Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
El Poder Judicial tiene que moverse con mucha cautela en este particular escenario, dado
que el mismo demanda conocimientos muy específicos en la temática, so pena de poner en
riesgo el orden jurídico en su conjunto, comenzando con los órdenes procesales locales,
siguiendo con las normas sustanciales, e incluso derechos y garantías consagradas en la
Constitución Nacional, y en Tratados Internacionales de igual jerarquía.
I. Introducción
El arrollador e incesante avance tecnológico existente en la comunidad moderna está
colocando a la función judicial contra la espada y la pared, en un callejón oscuro y sin salida,
donde la única opción posible es autoabastecerse de nuevas herramientas conceptuales,
bajo el riesgo de quedar obsoleta y convertirse en un tránsito melancólico incapaz de dar
respuestas adecuadas a los reclamos de la sociedad actual, dejándola librada a su suerte y/o
al libre albedrío de quienes detentan el poderío o conocimiento informático.
Existe una realidad incontrastable: lo vertiginoso de la tecnología hace que el derecho no
pueda seguirle el ritmo; es una carrera en la cual —por motivos de diversa índole— el
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temática, so pena de poner en riesgo el orden jurídico en su conjunto, comenzando con los
órdenes procesales locales, siguiendo con las normas sustanciales e incluso los derechos y
garantías consagrados en la Constitución Nacional y en los tratados internacionales de igual
jerarquía.
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supuestos con la sola individualización del lugar donde aquélla se encuentra alojada y, en su
caso, deberá peticionarse que se cursen los requerimientos que correspondan.
Finalmente, destacamos que es de suma relevancia ponderar la cadena de custodia,
temática que abordaremos a continuación.
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puede utilizar estas herramientas a través de medidas probatorias de oficio o si, en efecto, se
encuentra imposibilitado de hacerlo.
Para abarcar esta cuestión, en primer lugar, establecemos que el magistrado
tecnoactivista sustenta su posición en el objeto-fin de la tarea probatoria, que no es más que
procurar la llamada "verdad jurídica objetiva" a partir del proceso, obrando en razón de ello
(5).
Bajo los postulados de esta propuesta se sostiene que la prueba constituye el canal
mediante el cual se obtiene la ilación entre la disertación procesal y los hechos veraces
ocurridos en el ámbito real concreto. En este orden de ideas, con el fin de buscar la verdad
jurídica objetiva, los juzgadores tendrán el deber de constatar, ampliar, confrontar, confirmar
y disentir de la prueba electrónica propuesta por las partes, u ordenar medidas para mejor
proveer, entre otros actos procesales, cuando aún consideren que no se ha llegado a
procurar la necesaria convicción sobre dicha verdad jurídica objetiva existente.
De allí que aquellos doctrinarios sustentadores de esta corriente lo hacen arguyendo
sobre lo acertado que es para la figura del juzgador el hecho de gozar de amplias facultades
conferidas por la norma de fondo y/o de forma a fin de procurar un eficaz encauzamiento del
material probatorio traído al proceso, y más aún cuando nos referimos a las fuentes
probatorias electrónicas en particular, conforme a la proximidad y facilidad de acceso
existente en estos tiempos a herramientas informáticas que puedan ayudar y colaborar con la
búsqueda de la verdad jurídica objetiva.
La doctrina garantista, opositora a esta tesitura, es crítica al establecer que el rol del juez
activo, que investiga (p. ej., al entrar a una base de datos o registro donde existan datos
personales relevantes de alguna de las partes) u ofrece pruebas (p. ej., solicita que se audite
de oficio un sistema informático), con fundamento en un neoconstitucionalismo moderno, que
aumenta y otorga poder al funcionario público que más poder tiene en un Estado —o sea, el
juez—, es contraproducente (6).
A su vez, se ha dicho que el juez activista que ordena a través de medidas para mejor
proveer la producción de pruebas electrónicas que confirman alguno de los hechos vertidos
por las partes o que aportan hechos nuevos no alegados por ellas —y, lo que es aún más
grave, al momento del dictado de la sentencia, provocando un estado cuasi total de
indefensión—, adultera la pretensión que sustenta al proceso, en una clara violación al
principio de congruencia, que surge en resguardo de los derechos de defensa en juicio (7). En
resumidas cuentas, los postulados garantistas entienden que si el juez activista interfiere en
el desarrollo del proceso es porque ya no está interesado en el curso de aquél, sino en su
resultado.
El magistrado tecnogarantista ponderará, como principio en materia probatoria, que el fin
de la prueba es procurar el convencimiento o certeza sobre la realidad los hechos que las
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partes traen a sus estrados, pero únicamente mediante los medios y el material probatorio
ofrecido por éstas, autolimitándose en la producción de actos procesales de oficio (8).
Esta tesitura concibe al proceso como un método de debate, dialogal, argumentativo, en el
que dos desiguales por naturaleza se igualan jurídicamente por la imparcialidad del juzgador.
Las partes se encuentran en un mismo pie de igualdad, ante un tercero imparcial, impartial e
independiente, que es el juez, no pudiendo éste colocarse en el rol de alguna de ellas con la
intención de favorecerla activamente mediante la producción de prueba de oficio, alguna
posición (9).
Entonces, en lo que respecta al encauzamiento probatorio electrónico, el sistema
dispositivo o acusatorio se erige bajo la premisa de que las partes tienen la exclusividad de
ofrecer los elementos de convicción para probar sus pretensiones ante el juez, es decir, se
suprime la facultad que tiene el juzgador de ordenar de oficio la práctica de diligencias
distintas a las suministradas por aquéllas con el fin de arribar a su convencimiento. Bajo esta
tesitura, el juez no podría ingresar a dicha base de datos de libre disponibilidad o constatar a
través de Google Street View la existencia de una rotonda que fuera controvertida en el
marco de un pleito originado por un accidente de tránsito.
La crítica publicista a esta tesitura se fundamenta en la finalidad del proceso judicial, que
no es otra que la obtención de la verdad jurídica objetiva. Y, con el objeto de procurar esta
clamada meta, no debe restringirse dicha búsqueda por formalismos inútiles que van en
detrimento de una adecuada administración de justicia. Por tanto, es menester que todo
juzgador, y de manera consciente, pondere la obtención de la verdad, debiendo utilizar todas
las herramientas tecnológicas que se encuentren a su alcance, siempre y cuando no vulneren
el derecho de defensa en juicio.
Así, se sostiene que aun cuando las partes disponen de autonomía para la promoción de
las pruebas electrónicas tendientes a sustentar sus pretensiones, no puede dejarse a un lado
que el director del proceso es el juez. Limitar la actividad probatoria exclusivamente a la
producida por las partes implicaría limitar las facultades del juez para arribar a su
convencimiento pleno sobre los hechos acaecidos en el caso particular y, en consecuencia, a
la verdad material. Consecuentemente, la realidad se encontraría recortada, inicialmente, por
las afirmaciones de las partes, no pudiendo el juzgador extenderse sobre aquéllas en pos de
la búsqueda de la verdad; la limitación intrínseca sobre la posibilidad de disponer de otras
fuentes probatorias no ofrecidas por las partes; la supresión de pruebas concretas por
omisión, error o dolo de los sujetos intervinientes; la generación de falencias en la valoración
efectiva de la prueba, entre otras (10).
Sin emitir juicio de valor alguno —tarea que dejaremos para futuros trabajos—, hemos
esbozado las concepciones y las críticas existentes, a la fecha, respecto de ambas tesituras,
con el objeto de procurar en el lector un vistazo sobre el panorama actual de la discusión, y
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autenticidad, integridad y autoría. A mayor fortaleza, más fácil será la tarea de todos los
operadores, y viceversa: a menor robustez, más álgida será la tarea probatoria y valorativa.
Otra fuente generadora de indicios muy importante es la conducta de las partes en el
proceso. Prestigiosa doctrina ha remarcado que el terreno de la prueba informática, por sus
características, es proclive para que, en su ámbito, el juez pueda extraer inferencias
presuncionales de las conductas procesales (indicios) que adopten las partes frente a la
controversia (16).
Esta posibilidad está siempre latente en la producción de la prueba electrónica, ya que
algunas de las partes pueden asumir una conducta obstruccionista en el proceso, violatoria
del deber de buena fe y del principio de colaboración que debe primar en él, por ejemplo,
negando el acceso al perito informático a fin de que lleve adelante la tarea que le fuera
encomendada.
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(1) Por nuestro lado, ya hemos establecido que los letrados pueden recabar información
de bases de datos públicas sobre la identidad digital de una determinada persona, certificar
prueba electrónica mediante terceros de confianza, estudiar encabezados de correos
electrónicos, exportar chats de WhatsApp, analizar el código-fuente de páginas web, entre
otras tareas relativas a la investigación. Ver más en BIELLI, Gastón E. - ORDÓÑEZ, Carlos
J., "La prueba electrónica. Teoría y práctica", Ed. La Ley, Buenos Aires, 2019. Módulo
práctico: "Fuentes probatorias en particular".
(3) BIELLI, Gastón E. - ORDÓÑEZ, Carlos J., "La prueba electrónica. Teoría y práctica",
ob. cit., p. 107.
(4) BIELLI, Gastón E. - ORDÓÑEZ, Carlos J., "La prueba electrónica. Teoría y práctica",
ob. cit., ps. 107-108.
(6) FORNETTI, Omar E. - GATICA, Gonzalo J., "El activismo procesal tecnológico y el
debido proceso legal -Una historia de 'Black Mirror' judicial-", elDial.com del 18/10/2019.
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(9) "El proceso no es un recurso para beneficiar a ninguna de las partes, sino para
equipararlas, para hacer razonable, civilizado y eficiente un método que suplante a la fuerza,
al hombre contra el hombre, a la venganza, a las pasiones...". ALVARADO VELLOSO,
Adolfo, "El debido proceso de la garantía constitucional", Ed. Zeus, Rosario, 2003.
(10) QUADRI, G. Hernán, "La prueba en el proceso civil y comercial", Ed. AbeledoPerrot,
cap. 12, p. 443.
(11) BIELLI, Gastón E. - ORDÓÑEZ, Carlos J., "La prueba electrónica. Teoría y práctica",
ob. cit., p. 293.
(12) BIELLI, Gastón E. - ORDÓÑEZ, Carlos J., "La prueba electrónica. Teoría y práctica",
ob. cit., p. 296.
(13) CAMPS, Carlos E., "Código Procesal Civil y Comercial de la Provincia de Buenos
Aires. Anotado, comentado y concordado", Ed. AbeledoPerrot, 2012, t. II, p. 1189.
(14) BIELLI, Gastón E. - ORDÓÑEZ, Carlos J., "La prueba electrónica. Teoría y práctica",
ob. cit., p. 356.
(15) RESQUI PIZARRO, Jorge C., "La validez probatoria de las comunicaciones
electrónicas en la propiedad horizontal y el aplicativo de la plataforma web 'Consorcio
Participativo' en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires", en GRANERO, Horacio R. (dir.),
E-mails, chats, WhatsApp, SMS, Facebook, filmaciones con teléfonos móviles y otras
tecnologías. Validez probatoria en el proceso civil, comercial, penal y laboral, Ed. elDial,
Buenos Aires, 2019, p. 112.
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