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En
cada caso, (a) determinar si la sucesión converge o diverge, y (b) hallar el límite
de cada sucesión convergente. En algunos casos puede ser útil sustituir el entero
n por un número real positivo arbitrario x y estudiar la función de x resultante por
los métodos del capítulo 8.
𝑛 𝑛+1
1.- 𝑓(𝑛) = −
𝑛+1 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛+1
lim −
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 1 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛+1
= lim − lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 1 𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 1
+
= lim 𝑛
− lim 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 1 𝑛→∞
+ 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
1
1 1+𝑛
= lim − lim
𝑛→∞ 1 𝑛→∞ 1
1+𝑛
1 1+0
= −
1+0 1
=1− 1 = 0
𝑛 𝑛+1
∴ 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛 𝑓 (𝑛) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑛 0.
𝑛+1 𝑛
𝑛𝜋
3.- 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
𝑛𝜋
lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑛→∞ 2
Si existen dos sucesiones, {𝑥𝑛 }∞ ∞
𝑛=1 y {𝑦𝑛 }𝑛=1 con
𝑥𝑛 ≠ 𝑐 𝑦 𝑦𝑛 ≠ 𝑐
lim 𝑥𝑛 = lim 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑐
𝜋𝑛 𝜋4𝑚
lim cos ( ) = lim cos ( )=1
𝑛→∞ 2 𝑚→∞ 2
𝜋𝑛 𝜋2(2𝑚 + 1)
lim cos ( ) = lim cos ( ) = −1
𝑛→∞ 2 𝑚→∞ 2
𝑛𝜋
Por lo tanto lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠 es divergente
𝑛→∞ 2
𝑛
5.- 𝑓(𝑛) = 2𝑛
𝑛 ∞
lim 𝑛
=
𝑛→∞ 2 ∞
𝑥
lim
𝑥→∞ 2 𝑥
Aplicamos L’Hopital
1
= lim
𝑥→∞ ln(2) ∗ 2 𝑥
1 1
= lim 𝑥
ln(2) 𝑥→∞ 2
1
= ∗0
ln(2)
𝑛
lim =0
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛
𝑛
∴ 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛 𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑛 0.
2𝑛
1+(−1)𝑛
7.- 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑛
1 + (−1)𝑛
lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
1 − (−1)𝑛
1 + (−1)𝑛 ∗ 1 − (−1)𝑛
𝑛
(1 + (−1)𝑛 )(1 − (−1)𝑛
)
1 − (−1)𝑛
=
𝑛
12 − ((−1)𝑛 )2
1 − (−1)𝑛
=
𝑛
0
1 − (−1)𝑛
= lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
= lim 0=0
𝑛→∞
1+(−1)𝑛
∴ 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛 𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑛 0.
𝑛
1
9.- 𝑓(𝑛) = 2𝑛
1
lim 2𝑛
𝑛→∞
1
= lim 2∞
𝑛→∞
= lim 20 = 1
𝑛→∞
1
∴ 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛 𝑓 (𝑛) = 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑛 1
2
𝑛 3 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑛!)
11.- 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑛+1
−1 ≤ 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑛!) ≤ 1
2 2 2
𝑛3 (−1) 𝑛3 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑛!) 𝑛3 (1)
lim ≤ lim ≤ lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 1 𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 1
2
𝑛3
− lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 1
2
𝑛3
= − lim 𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 1
𝑛+𝑛
1
1
= − lim 𝑛3
𝑛→∞ 1
1+𝑛
1
lim 1
𝑛→∞
=− 𝑛3 = − 0 = 0
1 1
lim 1 + 𝑛
𝑛→∞
2
𝑛3
lim =0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 1
2
𝑛3 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑛!)
lim =0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1
2
𝑛3 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑛!)
∴ 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛 𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑛 0
𝑛+1
13.- 𝑓(𝑛) = √𝑛 + 1 − √𝑛
lim √𝑛 + 1 − √𝑛
𝑛→∞
√𝑛 + 1 + √𝑛
√𝑛 + 1 − √𝑛 ∗
√𝑛 + 1 + √𝑛
log𝑎 𝑛
15.- 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑎>1
𝑛
log 𝑎 𝑛 ∞
lim =
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 ∞
log 𝑎 𝑥 ∞
lim =
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 ∞
Aplicamos L’Hopital
1
𝑥𝑙𝑛(𝑎)
= lim
𝑥→∞ 1
1
= lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥𝑙𝑛(𝑎 )
1 1
= lim
ln(𝑎) 𝑥→∞ 𝑥
1
= ∗0 =0
ln(𝑎)
log𝑎 𝑛
∴ 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛 𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑛 0
𝑛
2
17.- 𝑓(𝑛) = (1 + 𝑛)
2
lim (1 + )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
2
= lim (1 + ∞) = 1 + 0
𝑛→∞
2
lim (1 + ) = 1
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
2
∴ 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛 𝑓 (𝑛) = (1 + ) 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑛 1
𝑛
∞
1 1 1
∑ =− =
(2𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 − 1) 2(2 ∙ 1 − 1) 2
𝑛=1
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒
∞
1 1 1 1 1
∑ = + + + …
𝑛2 − 1 3 8 15 24
𝑛=2
1
3
𝑟 = ( 81 ) = ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒
8
3
1
3 8
𝑠𝑛 = ( 3
)=
1− 15
8
𝑛(𝑛+1) 2 3
∑∞
𝑛=1 ; 𝑎 = = 1 𝑎1 =
𝑛2 +𝑛 2 6
1
1 1
𝑟=2= ; 𝑟 < 1; 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑠 = =2
1 2 1
1−
2
𝑛2 2𝑛 16
∑∞
𝑛=1 ; 𝑎 = 2 𝑎1 =
(1−2𝑛)2 9
16
16 8 2 2
𝑟= 9 = = ; 𝑟 < 1; 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑠 = =
2 18 9 8 9
1−
9
𝑛2 2𝑛 (𝑛+1) 16
∑∞
𝑛=1 ; 𝑎 = 4 𝑎1 =
(1−2𝑛)2 3
16
16
𝑟= 3 = ; 𝑟 > 1; 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒
4 12