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ÍNDICE

Introducción………………………………………………..………………………….4

Capítulo I. Los programas de educación preescolar

1. Froebel y su método de enseñanza para el kindergarten…………………….12


2. Escuela de párvulos y el método froebeliano………………………………..18
3. El primer kindergarten en México…………………………………………...27
4. Los jardines de niños y la escuela activa…………………………………….34
5.El jardín de niños y Piaget……………………………………………………39

Capítulo II. El programa de educación preescolar 2004

1. El programa de renovación curricular………………………………………44


2. El programa de educación preescolar………………………………………48
3. Fundamentos, propósitos y principios del PEP 2004………………………50
Características del programa……………………………………………52
Los propósitos fundamentales…………………………………………53
Principios pedagógicos…………………………………………………54
4. Campos formativos y competencias…………………………………………56
La organización del trabajo docente……………………………………60
La evaluación…………………………………………………………...61
5. Campo explorativo y conocimiento del mundo……………………………...63

Capítulo III. Cultura y vida social en la educación preescolar

1. Diagnóstico del aspecto Cultura y vida social……………………………….67


2. Aspecto Cultura y vida social………………………………………………..74
3 ¿Por qué no a la enseñanza de la historia oficial?.............................................77

Capítulo IV. Unidad didáctica


4.1. Fundamentación……………………………………………………………87
4.2. Presentación del tema……………………………………………………90
4.2.1Selección de contenidos…………………………………………90
4.2.2 Secuenciación de contenidos……………………………………..93
4.2.3Desarrollo de la unidad didáctica…………………………………95
4.2.4Resultados de la unidad didáctica………………………………..100

Conclusiones………………………………………………………………………….107

Bibliografía…………………………………………………………………………..114

Anexos………………………………………………………………………………...117
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