Lsjiklturl4

Lkìejsjs njklkajgrm

  Prlhldm4
Gstl`ms Njklkajgrms

Vrgsgktl4
  Lkyj Euajl Imkzlegz J`4 >01<79
  Egj`y Legdlk`rl Pmrrgs J`4 >9878<
  Lkdj Emrgkl Qgiurl J`4 >9199>

Vrmirlol4
L`ojkjstrlajñk `g goprgsls ^J Qgogstrg

Ngabl4
<:/62/8686

Nlaltltjvì
 JKPXM@WAAJÑK

Ems gstl`ms njklkajgrms sg gkaugktrlk gstlhegaj`ms plrl prgsgktlr uk jknmrog

pgrjñ`jam lagral `g el sjtulajñk gamkñojal y njklkajgrl `g ukl goprgsl u mrilkjzlajñk,
lsï ojsom nlajejtlrlk ge lkìejsjs `ge prmirgsm `g el l`ojkjstrlajñk y ems rgsuetl`ms `ge
pgrjm`m qug sg amoprgk`g gk ge gstu`jm.
Gs jopmrtlktg rgsletlr qug ems gstl`ms njklkajgrms `ghgk gstlr prgplrl`ms `g laugr`m amk
kmrols y rgiels gstlhegaj`ls pmr el amktlhjej`l`, `g gstl olkgrl gk ge omogktm
`g amksuetlr ems gstl`ms njklkajgrms sg `ghg vgrjnjalr qug el jknmrolajñk sgl
amknjlheg, amoplrlheg amkajsl, kgutrle y aelrl plrl pm`gr eegvlrl l alhm uk lkìejsjs vgrï`jam
qug lyu`g l el goprgsl l tmolr els ogdmrgs `gajsjmkgs `g nmrol mpmrtukl.
Jiuleogktg amkstjtuygk uk rgsuogk njkle `g tm`m ge prmagsm amktlheg qug amrrgspmk`g l uk
`gtgrojkl`m pgrjm`m `g tjgopm y latjvj`l`gs `g mpgrlajñk qug pug`gk sgr `jrgatls
m jk`jrgatls `g el goprgsl. Vmr tlktm, sg pug`g `gajr qug ge lkìejsjs `g ems gstl`ms
njklkajgrms
 pgrojtg tlohjêk gvleulr el pmsjajñk njklkajgrl, prgsgktg, plsl`l y ems
rgsuetl`ms mpgrlajmklegs `g el goprgsl `g ukl nmrol arïtjal, amk ge prjkajple mhdgtjvm `g
gstjolr y
 prg`gajr els laajmkgs y amk`jajmkgs qug `ghgk sgr tgkj`ls gk augktl plrl ems rgsuetl`ms gk
uk nuturm

L trlvês `ge sjiujgktg jknmrog sg rglejzlrì uk lhmr`ldg `g ems gstl`ms njklkajgrms

gk igkgrle, plrl `lr l amkmagr l els goprgsls u mrilkjzlajmkgs ge lkìejsjs
amktlheg y l`ojkjstrltjvm gk tgrojkmemiïl ge aule gs jk`jspgkslheg plrl amkmagr
su gstl`m gk ge
 prgsgktg y plrl uk nuturm gk su tmol `g `gajsjmkgs amom yl bl sj`m ogkajmkl`m.
 GQPL@MQ NJKLKAJGXMQ

Lkìejsjs Bmrjzmktle y ^grtjale

Qmk bgrrlojgktls `jspugstls plrl el jktgrprgtlajñk y lkìejsjs `g ems gstl`ms njklkajgrms,

amksjstgk gk `gtgrojklr ge pmragktldg qug tjgkg al`l augktl `gktrm `ge gstl`m njklkajgrm
lklejzl`m, em aule pgrojtg `gtgrojklr el amopmsjajñk y gstruaturl `g ems
gstl`ms njklkajgrms.
 
Lkìejsjs Bmrjzmktle

Og`jlktg gstg lkìejsjs sg `gtgrojkl el vlrjlajñk lhsmeutl m rgeltjvl qug blyl sunrj`m al`l
 plrtj`l `g ems gstl`ms njklkajgrms gk uk pgrjm`m rgspgatm l mtrm. @gtgrojkl aule
nuge ge argajojgktm m `gargajojgktm `g ukl augktl gk uk pgrjm`m `gtgrojkl`m. Gs ge
lkìejsjs qug
 pgrojtg `gtgrojklr sj ge amopmrtlojgktm `g el goprgsl gk uk pgrjm`m nug hugkm, rgiuelr
m olem.

Vlrl bleelr el vlrjlajñk lhsmeutl sunrj`l gk al`l augktl `g uk gstl`m njklkajgrm gk uk

 pgrjm`m 8 rgspgatm le pgrjm`m <, sg prmag`g l `gtgrojklr el `jngrgkajl lsï4 rgstlr le vlemr 8
- ge vlemr <. El nmrouel sgrjl V8-V<3 sj ge rgsuetl`m gs pmsjtjvm qujgrg `gajr qug bly
uk jkargogktm m vlrjlajñk pmsjtjvl rgspgatm le pgrjm`m lktgrjmr, `g em amktrlrjm sj el
vlrjlajñk gs kgiltjvl blhrïl uk `gargogktm gk ge pgrjm`m

Vlrl `gtgrojklr el vlrjlajñk rgeltjvl gk pmragktldg (%) `g uk pgrjm`m rgspgatm l mtrm, sg

`ghg lpejalr ukl rgiel `g trgs. Vlrl gstm sg `jvj`g ge pgrjm`m 8 pmr ge pgrjm`m <, sg eg rgstl <,
y gsg rgsuetl`m sg ouetjpejal pmr <66 plrl amkvgrtjrem l pmragktldg, qug`lk`m el nmrouel
`g el sjiujgktg olkgrl4 ((V8/V<)-<)*<66.
@g gstl olkgrl sg pug`g amkaeujr qug plrl rglejzlr ge lkìejsjs bmrjzmktle sg rgqujgrg
`jspmkgr `g gstl`ms njklkajgrms `g `ms pgrjm`ms `jngrgktgs, gs `gajr, qug `ghgk
sgr amoplrltjvms, tm`l vgz em qug husal ge lkìejsjs bmrjzmktle, gs prgajslogktg amoplrlr
uk
 pgrjm`m amk mtrm plrl mhsgrvlr ge amopmrtlojgktm `g ems gstl`ms njklkajgrms gk ge
pgrjm`m mhdgtm `g lkìejsjs.
Eugim `g `gtgrojklr els vlrjlajmkgs sg prmag`g l `gtgrojklr els alusls y
pmsjhegs amksgaugkajls qug sg `grjvlk `g els ojsols, plrl lsï uslr el jknmrolajñk
mhtgkj`l gk el
 prmygaajñk y njdlajñk `g kugvls ogtls3 plrl `jsgülr lsï gstrltgijls lprmvgablk`m ems
puktms nugrtgs y prgvgkjr els amksgaugkajls kgiltjvls qug pug`lk sgr lktjajpl`ls amom
prm`uatm
`ge lkìejsjs njklkajgrm rglejzl`.

Lkìejsjs ^grtjale

Gstg tjpm `g lkìejsjs gs `g irlk jopmrtlkajl gk ge omogktm `g gstlhegagr sj ukl goprgsl

tjgkg ukl `jstrjhuajñk gqujtltjvl `g sus latjvms `g laugr`m l els kgagsj`l`gs njklkajgrls y
mpgrltjvls, yl qug `gtgrojkl quê pmragktldg rgprgsgktl al`l augktl gk tmtle3 plrl bleelr gstg
 pmragktldg sg `ghg `jvj`jr el augktl qug sg qujgrg `gtgrojklr, pmr ge tmtle y eugim sg
prmag`g l ouetjpejalr pmr <66.
 Gdgopem4 Qj ge tmtle `ge latjvm gs `g 866 y ge `jspmkjheg gs `g 86, gktmkags
tgkgoms (86/866)*<66 ? <6%, gs `gajr qug ge `jspmkjheg rgprgsgktl ge <6% `ge tmtle `g ems
latjvms.

Gs lsï amom og`jlktg ge lkìejsjs vgrtjale sg j`gktjnjal amk aelrj`l` añom gstìk amopugstms
y gstruaturl`ms ems gstl`ms amktlhegs plrl eugim rglejzlr el jktgrprgtlajñk `g el jknmrolajñk.
Vlrl gstm al`l goprgsl sgrì uk alsm plrtjauelr gvleul`m jk`jvj`uleogktg, yl qug km gxjstg
ukl rgiel igkgrle, pgrm sj leiukls sjtulajmkgs qug pug`gk `jngrgkajlr sj gs kgiltjvl m
 pmsjtjvl

Lsï amom sg pug`g lklejzlr ge Hlelkag igkgrle, sg pug`g tlohjêk lklejzlr ge Gstl`m `g
rgsuetl`ms, plrl em aule sg sjiug gxlatlogktg ge ojsom prmag`jojgktm, y ge vlemr
`g rgngrgkajl sgrìk els vgktls, pugstm qug sg `ghg `gtgrojklr auìktm
rgprgsgktl uk
`gtgrojkl`m amkagptm (Amstm `g vgktl, Ilstms mpgrlajmklegs, Ilstms km
mpgrlajmklegs, Jopugstms, Wtjej`l` kgtl, gta.) rgspgatm l el tmtlej`l` `g els vgktls.

Gk igkgrle ge lkìejsjs `gpgk`g `g els ajraukstlkajls, sjtulajñk y mhdgtjvms `g al`l goprgsl,

y plrl em qug ukl goprgsl gs pmsjtjvm, pug`g qug km em sgl plrl el mtrl, lukqug gk prjkajpjm
lsï em plrgajgrl. Vmr gdgopem, aulequjgrl pm`rïl `gajr qug ukl goprgsl qug
tjgkg njklkajl`ms sus latjvms gk uk 26% amk plsjvms, gs ukl goprgsl njklkajgrlogktg
nrlalsl`l,
 pgrm pug`g sgr qug gsms latjvms igkgrgk ukl rgktlhjej`l` sunjajgktg plrl auhrjr ems amstms
`g ems plsjvms y plrl sltjsnlagr els lspjrlajmkgs `g ems smajms `g el goprgsl.

Oêtm`m Irlnjam4 Vlrl rgsmevgr uk sjstgol `g gaulajmkgs Ejkglegs `g 8 x 8 pmr ge oêtm`m

irìnjam `ghgoms `jhudlr gk ge Velkm Alrtgsjlkm lohls rgatls.

Vlrl trlzlr ukl rgatl gs sunjajgktg amk amkmagr `ms `g sus puktms (Jktgragptms amk ems gdgs
ammr`gkl`ms).

- Vlrl bleelr ge R - Jktgragptm m amrtg amk ge gdg R, blagoms y?6

- Vlrl bleelr ge Z - Jktgragptm m amrtg amk ge gdg Z, blagoms x?6

@gspuês `g `jhudlr els `ms rgatls gk ge pelkm alrtgsjlkm, gstlhegagoms sj ge sjstgol `g

gaulajmkgs tjgkg smeuajñk m km4

- Qj els rgatls smk plrlegels (gs `gajr, kukal sg amrtlk) gktmkags `gajoms qug ge
sjstgol KM PJGKG QMEWAJÑK. Gk gstg alsm sg aelsjnjal amom JKAMKQJQPGKPG
M JKAMOVLPJHEG.

- Qj els rgatls sg supgrpmkgk (gs `gajr, le `jhudlrels ukl qug`l gkajol `g el mtrl,
amknuk`jêk`msg gk ukl smel rgatl) gktmkags amkaeujoms qug ge sjstgol
tjgkg JKNJKJPLQ QMEWAJMKGQ4 Aulequjgr puktm p(x,y) qug pgrtgkgzal l el
irìnjal mhtgkj`l gs el smeuajñk `ge Qjstgol `g gaulajmkgs, y gk gstg alsm sg
aelsjnjal amom AMKQJQPGKPG M AMOVLPJHEG JK@GPGXOJKL@M.
 Lkìejsjs `g Xlzmkgs njklkajgrls4 Qg hlsl gk leiukms oêtm`ms `g aìeauem g jktgrprgtlajñk
`g rlzmkgs (rgelajmklr uk kôogrm amk mtrm) `g tle olkgrl qug sg rgnegdg gk ge `gsgopgüm `g
ukl goprgsl.

El jknmrolajñk qug mhtgkgoms lquï prmvjgkg `g ems gstl`ms njklkajgrms. Gstl

jknmrolajñk gs prjomr`jle plrl ge imhjgrkm, largg`mrgs, prmpjgtlrjms y igrgkajl, plrl
nmrolrsg ukl j`gl aelrl `g auìe gs ge `gsgopgüm `g gstl goprgsl.

PJVMQ4

<. Xlzmkgs `g ejquj`gz4 Kms `jagk qug tlktm gs ge gngatjvm, ems latjvms eïquj`ms
qug ukl goprgsl pmsgg plrl blagr nrgktg l sus mhejilajmkgs `g amrtm pelzm. Gstm
qujgrg
`gajr, gvleulr el alplaj`l` qug ukl goprgsl pmsgg plrl blagr nrgktg l
sus mhejilajmkgs `g amrtm pelzm.

8. Xlzmkgs `g Latjvj`l`4 Kms `jagk qug emirl el goprgsl blagr amk ems latjvms qug
 pmsgg m amom ukl goprgsl emirl pmr gdgopem rmtlr sus jkvgktlrjms l em elrim `g uk
`gtgrojkl`m pgrjm`m.

1. Xlzmkgs `g `gu`l4 Kms `jagk qug tlk letm smk ge kjvge `g gk`gu`lojgktm `g ukl
goprgsl.

0. Xlzmkgs `g Xgktlhjej`l`4 Kms `jagk qug tlk gegvl`m gs ge rgk`jojgktm m qug tlk

 hldm gs ge rgk`jojgktm `g ukl goprgsl m el rgktlhjej`l` qug pug`g mhtgkgr l em elrim
`g uk `gtgrojkl`m pgrjm`m.

Ems lkìejsjs `g rlzmkgs njklkajgrls pug`gk sgr4

@g amrtg trlksvgrsle4 Blagr uk lkìejsjs `g ukl ngabl `l`l.

Amoplrlajñk m Hgkabolrcjki4 Qg amoplrl ge kjvge `g gk`gu`lojgktm amk ge `g mtrl

goprgsl, m amk leiôk prmog`jm m tjpm `g om`gem `g rgngrgkajl.

Qgrjgs `g tjgopm4 Qg pug`g vgr añom bl gvmeuajmkl`m ge kjvge `g gk`gu`lojgktm amk ge

tjgopm.

Lkìejsjs amohjkl`m4 Qg pug`g amohjklr ge `g sgrjgs `g tjgopm amk ge `g amoplrlajñk amk

mtrls goprgsls m amk prmog`jms jk`ustrjlegs.

XLTMKGQ NJKLKAJGXLQ

ge lkìejsjs njklkajgrm sg amkvjgrtgk gk ukl bgrrlojgktl qug rgprgsgktl el rglej`l` `g el sjtulajñk njklkajgrl `g el mrilkjz
jsol.

njklkajgrls Plohjêk smk amkmaj`ms amom jk`jal`mrgs njklkajgrms, sg hlslk gk ems gstl`ms njklkajgrms `g el