐ Protagonismo de las Redes Sociales   ……………………………………………………………….………………………… 144 
 

4.‐ DE LOS MEDIOS A LAS MEDIACIONES   ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 147 

4.1.‐ Grupos de presión   …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….… 149 
 
  4.1.1.‐ Agencias de Relaciones Públicas: Caso “Hill & Knowlton”   …………………………………..….…... 149 
  4.1.2.‐ “Think Tanks”: Caso “Cato Institute”   …………………………………………………………………….….…. 153 
  4.1.3.‐ Profesionalización de los Lobbys: estrategias y planes de comunicación   ………………...…. 154 
  4.1.4.‐ Tácticas de los grupos de presión   ………………………………………………………………………….……. 156 
  4.1.5.‐ La estructura de la maquinaria negacionista 
               en los medios de comunicación    ……………………………………………………………………………...... 162 

 
4.2.‐ Puntos en común de las estrategias de comunicación de las empresas tabacaleras y las  
         multinacionales petroleras y del carbón   ………………………………………………………………………………….... 164 

 
4.3.‐ Introducción de la tecnología de la información en las estrategias comunicativas. 
         Nuevos soportes   ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… 167 
 
  4.3.1.‐ Twitter y redes sociales: el lobby descentralizado   ……………………………………………………….. 168 
  4.3.2.‐ Bloggers   ………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………… 170 
               4.3.3.‐ Google   ………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………… 170 
               4.3.4.‐ Wikileaks   ………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………….. 171 
               4.3.5.‐ Greenwashing   ………………………….………………………………………………………………………………….. 173 
               4.3.6.‐ Micromarketing: Caso Amazon   ………………………….……………………………………..…………………. 177 
 

 
 
5.‐RESPUESTAS AL PROBLEMA DE LA PERCEPCIÓN DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO:  
EDUCACIÓN, COMUNICACIÓN Y PARTICIPACIÓN   ………………………….……………………………………………………. 178 

5. 1.‐ Cambio climático y  Educación   ………………………….……………………………………………………………..………… 178 
          5.1.1.‐Objetivos de la educación medioambiental   ………………………….………………………....……………….. 178 
          5.1.2.‐ Universidades Verdes   ……………………….……………………………………………………………..……..……….. 180 

 
5.2.‐ Estrategias didácticas a considerar en la enseñanza y la comunicación del cambio climático  ……. 181 
 
         5.2.1.‐ Revisar las estrategias   ………………………….……………………………………………………………………………. 181 
         5.2.2.‐ Inteligencia frente a los detractores del cambio climático   ………………………….……………………… 184 
         5.2.3.‐ Integrar razón, emoción e inteligencia social   ………………………….……………………………….………… 184 
         5.2.4.‐ Navegar en la cresta de la incertidumbre   ………………………….…………………………………….………… 185 
         5.2.5.‐ Uso de metáforas como herramienta didáctica   ………………………….……………………………….…….  186 
         5.2.6.‐ Hablar claro del cambio climático en el ámbito educativo y de comunicación   …………………… 192 
         5.2.7.‐ Iluminar las zonas oscuras   ………………………….……………………………………………………………………… 192 
         5.2.8.‐ No alimentar el error   ………………………….………………………………………………………………………………193 
         5.2.9.‐ La información no trabaja sola   ………………………….………………………………………………………..…….. 194 
         5.2.10.‐ Pensar en el destinatario   ………………………….……………………………………………………………..……… 194 
         5.2.11.‐ Ligar el Cambio climático a la vida cotidiana   ………………………….………………………………….…….  195 
         5.2.12.‐ Medir para evaluar   ………………………….………………………………………………………………………………. 195 
         5.2.13.‐ Socializar la acción individual   ………………………….………………………………………………………………. 196 
         5.2.14.‐ Vincular los mensajes a decisiones de gestión políticas   ………………………….…………………….…. 196 
         5.2.15.‐ Incrementar el prestigio social de los comportamientos positivos  .………………………….…….….197 
 

5.3.‐ Participación e implicación ciudadana   ……………………….……………………………………………………………….199 
 
       5.3.1‐ Participación ciudadana   ………………………….………………………………………………………………….…….… 199 
       5.3.2.‐Lucha virtual contra el cambio climático en la web 2.0   ………………………….………………………….… 200 
 

5.4.‐ Internet como plataforma de educación, comunicación y participación   ……………………..….…………. 202 

II. JUSTIFICACIÓN   ………………………….………………………………………………………………………………..……..……………. 209 

III.OBJETIVOS E HIPÓTESIS   …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 213 

IV. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO   ………………………….………………………………………………………………………………..………. 217 

III.‐ RESULTADOS   ………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………..…..…. 221 

IV.‐DISCUSIÓN    ………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………….………….. 313 

V.‐ CONCLUSIONES   ………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..…..…………. 321 

VI.‐ BIBLIOGRAFÍA   ………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………..……….. 325 

VII.‐ ANEXO   ………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……. 351

 
 

 


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Phil Jones antes y después de las amenazas. EAU /Time.


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-177-
5.-Respuestas al problema de la percepción del cambio climático: educación, comunicación
y participación

En momentos como el actual, donde se requieren cambios globales y acciones a todos los
niveles, es necesario capacitar a las comunidades y a los estudiantes de todos los niveles a
través de la Educación Ambiental288 para fomentar su participación en lo local, propiciando y
diseñando estrategias propias de crecimiento que permitan un verdadero desarrollo local.

La población
universitaria actual
es la “Generación
del Cambio
climático”

5. 1.-Cambio climático y Educación

5. 1.1.-Objetivos de la educación medioambiental

De modo simbólico el día 26 de enero se celebra el Día Mundial de la Educación

Ambiental. Tiene su origen en 1975, año en que se celebró en Belgrado, el Seminario
Internacional de Educación Ambiental, donde participaron expertos de más de 70 países. En
este evento se establecieron los principios de la Educación Ambiental en el marco de los
programas de las Naciones Unidas. Como resultado se publicó la Carta de Belgrado, en la
cual se plasman las reivindicaciones fundamentales de la Educación Ambiental.
Anteriormente, en la declaración de la Conferencia de Naciones Unidas sobre Medio
Humano, celebrada en Estocolmo del 5 al 16 de junio de 1972, se había destacado la
importancia de la labor educativa en cuestiones ambientales. Los principales organismos de
Naciones Unidas, liderados por la UNESCO, recibieron el mandato de tomar las disposiciones
necesarias para establecer un programa educativo internacional. Este concepto se reafirmó
en el Artículo 6 de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre,

-16)

sociedad en su conjunto respecto al tema”.

-178-


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No.  186 70,5%
No sé qué es eso.  6 2,3%
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La objetividad es imposible, hoy todos 79 31,7

los medios están manipulados. 
Internet.  27 10,8

Tv.  19 7,6

Radio.  3 1,2

Prensa general.  10 4,0

Prensa especializada. 41 16,5

Congresos científicos y seminarios 70 28,1

universitarios.
6<#2 249 poo}
(;8=(;<#;-4@$2-'#; 17 

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Sería negativo. Es mejor seguir investigando más para 22 8,5 %
disponer de información más completa.
Sería positivo. Cuanto antes se reaccione menos costoso 218 83,8%
será hacer frente a la crisis.
Adoptar medidas en este ámbito supone limitar las libertades 12 4,6%
de los ciudadanos.
Es negativo para la sociedad. 8 3,1%
6<#2 260 poo}
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No existe consenso entre la comunidad científica. 47
18,1%

Sí existe consenso científico y además hay un consenso de 138
53,3%

evidencias.
No existe consenso, porque sobre el clima y la temperatura 36
13,9%

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No existe consenso en la comunidad científica porque las 38
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No, nunca pero me gustaría. 157 59,9
No, nunca lo haría. 32 12,2
Sí y no fue positivo. 9 3,4
Sí y volvería a hacerlo. 58 22,1
Sí y formé parte de la organización. 6

6<#2 262 poo}

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-251-



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Me parece muy bien su ejemplo. 51 20,3%

Con estos personajes el mensaje ecológico puede 83 33,1%

llegar más lejos.
Es un modo de hacerse publicidad mutua. 62 24,7%

Le han pagado para ello y la actitud es algo superficial 55 21,9%

porque luego viajan en sus aviones privados que
emiten más CO2
Total 251 poo}
Respuestas inválidas 15 
TOTAL quu poo}

-252-



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Sus propuestas son cautelosas con el tema. 38 14,8 %

Nos están engañando a nosotros y a sí mismos. 61 23,7%
Están haciendo un maquillaje verde. 46 17,9%
No están bien informados ni concienciados. 24 9,3%
Fingen una seguridad inexistente. 28 10,9%
Existe una gran contradicción entre lo que dicen en los 60 23,3%
foros internacionales y lo que hacen localmente.
Total 257 poo}
Respuestas inválidas 9 
TOTAL quu poo}





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Fue una operación propagandística y publicitaria. 53 20,6%
Fue exagerado y sin justificación. 35 13,6%

Fue muy adecuado, en reconocimiento a su lucha contra 46 17,9%

el cambio climático.
Fue una operación de las elites europeas contra Bush. 4 1,6%
No lo sé. 119 46,3%

Total 257 poo}

Respuestas inválidas 9 
TOTAL quu poo}

-253-



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tabaco.

Manipulan a periodistas y a medios de comunicación. 58 26,7%

Introducen sus teorías negacionistas en los libros de texto escolares.

26 12,0%

Usan las tecnologías de la información: internet y las redes sociales. 51 23,5%

Financian partidos políticos para que apoyen sus ideas

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1. Usted cree que el cambio clim tico es

a. Algo natural, consecuencia de los cambios de ciclo del Planeta.
b. Est ideado por los ambientalistas para enriquecerse a travs del uso de
energas alternativas.
c. Es una falsa teora de los cientficos para conseguir m s fondos para sus investigaciones.
d. Una realidad de la que el hombre es el responsable por el mal uso de los recursos naturales.

2.
Cree que la contaminacin es
a. Necesaria para el progreso.
b. Reducible.
c. No influye en el clima.
d. Algo que siempre ha existido.

3.
Desde su punto de vista, cu l es la causa principal del calentamiento del Planeta?
a. El uso de energas fsiles: carbn, petrleo, gas.
b. La emisin de gases de efecto invernadero.
c. El agujero de la capa de ozono.
d. El sol.
e. Los volcanes.

4. Seale de la siguiente lista cu les cree que son los tres principales gases que m s
influyen en el incremento del efecto invernadero:

a. Vapor de agua (H2O).

b. Ozono (O3).
c. Nitrgeno (N2).
d. xido nitroso (N2O).
e. Metano (CH4).
f. Dixido de carbono (CO2).

5. De los siguientes fenmenos relacionados con el cambio clim tico

cu l cree usted
que es m s peligroso?
a. Incendios.
b. Subida del nivel de agua en los ocanos.
c. Huracanes, tifones y ciclones.
d. Desaparicin de especies (flora y fauna).
e. Migraciones (movimientos de poblacin humana).
f. Ninguno especialmente.

6. Amenazas como la escasez de agua, el calentamiento de la superficie terrestre, la

desaparicin de especies, o el derretimiento de los glaciares constituyen un problema:
a. Totalmente actual (afecta a este ao).
b. De alcance m s a medio plazo (afectar en 20 aos).
c. A futuro (afectar en 50 aos).
d. No considero amenaza a ninguno de los anteriores.

7. La aplicacin inmediata de unas medidas que consigan frenar las consecuencias del
calentamiento del planeta
a. Sera negativo. Es mejor seguir investigando m s para disponer de informacin m s
completa.

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b. Sera positivo. Cuanto antes se reaccione menos costoso ser hacer frente a la crisis.
c. Adoptar medidas en este mbito supone limitar las libertades de los ciudadanos.
d. Es negativo para la sociedad.

8.  mico de China e India hace que juntos sumen m s de la mitad del

El crecimiento econ
incremento de la demanda mundial de energa.
Qu opinin le merece?
a. Es justo que estos pases crezcan porque EEUU y Europa ya lo han hecho consumiendo
mucha energa.
b. La energa es necesaria para su desarrollo, pero deben implantar medidas para
contrarrestar.
c. Un mal menor.
d. Hay que tener en cuenta que los pases industrializados han deslocalizado su produccin y
por lo tanto sus emisiones.

9. Respecto al cambio clim tico,

qu posibilidades tienen las futuras generaciones de
disfrutar de una vida digna?
a. Las mismas que si no existiera el cambio clim tico.
b. Muchas posibilidades porque el cambio clim tico es una moda que pasar .
c. Las futuras generaciones tendr n que resolver un gran reto. Nada ser igual.
d. Si no se reacciona a tiempo, el cambio clim tico afectar dram ticamente las vidas de
las
generaciones futuras.

10. El protocolo de Kioto es un acuerdo internacional que

a. Aboga por la reduccin de emisiones de dixido de carbono (CO2).
b. Aboga por la reduccin de energa nuclear.
c. Aboga por la creacin de una comisin internacional para prevenir cat strofes naturales.
d. No lo s

11. Por lo que usted conoce,

Espaa se ha adherido al Protocolo de Kioto?
a. S
b. No
c. No lo s
d. No s qu es el Protocolo de Kioto.

12. Desde su punto de vista, la Cumbre sobre desarrollo sostenible celebrado en Rio de
Janeiro en junio de 2012 fue:
a. Un gran xito por la alta presencia internacional.
b. Las expectativas generadas fueron m s altas que los resultados obtenidos.
c. Se perdi una gran oportunidad de firmar un nuevo compromiso para reducir el CO2.
d. No he odo hablar de la Cumbre de Rio.

13. Con cu l de las siguientes afirmaciones sobre el cambio clim tico se siente m s
identificado:
a. El cambio clim tico es uno de los principales problemas de nuestro siglo.
b. La lucha contra el cambio clim tico representa un aumento innecesario del gasto pblico.
c. Las subvenciones pblicas van para unos pocos que se dedican a esto para ganarse la vida.
d. El 97% de los cientficos de todo el mundo piensa que el hombre ha causado el cambio
clim tico y que sus consecuencias ser n muy graves.

14.
Cmo obtiene informacin sobre el cambio clim tico?
a. En la Universidad.
b. Medios de comunicacin tradicionales (Tv, radio, prensa)
c. Por Internet.

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d. Cine.
e. En mi entorno familiar.
f. Campaas realizadas por grupos ecologistas.

15.
En sus estudios universitarios se aborda el tema del Cambio clim tico y sus efectos?
a. S, de manera profunda.
b. No.
c. Superficialmente.

16.
Cu l cree que es el medio m s objetivo para informarse sobre el cambio clim tico?
a. La objetividad es imposible, hoy todos los medios est n manipulados.
b. Internet.
c. Tv.
d. Radio.
e. Presa general.
f. Prensa especializada.
g. Congresos cientficos y seminarios universitarios.

17.
Qu grado de rigor le ofrece la informacin que ofrecen los medios de comunicacin
sobre cambio clim tico?
a. Alto (entre 70 y 100% de fiabilidad)
b. Medio (entre 70 y 50 % de fiabilidad)
c. Bajo (entre 50 y 20% de fiabilidad)
d. Muy bajo (entre 20 y el 10 %)
e. Ninguno (menos del 10%)

18. En caso de que se informe a travs de prensa escrita qu peridicos consulta m s:
a. Abc
b. El Mundo
c. El Pas
d. La Razn
e. La Vanguardia
f. Diarios locales
g. Prensa gratuita.

19.
Qu grado de rigor le ofrece la informacin que publica ABC sobre cambio clim tico?
a. Alto (entre 70 y 100% de fiabilidad).
b. Medio (entre 70 y 50 % de fiabilidad).
c. Bajo (entre 50 y 20% de fiabilidad).
d. Muy bajo (entre 20 y el 10 %).
e. Ninguno (menos del 10%).
f. No sabe/ no contesta

20.
Qu grado de rigor le ofrece la informacin que publica EL MUNDO sobre cambio
clim tico?
a. Alto (entre 70 y 100% de fiabilidad).
b. Medio (entre 70 y 50 % de fiabilidad).
c. Bajo (entre 50 y 20% de fiabilidad).
d. Muy bajo (entre 20 y el 10 %).
e. Ninguno (menos del 10%).
f. No sabe/ no contesta

21.
Qu grado de rigor le ofrece la informacin que publica EL PAS sobre cambio
clim tico?

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a. Alto (entre 70 y 100% de fiabilidad).

b. Medio (entre 70 y 50 % de fiabilidad).
c. Bajo (entre 50 y 20% de fiabilidad).
d. Muy bajo (entre 20 y el 10 %).
e. Ninguno (menos del 10%).
f. No sabe/ no contesta

22.
Qu grado de rigor le ofrece la informacin que publica LA RAZN sobre cambio
clim tico?
a. Alto (entre 70 y 100% de fiabilidad).
b. Medio (entre 70 y 50 % de fiabilidad).
c. Bajo (entre 50 y 20% de fiabilidad).
d. Muy bajo (entre 20 y el 10 %).
e. Ninguno (menos del 10%).
f. No sabe/ no contesta

23.
Qu grado de rigor le ofrece la informacin que publica LA VANGUARDIA sobre
cambio clim tico?
a. Alto (entre 70 y 100% de fiabilidad).
b. Medio (entre 70 y 50 % de fiabilidad).
c. Bajo (entre 50 y 20% de fiabilidad).
d. Muy bajo (entre 20 y el 10 %).
e. Ninguno (menos del 10%).
f. No sabe/ no contesta

24.
Qu grado de rigor le ofrece la informacin que publica los diarios locales sobre
cambio clim tico?
a. Alto (entre 70 y 100% de fiabilidad).
b. Medio (entre 70 y 50 % de fiabilidad).
c. Bajo (entre 50 y 20% de fiabilidad).
d. Muy bajo (entre 20 y el 10 %).
e. Ninguno (menos del 10%).
f. No sabe/ no contesta.

25. En caso de que se informe a travs de radio,

qu emisoras consulta m s?
a. Radio Nacional.
b. Onda Cero.
c. Cope.
d. La Ser.
e. Emisoras locales.
f. Radio en Internet.
g. No escucho radio.

26. En caso de que se informe a travs de Tv,

qu cadenas consulta m s?
a. TVE
b. Antena 3
c. Tele 5
d. La Cuatro / La Sexta
e. Intereconoma.
f. National Geographic / Discovery Channel / Odissea
g. No veo la televisin.

27. En caso de que se informe a travs de Internet,

qu p ginas consulta m s?
a. Redes sociales.
b. P ginas web de medios de comunicacin.

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c. P ginas web / blogs especializadas.

d. No me informo a travs de Internet.

28.
Est suscrito a boletines o a alertas de noticias sobre cambio clim tico?
a. S.
b. No.
c. No s qu es eso.
d. No, pero me gustara.

29.
En redes sociales (Facebook, twitter) sigue alguna fuente de informacin sobre
cambio clim tico?
a. S.
b. No.
c. No uso las redes sociales.

30.
Valore quin le merece m s crdito en sus comentarios sobre cambio clim tico?
a. Un cientfico especializado en cambio clim tico.
b. Un miembro de un grupo ecologista.
c. Un familiar cercano y de confianza.
d. Un poltico del rea medioambiental.
e. Un empresario de industria petrleo.
f. Un profesor universitario.
g. Un periodista.

31.
Durante el ltimo mes ha escuchado o ledo algo sobre el cambio clim tico a alguna
de las siguientes personas?
a. Periodista.
b. Empresario.
c. Familiar.
d. Amigo.
e. Poltico.
f. Profesor.

32.
Cu l de las siguientes actividades ha realizado usted en alguna ocasin?
a. He visto alguna pelcula o documental sobre calentamiento de la Tierra.
b. He consultado alguna gua de ahorro de energa.
c. He ledo algn libro sobre cambio clim tico.
d. He asistido a alguna conferencia sobre cambio clim tico.
e. He participado en algn programa de ahorro energtico.
f. He colaborado en alguna campaa de alguna ONG ambiental.

33.
Conoce, ha visto, ledo o recuerda algn libro, pelcula, campaa, o exposicin
relacionada con el Cambio clim tico?
a. Documental realizado por Al Gore: Una verdad Incmoda.
b. Documental de National Geographic: 6 grados que podran cambiar el mundo.
c. Pelculas de ficcin: El da despus de maana, Estado de Miedo.
d. Campaas publicitarias en TV de sensibilizacin ambiental hechas por ONG s.
e. Libros especficos sobre cambio clim tico.
f. P ginas webs / Blogs especficos sobre Cambio clim tico.
g. Exposiciones sobre el Clima o sobre el Cambio clim tico.

34. Cuando un famoso cantante o actor de cine se implica con una organizacin ecolgica
y promueve su activismo, usted qu opina
a. Me parece muy bien su ejemplo.

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b. Con estos personajes el mensaje ecolgico puede llegar m s lejos.

c. Es un modo de hacerse publicidad mutua.
d. Le han pagado para ello y la actitud es algo superficial porque luego viajan en sus aviones
privados que consumen m s combustible.

35.
Usted piensa que las medidas para reducir la emisin de CO2 limitan la libertad
individual del hombre?
a. S limitan mi libertad. Nadie debe obligar a la gente a usar menos el coche.
b. S limitan mi libertad y esto es lo m s importante que tiene el ser humano.
c. Es indiferente porque son medidas necesarias que contribuyen al bienestar de la humanidad
y de las futuras generaciones.
d. S limitan mi libertad y no evitar n los efectos del incremento de temperatura.
e. S limitan mi libertad y adem s retrasan el desarrollo y la evolucin de la sociedad.
f. No lo s.

36. Piensa que la concesin del premio Nobel a Al Gore 

a. Fue una operacin propagandstica y publicitaria.
b. Fue exagerado y sin justificacin.
c. Fue muy adecuado, en reconocimiento a su lucha contra el cambio clim tico.
d. Fue una operacin de las elites europeas contra Bush.
e. No lo s.

37.
Ha odo hablar del negacionismo respecto al cambio clim tico?
a. S, es una corriente de opinin formada por grupos que niegan la existencia de cambio
clim tico.
b. S, es una corriente de personas que niegan que el hombre haya originado el cambio
clim tico.
c. Nunca.
d. No me interesa ese tema.

38. La idea de que existe el cambio clim tico

a. Est introducida en la sociedad por los polticos.
b. Es una invencin de los medios de comunicacin.
c. Es un argumento de los movimientos ecologistas.
d. Est consensuada dentro de la comunidad cientfica.
e. Es absurda. Me recuerda a la teora del Efecto del ao 2000 que producira el caos
inform tico al cambiar de siglo y al final no pas nada.

39.
Cree usted que existe consenso entre la comunidad cientfica sobre la existencia del
cambio clim tico?
a. No existe consenso entre la comunidad cientfica.
b. S existe consenso cientfico y adem s hay un consenso de evidencias.
c. No existe consenso, porque sobre el clima y la temperatura de la Tierra existen muchas
incertidumbres.
d. No existe consenso en la comunidad cientfica porque las industrias petroleras est n
comprando voluntades cientficas para que difieran.

40.
Por qu cree que algunos cientficos cuestionan el cambio clim tico?
a. Son negacionistas y no aceptan los argumentos del resto de sus colegas.
b. Son escpticos porque el tema no est nada claro an.
d. Por intereses econmicos o de otro tipo.
e. No lo s.

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usted de acuerdo con que existe un gran desconocimiento y una negacin a priori
41. Est
sobre el cambio clim tico por parte de la mayora de los ciudadanos
a. Si existe desconocimiento.
b. Si existe desconocimiento provocado por la polmica que crean los medios de
comunicacin.
c. Si existe desconocimiento debido a que los polticos y los organismos internacionales crean
confusin.
d. No existe desconocimiento, creo que, en lneas generales, la gente est bien informada.
e. No existe desconocimiento, lo que ocurre es que la gente prefiere seguir con el mismo modo
de vida.

42. Cree que un poltico de un partido de derechas estar m s afn a un planteamiento

a. Negacionista del cambio clim tico.
b. Escptico del cambio clim tico.
c. A favor de emplear medidas para reducir el cambio clim tico.
d. A favor de las empresas de petrleo, acero y automviles.
e. A favor de empresas ecolgicas.

43. Cree que un poltico de un partido de izquierdas estar m s afn a un planteamiento

a. Negacionista del cambio clim tico.
b. Escptico del cambio clim tico.
c. A favor de emplear medidas para reducir el cambio clim tico.
d. A favor de las empresas de petrleo, acero y automviles.
e. A favor de empresas ecolgicas.

44. El Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio clim tico (IPCC) est
formado por m s de 2.500 cientficos expertos en cambio clim tico.
Qu opinin le
merecen sus informes?
a. No tienen validez puesto que, aunque el primer borrador lo redactan los cientficos, est n
revisados por polticos.
b. Sus conclusiones son muy interesantes ya que posteriormente forman parte de la agenda
poltica.
c. Hay mucha manipulacin.
d. Es un grupo de poder de la industria del petrleo y del carbn para negar la existencia del
Cambio clim tico.
e. No los conozco.

45.
Cu les cree usted que son las causas por los que parte de la sociedad niega la
existencia del cambio clim tico?
a. Aversin al tema.
b. Autoengao.
c. Convencimiento.
d. Desesperanza.
e. Intereses econmicos.
f. Amenaza a su estilo de vida
g. Desinters.

46. En su opinin qu hay tras el negacionismo?

a. Un esfuerzo de las industrias energticas tradicionales para no perder sus negocios.
b. Una corriente cientfica alternativa.
c. Una campaa medi tica para aumentar la audiencia.
d. Intereses econmicos.

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e. Grupos de presin formados por el sector automovilstico, del carbn y del petrleo que usan
campaas de imagen para sembrar la duda en la sociedad.

47.
Cmo cree usted que funcionan los lobbys negacionistas para transmitir sus
mensajes a la sociedad?
a. Destinan grandes sumas de dinero para contratar a empresas de publicidad y de relaciones
pblicas reproduciendo la experiencia de la industria tabacalera.
b. Manipulan a periodistas y a medios de comunicacin.
c. Introducen sus teoras negacionistas en los libros de texto escolares.
d. Usan las tecnologas de la informacin: internet y las redes sociales.
e. Financian partidos polticos para que apoyen sus ideas negacionistas.

48.
Le parece que cuando las empresas tabacaleras negaban que el tabaco fuera malo
para la salud, estaban actuando con las mismas estrategias que las actuales empresas
que causan contaminacin?
a. No recuerdo el caso de las empresas tabacaleras.
b. S, y tambin actu as la industria qumica (fertilizantes).
c. S, ocultan la verdad. Niegan la evidencia a travs de manipular datos y de ofrecer otra
versin de la realidad.
d. S, porque ya se demostr que los lobbys creados por las tabacaleras fueron muy eficaces
para sembrar la duda en la sociedad.
e. No lo s. La situacin es compleja y no creo que haya parecido entre ambas.

49.
Cu l es el primer pensamiento que le viene a la cabeza cuando escucha hablar de
cambio clim tico?
a. Problemas para las generaciones futuras.
b. Extincin de especies.
c. Cat strofes.
d. Inundaciones.
e. Aumento de temperatura, olas de calor y fro.
f. Falta de conciencia de las autoridades y de la ciudadana
g. Alarmismo.

50.
Cu l de las siguientes afirmaciones le resulta a usted m s familiar?
a. Antes haca m s fro que ahora.
b. Este verano ha sido el m s caluroso que recuerdo.
c. Cada vez llueve menos aqu.
d. Se notan menos las estaciones.
e. Las tormentas y los temporales son m s frecuentes.
f. Las plantas florecen antes de tiempo.

51.
Cu les considera que son los problemas de alcance mundial m s urgentes de
resolver del siglo XXI?
a. El hambre.
b. La salud.
c. La emisin de CO2, y la contaminacin.
d. La desigualdad de gnero.
e. El terrorismo.
f. Corrupcin.
g. Desempleo.

52.
En qu medida piensa que el cambio clim tico puede agravar el hambre mundial?
a. Mucho (m s de 80%).

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b. Algo (m s de 40 %).
c. Muy poco (m s de 10%).
d. No afectar (0%).

53.
En qu medida piensa que el cambio clim tico puede agravar las guerras?
a. Mucho (m s de 80%).
b. Algo (m s de 40 %).
c. Muy poco (m s de 10%).
d. No afectar (0%).

54.
En qu medida piensa que el cambio clim tico puede agravar el terrorismo?
a. Mucho (m s de 80%).
b. Algo (m s de 40 %).
c. Muy poco (m s de 10%).
d. No afectar (0%).

55.
En qu medida piensa que el cambio clim tico puede agravar los movimientos
migratorios?
a. Mucho (m s de 80%).
b. Algo (m s de 40 %).
c. Muy poco (m s de 10%).
d. No afectar (0%).

56.
Qu cree que es necesario para que la sociedad reaccione y se involucre en el
problema del cambio clim tico?
a. Una buena informacin.
b. Un cambio de conciencia.
c. Que ocurra una tragedia para que la poblacin se sensibilice.
d. La sociedad est involucrada ya.
e. Implicacin real de los polticos.
f. Creacin de movimientos civiles.

57. Desde su punto de vista,

cmo es la actuacin de los polticos frente al cambio
clim tico?
a. Sus propuestas son cautelosas con el tema.
b. Nos est n engaando a nosotros y a s mismos.
c. Est n haciendo un maquillaje verde.
d. No est n bien informados ni concienciados.
e. Fingen una seguridad inexistente.
f. Existe una gran contradiccin entre lo que dicen en los foros internacionales y lo que hacen
localmente (nuevas autopistas, nuevos aeropuertos que aumentar n las emisiones).

58. En su opinin,
cu l cree que es la energa menos perjudicial para el medio Ambiente?
a. Solar
b. Elica
c. Hidr ulica
d. Nuclear
e. Gas natural
f. Carbn
g. Petrleo

59. En su opinin,
cu l cree que es la energa que plantea menos riesgos para la salud
humana?

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a. Solar
b. Elica
c. Hidr ulica
d. Nuclear
e. Gas natural
f. Carbn
g. Petrleo

60. Desde su punto de vista,

cu les son las energas renovables?
a. Solar, elica y nuclear.
b. Solar, elica y geotrmica.
c. Carbn.
d. Nuevos yacimientos de petrleo.

61.
Por qu cree que las energas renovables est n tan poco desarrolladas e implantadas
en Espaa?
a. Porque son muy caras.
b. Porque producen poca energa.
c. Porque las investigaciones est n poco avanzadas.
d. Porque se desconocen las consecuencias de su uso a largo plazo.
e. Porque tienen problemas de continuidad y de almacenamiento.
f. Porque los pases m s desarrollados no las est n implantando.

62.
De las siguientes frases sobre el cambio clim tico con cual se siente m s
identificado?
a. La preocupacin sobre el cambio clim tico es una moda que pasar .
b. El cambio clim tico no me afecta personalmente.
c. No todos los efectos del cambio clim tico ser n perjudiciales para mi ciudad.
d. Es un problema de cara al futuro, no de ahora.
e. An estamos a tiempo de evitar el cambio clim tico
f. Entiendo el cambio clim tico y sus causas.

63.
Qu impacto cree que tendr el cambio clim tico en su salud?
a. M s problemas relacionados con c ncer de piel.
b. M s probabilidades para padecer asma o enfermedades respiratorias.
c. M s probabilidades para sufrir infecciones por la calidad del agua y de los alimentos.
d. M s probabilidades de padecer enfermedades tropicales.
e. Ninguna porque el organismo se adaptar .
f. Aparecer n nuevas enfermedades

64.
Quines ser n los principales afectados por las consecuencias del Cambio clim tico?
a. La generacin actual.
b. Las generaciones futuras.
c. Ambas.
d. Ninguna.

65. De las siguientes situaciones de riesgo,

cu l cree que es m s probable que suceda en
su entorno?
a. Accidente de tr fico.
b. Ola de calor extremo.
c. Accidente laboral.
d. Acto terrorista.

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e. Inundacin.
f. Incendio.

66.
Usted cree que es posible construir otro modelo de produccin y consumo que
respete los lmites de la tierra y la equidad actual?
a. Sera deseable, pero no disponemos de la tecnologa necesaria.
b. Tecnolgicamente s es posible pero no existe inters poltico.
c. No, porque eso hara desaparecer a las grandes compaas de energa (carbn, petrleo,
gas).
d. No sera recomendable porque se eliminaran muchos puestos de trabajo y el desempleo
ascendera.
e. Si. Solo as podremos conseguir el objetivo de no superar este siglo los dos grados de
elevacin de la temperatura.
f. S, deberamos eliminar el uso de combustibles fsiles de nuestra economa, pero es muy
costoso y es algo imposible de hacer a da de hoy.

67.
Qu medidas emplea usted para reducir la contaminacin?
a. Ahorro de agua y electricidad.
b. Reutilizacin de objetos.
c. Reciclaje de objetos usados.
d. Uso de transporte pblico y bicicleta.
e. Todo lo anterior.
f. Ninguna de las anteriores

68.
Recicla usted los productos consumidos?
a. Si, considero que es importante.
b. No, pero conozco a gente de mi entorno que lo hace.
c. No y no conozco a nadie que lo haga realmente.
d. En alguna ocasin, cuando me acuerdo.

69.
Cmo se transporta habitualmente en distancias cortas?
a. Andando.
b. En coche.
c. Comparto coche.
d. En bici.
e. En transporte pblico.

70. Piensa que las acciones individuales para reducir el calentamiento del Planeta
a. Tienen un efecto significativo en la reduccin de emisiones.
b. Su efecto es muy pequeo comparado con el que pueden conseguir las empresas.
c. Su eficacia se mide m s a ttulo simblico y representativo, pero dan un buen ejemplo.
d. No sirven para casi nada, estamos hablando de un problema con dimensiones globales.

71. Ha participado en algn acto o manifestacin en defensa del medio ambiente:

a. No, nunca pero me gustara.
b. No, nunca lo hara.
c. S y no fue positivo.
d. S y volvera a hacerlo.
e. S, y form parte de la organizacin.

72.
Con qu polticas medioambientales para reducir emisiones de CO2 estara m s de
acuerdo?
a. Subir los impuestos sobre los combustibles para reducir el consumo de la gasolina y del
petrleo.

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b. Limitar la cantidad anual de consumo individual.

c. Limitar la cantidad anual de consumo de empresas.
d. Invertir m s fondos para la investigacin sobre ahorro energtico.
e. Subvencionar el aislamiento en los hogares.
f. Financiar la construccin de viviendas ecolgicas.
g. Desarrollar m s campaas de sensibilizacin ciudadana para el ahorro energtico.

73.
Estara usted dispuesto a realizar cambios en su vida para adaptarse a esta situacin
de ahorro energtico?
a. S.
b. No.
c. Ahora mismo no, m s adelante igual.

74.
Cu l es el cambio m s importante que usted ha realizado en relacin a la lucha contra
el cambio clim tico en los ltimos aos?
a. Reciclaje / separacin de basuras.
b. Menor consumo de energa en el hogar.
c. Mayor uso de la bicicleta.
d. Mayor uso de transporte pblico.
e. Mejores sistemas de aislamiento de las viviendas evitando prdidas de frio o calor.
f. Instalacin de placas solares.

75. De las siguientes medidas planteadas por algunos gobiernos,

con cu l est m s de
acuerdo?
a. Fomentar el acceso en transporte colectivo a los centros de actividad (Hospitales,
universidades, centros de ocio).
b. Establecer carriles verdes para bicis.
c. Restringir el uso del coche privado por el centro de las ciudades
d. Poner un impuesto por el uso de vehculos para acceder al centro de las ciudades
e. Establecer en zonas urbanas un lmite de velocidad de 30 km /hora.
f. Prohibir nuevas urbanizaciones alejadas de los centros urbanos
g. Prohibir nuevas construcciones en zonas urbanas muy aglomeradas de residentes

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