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procedimiento. El legislador debe permitir que quienes puedan ser afectados por dichas
sanciones, puedan defenderse de los cargos que les formule la autoridad, pudiendo rendir
prueba, impugnar la sanción, etc. (STC 376/2003, 388/2003, 389/2003, 473/2006, 725/2008,
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4.6. Facultades de administración

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2. Antecedentes normativos

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3. Fundamento

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III. Culpabilidad

1. Concepto

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2. Antecedentes normativos

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generado respecto del imputado un juicio de culpabilidad que pruebe la
intencionalidad de su acción u omisión criminal o infraccional´

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los elementos que tradicionalmente se le atribuyen al principio de culpabi-
lidad (personalidad, imputabilidad, atribuibilidad, etc.). Ni siquiera puede
decirse que contenga el principio de presunción de inocencia´

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3. Fundamento

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4. Análisis práctico

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IV. Irretroactividad de la sanción administrativa

1. Concepto

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2. Antecedentes normativos

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“Art. 9º. La ley puede sólo disponer para lo futuro, y no tendrá jamás efecto
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“Art. 18. Ningún delito se castigará con otra pena que la que le señale una
ley promulgada con anterioridad a su perpetración.

Si después de cometido el delito y antes de que se pronuncie sentencia de

término, se promulgare otra ley que exima tal hecho de toda pena o le aplique
una menos rigurosa, deberá arreglarse a ella su juzgamiento (…)”.

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“Artículo 52. Retroactividad. Los actos administrativos no tendrán efecto

retroactivo, salvo cuando produzcan consecuencias favorables para los inte-
resados y no lesionen derechos de terceros”.

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“Ningún delito se castigará con otra pena que la que señale una ley pro-
mulgada con anterioridad a su perpetración, a menos que una nueva ley
favorezca al afectado”.

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“Nadie puede ser condenado por acciones u omisiones que en el momento de

cometerse no fueran delictivos según el derecho aplicable. Tampoco se puede
imponer pena más grave que la aplicable en el momento de la comisión del
delito. Si con posterioridad a la comisión del delito la ley dispone la imposición
de una pena más leve, el delincuente se beneficiará de ello”.

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3. Fundamento

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principio de irretroactividad en las normas jurídico-administrativas”
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4. Análisis práctico

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V. Proporcionalidad

1. Concepto

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3. Fundamento

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III. Principio de celeridad

1. Concepto

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TXH“el no acatamiento de este principio puede generar eventuales res-
ponsabilidades administrativas´.


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2. Antecedentes normativos

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“Artículo 13.- La actuación administrativa en el procedimiento se desarrollará con


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“Artículo IV.- Principios del procedimiento administrativo. Principio de celeridad.


Quienes participan en el procedimiento deben ajustar su actuación de tal modo que se dote
DOWUiPLWHGHODPi[LPDGLQiPLFDSRVLEOHHYLWDQGRDFWXDFLRQHVSURFHVDOHVTXHGL¿FXOWHQVX
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$GPLQLVWUDWLYR&RP~QGH(VSDxD

3. Fundamentos

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DVXQWRFRPRH[SOLFDUHPRVPiVDGHODQWH

razonable, sin que ello releve a las autoridades del respeto al debido procedimiento o vulnere
el ordenamiento”.
“Artículo 71 Impulso.


(OSURFHGLPLHQWRVRPHWLGRDOSULQFLSLRGHFHOHULGDGVHLPSXOVDUiGHR¿FLRHQWRGRV
sus trámites y a través de medios electrónicos, respetando los principios de transparencia y
publicidad.
2. En el despacho de los expedientes se guardará el orden riguroso de incoación en asuntos
de homogénea naturaleza, salvo que por el titular de la unidad administrativa se dé orden
motivada en contrario, de la que quede constancia.
El incumplimiento de lo dispuesto en el párrafo anterior dará lugar a la exigencia de
responsabilidad disciplinaria del infractor y, en su caso, será causa de remoción del puesto
de trabajo.
3. Las personas designadas como órgano instructor o, en su caso, los titulares de las
unidades administrativas que tengan atribuida tal función serán responsables directos de la
tramitación del procedimiento y, en especial, del cumplimiento de los plazos establecidos”.
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4. Análisis práctico

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(3) La autoridad administrativa no puede rehusarse a recibir declaraciones o solicitudes
que caen dentro de su ámbito de competencia, porque considere la declaración o la solicitud
inadmisible o infundada”

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 “Artículo 14.- La Unidad de Análisis Financiero podrá integrarse con funcionarios en



comisión de servicio de las siguientes instituciones: Superintendencia de Bancos e Instituciones

Financieras; Servicio de Impuestos Internos; Consejo de Defensa del Estado; Servicio
Nacional de Aduanas; Superintendencia de Valores y Seguros; Carabineros de Chile; Policía
de Investigaciones, y Comité de Inversiones Extranjeras. Dichos funcionarios deberán ser
designados por el jefe superior del respectivo servicio, a solicitud del Director de la Unidad.
También, a petición de dicho Director, podrán integrar la Unidad de Análisis Financiero
funcionarios del Banco Central de Chile, los que quedarán sujetos a su propia normativa legal
respecto de su designación”.
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IV. Principio de economía procedimental

1. Concepto

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VREUHODPLVPDPDWHULD*XDUGDUHODFLyQ“con el principio de economía
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2. Antecedentes normativos

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GHOD/%3$

“Artículo 9º. Principio de economía procedimental. La Administración debe

responder a la máxima economía de medios con eficacia, evitando trámites
dilatorios.

Se decidirán en un solo acto todos los trámites que, por su naturaleza, admitan
un impulso simultáneo, siempre que no sea obligatorio su cumplimiento sucesivo.

Al solicitar los trámites que deban ser cumplidos por otros órganos, deberá
consignarse en la comunicación cursada el plazo establecido al efecto.

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Las cuestiones incidentales que se susciten en el procedimiento, incluso las

que se refieran a la nulidad de actuaciones, no suspenderán la tramitación
del mismo, a menos que la Administración, por resolución fundada, determine
lo contrario”.

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“Artículo 8º.- Los órganos de la Administración del Estado actuarán por

propia iniciativa en el cumplimiento de sus funciones, o a petición de parte
cuando la ley lo exija expresamente o se haga uso del derecho de petición o
reclamo, procurando la simplificación y rapidez de los trámites.

Los procedimientos administrativos deberán ser ágiles y expeditos, sin más

formalidades que las que establezcan las leyes y reglamento”.

3. Fundamento

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4. Análisis práctico

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“Artículo 8.1.- Toda persona tiene derecho a ser oída, con las debidas ga-
rantías y dentro de un plazo razonable por un juez o tribunal competente,
independiente e imparcial, establecido por anterioridad por la ley, en la
sustanciación de cualquier acusación penal formulada contra ella, o para la
determinación de sus derechos y obligaciones de orden civil, laboral, fiscal
o de cualquier otra índole”.

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V. Principio de contradictoriedad

1. Concepto

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SULPHUWpUPLQRODGHODFRQWUDGLFFLyQHQODSUiFWLFDGHODSUXHED$KRUDELHQ
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2. Antecedentes normativos

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 “Artículo 16. La Administración Pública Federal, en sus relaciones con los particulares,
tendrá las siguientes obligaciones: […]
V. Admitir las pruebas permitidas por la ley y recibir alegatos, los que deberán ser tomados
en cuenta por el órgano competente al dictar resolución.

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“Artículo 75. Actos de instrucción
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a través de medios electrónicos, por el órgano que tramite el procedimiento, sin perjuicio del
derecho de los interesados a proponer aquellas actuaciones que requieran su intervención o
constituyan trámites legal o reglamentariamente establecidos.
2. Las aplicaciones y sistemas de información utilizados para la instrucción de los
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practicarse en la forma que resulte más conveniente para ellos y sea compatible, en la medida
de lo posible, con sus obligaciones laborales o profesionales.
4. En cualquier caso, el órgano instructor adoptará las medidas necesarias para lograr
el pleno respeto a los principios de contradicción y de igualdad de los interesados en el
procedimiento”
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2. Antecedentes normativos

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3. Fundamentos

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autoridades y funcionarios deben ejercer sus labores con imparcialidad


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“consiste en observar una conducta funcionaria intachable y un desempeño honesto y leal de
la función o cargo, con preeminencia del interés general sobre el particular”.
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y objetividad frente a las personas que concurren ante la Administración,

ya sea para ejercer un derecho o para cumplir una obligación. Dichas
autoridades y funcionarios no pueden favorecer o privilegiar a algunos
interesados en desmedro de otros o del interés general. Es consustancial
a un régimen democrático que la autoridad pública actúe con objetividad.
Si la persona que resolverá un asunto tiene intereses comprometidos en
él, sea directa o indirectamente, difícilmente podrá ser imparcial; por
eso debe abstenerse de intervenir ´.

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“Los actos administrativos serán impugnables mediante los recursos que

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“Artículo 54. Interpuesta por un interesado una reclamación ante la

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IX. Principio de inexcusabilidad y conclusivo

1. Concepto

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X. Principio de transparencia y publicidad

1. Concepto

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2. Antecedentes normativos

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67&1ž
$UWtFXORž“El ejercicio de las funciones públicas obliga a sus titulares a dar estricto


cumplimiento al principio de probidad en todas sus actuaciones […]. Son públicos los actos
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de aquéllos o de éstos, cuando la publicidad afectare el debido cumplimiento de las funciones de
dichos órganos, los derechos de las personas, la seguridad de la Nación o el interés nacional”.
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3. Fundamento

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“Principio de Transparencia y de Publicidad. El procedimiento administrativo

se realizará con transparencia, de manera que permita y promueva el cono-
cimiento, contenidos y fundamentos de las decisiones que se adopten en él.

En consecuencia, salvo las excepciones establecidas en la Ley de Trans-

parencia de la Función Pública y de Acceso a la Información de la Ad-
ministración del Estado y en otras disposiciones legales aprobadas con
quórum calificado, son públicos los actos y resoluciones de los órganos
de la Administración del Estado, así como sus fundamentos y documentos
en que éstos se contengan, y los procedimientos que utilicen en su elabo-
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o simple delito, o se trate de antecedentes necesario
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ha denegado la información requerida. En virtud de esa función tal órga-
no es llamado a emitir un pronunciamiento en torno a si se dan o no las
causales de reserva esgrimidas por el órgano administrativo para negar
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los derechos comerciales o económicos de un regulado

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4.5. La reserva de antecedentes ante el

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“Artículo 9º.- Los organismos de la Administración del Estado y las entidades en que el


Estado participe o tenga representación en virtud de una ley que lo autoriza, que no formen parte
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SUHVD1DFLRQDOGH0LQHUtD

4.6. La excepción de reserva a las solicitudes de información

de la Superintendencia del Medio Ambiente y otros

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DOyUJDQR¿VFDOL]DGRUODIDFXOWDGGHVROLFLWDUDQWHFHGHQWHVTXHDXQFXDQGR
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PDQWHQLHQGRODREOLJDFLyQGHPDQWHQHUORVFRQUHVHUYD$OUHVSHFWRVHxDOD

“Artículo 34.- Las normas que establezcan el secreto o reserva sobre deter-
minados asuntos no obstarán a que se proporcione a la Superintendencia la
información o antecedente que ella requiera para el ejercicio de su fiscaliza-
ción, sin perjuicio de que sobre su personal pese igual obligación de guardar
tal reserva o secreto´

de su Administración y no desarrollen actividades empresariales, deberán proporcionar los informes

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debidamente individualizados en sesión de Sala, o de comisión. Estas peticiones podrán formularse
también cuando la Cámara respectiva no celebre sesión, pero en tal caso ellas se insertarán
íntegramente en el Diario o en el Boletín correspondiente a la sesión ordinaria siguiente a su petición.
Dichos informes y antecedentes serán proporcionados por el servicio, organismo o entidad
por medio del Ministro del que dependa o mediante el cual se encuentre vinculado con el
Gobierno, manteniéndose los respectivos documentos en reserva o secreto. El Ministro sólo
los proporcionará a la comisión respectiva o a la Cámara que corresponda, en su caso, en la
sesión secreta que para estos efectos se celebre.
Quedarán exceptuados de la obligación señalada en los incisos primero y tercero, los
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de los documentos y antecedentes que contengan información cuya revelación, aun de manera
reservada o secreta, afecte o pueda afectar el desarrollo de una investigación en curso”.
/D&RQWUDORUtD*HQHUDOGHOD5HS~EOLFDWLHQHHVWDQRUPDHQODOH\1ž$VLPLVPR


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4.7. La protección de los datos personales

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información corre rápido. Eso se transforma en una barrera de entrada
a cualquier trabajo´

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HQ“letras de cambio y pagarés protestados; cheques protestados por falta
de fondos, por haber sido girados contra cuenta corriente cerrada o por
otra causa; como asimismo el incumplimiento de obligaciones derivadas
de mutuos hipotecarios y de préstamos o créditos de bancos, sociedades
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para compras en casas comerciales”.

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I. Principio de juridicidad

1. Concepto

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“Artículo 59. Procedencia. El recurso de reposición se interpondrá dentro del

plazo de cinco días ante el mismo órgano que dictó el acto que se impugna;
en subsidio, podrá interponerse el recurso jerárquico.

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Rechazada total o parcialmente una reposición, se elevará el expediente al

superior que corresponda si junto con ésta se hubiere interpuesto subsidia-
riamente recurso jerárquico.

Cuando no se deduzca reposición, el recurso jerárquico se interpondrá para

ante el superior jerárquico de quien hubiere dictado el acto impugnado, dentro
de los 5 días siguientes a su notificación.

No procederá recurso jerárquico contra los actos del Presidente de la Repú-

blica, de los Ministros de Estado, de los alcaldes y los jefes superiores de los
servicios públicos descentralizados. En estos casos, el recurso de reposición
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La autoridad llamada a pronunciarse sobre los recursos a que se refieren los

incisos anteriores tendrá un plazo no superior a 30 días para resolverlos.

Si se ha deducido recurso jerárquico, la autoridad llamada a resolverlo deberá

oír previamente al órgano recurrido el que podrá formular sus descargos por
cualquier medio, escrito o electrónico.

La resolución que acoja el recurso podrá modificar, reemplazar o dejar sin

efecto el acto impugnado”.

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“Artículo 76.- Los funcionarios no ley Nº 18.834, podrán ser designados en

comisión servicio, durante más de tres meses, en cada año calendario, tanto
en el territorio nacional como en el extranjero.


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No obstante, las comisiones podrán ser renovadas por iguales períodos pero
no más allá de un año. En casos calificados, por decreto supremo fundado,
el Presidente de la República podrá extender el período de las comisiones de
servicio hasta un plazo máximo de 2 años. Vencidos estos plazos los funcio-
narios no podrán ser designados nuevamente en comisión de servicio, hasta
que transcurra el plazo mínimo de un año.

El límite señalado en el inciso anterior, no será aplicable en el caso de funcio-

narios designados en comisión de servicio para realizar estudios en el país o
en el extranjero hayan sido o no hayan sido beneficiados con una beca. Con
todo, dicha comisión no podrá exceder de tres años, a menos que el funcionario
estuviere realizando estudios de posgrado conducentes al grado académico de
Doctor, caso en el cual podrá extenderse por el plazo necesario para terminar
dichos estudios, siempre que el plazo total no exceda de cinco años.

El Jefe superior del servicio sólo podrá disponer estas comisiones, siempre que
los estudios se encuentren relacionados con las funciones que deba cumplir
la respectiva institución”.

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“Artículo 18. Definición. El procedimiento administrativo es una sucesión

de actos trámite vinculados entre sí, emanados de la Administración y, en su
caso, de particulares interesados, que tiene por finalidad producir un acto
administrativo terminal.

El procedimiento administrativo consta de las siguientes etapas: iniciación,

instrucción y finalización”.

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“Artículo 13. Principio de la no formalización. El procedimiento debe desa-

rrollarse con sencillez y eficacia, de modo que las formalidades que se exijan
sean aquéllas indispensables para dejar constancia indubitada de lo actuado
y evitar perjuicios a los particulares.

El vicio de procedimiento o de forma sólo afecta la validez del acto administra-

tivo cuando recae en algún requisito esencial del mismo, sea por su naturaleza
o por mandato del ordenamiento jurídico y genera perjuicio al interesado.

La Administración podrá subsanar los vicios de que adolezcan los actos que
emita, siempre que con ello no se afectaren intereses de terceros”.

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II. Principio del debido proceso

1. Concepto

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³2FWDYR 4XH SRr definición el derecho al debido proceso debe entenderse

como todo aquel que franquea el acceso a la jurisdicción, permite que el pro-
ceso se desarrolle con todas las garantías esenciales, racionales y justas que
contribuyan a un procedimiento equitativo y no arbitrario. Este Tribunal lo
ha definido sosteniendo que “el procedimiento legal debe ser racional y justo.
Racional para configurar un proceso lógico y carente de arbitrariedad. Y justo
para orientarlo a un sentido que cautele los derechos fundamentales de los
participantes en un proceso” (STC rol Nº 1838-10, considerando 10º; citado
por García, Gonzalo, y Contreras, Pablo, Diccionario Constitucional Chileno,
Cuaderno del Tribunal Constitucional Nº 55, 2014, Santiago de Chile, p. 245);

Noveno: Que, al tenor de los elementos expuestos se infiere que para que
exista vulneración del debido proceso desde la perspectiva constitucio-
nal deben afectarse aspectos que la Carta Fundamental resguarda y que
requieren ser calificados como derechos integrantes del debido proceso,
teniendo para ello como baremo el conjunto de garantías procesales,
orgánicas y penales que el legislador ha desarrollado como presupuestos
mínimos del debido proceso, tales como: el derecho a la acción y al debi-
do emplazamiento, bilateralidad de la audiencia, aportación de pruebas
pertinentes y derecho a impugnar lo resuelto por un tribunal imparcial e
idóneo y establecido con anterioridad por el legislador (STC rol Nº 1518-
09, Cons.23º);

Décimo: Que la doctrina y la jurisprudencia comparada han definido el debido

proceso legal como aquel que “abarca las condiciones que deben cumplirse
para asegurar la adecuada defensa de aquellos cuyos derechos u obligacio-
nes están bajo consideración judicial” (Corte Interamericana de Derechos
Humanos [CIDH]. Garantías Judiciales en Estados de Emergencia, artículos
\GHOD&RQYHQFLyQ$PHULFDQDVREUH'HUHFKRV+XPDQRV2SLQLyQ
&RQVXOWLYD2&GHOGHRFWXEUHGH6HULH$1ž†&RUWH,'+
Caso Juan Humberto Sánchez vs. Honduras. Excepción Preliminar, Fondo,
5HSDUDFLRQHV\&RVWDV6HQWHQFLDGHGHMXQLRGH6HULH&1ž†
Corte IDH. Caso Myrna Mack Chang vs. Guatemala. Fondo, Reparaciones
y Costas. Sentencia de 25 de noviembre de 2003; Corte IDH. Caso Mémoli
vs. Argentina. Excepciones Preliminares, Fondo, Reparaciones y Costas.
Sentencia de 22 de agosto de 2013.6HULH&1ž†&RUWH,'+&DVR
J. vs. Perú. Excepción Preliminar, Fondo, Reparaciones y Costas. Sentencia
GHGHQRYLHPEUHGH6HULH&1ž†´

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1. Concepto

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Artículo 36.- El Plan Regulador Intercomunal será confeccionado por la Secretaría
Regional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, con consulta a las Municipalidades correspondientes e
Instituciones Fiscales que se estime necesario, sin perjuicio de las normas especiales que se
establezcan para el Área Metropolitana.
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afectas a relaciones intercomunales podrán confeccionar directamente un Plan Regulador
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1. La realización de actividades de carácter material, técnico o de servicios de la
competencia de los órganos administrativos o de las Entidades de derecho público podrá
ser encomendada a otros órganos o Entidades de la misma o de distinta Administración, por
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los elementos sustantivos de su ejercicio, siendo responsabilidad del órgano o Entidad
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encomendante dictar cuantos actos o resoluciones de carácter jurídico den soporte o en los
que se integre la concreta actividad material objeto de encomienda.
3. La encomienda de gestión entre órganos administrativos o Entidades de derecho público
pertenecientes a la misma Administración deberá formalizarse en los términos que establezca su
normativa propia y, en su defecto, por acuerdo expreso de los órganos o Entidades intervinientes.
En todo caso el instrumento de formación de la encomienda de gestión y su resolución deberá
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podrá regular los requisitos necesarios para la validez de tales acuerdos que incluirán, al
menos, expresa mención de la actividad o actividades a las que afecten, el plazo de vigencia
y la naturaleza y alcance de la gestión encomendada.
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salvo en el supuesto de la gestión ordinaria de los servicios de las Comunidades Autónomas
por las Diputaciones Provinciales o en su caso Cabildos o Consejos insulares, que se regirá
por la legislación de Régimen Local.
5. El régimen jurídico dela encomienda de gestión que se regula en este artículo no será de
aplicación cuando la realización de las actividades enumeradas en el apartado primero haya
de recaer sobre personas físicas o jurídicas sujetas a derecho privado, ajustándose entonces,
en lo que proceda, a la legislación correspondiente de contratos del Estado, sin que puedan
encomendarse a personas o Entidades de esta naturaleza actividades que, según la legislación
vigente, hayan de realizarse con sujeción al derecho administrativo”.
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2. Antecedentes normativos

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³Toda sentencia de un órgano que ejerza jurisdicción debe fundarse en un

proceso previo legalmente tramitado. Corresponderá al legislador establecer
siempre las garantías de un procedimiento y una investigación racionales y
justos”.

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“(…) Los hechos y fundamentos de derecho deberán siempre expresarse en

aquellos actos que afectaren los derechos de los particulares, sea que los li-
miten, restrinjan, priven de ellos, perturben o amenacen su legítimo ejercicio,
así como aquellos que resuelvan recursos administrativos”.

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“Artículo 41. Contenido de la resolución final. La resolución que ponga fin

al procedimiento decidirá las cuestiones planteadas por los interesados.

Cuando en la elaboración de la resolución final se adviertan cuestiones conexas,

ellas serán puestas en conocimiento de los interesados, quienes dispondrán de
un plazo de quince días para formular las alegaciones que estimen pertinentes
y aportar, en su caso, medios de prueba. Transcurrido ese plazo el órgano
competente decidirá sobre ellas en la resolución final.

En los procedimientos tramitados a solicitud del interesado, la resolución

deberá ajustarse a las peticiones formuladas por éste, sin que en ningún caso
pueda agravar su situación inicial y sin perjuicio de la potestad de la Admi-
nistración de incoar de oficio un nuevo procedimiento, si fuere procedente.

Las resoluciones contendrán la decisión, que será fundada. Expresarán, además,

los recursos que contra la misma procedan, órgano administrativo o judicial

67&1ž

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ante el que hubieran de presentarse y plazo para interponerlos, sin perjuicio

de que los interesados puedan ejercitar cualquier otro que estimen oportuno.

En ningún caso podrá la Administración abstenerse de resolver so pretexto de

silencio, oscuridad o insuficiencia de los preceptos legales aplicables al caso,
aunque podrá resolver la inadmisibilidad de las solicitudes de reconocimien-
to de derechos no previstos en el ordenamiento jurídico o manifiestamente
carentes de fundamento.

La aceptación de informes o dictámenes servirá de motivación a la resolución

cuando se incorporen al texto de la misma”.

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LQFLVR¿QDOORVLJXLHQWH

“Ninguna persona podrá ser sancionada por hechos que no hubiesen sido
materia de cargos”.

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3. Fundamento

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4. Análisis práctico

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VI. Principio de no autoincriminación

1. Concepto

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2. Antecedentes normativos

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&yGLJR3URFHVDO3HQDOArtículo 305.- Principio de no autoincriminación. Todo testigo



tendrá el derecho de negarse a responder aquellas preguntas cuya respuesta pudiere acarrearle
peligro de persecución penal por un delito.
El testigo tendrá el mismo derecho cuando, por su declaración, pudiere incriminar a alguno
de los parientes mencionados en el artículo 302, inciso primero.
Código Civil: Artículo: 360 (349). No serán obligados a declarar:
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3. Fundamento

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1º. Los eclesiásticos, abogados, escribanos, procuradores, médicos y matronas, sobre hechos
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2º. Las personas expresadas en los números 1º, 2º y 3º del artículo 358; y
3º. Los que son interrogados acerca de hechos que afecten el honor del testigo o de las
personas mencionadas en el número anterior, o que importen un delito de que pueda ser
criminalmente responsable el declarante o cualquiera de las personas referidas.
Ley Nº 19.628 que crea los Tribunales de Familia.
Artículo 37.- Principio de no autoincriminación. Todo testigo tendrá el derecho de negarse
a responder aquellas preguntas cuya respuesta pudiere acarrearle peligro de persecución penal
por un delito. Asimismo, el testigo podrá ejercer el mismo derecho cuando, por su declaración,
pudiere incriminar a su cónyuge, a su conviviente, a sus ascendientes o descendientes, a sus
SDULHQWHVFRODWHUDOHVKDVWDHOVHJXQGRJUDGRGHFRQVDQJXLQLGDGRD¿QLGDGDVXSXSLORRDVX
guardador, a su adoptante o su adoptado
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QDGLHse le forzara a declarar contra sí misma en ningún juicio criminal.

(VHQFDVRMiranda v. Arizona,HQOD&RUWH6XSUHPDVRVWXYRTXHVyOR
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ORVFDVRVMalloy v. Hogan \Murphy v. Waterfront Commission, GHOLQHDEDQ
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TXH la cláusula del debido proceso prohíbe la coacción a declarar por
temor al dolor, tortura o agotamiento´.

4. Análisis práctico

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VII. Principio de incentivo al cumplimiento

1. Concepto

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“Artículo 41.- La Superintendencia deberá eximir del monto de la multa
al infractor que concurra a sus oficinas, por primera vez, y denuncie estar
cometiendo, por sí, cualquier infracción de aquellas establecidas en los ar-
tículos precedentes, siempre y cuando ejecute íntegramente el programa de
cumplimiento previsto en el artículo 42.

En caso que un infractor ya hubiese concurrido a autodenunciarse, la utili-

zación por segunda y tercera vez de dicho mecanismo rebajará hasta en un
75% y 50%, respectivamente, la multa impuesta por la Superintendencia en
el proceso sancionatorio respectivo, siempre y cuando ejecute íntegramente
el programa de cumplimiento previsto en el artículo 42.

Esta exención o rebaja sólo procederá cuando el infractor suministre infor-

mación precisa, verídica y comprobable respecto de los hechos que constitu-
yen infracción y ponga fin, de inmediato, a los mismos, adoptando todas las
medidas necesarias para reducir o eliminar los efectos negativos.

Sin perjuicio de lo anterior, en caso que la Superintendencia hubiese iniciado la

etapa de investigación respecto de los mismos hechos, la denuncia establecida en
el inciso primero de este artículo no producirá ningún efecto respecto del infractor.

Artículo 42.- Iniciado un procedimiento sancionatorio, el infractor podrá

presentar en el plazo de 10 días, contado desde el acto que lo incoa, un pro-
grama de cumplimiento.

Para estos efectos se entenderá como programa de cumplimiento, el plan de

acciones y metas presentado por el infractor, para que dentro de un plazo
fijado por la Superintendencia, los responsables cumplan satisfactoriamente
con la normativa ambiental que se indique.

No podrán presentar programas de cumplimiento aquellos infractores que

se hubiesen acogido a programas de gradualidad en el cumplimiento de la
normativa ambiental o hubiesen sido objeto con anterioridad de la aplicación
 &උංඌඍඬൻൺඅ6ൺඅඏൺൽඈඋ2ඌඈඋංඈ9ൺඋ඀ൺඌ

de una sanción por parte de la Superintendencia por infracciones gravísimas

o hubiesen presentado, con anterioridad, un programa de cumplimiento, salvo
que se hubiese tratado de infracciones leves. Con tal objeto, deberá conside-
rarse el plazo de prescripción de las infracciones señaladas en el artículo 37.
Aprobado un programa de cumplimiento por la Superintendencia, el proce-
dimiento sancionatorio se suspenderá.
Dicho procedimiento se reiniciará en caso de incumplirse las obligaciones
contraídas en el programa, evento en el cual se podrá aplicar hasta el doble
de la multa que corresponda a la infracción original dentro del rango seña-
lado en la letra b) del artículo 38, salvo que hubiese mediado autodenuncia.
Cumplido el programa dentro de los plazos establecidos y de acuerdo a las
metas fijadas en él, el procedimiento administrativo se dará por concluido.
El Reglamento establecerá los criterios a los cuales deberá atenerse la Su-
perintendencia para aprobar un programa de cumplimiento.
Con todo, la presentación del programa de cumplimiento y su duración inte-
rrumpirán el plazo señalado en el artículo 37”.

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“Artículo 189.- Las investigaciones de hechos constitutivos del delito de

contrabando sólo podrán ser iniciadas por denuncia o querella del Servicio,
por intermedio de su Director Nacional, de los Directores Regionales o de
los Administradores de Aduana.

Con todo, la querella podrá también ser interpuesta por el Consejo de Defensa
del Estado, a requerimiento del Director Nacional.

La representación y defensa del Fisco en las investigaciones penales relativas

a ese delito y en los procesos que se incoen corresponderán sólo al Director
Nacional, por sí o por medio de mandatario, cuando la denuncia o querella fuere
presentada por el Servicio, o sólo al Consejo de Defensa del Estado, en su caso.
El Servicio Nacional de Aduanas podrá no formular denuncia ni interponer
querella respecto de quien haya tenido participación en un contrabando, pero
0ൺඇඎൺඅൽൾඉඋඈർൾൽංආංൾඇඍඈൺൽආංඇංඌඍඋൺඍංඏඈඌൺඇർංඈඇൺൽඈඋ 

ofreciere pagar una suma no superior a una vez el valor aduanero de las mer-
cancías involucradas. Si aceptare esa oferta alguna de las autoridades a que se
refiere el inciso primero, el interesado deberá enterar la suma correspondiente
en arcas fiscales y, con el comprobante de ese depósito, se convendrá la renuncia
al ejercicio de la acción penal, que tendrá como efecto la extinción de la misma.
La facultad de Aduanas de celebrar los convenios a que se refiere el inciso
anterior se extinguirá una vez que el Ministerio Público formalice la investiga-
ción de conformidad al Párrafo 5º, del Título I, del Libro Segundo del Código
Procesal Penal. Todo lo cual se entiende sin perjuicio de la procedencia de
los acuerdos reparatorios a que se refiere el artículo 241 del mismo Código”.

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“Artículo 43.- Sin perjuicio de las sanciones administrativas que se impongan,
una vez notificada la resolución de la Superintendencia que pone término al
procedimiento sancionador, el infractor podrá presentar voluntariamente ante ella
una propuesta de plan de reparación avalada por un estudio técnico ambiental.

El Servicio de Evaluación Ambiental deberá pronunciarse acerca de los as-

pectos técnicos del plan de reparación que el infractor deberá implementar
a su costo y dentro de los plazos que al efecto le fije tal autoridad.

Una vez recibidos por la Superintendencia el plan de reparación y su respec-

tiva aceptación por el Servicio de Evaluación Ambiental, ésta lo aprobará, y
le corresponderá la fiscalización de su cumplimiento.

Desde la aprobación del plan de reparación a que se refiere el inciso anterior

y mientras éste se ejecute, el plazo de prescripción para ejercer la acción por
daño ambiental se suspenderá. Si se ejecutare dicho plan satisfactoriamente,
la acción señalada se extinguirá.

Si existiere daño ambiental y el infractor no presentare voluntariamente un

plan de reparación, se deberá ejercer la acción por daño ambiental ante el
Tribunal Ambiental.

El reglamento establecerá el plazo que tendrá el Servicio de Evaluación Am-

biental para pronunciarse respecto de la proposición de reparación, avalada
por un estudio técnico ambiental, y el plazo en el cual el infractor deberá
implementar dicha reparación”.
 &උංඌඍඬൻൺඅ6ൺඅඏൺൽඈඋ2ඌඈඋංඈ9ൺඋ඀ൺඌ

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2. Antecedentes normativos

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“Proporcionar asistencia a sus regulados para la presentación de planes de cumplimiento
o de reparación, así como para orientarlos en la comprensión de las obligaciones que emanan
de los instrumentos individualizados en el artículo 2º de esta ley”.

Artículo 41.- La Superintendencia deberá eximir del monto de la multa al infractor
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infracción de aquellas establecidas en los artículos precedentes, siempre y cuando ejecute
íntegramente el programa de cumplimiento previsto en el artículo 42.
En caso que un infractor ya hubiese concurrido a autodenunciarse, la utilización por
segunda y tercera vez de dicho mecanismo rebajará hasta en un 75% y 50%, respectivamente,
la multa impuesta por la Superintendencia en el proceso sancionatorio respectivo, siempre y
cuando ejecute íntegramente el programa de cumplimiento previsto en el artículo 42.
Esta exención o rebaja sólo procederá cuando el infractor suministre información precisa,
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a los mismos, adoptando todas las medidas necesarias para reducir o eliminar los efectos negativos.
Sin perjuicio de lo anterior, en caso que la Superintendencia hubiese iniciado la etapa de
investigación respecto de los mismos hechos, la denuncia establecida en el inciso primero de
este artículo no producirá ningún efecto respecto del infractor.
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Artículo 42.- Iniciado un procedimiento sancionatorio, el infractor podrá presentar en


el plazo de 10 días, contado desde el acto que lo incoa, un programa de cumplimiento.

Para estos efectos se entenderá como programa de cumplimiento, el plan de acciones y
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los responsables cumplan satisfactoriamente con la normativa ambiental que se indique.
No podrán presentar programas de cumplimiento aquellos infractores que se hubiesen acogido
a programas de gradualidad en el cumplimiento de la normativa ambiental o hubiesen sido
objeto con anterioridad de la aplicación de una sanción por parte de la Superintendencia por
infracciones gravísimas o hubiesen presentado, con anterioridad, un programa de cumplimiento,
salvo que se hubiese tratado de infracciones leves. Con tal objeto, deberá considerarse el plazo
de prescripción de las infracciones señaladas en el artículo 37.
Aprobado un programa de cumplimiento por la Superintendencia, el procedimiento
sancionatorio se suspenderá.
Dicho procedimiento se reiniciará en caso de incumplirse las obligaciones contraídas en el
programa, evento en el cual se podrá aplicar hasta el doble de la multa que corresponda a la
infracción original dentro del rango señalado en la letra b) del artículo 38, salvo que hubiese
mediado autodenuncia. Cumplido el programa dentro de los plazos establecidos y de acuerdo
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El Reglamento establecerá los criterios a los cuales deberá atenerse la Superintendencia
para aprobar un programa de cumplimiento.
Con todo, la presentación del programa de cumplimiento y su duración interrumpirán el
plazo señalado en el artículo 37.
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sanciones y de las actuaciones procedimentales

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“La sanción administrativa es independiente de la responsabilidad civil y

penal y, en consecuencia, las actuaciones o resoluciones referidas a ésta,
tales como el archivo provisional, la aplicación del principio de oportuni-
dad, la suspensión condicional del procedimiento, los acuerdos reparato-
rios, la condena, el sobreseimiento o la absolución judicial no excluyen la
posibilidad de aplicar al funcionario una medida disciplinaria en razón de
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3. Análisis práctico

3.1. La persecución múltiple de un mismo hecho

que imponga una sanción de distinta naturaleza

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“Artículo 2º.- La Unidad de Análisis Financiero tendrá las siguientes atribuciones y
funciones, las que podrá desarrollar y ejercer en cualquier lugar del territorio nacional: […]
j) Imponer las sanciones administrativas que establece esta ley. Bajo ningún respecto la
Unidad de Análisis Financiero podrá ejercer competencias propias del Ministerio Público o
de los Tribunales de Justicia. Asimismo, sólo podrá utilizar la información que reciba para los
propósitos establecidos en esta ley, no pudiendo en caso alguno darla a conocer o entregarla a
organismos o servicios distintos del Ministerio Público. Cuando, del examen de los antecedentes
referidos en las letras que anteceden, el Director de la Unidad de Análisis Financiero estime
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27 de esta ley o el artículo 8º de la ley Nº 18.314, deberá disponer su inmediata remisión al
Ministerio Público. Asimismo, el Ministerio Público podrá requerir a la Unidad el envío de los
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La Superintendencia aplicará a los infractores de esta ley, de sus normas

complementarias, de los estatutos y reglamentos internos que los rigen y de
las resoluciones que dicte conforme a sus facultades, las sanciones y apremios
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la presente ley […].

Cuando en el ejercicio de sus funciones, los funcionarios de la Superinten-

dencia tomen conocimiento de hechos que pudieran ser constitutivos de los
delitos señalados en los artículos 59 y 60 de esta ley, salvo en lo referente
a la conducta ministerial de sus subalternos, el plazo de 24 horas a que se
refiere el artículo 176 del Código Procesal Penal, sólo se contará desde que
la Superintendencia haya efectuado la investigación correspondiente que le
permita confirmar la existencia de tales hechos y de sus circunstancias, todo
sin perjuicio de las sanciones administrativas que pudiere aplicar por esas
mismas situaciones.

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“Artículo 59. Iniciado un procedimiento administrativo sancionador por parte

de la Superintendencia no podrá ningún organismo sectorial con competencia
ambiental, por los mismos hechos, iniciar un procedimiento administrativo
sancionatorio de competencias propias o denunciarlos a la justicia civil, a
menos que la Superintendencia se declare incompetente.

Los organismos sectoriales con competencia ambiental que, en el ejercicio de

sus funciones, tomen conocimiento de estas infracciones estarán obligados a
denunciarlos a la Superintendencia. En caso de que alguno de estos organis-
mos iniciare un procedimiento respecto de materias que son competencia de la
Superintendencia, ésta, de oficio o a petición de interesado, podrá solicitarle

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que se declare incompetente y le remita todos los antecedentes para iniciar

el procedimiento respectivo”.

“Artículo 60.- Cuando por unos mismos hechos y fundamentos jurídicos, el

infractor pudiese ser sancionado con arreglo a esta ley y a otra u otras leyes,
de las sanciones posibles, se le impondrá la de mayor gravedad.

En ningún caso se podrá aplicar al infractor, por los mismos hechos y funda-
mentos jurídicos, dos o más sanciones administrativas”.

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“Se consideran interesados en el procedimiento administrativo:

1. Quienes lo promuevan como titulares de derechos o intereses individuales

o colectivos.

2. Los que, sin haber iniciado el procedimiento, tengan derechos que puedan
resultar afectados por la decisión que en el mismo se adopte.

3. Aquéllos cuyos intereses, individuales o colectivos, puedan resultar afec-

tados por la resolución y se apersonen en el procedimiento en tanto no haya
recaído resolución definitiva”.

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“Artículo 6º.- Sólo constituyen infracciones administrativas las vulneraciones

del ordenamiento jurídico previstas como tales en la ley y en los reglamentos
dictados conforme a ella o en el reglamento […].

Artículo 7º.- Sólo podrán ser sancionadas por hechos constitutivos de infracción
administrativa, las personas naturales y jurídicas que resulten responsables
de los mismos en el respectivo procedimiento.

Cuando el cumplimiento de las obligaciones previstas en una disposición legal

corresponda a varias personas conjuntamente, responderán de forma solidaria
de las infracciones que se cometan y de las sanciones que se impongan”.

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Artículo 61 Sujetos infractores:
1. Serán sujetos infractores las personas físicas o jurídicas que realicen las acciones u
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2. A los efectos de la aplicación de esta ley, la actuación de una empresa es también imputable
a las empresas o personas que la controlan, excepto cuando su comportamiento económico no
venga determinado por alguna de ellas.
3. Cuando se imponga una multa a una asociación, unión o agrupación de empresas y ésta
no sea solvente, la asociación estará obligada a recabar las contribuciones de sus miembros
hasta cubrir el importe de la multa.
En caso de que no se aporten dichas contribuciones a la asociación dentro del plazo
¿MDGRSRUOD&RPLVLyQ1DFLRQDOGHOD&RPSHWHQFLDVHSRGUiH[LJLUHOSDJRGHODPXOWDD
cualquiera de las empresas cuyos representantes sean miembros de los órganos de gobierno
de la asociación de que se trate.
Una vez que la Comisión Nacional de la Competencia haya requerido el pago con arreglo
a lo dispuesto en el párrafo anterior, podrá exigir el pago del saldo a cualquier miembro de la
asociación que operase en el mercado en que se hubiese producido la infracción cuando ello
sea necesario para garantizar el pago íntegro de la multa.
No obstante, no se exigirá el pago contemplado en los párrafos segundo y tercero a las
empresas que demuestren que no han aplicado la decisión o recomendación de la asociación
constitutiva de infracción y que o bien ignoraban su existencia o se distanciaron activamente
de ella antes de que se iniciase la investigación del caso.
/DUHVSRQVDELOLGDG¿QDQFLHUDGHFDGDHPSUHVDFRQUHVSHFWRDOSDJRGHODPXOWDQRSRGUi
ser superior al 10 por ciento de su volumen de negocios total en el ejercicio inmediatamente
anterior.
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“Artículo 38 Sujetos infractores

1. Son sujetos infractores las personas físicas o jurídicas que realicen las ac-
ciones u omisiones tipificadas como infracciones en esta Ley, les den soporte,
publiciten, promocionen u obtengan beneficio de las mismas.

2. Se consideran también sujetos infractores y organizadores de juego a los

efectos del presente artículo, exigiéndoseles idéntica responsabilidad, a las
personas físicas o jurídicas que obtuvieran un beneficio relevante vinculado
directamente al desarrollo de actividades de juego como consecuencia de las
acciones u omisiones referidas en el apartado anterior”.

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4.3. Los casos de la LBPA

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5. Derechos de los interesados

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±Conocer, en cualquier momento, el estado de la tramitación de los

procedimientos en los que tengan la condición de interesados y obtener
copia autorizada de los documentos que rolan en el expediente y la de-
volución de los originales, salvo que por mandato legal o reglamentario
éstos deban ser acompañados a los autos, a su costa

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solicitudes:

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“Artículo 14.- Los presuntos responsables de una infracción administrativa

tendrán garantizados los siguientes derechos en los respectivos procedimientos
sancionadores:

a) A ser notificado de los hechos que se le imputen, de las infracciones que

tales hechos puedan constituir y de las sanciones que, en su caso, se le pudie-
ran imponer, así como de la autoridad competente para imponer la sanción
y de la norma que atribuya tal competencia.

b) A formular alegaciones y utilizar los medios de defensa y de prueba admi-

tidos por el ordenamiento jurídico que resulten procedentes.

c) Los demás derechos reconocidos en la ley Nº 19.880”.

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6. Pluralidad de interesados

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Art. 19 (20). Si son dos o más las partes que entablan una demanda o gestión judicial
y deducen las mismas acciones, deberán obrar todas conjuntamente, constituyendo un solo
mandatario.
La misma regla se aplicará a los demandados cuando sean dos o más y opongan idénticas
excepciones o defensas.
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En razón de lo señalado, y en virtud del principio de economía proce-

sal y de debido proceso, a nuestro juicio, la autoridad administrativa ante
interesados que tengan idénticos derechos o intereses afectados y cuyas
defensas puedan resultar perjudicadas, podrá decretar que los interesados
designen un procurador común, cuestión que será simplemente una potestad
facultativa de la autoridad. Asimismo, cuando existan presentaciones comu-
nes de interesados, que carezcan defensa letrada, y a juicio, de la autoridad
administrativa puede lesionarse sus derechos o intereses o menoscabarse su
debido proceso, podrá adoptar todas las medidas que sean pertinentes para
asegurar la defensa y protección de esos derechos o intereses. Una opción
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blicas o privadas que otorguen asistencia letrada gratuita a los interesados.

Lo anterior, ha sido reconocido en el derecho comparado, como es la

Ley de Procedimiento Administrativo de Alemania672.

Artículo 17. Representantes en peticiones uniformes

672

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idéntica (peticiones uniformes), es considerado para el procedimiento administrativo como
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como mandatario. Sólo una persona física puede ser representante.
(2) La autoridad administrativa puede no considerar las peticiones uniformes que no
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administrativa puede, además, no tomar en consideración las peticiones uniformes en
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su nombre o su domicilio.
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puede realizar esta declaración sólo por el conjunto de los representados. Si esta declaración
proviene de un representado, debe al mismo tiempo comunicar a la autoridad administrativa
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en un plazo adecuado. Si la intimación debe ser enviada a más de cincuenta personas, la
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&5ൾ඀අൺඌർඈආඎඇൾඌൺඅඉඋඈർൾൽංආංൾඇඍඈ

I. Formación del proceso

1. Concepto

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Si la intimación no es contestada dentro del plazo previsto, la autoridad administrativa puede

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Artículo 18. Representante en caso de partes con interés idéntico
(1) Si en un procedimiento administrativo más de cincuenta personas con un interés idéntico
participan sin encontrarse representados, la autoridad administrativa puede intimarlos a
designar en un plazo adecuado a un representante común si en lo demás pudiera ocasionar
perjuicio al adecuado desenvolvimiento del procedimiento administrativo. Si ellas no acceden
a esta intimación dentro del plazo otorgado, la autoridad administrativa puede designar de
R¿FLRDXQUHSUHVHQWDQWHFRP~Q6yORXQDSHUVRQDItVLFDSXHGHVHUUHSUHVHQWDQWH
(2) La facultad de representación se extingue cuando el representante o el representado lo
PDQL¿HVWHDQWHODDXWRULGDGDGPLQLVWUDWLYDSRUGHFODUDFLyQHVFULWDHOUHSUHVHQWDQWHVyORSXHGH
realizar esta declaración por el conjunto de los representados. Si esta declaración proviene de
un representado, debe al mismo tiempo comunicar a la autoridad administrativa si mantiene
su petición y si ha designado un mandatario.

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2. Antecedentes normativos

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3. Análisis práctico

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QLVWUDWLYRVLQHPEDUJRHVDFRQVHMDEOHTXHGLFKDDFWXDFLyQVHUHDOLFHSRU
ORVLQWHUHVDGRVHLQWHUYLQLHQWHVSDUDIDFLOLWDUHOWUDEDMRGHHQWUHJDGHFRSLDV
GHODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQS~EOLFD\DVtDVHJXUDUORVSULQFLSLRVGHH¿FLHQFLDQR
IRUPDOL]DFLyQ \ HFRQRPtD SURFHGLPHQWDO GH OD UHIHULGD OHJLVODFLyQ /R
DQWHULRUWDPELpQSHUPLWHTXHORVLQWHUHVDGRVRDIHFWDGRVHQVXVLQWHUHVHV
SXHGDQWRPDUFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODVDFWXDFLRQHV\KDFHUSUHVHQWHDODDXWR
ULGDGVXVD¿UPDFLRQHVVREUHHVWDV

±/DFHUWL¿FDFLyQDGPLQLVWUDWLYD/DDXWRULGDGDGPLQLVWUDWLYDWHQGUiOD
REOLJDFLyQGHWLPEUDURVXVFULELUODIHFKD\KRUDGHOLQJUHVRGHORVHVFUL
WRVRSUHVHQWDFLRQHVGHORVLQWHUHVDGRVRWRGRGRFXPHQWRTXHVHSUHVHQWH
UHVSHFWRDOSURFHVRSDUDDVHJXUDUVXRUGHQFURQROyJLFRHQUD]yQGHVX
IHFKDGHRFXUUHQFLDHLQJUHVR

±Custodia del expediente administrativo/DFXVWRGLDGHOH[SHGLHQWH

OH FRUUHVSRQGH DO yUJDQR DGPLQLVWUDWLYR HQ ODV HWDSDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ


³(Q~OWLPRWpUPLQRHQYLUWXGGHORGLVSXHVWRHQHOLQFLVRSULPHURGHODUWtFXORGHOD
OH\SUHFLWDGDTXHGLVSRQHTXHHOSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRHVµXQDVXFHVLyQGHDFWRVWUiPLWH
YLQFXODGRVHQWUHVtHPDQDGRVGHOD$GPLQLVWUDFLyQ\HQVXFDVRGHSDUWLFXODUHVLQWHUHVDGRVTXH
WLHQHSRU¿QDOLGDGSURGXFLUXQDFWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRWHUPLQDO¶FDEHVHxDODUTXHHQORVXFHVLYR
ODIROLDFLyQGHODVSLH]DVGHORVH[SHGLHQWHVUHODWLYRVDODPDWHULDGHEHUiVHU~QLFD\FRUUHODWLYD
HYLWDQGRVXGXSOLFLGDGFRPRKDVXFHGLGRHQODHVSHFLH´'LFWDPHQ1ž
 &උංඌඍඬൻൺඅ6ൺඅඏൺൽඈඋ2ඌඈඋංඈ9ൺඋ඀ൺඌ

LQLFLDFLyQLQVWUXFFLyQ\UHVROXFLyQ'LFKDREOLJDFLyQSRUODDXWRULGDGDG
PLQLVWUDWLYDSRGUiVHUHQFDUJDGDDXQIXQFLRQDULRHQHVSHFt¿FR(QHOFDVR
GHSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVVDQFLRQDGRUHVODFXVWRGLDGHOH[SHGLHQWH
OHFRUUHVSRQGH SRU XQ ODGR DO¿VFDO LQVWUXFWRUGXUDQWHWRGD OD HWDSDGH
LQVWUXFFLyQ\SRURWURODGRDODDXWRULGDGDGPLQLVWUDWLYDFXDQGRVHGLFWH
ODUHVROXFLyQ¿QDO/DSpUGLGDGHOH[SHGLHQWHSXHGHDFDUUHDUUHVSRQVDEL
OLGDGHV DGPLQLVWUDWLYDV 'H HVWH PRGR HV DFRQVHMDEOH TXH OD DXWRULGDG
HPLWDXQDLQVWUXFFLyQUHVSHFWRFDGDSURFHVRKDFLHQGRUHVSRQVDEOHGHVX
FXVWRGLDDXQIXQFLRQDULRFRQUHVSRQVDELOLGDGDGPLQLVWUDWLYDH[FOX\HQGR
DORVVHUYLGRUHVS~EOLFRVFRQWUDWDGRVDKRQRUDULRV

±Consulta del expediente administrativo:&RQIRUPHDORVDUWtFXORV\

GHOD/%3$ORVH[SHGLHQWHVDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVVRQS~EOLFRVVDOYRODSURWHFFLyQ
GHGDWRVSHUVRQDOHV\ODVFDXVDOHVGHUHVHUYD\VHFUHWRGHOD/$,3WHQLHQGR
GHUHFKRORVLQWHUHVDGRVGHFRQRFHUHQFXDOTXLHUPRPHQWRHOHVWDGRGHODWUD
PLWDFLyQGHORVSURFHGLPLHQWRVHQORVTXHWHQJDQODFRQGLFLyQGHLQWHUHVDGRV
\REWHQHUFRSLDDXWRUL]DGDGHORVGRFXPHQWRVTXHURODQHQHOH[SHGLHQWH\OD
GHYROXFLyQGHORVRULJLQDOHVVDOYRTXHSRUPDQGDWROHJDORUHJODPHQWDULRpVWRV
GHEDQVHUDFRPSDxDGRVDORVDXWRVDVXFRVWD/DDXWRULGDGDGPLQLVWUDWLYD
SDUDXQPHMRUGHVHPSHxRGHVXVIXQFLRQHVVHOHDFRQVHMD¿MDUXQKRUDULRGH
FRQVXOWDGHH[SHGLHQWHVSDUDQRLQWHUUXPSLURGLVWUDHULQGHELGDPHQWHDORV
IXQFLRQDULRVGHOFXPSOLPLHQWRUHJXODUGHVXVODERUHVKDELWXDOHV\SHUPLWLUD
ORVLQWHUHVDGRVSRGHUDGHFXDGDPHQWHWHQHUDFFHVRDHOORV

± Pérdida del expediente: (Q HO FDVR GH SpUGLGD GHO H[SHGLHQWH VLQ
SHUMXLFLR GH OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG DGPLQLVWUDWLYD TXH SXHGD FRUUHVSRQGHU
OD DXWRULGDG FRQIRUPH D ORV SULQFLSLRV GH QR IRUPDOL]DFLyQ \ HFRQRPtD
SURFHGLPHQWDO GHEHUi DGRSWDU WRGDV ODV PHGLGDV SDUD VX UHFRQVWLWXFLyQ
LQFOXVRSXGLHQGRVROLFLWDUFRSLDVGHVXVDFWXDFLRQHVDORVLQWHUHVDGRV3DUD
ORDQWHULRUFXPSOLUiXQUROIXQGDPHQWDOHO³UHJLVWURDFWXDOL]DGR´GRQGH
FRQVWDUiQ WRGDV ODV DFWXDFLRQHV HVFULWRV H LQIRUPHV GHO SURFHGLPLHQWR
DGPLQLVWUDWLYR(QHVWHVHQWLGROD&RQWUDORUtDKDVHxDODGR

³(QHVWHVHQWLGR\SDUDORVHIHFWRVGHODFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHUHFRQVWLWXFLyQFDEH
LQGLFDUTXHODPXQLFLSDOLGDGGHEHUiDFWXDUVREUHODEDVHGHORVDQWHFHGHQ

'LFWDPHQ1ž

0ൺඇඎൺඅൽൾඉඋඈർൾൽංආංൾඇඍඈൺൽආංඇංඌඍඋൺඍංඏඈඌൺඇർංඈඇൺൽඈඋ 

WHVGHTXHGLVSRQJD\GHORVTXHHQVXFDVROHVVHDQSURSRUFLRQDGRVSRU
ORVSURSLRVLQWHUHVDGRVFRQVLGHUDQGRORSUHYLVWRHQPDWHULDGHSUXHEDHQ
HO LQFLVR SULPHUR GHO DUWtFXOR  GH OD /H\ 1ž VREUH %DVHV GH ORV
3URFHGLPLHQWRV$GPLQLVWUDWLYRV TXH ULJHQ ORV$FWRV GH ORV ÏUJDQRV GH OD
$GPLQLVWUDFLyQGHO(VWDGR±TXHGLVSRQHTXHORVKHFKRVUHOHYDQWHVSDUDOD
GHFLVLyQ GH XQ SURFHGLPLHQWR SRGUiQ DFUHGLWDUVH SRU FXDOTXLHU PHGLR GH
SUXHEDDGPLVLEOHHQGHUHFKRDSUHFLiQGRVHHQFRQFLHQFLDVDOYRTXHHQOD
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HVSHFLDOHVDOUHVSHFWRDSOLFDFULWHULRFRQWHQLGRHQHOGLFWDPHQ1ž
GH´

II. Capacidad

1. Concepto

(QHO'HUHFKRVHUHFRQRFHODFDSDFLGDGHQJHQHUDOFRPRODDSWLWXGR
SRGHU SDUD UHDOL]DU DOJR 7UDGLFLRQDOPHQWH OD 'RFWULQD GHO 'HUHFKR
&LYLOUHFRQRFHGRVWLSRVGHFDSDFLGDG(QSULPHUOXJDUHVWiODGHQR
PLQDGD³FDSDFLGDGGHJRFH´R³FDSDFLGDGDGTXLVLWLYD´TXHFRQVLVWHHQ
ODDSWLWXGSDUDDGTXLULUGHUHFKRV/DFDSDFLGDGGHJRFHHVXQHOHPHQWR
EiVLFRGHODSHUVRQDKXPDQDVHWLHQHSRUHOVRORKHFKRGHVHUSHUVRQD
\ HQ HVWH VHQWLGR QR KD\ SHUVRQDV TXH QR SXHGDQ DGTXLULU GHUHFKRV
SDUDVXSDWULPRQLR(QVHJXQGROXJDUHVWiODOODPDGD³FDSDFLGDGGH
HMHUFLFLR´R³FDSDFLGDGGHDFWXDU´TXHHVDSWLWXGGHXQDSHUVRQDSDUD
HMHUFHUSRUVtPLVPRORVGHUHFKRVGHORVTXHHVWLWXODUVLQODQHFHVLGDG
GHWXWHODRUHSUHVHQWDFLyQSRUSDUWHGHXQDWHUFHUDSHUVRQD(VWD~OWLPD
HVODFDSDFLGDGTXHQRVLQWHUHVDWUDWDUSDUDHIHFWRVGHOSURFHGLPLHQWR
DGPLQLVWUDWLYR

'H HVWH PRGR OD FDSDFLGDG HQ HO SURFHGLPLHQWR DGPLQLVWUDWLYR HV OD
LGRQHLGDGGHXQDSHUVRQDQDWXUDORMXUtGLFDSDUDVHUVXMHWRGHODUHODFLyQ
SURFHVDODGPLQLVWUDWLYDORDQWHULRUVHH[WUDHGHODVGH¿QLFLRQHVFOiVLFDV
GHFDSDFLGDGGHOGHUHFKRSURFHVDO


'LFWDPHQ1ž

&IU'ඎർർං&අൺඋඈ&DUORVS
6REUHHVWDPDWHULDGHVWDFDORVHxDODGRSRU0ඈඋൺ඀ൺ.අൾඇඇൾඋ&ODXGLRSS

 &උංඌඍඬൻൺඅ6ൺඅඏൺൽඈඋ2ඌඈඋංඈ9ൺඋ඀ൺඌ

³/DFDSDFLGDGGHSDUWHHVODFDSDFLGDGSDUDVHUVXMHWRGHXQDUHODFLyQSURFH
VDOHVGHFLUSDUDVHUGHPDQGDQWHGHPDQGDGRRLQWHUYLQLHQWHDGKHUHQWHHQHO
SURFHGLPLHQWRGHVHQWHQFLDVROLFLWDQWHRDGYHUVDULRHQHOSURFHVRGHHPEDUJR
\DFUHHGRURGHXGRUHQORVSURFHVRVPRQLWRULR\GHHMHFXFLyQ´

2. Antecedentes normativos

(QOD+LVWRULDGHOD/%3$FRQVWDTXHSDUDUHJXODUODFDSDFLGDGOD/H\
FKLOHQDWXYRGHQWURGHVXVSULQFLSDOHVPRGHORVODVOH\HVGHSURFHGLPLHQWR
DGPLQLVWUDWLYRGH(VSDxD)UDQFLD$UJHQWLQD\8UXJXD\

(QUHODFLyQDODFDSDFLGDGFRQWRGDFHUWH]DVHVLJXLyDOD/H\(VSDxROD
GH5pJLPHQ-XUtGLFRGHODV$GPLQLVWUDFLRQHV3~EOLFDV\GHO3URFHGLPLHQ
WR$GPLQLVWUDWLYR&RP~QGHFX\RDUWtFXORVREUH&DSDFLGDGGH
2EUDUVHxDODTXH

“Tendrán capacidad de obrar ante las Administraciones Públicas, además de

las personas que la ostenten con arreglo a las normas civiles, los menores de
edad para el ejercicio y defensa de aquellos de sus derechos e intereses cuya
actuación esté permitida por el ordenamiento jurídico-administrativo sin la
asistencia de la persona que ejerza la patria potestad, tutela o curatela. Se
exceptúa el supuesto de los menores incapacitados, cuando la extensión de
la incapacitación afecte al ejercicio y defensa de los derechos o intereses de
que se trate”.

(QUD]yQGHGLFKDQRUPDVHRULJLQyHODUWtFXORGHOD/%3$TXHUHJXOD
ODFDSDFLGDGSDUDDFWXDU

3. Regla general

/DFDSDFLGDGSDUDDFWXDUHQPDWHULDDGPLQLVWUDWLYDHVWiUHJXODGDHQHO
DUWtFXORGHOD/%3$/DQRUPDVHxDODTXH


5ඈඌൾඇൻൾඋ඀/HRS
%LEOLRWHFDGHO&RQJUHVR1DFLRQDO+LVWRULDGHODOH\1žPD\RGH'LVSRQLEOH


HQKWWSZZZOH\FKLOHFO1DYHJDUVFULSWVREWLHQHDUFKLYR"LG UHFXUVRVOHJDOHV
+/SGI
0ൺඇඎൺඅൽൾඉඋඈർൾൽංආංൾඇඍඈൺൽආංඇංඌඍඋൺඍංඏඈඌൺඇർංඈඇൺൽඈඋ 

“Tendrán capacidad de actuar ante la Administración, además de las perso-

nas que gocen de ella o la ejerzan con arreglo a las normas generales, los
menores de edad para el ejercicio y defensa de aquellos de sus derechos e
intereses cuya actuación esté permitida por el ordenamiento jurídico-admi-
nistrativo sin la asistencia de la persona que ejerza la patria potestad, tutela
o curatela. Se exceptúa el supuesto de los menores incapacitados, cuando la
extensión de la incapacitación afecte al ejercicio y defensa de los derechos o
intereses de que se trate”.

/DQRUPDFRQWHPSODGRVFDWHJRUtDVGHSHUVRQDVHQUHODFLyQDODFDSD
FLGDGSDUDDFWXDU3ULPHUR³las personas que gocen de ella o la ejerzan
con arreglo a las normas generales”\VHJXQGRORVPHQRUHVGHHGDG'H
HVWHPRGRODFDSDFLGDGHQHOGHUHFKRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRHVPiVDPSOLDTXH
ODH[LVWHQWHHQHOiPELWRGHOGHUHFKRSULYDGR

(QUHODFLyQDODVSHUVRQDVTXHJR]DQGHFDSDFLGDGHQUHODFLyQDODVQRU
PDVJHQHUDOHVQRH[LVWHGLVFXVLyQHQODGRFWULQDTXHHVWDVHUH¿HUHDODV
QRUPDVGHFDSDFLGDGGHORVDUWtFXORV\VLJXLHQWHVGHO&yGLJR&LYLO

'HEHPRVUHFRUGDUTXHGHDFXHUGRDODVQRUPDVGHOGHUHFKRFLYLOWRGDV
ODVSHUVRQDVVRQOHJDOPHQWHFDSDFHVH[FHSWRDTXHOODVTXHODOH\GHFODUD
H[SUHVDPHQWHFRPRLQFDSDFHV'HDFXHUGRDODUWtFXORH[LVWHQGRV
WLSRVGHLQFDSDFHV(VWiQORVincapaces absolutos±GHPHQWHVLQIDQWHV
LPS~EHUHV\VRUGRPXGRVTXHQRSXHGHQGDUVHDHQWHQGHUFODUDPHQWH±
FX\DVDFWXDFLRQHVVRQVLHPSUHLQH¿FDFHV\ORVincapaces relativos±PH
QRUHVDGXOWRV\GLVLSDGRUHV±ORVFXDOHVSXHGHQHMHUFHUDOJXQRVGHUHFKRV
SRUVtPLVPRV

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WRGDVODVSHUVRQDVTXHKD\DQDOFDQ]DGRODPD\RUtDGHHGDGDxRVVRQ
DSWRV \ HVWiQ KDELOLWDGRV SDUD HMHUFHU SHUVRQDOPHQWH VXV GHUHFKRV HQ HO
SURFHGLPLHQWR DGPLQLVWUDWLYR HQ OD PHGLGD TXH QR VH WUDWH GH SHUVRQDV
FRQDOJ~QWLSRGHLQKDELOLGDGPHQWDORGHPHQFLDQLTXHVHDQVRUGRPXGRV
TXHQRSXHGDQGDUVHDHQWHQGHUFODUDPHQWH

&ඈඋൽൾඋඈ/XLVS



0ඈඋൺ඀ൺ&ODXGLRS


 &උංඌඍඬൻൺඅ6ൺඅඏൺൽඈඋ2ඌඈඋංඈ9ൺඋ඀ൺඌ

4. El caso especial del menor de edad

$GHPiVGHODUHJODJHQHUDOHQPDWHULDGHFDSDFLGDGSDUDDFWXDUDQWHOD
$GPLQLVWUDFLyQKHPRVVHxDODGRTXHHODUWtFXORWLHQHXQDQRUPDHVSHFLDO
UHODFLRQDGDDORVPHQRUHVGHHGDG/DQRUPDVHxDODTXH

“Los menores de edad para el ejercicio y defensa de aquellos de sus derechos

e intereses cuya actuación esté permitida por el ordenamiento jurídico-admi-
nistrativo sin la asistencia de la persona que ejerza la patria potestad, tutela
o curatela. Se exceptúa el supuesto de los menores incapacitados, cuando la
extensión de la incapacitación afecte al ejercicio y defensa de los derechos o
intereses de que se trate”.

0iVDOOiGHODWUHPHQGDVLPLOLWXGGHODGLVSRVLFLyQFKLOHQDFRQOD/H\
(VSDxRODFDEHSUHJXQWDUVHSRUTXpIXHLQWURGXFLGDXQDQRUPDHVSHFLDOHQ
UHODFLyQDORVPHQRUHVGHHGDG\QRVHVLJXLHURQODVUHJODVJHQHUDOHVHQ
PDWHULDGHFDSDFLGDG

'HODWUDPLWDFLyQOHJLVODWLYDDSDUHFHTXHIXHSURGXFWRGHXQDLQGLFD
FLyQGHO6HQDGRU(QULTXH6LOYD&LPPDTXHD¿UPyTXHH[LVWHQGLYHUVDV
FRQYHQFLRQHVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVTXHFRQWHPSODQGHUHFKRVDORVPHQRUHV
6LELHQQRDSDUHFHH[SUHVDPHQWHHQOD+LVWRULDGHOD/H\DFXiOWUDWDGR
LQWHUQDFLRQDOVHKDFHDOXVLyQHQWHQGHPRVTXHVHUH¿HUHDOD&RQYHQFLyQ
GHORV'HUHFKRVGHO1LxRHOFXDOUHFRQRFHH[SUHVDPHQWHHOGHUHFKRGHO
QLxRDVHURtGRSRUODDXWRULGDGDGPLQLVWUDWLYD(ODUWtFXORGHODFLWDGD
&RQYHQFLyQVHxDOD

1. Los Estados Partes garantizarán al niño que esté en condiciones de formarse

un juicio propio el derecho de expresar su opinión libremente en todos los
asuntos que afectan al niño, teniéndose debidamente en cuenta las opiniones
del niño, en función de la edad y madurez del niño.

2. Con tal fin, se dará en particular al niño oportunidad de ser escuchado

en todo procedimiento judicial o administrativo que afecte al niño, ya sea
directamente o por medio de un representante o de un órgano apropiado, en
consonancia con las normas de procedimiento de la ley nacional.

%LEOLRWHFDGHO&RQJUHVR1DFLRQDO+LVWRULDGHOD/%3$S

0ൺඇඎൺඅൽൾඉඋඈർൾൽංආංൾඇඍඈൺൽආංඇංඌඍඋൺඍංඏඈඌൺඇർංඈඇൺൽඈඋ 

'HEHPRVUHFRUGDUORVHxDODGRDQWHULRUPHQWHHQUHODFLyQDO3ULQFLSLRGH
&RQWUDGLFWRULHGDGDGPLQLVWUDWLYDHQHOVHQWLGRTXHHQHO'HUHFKR,QWHU
QDFLRQDOGHORV'HUHFKRV+XPDQRVHOGHQRPLQDGR“derecho a ser oído”
LPSOLFDHOGHUHFKRDSDUWLFLSDUIRUPXODUDOHJDFLRQHV\SUHVHQWDUSUXHED
HQSURFHVRVDQWHODDXWRULGDGMXGLFLDO\DGPLQLVWUDWLYD

(VQHFHVDULRKDFHUSUHVHQWHTXHHQHO'HUHFKRFLYLOVHUHFRQRFHQWUHV
FDWHJRUtDVGHPHQRUHVGHHGDG(QSULPHUOXJDUORVinfantes PHQRUHVGH
DxRVORVimpúberes PXMHUHVGHDDxRVKRPEUHVGHD\ORV
menores adultosPXMHUHVGHDDxRVKRPEUHVGHDDxRV'H
DFXHUGRDODUWtFXORGHO&yGLJR&LYLOORVGRVSULPHURVVRQincapaces
absolutosORTXHVLJQL¿FDTXHORVDFWRVMXUtGLFRVUHDOL]DGRVSRUHVWRVVRQ
DEVROXWDPHQWHQXORV\QXQFDSXHGHQVHUYiOLGRV6HJ~QODVPLVPDVQRUPDV
ORVPHQRUHVDGXOWRVVRQLQFDSDFHVUHODWLYRVORFXDOVLJQL¿FDTXHHQFLHUWRV
FDVRVVXVDFWRVMXUtGLFRVSXHGHQWHQHUYDOLGH]

&RQEDVHHQORDQWHULRUODGRFWULQDFRQVLGHUDTXHHQYLUWXGGHODUWtFXOR
GHOD/%3$ORVPHQRUHVKDELOLWDGRVSDUDDFWXDUHQHOSURFHGLPLHQWR
DGPLQLVWUDWLYRQRVRQWRGRVORVPHQRUHVGHHGDGVLQRTXHVyORORVGHQR
PLQDGRVmenores adultos

/DFRQWUDH[FHSFLyQDODSRVLELOLGDGTXHHVWRVPHQRUHVDFW~HQDQWHOD
$GPLQLVWUDFLyQHVWiH[SUHVRHQODPLVPDOH\6HH[FHSW~DHOVXSXHVWRGH
ORVPHQRUHVLQFDSDFLWDGRVFXDQGRODH[WHQVLyQGHODLQFDSDFLWDFLyQDIHF
WHDOHMHUFLFLR\GHIHQVDGHORVGHUHFKRVRLQWHUHVHVGHTXHVHWUDWHRHQ
RWUDVSDODEUDVFXDQGRHOSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRWUDWHSUHFLVDPHQWH
HQUHODFLyQDXQDHYHQWXDOLGDGLQFDSDFLGDGRDIHFWDFLyQGHORVGHUHFKRV
GHOPHQRU


³(OH[DPHQUHTXHULGRHQHOSUHVHQWHFDVRDPHULWDTXHOD&RUWHSUHFLVHHODOFDQFH
GHOGHUHFKRDVHURtGRHVWDEOHFLGRHQHODUWtFXORGHOD&RQYHQFLyQ$PHULFDQD(VHGHUHFKR
LPSOLFDSRUXQODGRXQiPELWRIRUPDO\SURFHVDOGHDVHJXUDUHODFFHVRDOyUJDQRFRPSHWHQWH
SDUDTXHGHWHUPLQHHOGHUHFKRTXHVHUHFODPDHQDSHJRDODVGHELGDVJDUDQWtDVSURFHVDOHVWDOHV
FRPRODSUHVHQWDFLyQGHDOHJDWRV\ODDSRUWDFLyQGHSUXHED3RURWUDSDUWHHVHGHUHFKRDEDUFD
XQiPELWRGHSURWHFFLyQPDWHULDOTXHLPSOLFDTXHHO(VWDGRJDUDQWLFHTXHODGHFLVLyQTXHVH
SURGX]FDDWUDYpVGHOSURFHGLPLHQWRVDWLVIDJDHO¿QSDUDHOFXDOIXHFRQFHELGR(VWR~OWLPRQR
VLJQL¿FDTXHVLHPSUHGHEDVHUDFRJLGRVLQRTXHVHGHEHJDUDQWL]DUVXFDSDFLGDGSDUDSURGXFLU
HOUHVXOWDGRSDUDHOTXHIXHFRQFHELGR&RUWH,'+&DVR%DUEDQL'XDUWH\RWURVYV8UXJXD\
)RQGR5HSDUDFLRQHV\&RVWDV6HQWHQFLDGHOGHRFWXEUHGH6HULH&1žSiUU

0ඈඋൺ඀ൺ&ODXGLRS&ඈඋൽൾඋඈ/XLVS
 &උංඌඍඬൻൺඅ6ൺඅඏൺൽඈඋ2ඌඈඋංඈ9ൺඋ඀ൺඌ

,,,3අൺඓඈඌ

1. Concepto

(OSOD]RHVDTXHOODH[WHQVLyQGHWLHPSRTXH¿MDODOH\XQUHJODPHQWR
R OD DXWRULGDG DGPLQLVWUDWLYD SDUD TXH XQ LQWHUHVDGR HMHU]D XQ GHUHFKR
GHQWURGHOSURFHVRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRRODDXWRULGDGDGPLQLVWUDWLYDHMHU]DVXV
SRWHVWDGHV

(QHVWHVHQWLGRODGRFWULQDKDVHxDODGR

³'HDKtTXHHOSOD]RVHDGHILQLGRFRPRDTXHOHVSDFLRGHWLHPSRTXHILMDHO
RUGHQDPLHQWR MXUtGLFR SDUD TXH XQ yUJDQR GH OD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ HMHU]D VXV
SRWHVWDGHVRSDUDTXHXQSDUWLFXODUTXHVHYLQFXODFRQGLFKRVyUJDQRVHMHU]D
VXVGHUHFKRVRFXPSODVXVREOLJDFLRQHV´

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2. Antecedentes normativos

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Artículo 12 inciso 3º:


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comunicación electrónica para todas las actuaciones y resoluciones del procedimiento
administrativo de acceso a la información, indicando para ello, bajo su responsabilidad, una
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lugar en el procedimiento se efectuarán conforme a las reglas de los artículos 46 y 47 de la
ley Nº 19.880, sobre Bases de los Procedimientos Administrativos.
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se entenderán practicadas al día hábil siguiente de su despacho.

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3.4. Notificación tácita

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3.6. Notificaciones especiales

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4. Efectos al incumplimiento de las normas de notificación

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1. Concepto

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2. Antecedentes normativos

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4. Sobre la forma de los actos administrativos del procedimiento

sancionador. La necesidad de dictar “resoluciones” administrativas

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Artículo 3º. Concepto de Acto administrativo. Las decisiones escritas que

adopte la Administración se expresarán por medio de actos administrativos.

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Para efectos de esta ley se entenderá por acto administrativo las decisiones
formales que emitan los órganos de la Administración del Estado en las cua-
les se contienen declaraciones de voluntad, realizadas en el ejercicio de una
potestad pública.

Los actos administrativos tomarán la forma de decretos supremos y resolu-

ciones.

El decreto supremo es la orden escrita que dicta el Presidente de la Repúbli-

ca o un Ministro “Por orden del Presidente de la República”, sobre asuntos
propios de su competencia.

Las resoluciones son los actos de análoga naturaleza que dictan las autori-
dades administrativas dotadas de poder de decisión (…).

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“Artículo 32. Medidas provisionales. Iniciado el procedimiento, el órgano

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provisionales que estime oportunas para asegurar la eficacia de la decisión
que pudiera recaer, si existiesen elementos de juicio suficientes para ello.

Sin embargo, antes de la iniciación del procedimiento administrativo, el

órgano competente, de oficio o a petición de parte, en los casos de urgencia
y para la protección provisional de los intereses implicados, podrá adoptar
las medidas correspondientes. Estas medidas provisionales deberán ser con-
firmadas, modificadas o levantadas en la iniciación del procedimiento, que
deberá efectuarse dentro de los quince días siguientes a su adopción, el cual
podrá ser objeto del recurso que proceda.

En todo caso, las medidas a que se refiere el inciso anterior, quedarán sin
efecto si no se inicia el procedimiento en dicho plazo, o cuando la decisión
de iniciación no contenga un pronunciamiento expreso acerca de las mismas.

No se podrán adoptar medidas provisionales que puedan causar perjuicio de

difícil o imposible reparación a los interesados, o que impliquen violación de
derechos amparados por las leyes.

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Las medidas provisionales podrán ser alzadas o modificadas durante la

tramitación del procedimiento, de oficio o a petición de parte, en virtud de
circunstancias sobrevinientes o que no pudieron ser tenidas en cuenta en el
momento de su adopción.

En todo caso, las medidas de que trata este artículo, se extinguirán con la
eficacia de la resolución administrativa que ponga fin al procedimiento co-
rrespondiente”.

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GHUHFKRTXHGHQXQFLDODUHFXUUHQWHWRGDYH]TXHGHFLGLyTXHHOSURFHGLPLHQWR
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GDVHQHOPLVPRWDPELpQVHH[WLQJXHQUD]yQSRUODFXDOQRUHVXOWDSURFHGHQWH
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TXHHQHVWHFDVRFRPRVHKDH[SXHVWRWHUPLQyFRQODDQXODFLyQGHOD5HVR
OXFLyQTXHLPSXVRODVDQFLyQ´

±Impugnabilidad de las medidas provisionales:

(ODUWtFXORGHODOH\1žVHxDODTXHWRGRVORVDFWRVDGPLQLVWUDWL
YRVVRQLPSXJQDEOHVSRUHOLQWHUHVDGRPHGLDQWHORVUHFXUVRVDGPLQLVWUDWLYRV
GHUHSRVLFLyQ\MHUiUTXLFRUHJXODGRVHQHVWDOH\VLQSHUMXLFLRGHOUHFXUVR
H[WUDRUGLQDULR GH UHYLVLyQ \ GH ORV GHPiV UHFXUVRV TXH HVWDEOH]FDQ ODV
OH\HVHVSHFLDOHV6LQHPEDUJRORVDFWRVGHPHURWUiPLWHVRQLPSXJQDEOHV
VyORFXDQGRGHWHUPLQHQODLPSRVLELOLGDGGHFRQWLQXDUXQSURFHGLPLHQWRR
SURGX]FDQLQGHIHQVLyQ

(ODFWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRTXHGHFUHWHXQDPHGLGDSURYLVLRQDOVLHPSUHVHUi
XQ DFWR DGPLQLVWUDWLYR GH PHUR WUiPLWH SRU WDQWR VyOR VHUtD SRVLEOH VX
LPSXJQDFLyQFXDQGRGHWHUPLQHQODLPSRVLELOLGDGGHFRQWLQXDUXQSURFHGL
PLHQWRRSURGX]FDQLQGHIHQVLyQ(QDWHQFLyQTXHODVPHGLGDVSURYLVLRQDOHV
WLHQHQXQDLQFLGHQFLDLPSRUWDQWHHQORVGHUHFKRVHLQWHUHVHVGHOLQFXOSDGR
HQXQSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVDQFLRQDGRUFRQVLGHUDPRVTXHGLFKDV
UHVROXFLRQHVGHEHQVHULPSXJQDEOHV(QHVWHVHQWLGRODMXULVSUXGHQFLDKD
VHxDODGR

³9LJpVLPRVpSWLPR4XHSRUVXSDUWHODMXULVSUXGHQFLDHVSDxRODDWLQJHQWHSRU
ODVUD]RQHVDSXQWDGDVPiVDUULEDUDWLILFDHVWHFULWHULRWRPDQGRHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQ
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6HQWHQFLDGHOD([FPD&RUWH6XSUHPDURO1ž

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FKRVHLQWHUHVHVGHORVVXMHWRVDIHFWDGRVSHUPLWLHQGRQRVyORODLQWHUSRVLFLyQ
GHUHFXUVRVDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVVLQRWDPELpQGHOFRQWHQFLRVRDGPLQLVWUDWLYR$O
UHVSHFWRHVFRP~QODFLWDDOD6HQWHQFLDGHO7ULEXQDO&RQVWLWXFLRQDOHVSDxRO
1žGHGHGLFLHPEUHGHHQODTXHVHHVWDEOHFHTXHODLGHQWLILFD
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PLVPDVJDUDQWtDVTXHORVDFWRVGHILQLWLYRV´

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ODKLVWRULDGHODOH\\ODMXULVSUXGHQFLDFLWDGDH[LVWHFLHUWDPHQWHODSRVLELOLGDG
GHLPSXJQDUODVUHVROXFLRQHVTXHGHFUHWDQHVWHWLSRGHDFWRVDGPLQLVWUDWLYRV
PDWHULDOL]DQGRGHHVWDPDQHUDODJDUDQWtDGHODWXWHODMXGLFLDOHIHFWLYD´

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SDUDOD$GPLQLVWUDFLyQ´

4. Tipos de medidas provisionales

(ODUWtFXORGHOD/%3$QRHVWDEOHFHXQDHQXPHUDFLyQGHPHGLGDV
SURYLVLRQDOHV\FDXWHODUHVHQUD]yQGHHVWRODGRFWULQDKDHQWHQGLGRTXH

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H[LVWHXQnumerus apertus6LQHPEDUJRHQHOGHUHFKRDGPLQLVWUDWLYR
VDQFLRQDGRUHVSHFLDOH[LVWHQGLYHUVDVQRUPDVTXHLGHQWL¿FDQGHWDOODGDPHQWH
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HGLFLyQGHOSUHVHQWHOLEUR

9,,,,ඇർංൽൾඇඍൾඌ

1. Concepto

/RVLQFLGHQWHVVRQDTXHOODVPDWHULDVDFFHVRULDVDODVXQWRSULQFLSDOTXHVH
VXVFLWDQGXUDQWHHOSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYR\TXHGHEHQVHUUHVXHOWDV
SRUOD$GPLQLVWUDFLyQ1RKDQVLGRGH¿QLGRVSRUODVQRUPDVDGPLQLVWUDWLYDV
SDUDORVHIHFWRVGHVXVSURFHGLPLHQWRVVLQHPEDUJRHQPDWHULDSURFHVDO
FLYLOVHHQFXHQWUDQFRQVDJUDGRVHQHODUWtFXORGHO&yGLJRGH3URFHGL
PLHQWR&LYLOFDUDFWHUL]DGRVFRPR“toda cuestión accesoria de un juicio
que requiera pronunciamiento especial con audiencia de las partes”.

'HHVWHPRGRORVLQFLGHQWHVDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVVHUiQWRGDVODVFXHVWLRQHV
DFFHVRULDV DO REMHWR GHO SURFHGLPLHQWR DGPLQLVWUDWLYR TXH UHTXLHUD XQ
SURQXQFLDPLHQWRHVSHFLDO\GLYHUVRGHODDXWRULGDGDGPLQLVWUDWLYD

2. Antecedentes normativos

(VWiQFRQWHPSODGRVHQHOLQFLVRFXDUWRGHODUWtFXORžGHOD/%3$D
SURSyVLWR GHO SULQFLSLR GH HFRQRPtD SURFHGLPHQWDO VHxDODQGR TXH ODV
PDWHULDV DFFHVRULDV TXH VXUMDQ GHQWUR GHO SURFHGLPLHQWR QR VXVSHQGHQ
ODWUDPLWDFLyQGHOPLVPRDPHQRVTXHOD$GPLQLVWUDFLyQORGLVSRQJDGH
IRUPDIXQGDGD(QHVWHVHQWLGRODQRUPDGLVSRQH

“Las cuestiones incidentales que se susciten en el procedimiento, incluso las

que se refieran a la nulidad de actuaciones, no suspenderán la tramitación
del mismo, a menos que la Administración, por resolución fundada, determine
lo contrario”.

$VLPLVPRORVLQFLGHQWHVVHYLQFXODQDORGLVSXHVWRHQHOLQFLVRVHJXQ
GRGHODUWtFXORGHOD/%3$TXHVHxDODTXHORVDFWRVGHPHURWUiPLWH
VRQLPSXJQDEOHVVyORFXDQGRGHWHUPLQHQODLPSRVLELOLGDGGHFRQWLQXDU

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XQSURFHGLPLHQWRRSURGX]FDQLQGHIHQVLyQFXHVWLyQTXHVHUiDQDOL]DGD
HQ UHODFLyQ DO FRQWURO GH ORV DFWRV DGPLQLVWUDWLYRV GHO SURFHGLPLHQWR
DGPLQLVWUDWLYR

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QLVWUDWLYD SRU XQ ODGR QR VXVSHQGHQ OD WUDPLWDFLyQ GHO SURFHGLPLHQWR
DGPLQLVWUDWLYR\SRURWURODGRVyORVHUiQLPSXJQDEOHVFXDQGRJHQHUHQ
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TXH GHEHUiQ VHU DQDOL]DGDV FDVR D FDVR SRU OD DXWRULGDG DGPLQLVWUDWLYD
VLHPSUHYHODQGRSRUHOUHVJXDUGRGHOGHUHFKRGHOLQWHUHVDGR\HOGHELGR
SURFHVRDGPLQLVWUDWLYR

3. Tipos de incidentes

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GDUVHHQHOSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRSRGHPRVLGHQWL¿FDUDOJXQRV

±Acumulación

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SURFHVRV DGPLQLVWUDWLYRV TXH VH WUDPLWDQ VHSDUDGDPHQWH SDUD TXH HVWRV
VHDQWUDPLWDGRV\UHVXHOWRVFRQMXQWDPHQWHSDUDPDQWHQHUODXQLGDGGHOD
FDXVDHQWDQWRJXDUGHQLGHQWLGDGVXVWDQFLDORtQWLPDFRQH[LyQHQVXREMHWR
\VXEVWDQFLDFLyQSURFHVDO

±Recusación

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TXHWLHQHSRUREMHWRDVHJXUDUTXHHOSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVHDVXV
WDQFLDGRSRUXQIXQFLRQDULRS~EOLFRTXHSRVHDODLPSDUFLDOLGDGQHFHVDULD
SDUDVXMXVWRGHVDUUROOR

± Contienda de competencia

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DUWtFXORGHOD/2&%*$(\HODUWtFXORGHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ
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SDUDDTXHOORVDQWHFHGHQWHVTXHWHQJDQHOFDUiFWHUGHVHFUHWRVODVROLFLWXG
GHGHFODUDUFLHUWRVPHGLRVGHSUXHEDLOtFLWRVHQRWUDVGLYHUVDVDFWXDFLRQHV
DFFHVRULDTXHHVWpQOLJDGDVDOSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYR

(ODQiOLVLVGHFDGDXQDGHHVWDVPDWHULDVVHKDUiFDVRDFDVR

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1. Concepto

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PHGLRVTXHIUDQTXHDODOH\SDUDHYLWDUTXHXQSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYR
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TXHQRLQWHUYHQJDHQpO6REUHHOSDUWLFXODUKDVHxDODGRODGRFWULQD

³(VWHGHUHFKRDUHFXVDFLyQSXHVFRQVWLWX\HXQGHUHFKRVXEMHWLYRS~EOLFRTXH
RVWHQWDQORVVXMHWRVSDVLYRVGHOSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVDQFLRQDGRU\
TXHOHVFRQILHUHHOGHUHFKRDTXHORVIXQFLRQDULRVTXHLQVWUX\HQGRFXPHQWHQ
R UHVXHOYHQ HO H[SHGLHQWH VDQFLRQDGRU HQ ORV TXH FRQFXUUD DOJXQD GH ODV
FDXVDVGHUHFXVDFLyQSUHYLVWDVHQOD/H\QRLQWHUYHQJDQHQHOPLVPRFRPR
IRUPDLGyQHDGHKDFHUHIHFWLYRHOPHQFLRQDGRGHUHFKRGHODGPLQLVWUDGRDOD
LPSDUFLDOLGDGHQHODFWXDUGHODVDXWRULGDGHV\IXQFLRQDULRVGHOD$GPLQLV
WUDFLyQ3~EOLFD´

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UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH(QHVHVHQWLGRHOSULQFLSLRGHLPSDUFLDOLGDGGLFWDTXH
ODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHEHDFWXDUFRQREMHWLYLGDGHQODVXEVWDQFLDFLyQGHXQ
SURFHGLPLHQWR\HQODWRPDGHGHFLVLyQ¿QDOPLHQWUDVTXHHOGHDEVWHQFLyQ

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VHxDODTXHORVIXQFLRQDULRVQRGHEHQLQWHUYHQLUHQDVXQWRVHQORVFXDOHV
SRUFXDOTXLHUFLUFXQVWDQFLDVXLPSDUFLDOLGDGSXHGDYHUVHFRPSURPHWLGD

/DDEVWHQFLyQKDVLGRGH¿QLGDSRUHOSURIHVRU&ODXGLR0RUDJD.OHQQHU
TXHVHxDODTXH

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FRPRGHVWLQDWDULRDXQyUJDQR>«@DGPLQLVWUDWLYRVLQRTXHHQORPHGXODUVH
GLULJHDODSHUVRQDQDWXUDOTXHHVWLWXODURTXHSRURWUDVUD]RQHVVHHQFXHQWUD
HMHUFLHQGRXQFDUJRS~EOLFRSDUDTXHHYLWHDFWXDUGHQWURGHXQSURFHGLPLHQWR
DGPLQLVWUDWLYRHVSHFtILFRGHIRUPDWDOGHPDQWHQHULQFyOXPHODQHFHVLGDGGH
TXHODVSHUVRQDVQDWXUDOHVTXHLQWHUYHQJDQSRUOD$GPLQLVWUDFLyQPDQWHQJDQ
ODGHELGDLPSDUFLDOLGDGVREUHORVGHUHFKRVHLQWHUHVHVHQMXHJRDVtFRPROD
VXILFLHQWHOLEHUWDGGHMXLFLR\GHFLVLyQ´

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HQ HO FDVR SURPRYLGR SRU OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH ODV$PpULFDV DQWH GLYHUVDV
LUUHJXODULGDGHVTXHGHQXQFLDVREUHSURELGDGFRQWUDHO&RQVHMR1DFLRQDO
GH$FUHGLWDFLyQGLVSXVRTXH

$KRUDELHQODILQDOLGDGGHODSUHFHSWLYDHQDQiOLVLVHVLPSHGLUTXHWRPHQSDUWH
HQODUHVROXFLyQH[DPHQRHVWXGLRGHGHWHUPLQDGRVDVXQWRVDTXHOORVVHUYLGRUHV
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HPSOHR R IXQFLyQ HQ VLWXDFLRQHV R SURFHGLPLHQWRV FRQFUHWRV RSRUWXQLGDG
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HVHGHEHUDSOLFDFULWHULRFRQWHQLGRHQHOGLFWDPHQ1žGH´

2. Antecedentes normativos

(QPDWHULDDGPLQLVWUDWLYDQRVHKDFHODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHODVLPSOLFDQFLDV
\ODVUHFXVDFLRQHVTXHHVWDEOHFHQORVDUWtFXORV\VLJXLHQWHVGHO&yGLJR
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TXHREOLJDDORVIXQFLRQDULRVS~EOLFRVDLQKLELUVHGHFRQRFHUGHXQDVXQWR
FXDQGRVHYHUL¿TXHDOJXQDGHODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVDOOtGHVFULWDVRFXDOTXLHU


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RWUDTXHOHUHVWHLPSDUFLDOLGDGHQVXGHFLVLyQ$VtQRVHGLVWLQJXHHQWUH
ODVTXHGHEHQVHUSURPRYLGDVSRUHOSURSLRIXQFLRQDULRLPSOLFDQFLDV\
ODVTXHGHEHQVHUVROLFLWDGDVSRUHOLQWHUHVDGRRLQWHUYLQLHQWHUHFXVDFLyQ
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SRUHOSURSLRIXQFLRQDULRDQWHVXVXSHULRUMHUiUTXLFRDSHQDVWHQJDFRQR
FLPLHQWRGHORVKHFKRVTXHOHDIHFWDQGHORFRQWUDULRVHSRGUtDHQJHQGUDU
UHVSRQVDELOLGDGDGPLQLVWUDWLYD

8QD H[FHSFLyQ OD HQFRQWUDPRV HQ HO SURFHGLPLHQWR DGPLQLVWUDWLYR

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PDQHUDLGpQWLFDEDVWDFRQH[SOLFDUXQRGHHOORV

±$PERV FXHUSRV QRUPDWLYRV GLVSRQHQ TXH ORV IXQFLRQDULRV FLWDGRV

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DSHUFLELGRVSDUDTXHGHQWURGHOVHJXQGRGtDIRUPXOHQORVFDXVDOHVGHLP
SOLFDQFLDRUHFXVDFLyQHQFRQWUDGHO¿VFDORGHODFWXDULR

± 6H FRQVLGHUDUiQ FDXVDOHV GH UHFXVDFLyQ SDUD ORV HIHFWRV VHxDODGRV

HQHODUWtFXORDQWHULRUVyORODVVLJXLHQWHVD7HQHUHO¿VFDORHODFWXDULR
LQWHUpVGLUHFWRRLQGLUHFWRHQORVKHFKRVTXHVHLQYHVWLJDQE7HQHUDPLVWDG
tQWLPDRHQHPLVWDGPDQL¿HVWDFRQFXDOTXLHUDGHORVLQFXOSDGRV\F7HQHU
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GHLQKDELOLWDUVHGHORVFRQVHMHURVGHLQWHUYHQLUHQPDWHULDVTXHOHVUHVWHQ
LPSDUFLDOLGDG

 Artículo 9º.- Sólo podrá inhabilitarse a los Consejeros para que intervengan en un


negocio determinado en razón de tener interés personal o por causa de amistad íntima o
enemistad con aquél o aquéllos a quienes afecte dicha materia.
La recusación deberá deducirse ante el Consejo hasta el momento mismo en que éste entre
a resolver sobre la materia respecto de la cual se alega la inhabilidad. La recusación deberá
LU DFRPSDxDGD GH ODV SUXHEDV TXH MXVWL¿TXHQ OD FDXVDO LQYRFDGD \ WUDWiQGRVH GH SUXHED
testimonial, ésta se adjuntará mediante declaraciones juradas prestadas ante Notario Público.
'HGXFLGDODUHFXVDFLyQHO6HFUHWDULR*HQHUDOGHO&RQVHMRQRWL¿FDUiGHpVWDDO&RQVHMHUR
afectado, el cual deberá informar por escrito al Consejo, dentro de las 48 horas siguientes.
Contestada ésta o transcurrido dicho plazo, el Presidente del Consejo o quien haga sus veces,
con o sin el informe del Consejero afectado, citará de inmediato a una sesión extraordinaria
del Consejo para resolver la recusación. El fallo del Consejo no será susceptible de recurso
alguno. Mientras no se resuelva sobre la recusación, el Consejo se abstendrá de resolver sobre
la materia en que ésta incide. El Consejero a quien afecte una causal de recusación deberá
darla a conocer de inmediato al Consejo y abstenerse de participar en la discusión y votación
de la materia. La infracción a esta obligación se considerará como falta grave.
En el evento en que la causal de recusación llegue a conocimiento del particular interesado,
con posterioridad a la decisión del asunto, ésta deberá hacerse valer dentro de los cinco días
hábiles siguientes a la fecha en que el interesado tuvo conocimiento de ella. Se entenderá que
tuvo conocimiento de ella desde el momento mismo en que la resolución respectiva fue dada a
conocimiento público. El Consejo sólo la admitirá a tramitación en el evento en que el voto del
Consejero recusado haya sido determinante para lograr el quórum exigido por la ley, según
sea la materia de que se trate. De acogerse la recusación, el Consejo, en sesión especialmente
convocada al efecto, deberá pronunciarse nuevamente sobre la materia en que incide la
UHFXVDFLyQTXHGDQGRVXVSHQGLGRHOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHODGHFLVLyQDQWHULRU/DQRWL¿FDFLyQGHOD
recusación se hará mediante carta entregada en el domicilio que el afectado tenga registrado
en el Consejo, por el Secretario o Ministro de fe pública.
0ൺඇඎൺඅൽൾඉඋඈർൾൽංආංൾඇඍඈൺൽආංඇංඌඍඋൺඍංඏඈඌൺඇർංඈඇൺൽඈඋ 

3. Clasificación de las causales de abstención

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DUWtFXORGHOD/%3$\TXHHOGHEHUGHSURELGDGGHOIXQFLRQDULRGLFWD
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FDXVDOHVFRQWHPSODGDVHQODOHJLVODFLyQ

3.1. Inhabilidades por relación personal

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WHQHUVHGHDGRSWDUGHFLVLRQHVHQPDWHULDVTXHLQYROXFUHQDRWUDVSHUVRQDV
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FRQVDQJXLQLGDGRD¿QLGDGDPLVWDGRHQHPLVWDGOHUHVWDQODLPSDUFLDOLGDG
QHFHVDULDSDUDDGRSWDUXQDGHFLVLyQTXHLQYROXFUDHOLQWHUpVS~EOLFR6LELHQ
DPEDV VRQ PDWHULDV GH KHFKR OD DPLVWDG tQWLPD R HQHPLVWDG PDQL¿HVWD
SUHVHQWDQXQDPD\RUGL¿FXOWDGGHSUXHEDSXHVVHWUDWDGHFRQFHSWRVPHQRV
GHOLPLWDGRVSRUODGRFWULQD\MXULVSUXGHQFLD

3.2. Inhabilidades por interés

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DDEVWHQHUVHGHFRQRFHUXQGHWHUPLQDGRDVXQWRFXDQGRODGHFLVLyQTXHDOOt
VHDGRSWHOHDIHFWHSRVLWLYDRQHJDWLYDPHQWHHQVXVOHJtWLPRVLQWHUHVHV
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QXPHUDOHV\GHODUWtFXOR

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SXGLHUD LQFLGLU HQ VXV LQWHUHVHV SDWULPRQLDOHV HVWD QRUPD SURSRQH GRV
HMHPSORV\DGHVFULWRVDQWHULRUPHQWH

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LQWHUHVHV\ORGHOLPLWDVyORDFXDQGRHOIXQFLRQDULROODPDGRDUHVROYHUXQ
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UpJLPHQJHQHUDOGHSURELGDGSRUORTXHVLHPSUHKDEUiTXHLQWHUSUHWDUHV
WDVQRUPDVHQFRQMXQWRFRQODVOH\HVJHQHUDOHVTXHHVWDEOHFHQORVGHEHUHV
IXQFLRQDULRV/RDQWHULRUTXHGDGHPDQL¿HVWRDOUHYLVDUORGLVSXHVWRHQOD
/2&%*$(FX\RDUWtFXOR1žHVWDEOHFH

Artículo 62.- Contravienen especialmente el principio de la probidad admi-

nistrativa, las siguientes conductas:

6. Intervenir, en razón de las funciones, en asuntos en que se tenga interés

personal o en que lo tengan el cónyuge, hijos, adoptados o parientes hasta el
tercer grado de consanguinidad y segundo de afinidad inclusive.

Asimismo, participar en decisiones en que exista cualquier circunstancia que

le reste imparcialidad.

Las autoridades y funcionarios deberán abstenerse de participar en estos

asuntos, debiendo poner en conocimiento de su superior jerárquico la impli-
cancia que les afecta;

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LQWHUHVDGDVLQRTXHFXDQGRSRUHMHPSORVHWLHQHSDUWHGHVXSURSLHGDGR
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HMHUFLFLRGHXQDIXQFLyQS~EOLFD

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FXDQGRVHxDODTXHGHEHUiDEVWHQHUVHGHFRQRFHUXQIXQFLRQDULRTXHSUHVWH


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GHVGHDGHQWURSRUHMHPSORXQDOWRHMHFXWLYRSUHWHQGDVDQFLRQDUDGLFKD
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(VWDGR

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3.3. Inhabilidades por conocimiento

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GH7ULEXQDOHV

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DEVWHQFLyQWDPELpQFRUUHVSRQGHQDXQDLQKDELOLGDGSRUFRQRFLPLHQWR

4. Análisis práctico

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Son causas de recusación: (…)

9. Haber el juez declarado como testigo en la cuestión actualmente sometida a su
conocimiento;
10. Haber el juez manifestado de cualquier modo su dictamen sobre la cuestión pendiente,
siempre que lo hubiere hecho con conocimiento de ella; (…)
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X. Acumulación de autos

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RODQXOLGDGGHORVDFWRVGHODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQ

XI. Contienda de competencia

1. Concepto

/DFRQWLHQGDGHFRPSHWHQFLDHVHOSURFHGLPLHQWRLQFLGHQWDOTXHSXHGH
DFRQWHFHU HQ HO SURFHGLPLHQWR DGPLQLVWUDWLYR VDQFLRQDGRU FXDQGR GRV
DXWRULGDGHVDGPLQLVWUDWLYDVRXQDDXWRULGDGDGPLQLVWUDWLYD\RWUDMXGLFLDO
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UHVROXFLyQGHXQDVXQWRGHWHUPLQDGR

(QHVWHVHQWLGRODGRFWULQDKDVHxDODGR

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IRUPDGLVWLQWDSRUORVHYHQWXDOHVHQFDUJDGRVGHDSOLFDUODVSXGLHQGRGDUVHHO
VXSXHVWRTXHGRVyUJDQRVVHFRQVLGHUHQLJXDOPHQWHFRPSHWHQWHVRLQFRPSH
WHQWHVSDUDLQWHUYHQLUHQHOPLVPR(VWDRSRVLFLyQGHFULWHULRVGHWHUPLQDOR
TXHVHOODPDµFRQIOLFWR¶µFXHVWLyQ¶RµFRQWLHQGD¶GHFRPSHWHQFLD

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GHWHUPLQDGRDVXQWRHOFRQIOLFWRVHOODPDµSRVLWLYR¶FXDQGRQLQJXQRGHGLFKRV
yUJDQRVVHFRQVLGHUDFRPSHWHQWHSDUDHOORHOFRQIOLFWRVHOODPDµQHJDWLYR¶´

³>«@HOHVTXHPDGHGLVWULEXFLyQGHFRPSHWHQFLDVRIUHFHSRUFXLGDGRVDTXH
VHDVXUHJXODFLyQQRUPDWLYDQXPHURVDVGXGDVODJXQDV\VRODSDPLHQWRVTXH
SURYRFDQFRQIOLFWRVHQORVTXHGRVRPiVHQWHVXyUJDQRVSUHWHQGHQVHUUHVSHF
WLYDPHQWHORVWLWXODUHVGHODFRPSHWHQFLDSDUDUHVROYHUXQGHWHUPLQDGRDVXQWR
UHFDEiQGRODSDUDVt>«@RELHQQLHJDQVXSURSLDFRPSHWHQFLDDILUPDQGRVHU
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2. Antecedentes normativos

/DVQRUPDVJHQHUDOHVGHFRQWLHQGDGHFRPSHWHQFLDVHHQFXHQWUDQHQHO
DUWtFXORGHOD/2&%*$(\HODUWtFXOR1žGHOD&DUWD)XQGDPHQWDO
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SURFHGLPLHQWRHVSHFLDOHVGHUHVROXFLyQGHFRQWLHQGDGHFRPSHWHQFLDFRPRSRU
HMHPSORHODUWtFXORGHOD/H\2UJiQLFDGHOD6XSHULQWHQGHQFLDGHO0HGLR
$PELHQWHTXHGLVSRQHLQLFLDGRXQSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVDQFLRQDGRU
SRUSDUWHGHOD6XSHULQWHQGHQFLDQRSRGUiQLQJ~QRUJDQLVPRVHFWRULDOFRQ
FRPSHWHQFLD DPELHQWDO SRU ORV PLVPRV KHFKRV LQLFLDU XQ SURFHGLPLHQWR
DGPLQLVWUDWLYR VDQFLRQDWRULR GH FRPSHWHQFLDV SURSLDV R GHQXQFLDUORV D OD
MXVWLFLDFLYLODPHQRVTXHOD6XSHULQWHQGHQFLDVHGHFODUHLQFRPSHWHQWH

/RVRUJDQLVPRVVHFWRULDOHVFRQFRPSHWHQFLDDPELHQWDOTXHHQHOHMHU
FLFLRGHVXVIXQFLRQHVWRPHQFRQRFLPLHQWRGHHVWDVLQIUDFFLRQHVHVWDUiQ
REOLJDGRVDGHQXQFLDUORVDOD6XSHULQWHQGHQFLD(QFDVRGHTXHDOJXQRGH
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FRPSHWHQFLDGHOD6XSHULQWHQGHQFLDpVWDGHR¿FLRRDSHWLFLyQGHLQWHUH
VDGRSRGUiVROLFLWDUOHTXHVHGHFODUHLQFRPSHWHQWH\OHUHPLWDWRGRVORV
DQWHFHGHQWHVSDUDLQLFLDUHOSURFHGLPLHQWRUHVSHFWLYR

'HHVWHPRGRODDXWRULGDGDGPLQLVWUDWLYD\HOUHJXODGRGHEHUiQUHYLVDU
GHWDOODGDPHQWHODQRUPDWLYDHVSHFLDOSDUDHIHFWRGHGHWHUPLQDUODH[LVWHQ
FLDGHXQSURFHGLPLHQWRLQFLGHQWDOHVSHFLDOGHFRQWLHQGDGHFRPSHWHQFLD

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GHOD5HS~EOLFDSDUDTXH¿MHHQVHQWLGRLGyQHR\FRUUHFWRGHODQRUPDWLYD

3. Tipos de contienda de competencia

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WLSRVGHFRQÀLFWRGHFRPSHWHQFLD

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WLSRGHFRQWLHQGDGHFRPSHWHQFLD

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FRPSHWHQFLDTXHVHVXVFLWHQHQWUHODVDXWRULGDGHVSROtWLFDVRDGPLQLVWUDWLYDV
\ORVWULEXQDOHVGHMXVWLFLDTXHQRFRUUHVSRQGDQDO6HQDGR

XII. Ejecutoriedad y suspensión de la

ejecución del acto administrativo sancionador

1. Concepto

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VXQFLyQGHOHJDOLGDGOHJLWLPLGDG\H[LJLELOLGDG'HHVWHPRGRORVDFWRV
DGPLQLVWUDWLYRVUHVXOWDVREOLJDWRULRV\H[LJLEOHVDORVSDUWLFXODUHVGHVGH
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HVWHVHQWLGRVHSURQXQFLDQORVDUWtFXORVž\GHOD/%3$

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8QD YH] GLFWDGR XQ DFWR DGPLQLVWUDWLYR SRU OD DXWRULGDG FRPSHWHQWH
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\ HMHFXWRULHGDG GH ORV DFWRV DGPLQLVWUDWLYRV$O UHVSHFWR OD &RQWUDORUtD
*HQHUDOGHOD5HS~EOLFDKDVHxDODGR

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SDUDORVVXMHWRVMXUtGLFRVHQTXLHQHVLQFLGHVLQRTXHSRUVXHMHFXWRULHGDGHO
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TXHVHxDOH´

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DGPLQLVWUDWLYR

(QHVWHVHQWLGR\FRPRVHxDODHOSURIHVRU-XDQ&DUORV)HUUDGD%yUTXH]
ODVUHVROXFLRQHVDGPLQLVWUDWLYDVSRVHHQFLHUWDVFXDOLGDGHV\FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
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(VDH[FHSFLRQDOLGDGSHUPLWHTXHODUHVROXFLyQJRFHGHXQDSUHVXQFLyQGH
OHJDOLGDGRYDOLGH]GHVGHVXLQLFLRORTXHOOHYDDSDUHMDGRVXHMHFXWLYLGDG
HMHFXWRULHGDG\DXQVXHMHFXFLyQIRU]RVD

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VXVSHQGHVXVHIHFWRVSRUODLQWHUSRVLFLyQGHUHFXUVRVDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVVDOYR
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2. Antecedentes normativos

(O DUWtFXOR  GH OD /%3$ VHxDOD TXH ORV DFWRV GH OD$GPLQLVWUDFLyQ
3~EOLFDVXMHWRVDO'HUHFKR$GPLQLVWUDWLYRFDXVDQLQPHGLDWDHMHFXWRULHGDG
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PHVHVTXHSXHGHGXUDUHOSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRTXHSDUDHIHFWRVGH
XQSURFHGLPLHQWRVDQFLRQDGRUVHFRPSXWDGHVGHODIRUPXODFLyQGHFDUJRV
$VtGHVGHODIRUPXODFLyQGHFDUJRVVHSRGUiHVJULPLUFRPRDUJXPHQWRV
HQFDVRGHGLODFLRQHVLQGHELGDVHOGHFDLPLHQWRGHOSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLV
WUDWLYRVDQFLRQDGRURODFDGXFLGDGGHSHQGLHQGRGHODVQRUPDVDSOLFDEOHV
\YLJHQWHVHQORVVHFWRUHVGHUHIHUHQFLD

2. Fundamento

/DDXWRULGDGDGPLQLVWUDWLYDVDQFLRQDGRUDWHQGUiODSRWHVWDGGHLQLFLDU
GHR¿FLRGHOSURFHGLPLHQWRVDQFLRQDGRU\DGRSWDUWRGDVDTXHOODVPHGLGDV
TXHHOOHJLVODGRUOHFRQFHGHGXUDQWHVXVXVWDQFLDFLyQFRQHOREMHWRSRU
XQDSDUWHGHUHVJXDUGDUHOELHQMXUtGLFRTXHSXHGHHQFRQWUDUVHHOSHOLJUR
RVXMHWRDDOJ~QGDxR\SRURWURODGRSDUDDVHJXUDUHOFXPSOLPLHQWRGH
ODQRUPDWLYDVHFWRULDO

3. Antecedentes normativos

(ODUWtFXORGHOD/%3$UHJXODHOLQLFLRGHOSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLV
WUDWLYRVLQSHUMXLFLRGHODVQRUPDVHVSHFLDOHVGHSURFHGLPLHQWRVDGPLQLV
WUDWLYRVVDQFLRQDGRUHVTXHVHYLQFXOHQDODPDWHULDTXHGLVSRQHVLPLODUHV
0ൺඇඎൺඅൽൾඉඋඈർൾൽංආංൾඇඍඈൺൽආංඇංඌඍඋൺඍංඏඈඌൺඇർංඈඇൺൽඈඋ 

UHTXLVLWRV \ FRQWHQLGR FRPR HV HO DUWtFXOR  GH OD /H\ 2UJiQLFD GH OD
6XSHULQWHQGHQFLDGHO0HGLR$PELHQWHHODUWtFXORGHODOH\1ž
TXHPRGL¿FDHQHOiPELWRGHODVXVWHQWDELOLGDGGHUHFXUVRVKLGURELROyJL
FRV DFFHVR D OD DFWLYLGDG SHVTXHUD LQGXVWULDO \ DUWHVDQDO \ UHJXODFLRQHV
SDUDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ\¿VFDOL]DFLyQODOH\JHQHUDOGHSHVFD\DFXLFXOWXUD
FRQWHQLGDHQODOH\1ž\VXVPRGL¿FDFLRQHV\HODUWtFXORžGHOD
/H\1žVREUH/LFHQFLDV0pGLFDVHQWUHRWURV

II. Iniciación por solicitud de órgano sectorial

1. Concepto

(OSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVDQFLRQDGRUVHSRGUiLQLFLDUSRUVR
OLFLWXG GH XQ yUJDQR VHFWRULDO \D VHD TXH pVWH UHPLWD DQWHFHGHQWHV TXH
FRQWHQJDQXQDGHVFULSFLyQHVSHFt¿FDGHKHFKRVFRQVWLWXWLYRVGHLQIUDFFLyQ
TXHKD\DSRGLGRFRQRFHUHQHOiPELWRGHVXFRPSHWHQFLDRSRUODGHULYD
FLyQGHGHQXQFLDVFLXGDGDQDVXRWURVDQWHFHGHQWHVFRQIRUPHHODUWtFXOR
GHOD/%3$

/D LQLFLDFLyQ GH XQ SURFHGLPLHQWR VDQFLRQDGRU SRU VROLFLWXG GH XQ
yUJDQRVHFWRULDOHVEDVWDQWHFRP~QHQQXHVWURGHUHFKRHQHIHFWRHQPD
WHULDDPELHQWDOHQPXFKDVRFDVLRQHVyUJDQRVVHFWRULDOHVFRQFRPSHWHQFLD
YLQFXODGDDOGHUHFKRDPELHQWDOGHULYDQDQWHFHGHQWHVDOD6XSHULQWHQGHQFLD
GHO0HGLR$PELHQWHSRUWRPDUFRQRFLPLHQWRGHLQIUDFFLRQHVTXHVRQGH
VXFRPSHWHQFLDFRPRORKDUHDOL]DGROD'LUHFFLyQ*HQHUDOGH$JXDVOD
6XSHULQWHQGHQFLDGH6HUYLFLRV6DQLWDULRVHQWUHRWURV/RDQWHULRUVHIXQGD
DVLPLVPRHQORVHxDODGRHQHODUWtFXORGHOD/H\2UJiQLFDGHOD6XSHU
LQWHQGHQFLDGHO0HGLR$PELHQWH


“Artículo 59.- Iniciado un procedimiento administrativo sancionador por parte de la
Superintendencia no podrá ningún organismo sectorial con competencia ambiental, por los
mismos hechos, iniciar un procedimiento administrativo sancionatorio de competencias propias
o denunciarlos a la justicia civil, a menos que la Superintendencia se declare incompetente.
Los organismos sectoriales con competencia ambiental que, en el ejercicio de sus funciones,
tomen conocimiento de estas infracciones estarán obligados a denunciarlos a la Superinten-
dencia. En caso de que alguno de estos organismos iniciare un procedimiento respecto de
PDWHULDVTXHVRQFRPSHWHQFLDGHOD6XSHULQWHQGHQFLDpVWDGHR¿FLRRDSHWLFLyQGHLQWHUHVDGR
podrá solicitarle que se declare incompetente y le remita todos los antecedentes para iniciar
el procedimiento respectivo”.
 &උංඌඍඬൻൺඅ6ൺඅඏൺൽඈඋ2ඌඈඋංඈ9ൺඋ඀ൺඌ

1RREVWDQWHHVWDFLUFXQVWDQFLDQRVyORDFRQWHFHHQPDWHULDDPELHQWDO
HQHIHFWRKD\GLYHUVRVFDQDOHVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQHQWUHRUJDQLVPRVS~EOLFRV
TXH OHV SHUPLWHQ LQLFLDU SURFHGLPLHQWRV DGPLQLVWUDWLYRV VDQFLRQDGRUHV
SRUODVSUHVHQWDFLRQHVGHyUJDQRVVHFWRULDOHVFRPRRFXUUHHQOD6XSHU
LQWHQGHQFLDGH9DORUHV\6HJXURVOD8QLGDGGH$QiOLVLV)LQDQFLHUR\OD
6XSHULQWHQGHQFLDGH(GXFDFLyQSRUQRPEUDUDOJXQRVHQTXHRWURVyUJDQRV
H[SHUWRV\HVSHFLDOL]DGRVHQPDWHULDVUHJXODWRULDVOHVGHULYDQDQWHFHGHQWHV
SDUDLQLFLDUSURFHVRVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ\VDQFLyQ

(VWH LQLFLRGH SURFHGLPLHQWRQR VyOR VH OLPLWDD yUJDQRV GH ODDGPL

QLVWUDFLyQGHO(VWDGRWDPELpQHQPXFKDVRFDVLRQHVyUJDQRVDXWyQRPRV
FRQVWLWXFLRQDOHVFRPRVRQHO0LQLVWHULR3~EOLFR\OD&RQWUDORUtD*HQHUDO
GHOD5HS~EOLFDVROLFLWDQDORVyUJDQRVVDQFLRQDGRUHVHOXVRGHVXVSRWHV
WDGHV\HOLQLFLRGHLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVDGPLQLVWUDWLYDVGHQWURGHVXyUELWDGH
FRPSHWHQFLD

2. Fundamento

/RDQWHULRUVHIXQGDHQHOSULQFLSLRGHFRRUGLQDFLyQ(OSULQFLSLRGH
FRRUGLQDFLyQHVDTXHOTXHSURSHQGHDODXQLGDGGHDFFLyQGHODDXWRULGDG
DGPLQLVWUDWLYDUHODFLRQDQGRWRGRVORVHVIXHU]RVGHORVyUJDQRVS~EOLFRV

3RURWURODGRHOSULQFLSLRGHFRRUGLQDFLyQVHHQFXHQWUDUHFRQRFLGRHQQXHVWURRUGHQD


PLHQWRMXUtGLFRHQGLYHUVDVQRUPDV/D&DUWD)XQGDPHQWDOHQVXDUWtFXORIDFXOWDDO3UH
VLGHQWHGHOD5HS~EOLFDSDUDHQFRPHQGDUDXQRRPiV0LQLVWURVODFRRUGLQDFLyQGHODODERU
TXHFRUUHVSRQGHDORV6HFUHWDULRVGH(VWDGR\ODVUHODFLRQHVGHO*RELHUQRFRQHO&RQJUHVR
1DFLRQDO$VLPLVPRHODUWtFXORSHUPLWHDOLQWHQGHQWHODFRRUGLQDFLyQVXSHUYLJLODQFLDR
¿VFDOL]DFLyQGHORVVHUYLFLRVS~EOLFRVFUHDGRVSRUOH\SDUDHOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHODVIXQFLRQHV
DGPLQLVWUDWLYDVTXHRSHUHQHQODUHJLyQ)LQDOPHQWHHODUWtFXORGLVSRQHTXHODOH\LQGLFDUi
IyUPXODVGHFRRUGLQDFLyQSDUDODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHWRGRVRDOJXQRVGHORVPXQLFLSLRVFRQ
UHVSHFWRDORVSUREOHPDVTXHOHVVHDQFRPXQHVDVtFRPRHQWUHORVPXQLFLSLRV\ORVGHPiV
VHUYLFLRVS~EOLFRV
3RURWURODGRODOH\1žWDPELpQUHJXODHOSULQFLSLRGHFRRUGLQDFLyQGHORVyUJDQRV
GHODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHO(VWDGRDVtHODUWtFXORžORLGHQWL¿FDFRPRXQSULQFLSLRGHODFWXDUGH
ORVyUJDQRVS~EOLFRV3RURWURODGRHODUWtFXORžLQFLVRVHJXQGRH[LJHDORVyUJDQRVS~EOLFRV
FXPSOLUVXVODERUHVFRRUGLQDGDPHQWHHYLWDQGRODGXSOLFLGDGGHIXQFLRQHV\HODUWtFXOR
IDFXOWDDORV0LQLVWURVSDUDFRRUGLQDUHODFWXDUGHORVVHUYLFLRV\RUJDQLVPRVTXHHVWiQEDMR
VXGHSHQGHQFLDVLQSHUMXLFLRGHRWUDVPHQFLRQHVTXHKDFHODQRUPDWLYDUHVSHFWRDOSULQFLSLR
TXHVRQFRKHUHQWHFRQORVHxDODGRHQOD&DUWD)XQGDPHQWDO
0ൺඇඎൺඅൽൾඉඋඈർൾൽංආංൾඇඍඈൺൽආංඇංඌඍඋൺඍංඏඈඌൺඇർංඈඇൺൽඈඋ 

HQPLUDVDVDWLVIDFHUHOELHQFRP~Q/RDQWHULRUSDUDHYLWDUODGXSOLFLGDG
GHIXQFLRQHVODLQWHUIHUHQFLDGHFRPSHWHQFLDV\HOPDOXVRGHORVELHQHV
S~EOLFRVDOHMHUFHUVHODVFRPSHWHQFLDVVLQFULWHULRVGHH¿FLHQFLD\H¿FDFLD
$VLPLVPRHOSULQFLSLRGHFRRUGLQDFLyQFXPSOHXQUROHVHQFLDOHQHOSURFH
GLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRHQWDQWRFRQVLGHUDODH[SHULHQFLDWpFQLFDGHFDGD
yUJDQRGHODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHO(VWDGR(QHIHFWRXQRRPiVyUJDQRVGH
ODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHO(VWDGRGLVWLQWRVDOTXHVXEVWDQFLDHOSURFHGLPLHQWR
DGPLQLVWUDWLYRSXHGHQDSR\DUODWUDPLWDFLyQGHXQSURFHGLPLHQWRSRURWUR
yUJDQRSRUHMHPSORDWUDYpVGHODHPLVLyQGHLQIRUPHVODFRPLVLyQGH
VHUYLFLRGHIXQFLRQDULRVH[SHUWRVDOyUJDQRVXVWDQFLDGRUODHQFRPHQGDFLyQ
GH IXQFLRQHV ¿VFDOL]DGRUDV HQWUH RWUDV PDWHULDV TXH UDWL¿FDQ OD XQLGDG
DUPyQLFDGHODFWXDUGHODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHO(VWDGR

(OSULQFLSLRGHFRRUGLQDFLyQKDVLGRGH¿QLGRSRUODGRFWULQDSRQLHQGR
pQIDVLVHQODFRKHUHQFLDGHODFWXDUS~EOLFR\HQODFRQVHFXFLyQGHORJURV
FRPXQHV(QHVWHVHQWLGRVHKDVHxDODGR

³(QVtQWHVLVODFRRUGLQDFLyQHVXQSURFHVRGHJHVWLyQTXHLPSOLFDXQDDFFLyQ
GHVWLQDGD D JDUDQWL]DU OD VXMHFLyQ GH ODV SDUWHV GH XQ VLVWHPDD XQ RUGHQ R
VXSXHVWREiVLFRFRP~QTXHLQWURGXFLHQGRFRKHUHQFLDHQODDFWLYLGDGGHFDGD
XQD FRQGX]FD DO ORJUR GH XQ SURSyVLWR X REMHWLYR TXH HV SHUWLQHQWH R D OD
PDQHUDGHORJUDUOR´

3. Antecedentes normativos

(OLQLFLRGHOSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVDQFLRQDGRUSRUVROLFLWXGGH
XQyUJDQRVHFWRULDOVHHQFXHQWUDUHFRQRFLGRHQHODUWtFXORGHOD/%3$
VLQSHUMXLFLRGHQRUPDWLYDVHVSHFLDOHVTXHORUHJXOHQFRPRSRUHMHPSOR
HODUWtFXORGHOD/H\1žVREUHHO6LVWHPD1DFLRQDOGH$VHJX
UDPLHQWRGHOD&DOLGDGGHOD(GXFDFLyQ3DUYXODULD%iVLFD\0HGLD\VX
)LVFDOL]DFLyQTXHVHxDODTXHHQHOFDVRGHGHQXQFLDVTXHOHFRPXQLTXHQHO
0LQLVWHULRGH(GXFDFLyQROD$JHQFLDDOD6XSHULQWHQGHQFLDGH(GXFDFLyQ
pVWDRUGHQDUiGLUHFWDPHQWHODIRUPXODFLyQGHFDUJRV\ODLQVWUXFFLyQGHO
UHVSHFWLYRSURFHVRVDQFLRQDGRU

0ඎඌඌඈ)HUQDQGRS


 &උංඌඍඬൻൺඅ6ൺඅඏൺൽඈඋ2ඌඈඋංඈ9ൺඋ඀ൺඌ

III. Iniciación por denuncia

1. Concepto

(OSURFHGLPLHQWRVDQFLRQDWRULRSXHGHLQLFLDUVHHQUD]yQGHXQDGHQXQ
FLDTXHFRUUHVSRQGHDODVROLFLWXGHVFULWDXRUDOUHDOL]DGDSRUXQDRPiV
SHUVRQDV QDWXUDOHV R MXUtGLFDV GDQGR D FRQRFHU KHFKRV X RPLVLRQHV TXH
HYHQWXDOPHQWHFRQVWLWX\HQXQDLQIUDFFLyQDGPLQLVWUDWLYDVROLFLWDQGRDOD
DXWRULGDGTXHDGRSWHWRGDVODVPHGLGDV\GLOLJHQFLDVTXHVHDQQHFHVDULDVSDUD
WHUPLQDUFRQHVDLQIUDFFLyQ\UHVWDEOHFHUHORUGHQDPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYR

/DGHQXQFLDVHHQFXHQWUDGH¿QLGDHQOD/H\1žVREUHHO6LVWH
PD1DFLRQDOGH$VHJXUDPLHQWRGHOD&DOLGDGGHOD(GXFDFLyQ3DUYXODULD
%iVLFD\0HGLD\VX)LVFDOL]DFLyQTXHVHxDOD

“Artículo 58.- Para los efectos de esta ley la denuncia es el acto escrito u oral
por medio del cual una persona o grupo de personas directamente interesadas
y previamente individualizadas ponen en conocimiento de la Superintendencia
una eventual irregularidad, con el objeto de que ésta investigue y adopte las
medidas que correspondan”.

2. Fundamentos

(OLQLFLRGHOSURFHGLPLHQWRVDQFLRQDWRULRSRUYtDGHGHQXQFLDVHIXQGD
HQHOGHUHFKRGHSHWLFLyQGHODUWtFXOR1žGHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ3ROtWLFD
GHOD5HS~EOLFDTXHFRQFHGHDODVSHUVRQDVHOGHUHFKRGHSUHVHQWDUSHWLFLR
QHVDODDXWRULGDGVREUHFXDOTXLHUDVXQWRGHLQWHUpVS~EOLFRRSULYDGRVLQ
RWUDOLPLWDFLyQTXHODGHSURFHGHUHQWpUPLQRVUHVSHWXRVRV\FRQYHQLHQWHV

$VLPLVPRODGHQXQFLDHVXQPHGLRTXHSHUPLWHXQDFWXDUDGPLQLVWUDWLYR
PiVH¿FD]\H¿FLHQWHHQWDQWRSHUPLWHDODDXWRULGDGFRQRFHUGHKHFKRV
XRPLVLRQHVFRQVWLWXWLYRVGHLQIUDFFLyQSRUODFRPXQLGDGSHUPLWLpQGROH
DGPLQLVWUDULGyQHDPHQWHORVELHQHVS~EOLFRVSDUDGHWHUPLQDUQXHYDVLQ
IUDFFLRQHVDGPLQLVWUDWLYDV

3. Antecedentes normativos

/D¿JXUDGHODGHQXQFLDVHHQFXHQWUDH[SUHVDGDHQODQRUPDWLYDJHQHUDO
HQHODUWtFXORGHOD/%3$TXHODLQFOX\HGHQWURGHODVIRUPDVRYtDV
0ൺඇඎൺඅൽൾඉඋඈർൾൽංආංൾඇඍඈൺൽආංඇංඌඍඋൺඍංඏඈඌൺඇർංඈඇൺൽඈඋ 

SRUODVTXHXQRUJDQLVPRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRSXHGHGDUGHR¿FLRFRPLHQ]RD
XQSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYR

3RURWUDSDUWHORVUHTXLVLWRVSDUDVXSUHVHQWDFLyQORVSOD]RVHVSHFt¿FRV
GHWUDPLWDFLyQ\ORVHIHFWRVTXHpVWDSURGXFHGHQWURGHXQSURFHGLPLHQWR
VDQFLRQDWRULRVHHQFXHQWUDQUHJXODGRVHQODVGLVWLQWDVOH\HVHVSHFLDOHVTXH
ORVUHJXODQ$VtSRGHPRVPHQFLRQDUORVDUWtFXORV\GHOD/H\2UJi
QLFDGHOD6XSHULQWHQGHQFLDGHO0HGLR$PELHQWHHODUWtFXORGHODOH\
1žTXHUHJODPHQWDOD6XSHULQWHQGHQFLDGH(GXFDFLyQHODUWtFXOR
GHODOH\1žTXHUHJXODHOSURFHGLPLHQWRGHOD6XSHULQWHQGHQFLD
GH&DVLQRV\-XHJRVHQWUHRWUDV

4. Requisitos

/RVUHTXLVLWRVTXHGHEHYHUL¿FDUODGHQXQFLDSDUDGDUFXUVRDOSURFH
GLPLHQWR GHSHQGHUiQ GH OD UHJXODFLyQ TXH ODV GLVWLQWDV OH\HV HVSHFLDOHV
UHDOLFHQ

6LQHPEDUJRHVSRVLEOHVRVWHQHUTXHGHORVGLVWLQWRVFXHUSRVOHJDOHVVH
GHVSUHQGHQUHTXLVLWRVFRPXQHVWDOHVFRPR

±'HEHUiIRUPXODUVHSRUHVFULWRRFRQVWDUHQHOH[SHGLHQWHDGPLQLVWUDWLYR
±,QGLYLGXDOL]DFLyQGHOGHQXQFLDQWH\VXUHVSHFWLYDVXVFULSFLyQTXHHQ
FLHUWRVFDVRVGHEHWHQHULQWHUpVHQODPDWHULD
±'HVFULSFLyQGHORVKHFKRVTXHVHHVWLPDQFRQVWLWXWLYRVGHLQIUDFFLyQ
SUHFLVDQGRHOOXJDU\HOWLHPSRGHVXFRPLVLyQ

$VLPLVPRHVSRVLEOHGHWHUPLQDUXQFXDUWRHOHPHQWRTXHQRFRQVWLWX\H
XQUHTXLVLWRSXHVVyORVHGHEHLQGLFDUHQFDVRGHVHUSRVLEOHODLGHQWL¿
FDFLyQGHOSUHVXQWRLQIUDFWRU7DOHVUHTXLVLWRVVHHQFXHQWUDQHQXPHUDGRVHQ
GLYHUVDVOH\HVHVSHFLDOHVRFXHUSRVQRUPDWLYRVWDOHVFRPRHODUWtFXORGH
OD/H\2UJiQLFDGHOD6XSHULQWHQGHQFLDGHO0HGLR$PELHQWHHODUWtFXOR
GHOD/H\1žTXH(VWDEOHFH%DVHV*HQHUDOHVSDUDOD$XWRUL]DFLyQ

(VHOFDVRGHODUWtFXORGHOD/H\1žTXHFUHDHO5HJLVWUR1DFLRQDOGH5HYLVRUHV


,QGHSHQGLHQWHVGH2EUDVGH(GL¿FDFLyQ
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)XQFLRQDPLHQWR\)LVFDOL]DFLyQGH&DVLQRVGH-XHJRVHODUWtFXORGHOD
/H\1žVREUH7UDQVSDUHQFLD/tPLWH\&RQWUROGHO*DVWR(OHFWRUDO
HODUWtFXORGHOGHFUHWR1žGHGHO0LQLVWHULRGH(FRQRPtD
)RPHQWR \ 5HFRQVWUXFFLyQ TXH$SUXHED 5HJODPHQWR GH 6DQFLRQHV HQ
0DWHULDGH(OHFWULFLGDG\&RPEXVWLEOHVHQWUHRWURV

/XHJRODDXWRULGDGDGPLQLVWUDWLYDDOFXPSOLUVHHVWRVUHTXLVLWRVJHQH
UDOHVSRGUiKDFHUXQH[DPHQGHIRQGR\PpULWRGHODGHQXQFLD(QSULPHU
WpUPLQRODHQWLGDGS~EOLFDHVWDEOHFHUiVLORVKHFKRVXRPLVLRQHVFRUUHV
SRQGHQDLQIUDFFLRQHVGHVXFRPSHWHQFLDSXHVHQYLUWXGGHOSULQFLSLRGH
LQH[FXVDELOLGDGHVWDEOHFLGRHQHODUWtFXORGHOD/%3$HQFDVRGHQR
WHQHUFRPSHWHQFLDSDUDFRQRFHUGHGLFKDVLQIUDFFLRQHVORVDQWHFHGHQWHV
GHEHUiQVHUUHPLWLGRVDORUJDQLVPRDOTXHODOH\OHRWRUJXHIDFXOWDGVHJXLU
HOSURFHGLPLHQWR

9HUL¿FDGRVGLFKRVUHTXLVLWRVHORUJDQLVPRGHWHUPLQDUiVLORVKHFKRV
FRPXQLFDGRVUHYLVWHQODVHULHGDG\PpULWRVX¿FLHQWHSDUDODLQLFLDFLyQGH
XQ SURFHGLPLHQWR VDQFLRQDWRULR /R DQWHULRU KD VLGR LQGLFDGR GH IRUPD
H[SOtFLWDHQDOJXQDGHODVOH\HVHVSHFLDOHVFLWDGDVDQWHULRUPHQWHSHURVH
GHVSUHQGH HQ OR JHQHUDOGHO KHFKR GH HQFRQWUDUVH WUDWDGR HO FDVR GH OD
GHQXQFLDHQHODUWtFXORGHOD/%3$GHQWURGHORVFDVRVGHLQLFLDFLyQGH
R¿FLRGHOSURFHGLPLHQWR'HHVWHPRGRODDXWRULGDGDGPLQLVWUDWLYDHVOD
OODPDGDDFDOL¿FDUHOFRQWHQLGRGHODGHQXQFLD\GHWHUPLQDUODSURFHGHQFLD
GHXQDIRUPXODFLyQGHFDUJRVODHMHFXFLyQGHDFFLRQHVGH¿VFDOL]DFLyQR
GHUHFKDPHQWHHODUFKLYRGHORVDQWHFHGHQWHV

6RQGRVORVFRQFHSWRVIXQGDPHQWDOHVSDUDODFDOL¿FDFLyQGHODGHQXQFLD
OD³VHULHGDG´\HO³PpULWR´SXHVHVDWUDYpVGHHVWRVEDUHPRVQRUPDWLYRV
TXHHOyUJDQRS~EOLFRSXHGHHVWDEOHFHUODQHFHVLGDGGHLQLFLDUXQSURFH
GLPLHQWR

'LFKRVFRQFHSWRVQRKDQVLGRDFDEDGDPHQWHGH¿QLGRVSRUODGRFWULQDR
ODOHJLVODFLyQHQUHODFLyQDHVWDPDWHULD(VSRUHOORTXHSRGHPRVHQWHQGHU
TXHSRU³VHULHGDG´QRVUHIHULPRVDODYHUGDGHUDLQWHQFLyQGHOGHQXQFLDQWH
HQODLQLFLDFLyQGHXQSURFHGLPLHQWRGHVDQFLyQTXHGDQGRPX\OLJDGR

'HIRUPDVLPLODUDOD³VHULHGDGGHODRIHUWD´H[LJLGDSRUHO&yGLJRGH&RPHUFLRSDUD


ODIRUPDFLyQGHOFRQVHQWLPLHQWRRVREUHORVLQVWUXPHQWRVGHJDUDQWtDHQPDWHULDGHFRPSUDV
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DOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHORVUHTXLVLWRVGHODGHQXQFLD\DODSRVLEOHYHUDFLGDG
GHORVKHFKRVUHODWDGRVRORVDQWHFHGHQWHVSUHVHQWDGRV3RURWUDSDUWHHO
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sanciones establecidas en la presente ley”.
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“El Superintendente de Medio Ambiente, quien será el Jefe de Servicio, será

nombrado por el Presidente de la República de conformidad a lo establecido
en la ley Nº 19.882.

El Superintendente contará con las atribuciones propias de un jefe de servicio

y le corresponderá especialmente: […].

h) Aplicar las sanciones que correspondan de conformidad a lo establecido

en la ley”.

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“Artículo 66.- Si se detectaren infracciones que pudieren significar contraven-

ción a la normativa educacional, el Director Regional competente, mediante
resolución fundada, ordenará la instrucción de un procedimiento y designará
un fiscal instructor encargado de su tramitación, de formular cargos, de in-
vestigar los hechos, solicitar informes, ponderar las pruebas y disponer toda
otra diligencia que dé curso al procedimiento”.

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“Artículo 7º. Será competente para conocer y tramitar cualquier infracción

a lo mencionado en el artículo 1º de este reglamento, la División Técnica de
Electricidad o la División Técnica de Combustibles de SEC, según correspon-
da. Las citadas Divisiones deberán finalmente proponer al Superintendente
la Resolución del caso”.

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FHGLPLHQWR

“Artículo 7º. Las citadas Divisiones deberán finalmente proponer al Super-

intendente la Resolución del caso.

Artículo 8º. La investigación se iniciará por decisión del Superintendente o

del Jefe de la División Técnica que tenga competencia para conocer el caso,
sea por propia iniciativa o por denuncia o reclamación de terceros.

Artículo 18. Contestados los cargos o vencido el término fijado para ello,
o el probatorio en su caso, hechos que se certificarán en el expediente, se
estudiarán los antecedentes para determinar si la investigación se encuentra
agotada. De no ser así, se ordenará la práctica de las diligencias que se esti-
men necesarias. Cuando la investigación se encuentre agotada, se propondrá
al Superintendente un Proyecto de Resolución, debidamente fundada, que
imponga la sanción al inculpado o su sobreseimiento.

Artículo 20. Si el Superintendente considera que no se encuentra agotada la

investigación o no está de acuerdo con la sanción propuesta, devolverá los
antecedentes ordenando las diligencias que deban efectuarse, o determinará
la sanción que corresponde señalar en un nuevo proyecto de resolución”.

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“Artículo 63. Especialidades en el inicio de los procedimientos de naturaleza

sancionadora:

1. Los procedimientos de naturaleza sancionadora se iniciarán siempre de oficio

por acuerdo del órgano competente y establecerán la debida separación entre
la fase instructora y la sancionadora, que se encomendará a órganos distintos.

Se considerará que un órgano es competente para iniciar el procedimiento

cuando así lo determinen las normas reguladoras del mismo.

2. En ningún caso se podrá imponer una sanción sin que se haya tramitado
el oportuno procedimiento.

3. No se podrán iniciar nuevos procedimientos de carácter sancionador por

hechos conductas tipificadas como infracciones en cuya comisión el infractor
persista de forma continuada, en tanto no haya recaído una primera resolución
sancionadora, con carácter ejecutivo”.

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GHULYDGDGHODYLJHQFLDGHOSULQFLSLRDFXVDWRULR´

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FHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVDQFLRQDGRUFRPROD³separación de funciones´
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2. Antecedentes normativos

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“Artículo 66.- Si se detectaren infracciones que pudieren significar contraven-

ción a la normativa educacional, el Director Regional competente, mediante
resolución fundada, ordenará la instrucción de un procedimiento y designará
un fiscal instructor encargado de su tramitación, de formular cargos, de in-
vestigar los hechos, solicitar informes, ponderar las pruebas y disponer toda
otra diligencia que dé curso al procedimiento”.

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3. Fundamentos

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GHWDOSURFHGLPLHQWRTXHFRPR\DVHGLMRFRPLHQ]DFRQHODFWDGH¿VFDOL]DFLyQ>«@
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HVODFRQWLQXDFLyQGHOWLHPSRGHSUHVFULSFLyQFRQFOXVLRQHVTXHFRPR\DVHKDGLFKRQRVH
DMXVWDQDODDGHFXDGDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHODFLWDGDQRUPDWLYD´6HQWHQFLDGHOD([FPD&RUWH
6XSUHPDURO1ž
 &උංඌඍඬൻൺඅ6ൺඅඏൺൽඈඋ2ඌඈඋංඈ9ൺඋ඀ൺඌ

TXHHQWRGRSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVDQFLRQDWRULRHVSRVLEOHREVHUYDU
PiVDOOiGHVXFRQVDJUDFLyQQRUPDWLYDXQDHWDSDGHLQVWUXFFLyQSUHYLDHQTXH
ODDXWRULGDGUHFRSLODDQWHFHGHQWHVSDUDGHWHUPLQDUODIDFWLELOLGDGGHLQLFLDU
XQSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVDQFLRQDGRUHWDSDTXHVHUHODFLRQDFRQHO
HMHUFLFLRGHODVIDFXOWDGHVILVFDOL]DGRUDVGHOyUJDQR8QDYH]TXHFXHQWDFRQ
HVWDLQIRUPDFLyQ\DGRSWDODGHFLVLyQGHLQLFLDUHOSURFHGLPLHQWRGLULJLGRHQ
FRQWUDGHODGPLQLVWUDGRVHLQLFLDHOSURFHGLPLHQWRVDQFLRQDWRULRSURSLDPHQWH
WDOFDUDFWHUL]DGRSRUODFRPXQLFDFLyQDODGPLQLVWUDGRUHVSHFWRGHORVFDUJRV
TXHVHHULJHQHQVXFRQWUD\ODHQWUHJDGHODSRVLELOLGDGGHUHQGLUSUXHEDGH
GHVFDUJRTXHVHHVWLPHSHUWLQHQWH´

2. Fundamento

/D IRUPXODFLyQ GH FDUJRV HV HO DFWR DGPLQLVWUDWLYR TXH WLHQH SRU
IXQGDPHQWRGDUDFRQRFHUDOUHJXODGRRHYHQWXDOLQIUDFWRUORVKHFKRVX
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ORV DQWHFHGHQWHV TXH VHDQ QHFHVDULRV SDUD VX GHELGD LQWHOLJHQFLDFRQ HO
REMHWRGHTXHpVWHSXHGDGHIHQGHUVHDGHFXDGDPHQWHGHODVDFXVDFLRQHVGHO
yUJDQRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVDQFLRQDGRU\H[LVWDFHUWH]DVREUHORVKHFKRV\QRU
PDVLPSXWDGDVFRPRLQIULQJLGDV(QHVWHVHQWLGRODGRFWULQDKDVHxDODGR

³1DWXUDOPHQWHHOGHUHFKRDVHULQIRUPDGRGHODDFXVDFLyQFRPSRUWDODH[LJHQ
FLDSUHYLDGHTXHVHIRUPXOHDFXVDFLyQRGLFKRGHRWUDIRUPDODSURKLELFLyQ
GH FRQGHQD VLQ SUHYLD DFXVDFLyQ \ D IDOWD GH XQD FRQVDJUDFLyQ H[SUHVD \
DXWyQRPDVHDILUPDTXHODH[LJHQFLDGHDFXVDFLyQVHLQFOX\HHQHOGHUHFKR
DVHULQIRUPDGRGHODDFXVDFLyQ´

(OSURIHVRU(GXDUGR&RUGHURKDGH¿QLGRODIRUPXODFLyQGHFDUJRVGH
ODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD

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GHO SURFHGLPLHQWR VDQFLRQDGRU HV OD PHGLGD GH TXH pVWD KD GH FRQWHQHU OD
SUHWHQVLyQSXQLWLYDSODQWHDGDSRUHOyUJDQRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRDVtFRPRORVIXQ
GDPHQWRVREMHWLYRVHQTXHVHVXVWHQWD´


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DGPLQLVWUDWLYD

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PXODFLyQGHFDUJRVHQXQSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRGLVFLSOLQDULRKD
LQGLFDGRTXHODIRUPXODFLyQGHFDUJRVRWRUJDDORVDFXVDGRVHOGHUHFKRGH
SRGHUGHIHQGHUVHDGHFXDGDPHQWH

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xDODGR

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VDQFLRQDGRUVLHQGRHODFWRLQLFLDOTXHHQFDX]DWRGRHOSURFHGLPLHQWRD
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SDUDHIHFWRGHGHWHUPLQDUODSURFHGHQFLDRQRGHXQDVDQFLyQDGPLQLVWUDWLYD
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1RREVWDQWHORVHxDODGRODIRUPXODFLyQGHFDUJRVWDPELpQFXPSOHXQURO
WUDVFHQGHQWDOUHVSHFWRDORVLQWHUHVDGRVHVGHFLUDTXHOORVFX\RVGHUHFKRV
RLQWHUHVHVSXHGHQUHVXOWDUDIHFWDGRVHQHOSURFHVRSRUTXHFRQRFHUiQOD
DFXVDFLyQHIHFWXDGDSRUODDXWRULGDG\GHWHUPLQDUiQVLpVWDHVFRKHUHQWH
FRQVXVSUHWHQVLRQHVRFDUHFHGHH¿FDFLDSDUDODVDWLVIDFFLyQGHVXVGHUHFKRV
HLQWHUHVHVDIHFWDGRV3RUWDQWRODIRUPXODFLyQGHFDUJRVWDPELpQ¿MDHO
REMHWRGHGLVFXVLyQHQHOSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRFRQORVLQWHUHVDGRV
TXHHQUD]yQGHHOODSRGUiQDGRSWDUWRGDVODVPHGLGDVTXHVHDQSHUWLQHQWHV
SDUDHOUHVJXDUGRGHVXVGHUHFKRVHLQWHUHVHV

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SDUDODSURWHFFLyQGHVXVGHUHFKRVRLQWHUHVHV

3. Antecedentes normativos

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QRUPDWLYRVGHGHUHFKRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVDQFLRQDGRURVHFWRUHVGHUHIHUHQFLD
RVHFROLJHGHODMXULVSUXGHQFLDGHOD&RQWUDORUtDTXHGHWDOODORVUHTXLVLWRV
GHODIRUPXODFLyQ

(QHIHFWRHO~QLFRLQWHQWRSRUXQL¿FDUHOSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYR
VDQFLRQDGRU\FDGDXQRGHORVDFWRVWUiPLWHVTXHORFRQVWLWX\HQHVWXYR
UDGLFDGRHQHOSUR\HFWRGHOH\TXHHVWDEOHFHODVEDVHVGHORVSURFHGLPLHQ
WRV DGPLQLVWUDWLYRV VDQFLRQDWRULRV \ PRGL¿FD OD /H\ 1ž VREUH
7UDQVSDUHQFLD/tPLWH\&RQWUROGHO*DVWR(OHFWRUDOEROHWtQ1ž
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HPEDUJRHVSUHFLVRUHFRUGDUTXHHOLQFLVRVHJXQGRGHODUWtFXORGLVSR
QtDORVVLJXLHQWHVUHTXLVLWRVRHOHPHQWRVPtQLPRVTXHGHEtDFRQWHQHUOD
IRUPXODFLyQGHFDUJRV

“La formulación de cargos deberá señalar la forma en que se ha iniciado el

procedimiento, una descripción de los hechos que se estiman constitutivos de
infracción y de la fecha de su verificación, la norma eventualmente infringida
y la disposición que establece la infracción, la sanción asignada por la ley
a esa infracción, el plazo para formular descargos y la individualización del
organismo que instruye el procedimiento, su dirección y horarios de atención”.
0ൺඇඎൺඅൽൾඉඋඈർൾൽංආංൾඇඍඈൺൽආංඇංඌඍඋൺඍංඏඈඌൺඇർංඈඇൺൽඈඋ 

5HFDSLWXODQGRORVUHTXLVLWRV\FRQWHQLGRVGHODIRUPXODFLyQGHFDUJRV
VHSXHGHQH[WUDHUGHODOHJLVODFLyQVHFWRULDODGPLQLVWUDWLYDHVSHFLDO\GH
ODMXULVSUXGHQFLDGHOD&RQWUDORUtD*HQHUDOGHOD5HS~EOLFD

5HVSHFWRDODSULPHUDGHVWDFDHODUWtFXORGHOD/H\GHOD6XSHULQ
WHQGHQFLDGHO0HGLR$PELHQWHHODUWtFXOR1žGHOD/H\1ž
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'LVSXHVWDVSRUOD/H\1žTXH6DQFLRQDHO7Ui¿FR,OtFLWRGH(VWX
SHIDFLHQWHV\6XVWDQFLDV6LFRWUySLFDVHQWUHRWUDV

5HVSHFWRDORVHJXQGRHOyUJDQRFRQWUDORUKDVHxDODGR

³>/@DUHLWHUDGDMXULVSUXGHQFLDDGPLQLVWUDWLYDGHHVWH(QWH&RQWUDORUFRQWHQLGD
HQWUHRWURVHQORVGLFWiPHQHV1žV\DPERVGHH[SUHVD
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WXWLYRVGHODRODVLQIUDFFLRQHVHQTXHKDLQFXUULGRHODIHFWDGRORFRQWUDULROH
LPSLGHDDTXpOHMHUFHUDGHFXDGDPHQWHVXGHUHFKRDGHIHQVD´

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GHOD&RQWUDORUtD*HQHUDOGHOD5HS~EOLFDTXH$SUXHEDHO5HJOD
PHQWRGH6XPDULRV,QVWUXLGRVSRUOD&RQWUDORUtD*HQHUDOGHOD5HS~EOLFD
TXHVHxDODHQVXDUWtFXOR

“Artículo 26. Los cargos deberán ser precisos, determinados, circunstancia-

dos y concretos, basándose exclusivamente en antecedentes que consten en el
sumario. En ellos se señalará la intervención que les hubiere correspondido a
los inculpados en los hechos materia del proceso, que configurarían infracción
administrativa y, asimismo, las disposiciones que se entienden vulneradas”.

'HHVWHPRGRHOFRQWHQLGRGHODIRUPXODFLyQGHFDUJRVWLHQHVXDQWH
FHGHQWHHQODVQRUPDVHVSHFLDOHVRHQODMXULVSUXGHQFLDGHOD&RQWUDORUtD
*HQHUDOGHOD5HS~EOLFDSHURHQWRGRHYHQWRGHEHUiFXPSOLUFRQGHVFULS
FLRQHVPtQLPDVHQVXIRUPXODFLyQFRPRVHSDVDUiDH[SOLFDU

'LFWDPHQ1ž

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(QHOFDVRTXHODHQXQFLDFLyQGHOFRQWHQLGRGHODIRUPXODFLyQGHFDUJRV
QRVHHQFXHQWUDLQGLYLGXDOL]DGDHQODQRUPDWLYDVHFWRULDORGHUHIHUHQFLD
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*HQHUDOGHOD5HS~EOLFD\ODMXULVSUXGHQFLDMXGLFLDO

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WLVIDFHUHOGHUHFKRGHOLPSXWDGRRLQFXOSDGRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRDFRQRFHUOD
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RWRUJDUOHWRGRVORVDQWHFHGHQWHVTXHIXQGDQODDFXVDFLyQDGPLQLVWUDWLYD
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WXWLYRVGHLQIUDFFLyQ

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±/DHQXQFLDFLyQFODUD\SUHFLVDGHODVQRUPDVOHJDOHVUHJODPHQWDULDV
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GHWHUPLQDUODVDQFLyQ\

±/DVDQFLyQDVLJQDGDDOFDVRFRQFUHWR

4. Requisitos de la formulación de cargos

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FDUJRVHVSRVLEOHLQGLFDUTXHWRGDIRUPXODFLyQGHFDUJRVGHEHFRQWHQHU
DOPHQRV

±La forma en que se ha iniciado el procedimiento sancionador:

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JRVTXHHVODLPSXWDFLyQGHXQDLQIUDFFLyQDGPLQLVWUDWLYD&DEHUHFRUGDU
0ൺඇඎൺඅൽൾඉඋඈർൾൽංආංൾඇඍඈൺൽආංඇංඌඍඋൺඍංඏඈඌൺඇർංඈඇൺൽඈඋ 

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FRSLDVGHORVDFWRVTXHORFRPSRQHQDVXFDUJR

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FLXGDGDQDQRYXOQHUDHOGHUHFKRDFRQRFHUODDFXVDFLyQ

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FRPXQLFDGRMXQWRDOSOLHJRGHFDUJRVHOFRQWHQLGRGHODGHQXQFLDIRUPXODGD
FRQWUDpOSRUTXHHOGHUHFKRDVHULQIRUPDGRGHODDFXVDFLyQVHFXPSOHFRQHO
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XWLOL]DUFRPRPDWHULDOSUREDWRULRGHFDUJRHQFX\RFDVRYHQGUiVRPHWLGDDO
UpJLPHQGHDFFHVRDORVPHGLRVGHSUXHEDTXHSXHGDQFRUUHVSRQGHUDOLPSX
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HOGHPDQGDQWHVHOLPLWDDGHQXQFLDUHQDEVWUDFWRODIDOWDGHFRPXQLFDFLyQGH
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LPSXOVDURULHQWDU\HQPDUFDUHOSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYR´

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VDQFLRQDGRU\DVHDSDUDSURWHJHUVXVGDWRVSHUVRQDOHVRVHQVLEOHVRSRU
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GHQXQFLDHQODIRUPXODFLyQGHFDUJRV\QRWL¿FDUODDOGHQXQFLDQWHFRPR
WRGRVORVDFWRVTXHVHSURYHDQHQHOSURFHGLPLHQWRVDQFLRQDGRUVDOYRTXH
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HOSURFHVR\GHODJUDYHGDGGHODVDQFLyQ

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PHGLRGHVXEVDQDUHUURUHVHQODIRUPXODFLyQGHFDUJRVRULJLQDOHQUD]yQGH
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GHOUHJXODGRHVGHFLUQRSXHGHVHUXWLOL]DGRSDUDPHMRUDUOD³WHRUtDGHO
FDVR´(QHIHFWRGHORFRQWUDULRHOUHJXODGRTXHGDHQODLQFHUWH]DGHTXH
VLHPSUHSRGUiQVHUPRGL¿FDGRVORVFDUJRVHQUD]yQGHVXGHIHQVDORTXH
GHQRWDXQDIDOWDGHODLPSDUFLDOLGDGTXHVHOHH[LJHDOyUJDQRS~EOLFRHQ
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VDQFLyQ(QHVWHVHQWLGRKDVHxDODGRODGRFWULQD

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SHUMXGLFDQGRDOLQYHVWLJDGR´

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VDQFLRQDGRUDODHVSHUDGHXQDHWDSDMXGLFLDO

III. Descargos o defensa del inculpado

1. Concepto

(QHOSURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVDQFLRQDGRUORVGHVFDUJRVVRQORV
SODQWHDPLHQWRVDOHJDFLRQHV\IXQGDPHQWRVTXHHOSUHVXQWRLQIUDFWRUFRQVL
GHUDRSRUWXQRVSDUDVXGHIHQVDFRQHOREMHWRGHVHUDEVXHOWRRVDQFLRQDGR
HQPHQRUPHGLGD&DEHFRQVLGHUDUTXHORVGHVFDUJRVYLHQHQDVDWLVIDFHUHO
GHUHFKRS~EOLFRVXEMHWLYRGHGHIHQVD

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S~EOLFRFRQVWLWXFLRQDOTXHDVLVWHDWRGDSHUVRQDDTXLHQVHOHSXHGHDWULEXLU
ODFRPLVLyQGHXQKHFKRSXQLEOH\DVHDDWtWXORGHGHOLWR\DORVHDDWtWXOR
GH LQIUDFFLyQ R LOtFLWR DGPLQLVWUDWLYR PHGLDQWH FX\R HMHUFLFLR VH JDUDQWL]D
ODFDSDFLGDGGHSRVWXODFLyQQHFHVDULDSDUDTXHSRUVtPLVPRRDWUDYpVGH
ODDVLVWHQFLDWpFQLFDGHXQDERJDGRGHIHQVRUSXHGDRSRQHUVHHILFD]PHQWHDO
HMHUFLFLRGHOius puniendiGHORVSRGHUHVS~EOLFRVOOHYDQGRDFDERWRGDVODV
DFWXDFLRQHV SUHYLVWDV SRU HO RUGHQDPLHQWR IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH ODV GH tQGROH
DOHJDWRULDV\SUREDWRULDDILQGHORJUDUTXHODSUHWHQVLyQSXQLWLYDGHTXHVH
WUDWHVHGHVHVWLPDGD´

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(VWHGHUHFKRVHHULJHHQXQGHUHFKRVXEMHWLYRS~EOLFRIXQGDPHQWDOLQVWUXPHQWDO
GHOGHUHFKRGHGHIHQVDGHOTXHVRQWLWXODUHVORVVXMHWRVSDVLYRVGHOSURFHGL

&ඈඋൽൾඋඈ/XLVS



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ODDXWRULGDGGHFLVRUDODFXDOKDEUiTXHIXQGDPHQWDUODUHVROXFLyQGHILQLWLYDGHO
SURFHGLPLHQWRHQODPLVPDLPSXWDFLyQVLQTXHUHVXOWHLPSRQHUDOLQFXOSDGR
XQDVDQFLyQVREUHODEDVHGHRWURVKHFKRVGLVWLQWRVRGHXQWtWXORGHFRQGHQD
KHWHURJpQHDDORVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHWUDVODGDGRVDOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOLQFXOSDGR´

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DQWHFHGHQWHV

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DFRPSDxDUXRIUHFHUVHWRGRVDTXHOORVHOHPHQWRVTXHQRVHDQFRQWUDULRVD
GHUHFKR$VLPLVPRSRGUiVROLFLWDUGHIRUPDFRQFUHWDPHGLGDVRGLOLJHQFLDV
SUREDWRULDVTXHWHQJDQSRUREMHWRDFFLRQHVFRQGXFHQWHV\SHUWLQHQWHVSDUD
HOHVFODUHFLPLHQWRGHORVKHFKRV

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HQ HO SOD]R GH GHVFDUJRV FRQFHGLGR SRU OD OH\ RSWH SRU DOODQDUVH D ODV
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GHSHQGLHQGRGHODH[WHQVLyQGHODOODQDPLHQWRODDXWRULGDGVDQFLRQDGRUD
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3OD]RUHVSHFWRGHOFXDOOD$GPLQLVWUDFLyQVDOYRGLVSRVLFLyQHQFRQWUDULR
SRGUiFRQFHGHUGHR¿FLRRDSHWLFLyQGHORVLQWHUHVDGRVXQDDPSOLDFLyQ
TXHQRH[FHGDGHODPLWDGVLODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVORDFRQVHMDQ\FRQHOOR
QRVHSHUMXGLFDQGHUHFKRVGHWHUFHURV6REUHODDPSOLDFLyQGHOSOD]RSDUD

Ibid.S

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GHODDXWRULGDGFRQFHGHUOR

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HOORQRVHSHUMXGLFDQGHUHFKRVGHWHUFHUR¶

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QDGRUHQWDQWROHSHUPLWHSURWHJHUVH\UHVJXDUGDUVHGHODVDFXVDFLRQHV
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2. Fundamento

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PLHQWRVSHQDOHV\OXHJRHQUHODFLyQDORVSURFHGLPLHQWRVDGPLQLVWUDWLYRV

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o querellante particular, si lo hubiere.
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a la vista de la causa en la audiencia inmediata, a menos que sea necesario postergarla para
reunir las pruebas. En tal caso, el inculpado será puesto en libertad, cuando proceda esta medida
con arreglo a la ley, pero con la obligación de comparecer al juicio”.

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VXLOHJDOLGDGODDXWRULGDGSRGUiQRVDQFLRQDUORSHURGHMDQGRUHJLVWURGH
ORDFWXDGR

(QVHJXQGRWpUPLQRVLHODOODQDPLHQWRHVSDUFLDOHVGHFLUVHUHFRQRFH
VyORSDUFLDOPHQWHHOFRQWHQLGRGHODDFXVDFLyQDGPLQLVWUDWLYDODDXWRULGDG
VDQFLRQDGRUDQRSRGUiGLFWDUUHVROXFLyQGHUHFKDPHQWHHQWDQWRSXHGHQ
H[LVWLUKHFKRVVXVWDQFLDOHVFRQWURYHUWLGRV\SHUWLQHQWHVUHIHUHQWHVDDO
JXQDVGHODVPDWHULDVGHODIRUPXODFLyQGHFDUJRVSXGLHQGRODDXWRULGDG
VLORHVWLPDSHUWLQHQWHDEULUXQWpUPLQRSUREDWRULRRGHFUHWDUPHGLGDV
RGLOLJHQFLDVSUREDWRULDV(QHVWHFDVRODDXWRULGDGSRGUiGLVPLQXLUOD
VDQFLyQDGPLQLVWUDWLYDSHURWHQLHQGRSUHVHQWHODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVGHOFDVR
FRQFUHWR

5HVXOWD LQWHUHVDQWH GHVWDFDU TXH HO DOODQDPLHQWR WLHQH XQ FDUiFWHU

LUUHYHUVLEOH (Q HVWH VHQWLGR XQD YH] TXH VH KD UHFRQRFLGR OLEUHPHQWH
OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG HQ ORV KHFKRV R UHVSHFWR GH ORV FDUJRV HO LPSXWDGR
QRSXHGHUHWUDFWDUVHGHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRTXHKDKHFKRDQWHODDXWRULGDG
DGPLQLVWUDWLYD

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WRGHQRPLQDGR³&DVR,QDUFR´HQHOTXHHO6HJXQGR7ULEXQDO$PELHQWDO
DQWHV GH DQDOL]DU OD OHJDOLGDG GHO DFWR DGPLQLVWUDWLYR GHWHUPLQD TXH HO
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$VtHOLQFXOSDGRQRSXHGHOXHJRGHDOODQDUVHFRQWURYHUWLUHOFRQWHQLGRGH
VXDOODQDPLHQWRHQVHGHMXGLFLDO(QHVWHVHQWLGRVHVHxDOy

³$OUHVSHFWRHVWHWULEXQDOHVWLPDTXHDQWHKHFKRVUHFRQRFLGRVQRFRQWHVWDGRV
QLFRQWURYHUWLGRVQRHVSRVLEOHDOHJDUOXHJRTXHVHYLROyODJDUDQWtDGHOGHELGR
SURFHVRFRPRKXELHUDRFXUULGRVLVHKXELHUDQHJDGROXJDUDODVROLFLWXGGH
SHULFLDHQFDPLQDGDVDKDFHUSUXHEDHQFRQWUDULRGHORFRQVLJQDGRHQHODFWDGH
LQVSHFFLyQ(QGHILQLWLYDORTXHHQODHVSHFLHDFRQWHFLyVHGHEHDODDSOLFDFLyQ
GHOSULQFLSLRµDFRQIHVLyQGHSDUWHUHYHORGHSUXHED¶\QRDODDSOLFDFLyQGH
ODVDQFLyQSURFHVDOGHODSUHFOXVLyQ´

'H IRUPD VLPLODU HO 6HJXQGR7ULEXQDO$PELHQWDO GH 6DQWLDJR HQ HO

³&DVR3DVFXD/DPD´VHxDOy

³&HQWpVLPR TXLQFXDJpVLPR 4XH VREUH HVWH SXQWR GH UHFODPDFLyQ GHEH

WHQHUVH HQ FXHQWD TXH DWHQGLGR HO DOODQDPLHQWR GH OD &RPSDxtD UHVSHFWR
GHODFDVLWRWDOLGDGGHORVFDUJRVIRUPXODGRVSUiFWLFDPHQWHQRKXERHQHO
SURFHVRFRQWURYHUVLDVREUHKHFKRVVXVWDQFLDOHV\SHUWLQHQWHVTXHDPHULWDUDQ
GLOLJHQFLDV SUREDWRULDV GHVWLQDGDV D DFUHGLWDU ORV KHFKRV FRQVWLWXWLYRV GH
LQIUDFFLyQ´

3.2. Errónea formulación de cargos

3.2.1. Concepto

(O SUHVXQWR LQIUDFWRU GH XQD LQIUDFFLyQ DGPLQLVWUDWLYD SRGUi HQ VXV
GHVFDUJRVDPSDUDUVHHQHODUJXPHQWRGHTXHODIRUPXODFLyQGHFDUJRV
HIHFWXDGDSRUODDXWRULGDGVDQFLRQDGRUDQRFXPSOHFRQODVFRQGLFLRQHV
\ UHTXLVLWRV GLVSXHVWRV HQ OD OH\ R HQ OD MXULVSUXGHQFLD DGPLQLVWUDWLYD
GHOD&RQWUDORUtD*HQHUDOGHOD5HS~EOLFD(VGHFLUODIRUPXODFLyQGH
FDUJRV FDUHFH GH LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH OD IRUPD HQ TXH VH KD LQLFLDGR HO
SURFHGLPLHQWRXQDGHVFULSFLyQGHORVKHFKRVXRPLVLyQTXHVHHVWLPDQ
FRQVWLWXWLYRV GH LQIUDFFLyQ \ GH OD IHFKD GH VX YHUL¿FDFLyQ OD QRUPD
HYHQWXDOPHQWH LQIULQJLGD \ OD GLVSRVLFLyQ TXH HVWDEOHFH OD LQIUDFFLyQ
OD VDQFLyQ DVLJQDGD SRU OD OH\ D HVD LQIUDFFLyQ HO SOD]R SDUDIRUPXODU

6HQWHQFLDGHO6HJXQGR7ULEXQDO$PELHQWDOGH6DQWLDJRURO1ž5


6HQWHQFLDGHO6HJXQGR7ULEXQDO$PELHQWDOGH6DQWLDJRURO1ž5

0ൺඇඎൺඅൽൾඉඋඈർൾൽංආංൾඇඍඈൺൽආංඇංඌඍඋൺඍංඏඈඌൺඇർංඈඇൺൽඈඋ 

GHVFDUJRV\ODLQGLYLGXDOL]DFLyQGHORUJDQLVPRTXHLQVWUX\HHOSURFHGL
PLHQWRVXGLUHFFLyQ\KRUDULRVGHDWHQFLyQRLQFOXVRQRKDVLGRVXVFULWD
SRUODDXWRULGDGFRPSHWHQWHHQWUHRWUDV

/DDXVHQFLDGHHVWRVUHTXLVLWRVLPSLGHTXHHOUHJXODGRSXHGDGHIHQGHUVH
DGHFXDGDPHQWHHQWDQWRODIRUPXODFLyQRPLWHLQIRUPDFLyQLQGLVSHQVDEOH
SDUD LPSXWDU DGHFXDGDPHQWH DO LQIUDFWRU OD FRPLVLyQ GH XQD LQIUDFFLyQ
DGPLQLVWUDWLYD'HHVWHPRGRHQFDVRGHDFUHGLWDUVHODHUUyQHDIRUPXODFLyQ
GHFDUJRVHOLPSXWDGRGHELHUDVHUDEVXHOWRGHORVHUUyQHRVFDUJRVTXHVH
OHKDQIRUPXODGRVLHPSUHTXHVHUH¿HUDDDTXHOODVPDWHULDVTXHVRQGH
WHUPLQDQWHVSDUDODGHIHQVDGHOLPSXWDGRTXHVRQORVKHFKRVFRQVWLWXWLYRV
GHLQIUDFFLyQODFDOL¿FDFLyQMXUtGLFD\ODVDQFLyQRVHUH¿HUDDODRPLVLyQ
GHUHTXLVLWRVGHODHVHQFLDGHORVDFWRVDGPLQLVWUDWLYRV

3.2.2. Antecedentes normativos

/DIRUPXODFLyQGHFDUJRVVHHQFXHQWUDGH¿QLGDHQORVGLYHUVRVFXHUSRV
QRUPDWLYRVGHGHUHFKRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVDQFLRQDGRURVHFROLJHGHODMXULV
SUXGHQFLDGHOD&RQWUDORUtDTXHGHWDOODORVUHTXLVLWRVGHODIRUPXODFLyQ
FRPRVHHVWXGLyHQORVDSDUWDGRVDQWHULRUHV

3.3. Caso fortuito

3.3.1. Concepto

(O FDVR IRUWXLWR R IXHU]D PD\RU HV XQD FDXVDO GH H[FXOSDFLyQ GH OD
UHVSRQVDELOLGDGDGPLQLVWUDWLYDHQWHQGLGRFRPRXQLPSUHYLVWRTXHQRHV
SRVLEOHGHHYLWDUHQWDQWRORVKHFKRVTXHFRQVWLWX\HQODLQIUDFFLyQQRVRQ
SUHYLVLEOHVQLUHVLVWLEOHVSRUHOSUHVXQWRLQIUDFWRU

(OFDVRIRUWXLWRRIXHU]DPD\RUHQHOGHUHFKRQDFLRQDOVHHQFXHQWUD
FRQWHPSODGR HQ HO DUWtFXOR  GHO &yGLJR &LYLO TXH OR GH¿QH FRPR XQ
LPSUHYLVWRDOTXHQRHVSRVLEOHUHVLVWLU(O&yGLJR&LYLOQRGLVWLQJXHHQWUH

9HU5ൾൻඈඅඅൾൽඈ3ඎං඀0DQXHOSS\VV


 &උංඌඍඬൻൺඅ6ൺඅඏൺൽඈඋ2ඌඈඋංඈ9ൺඋ඀ൺඌ

FDVR IRUWXLWR R IXHU]D PD\RU VLQ HPEDUJR XQD SDUWH GH OD GRFWULQD \
MXULVSUXGHQFLDVHxDODQTXHVHUH¿HUHQDGLIHUHQWHVKHFKRV

$VLPLVPRHOFDVRIRUWXLWR\IXHU]DPD\RUVHHQFXHQWUDUHFRQRFLGRHQ
ORVQ~PHURV\GHODUWtFXORGHO&yGLJR3HQDO

&DEH DGYHUWLU TXH QR VLHPSUH OD IXHU]D PD\RU R FDVR IRUWXLWR VHUi
FRQVLGHUDGRXQPHGLRGHH[FXOSDFLyQGHUHVSRQVDELOLGDGDGPLQLVWUDWLYD
HQWDQWR

± (O FDVR IRUWXLWR R IXHU]D PD\RU VREUHYLHQH SRU FXOSD GHO SUHVXQWR
LQIUDFWRU

±(OFDVRIRUWXLWRTXHVREUHYLHQHGXUDQWHODHWDSDGHLQFXPSOLPLHQWR
GHXQDREOLJDFLyQDGPLQLVWUDWLYDSRUHOSUHVXQWRLQIUDFWRU

± (O FDVR IRUWXLWR TXH HV LPSXHVWR FRPR XQD FDUJD DGPLQLVWUDWLYD DO
SUHVXQWRLQIUDFWRUHQODOHJLVODFLyQ

±(OFDVRIRUWXLWRHVXQDFDUJDGHOSUHVXQWRLQIUDFWRUHQHODFWRDGPL
QLVWUDWLYRDXWRUL]DWRULRHQWUHRWURV

7RGRVHVWRVFDVRVGHEHQVHUFRQVLGHUDGRVDODKRUDGHDSOLFDUHOFDVR
IRUWXLWRRIXHU]DPD\RUFRPRH[FXOSDQWHGHUHVSRQVDELOLGDGDGPLQLVWUDWLYD

'HHVWHPRGRHQHOGHUHFKRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVDQFLRQDGRUHVFDVRIRUWXLWR
RIXHU]DPD\RUHVXQLPSUHYLVWRTXHQRHVSRVLEOHGHUHVLVWLUTXHDFW~D

7ൺඉංൺ0DXULFLRSS\VV(VWHOLEURHVSDUWHGHODGRFWULQDTXHVHxDODTXH



VRQVLQyQLPRV
³4XHVLELHQHO&yGLJRGH%HOORQRKDFHGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHIXHU]DPD\RU\FDVRIRUWXLWR


KDFLpQGROHVH[SUHVLRQHVVLQyQLPDVVHD¿UPDHQODGRFWULQDSRUDOJXQRVTXHHOFDVRIRUWXLWR
VHUH¿HUHDOKHFKRGHOKRPEUH\DORVDFWRVGHODDXWRULGDGPLHQWUDVTXHODIXHU]DPD\RUVyOR
FRPSUHQGHORVKHFKRVGHODQDWXUDOH]DYJXQWHUUHPRWRFRQFHSWRTXHQRVSDUHFHSUXGHQWH
FRQVLJQDUDWHQWRDODVDUJXPHQWDFLRQHVTXHVLJXHQ´6HQWHQFLDGHOD,OWPD&RUWHGH$SHODFLRQHV
GH/D6HUHQDURO1ž
/RVDQWHFHGHQWHVQRUPDWLYRVVRQDUWtFXORLQFLVRžGHO&yGLJR&LYLO\HQHVWH


PLVPRVHQWLGRORVDUWtFXORVLQFLVRž\LQFLVRžGHOUHIHULGRFXHUSROHJDO
9HUHODUWtFXORLQFLVRžGHO&yGLJR&LYLO

0ൺඇඎൺඅൽൾඉඋඈർൾൽංආංൾඇඍඈൺൽආංඇංඌඍඋൺඍංඏඈඌൺඇർංඈඇൺൽඈඋ 

FRPR H[FXOSDQWH GH UHVSRQVDELOLGDG DGPLQLVWUDWLYD HQ WDQWR QR VH GHQ
DOJXQDGHODVH[FHSFLRQHVVHxDODGDV

3.3.2. Antecedentes normativos

(ODUWtFXORGHO&yGLJR&LYLOGH¿QHDOFDVRIRUWXLWRRIXHU]DPD\RU
LQGLFDQGR:

“Se llama fuerza mayor o caso fortuito el imprevisto a que no es posible

resistir, como un naufragio, un terremoto, el apresamiento de enemigos, los
actos de autoridad ejercidos por un funcionario público, etc.”.

$VLPLVPRHOFDVRIRUWXLWR\IXHU]DPD\RUVHHQFXHQWUDUHFRQRFLGRHQ
ORVQ~PHURV\GHODUWtFXORGHO&yGLJR3HQDO

6XRULJHQUDGLFDDTXHQDGLHSXHGHHVWDUREOLJDGRDORLPSRVLEOHDQWH
FLUFXQVWDQFLDVH[WUDRUGLQDULDVQRREVWDQWHGHEHPRVLGHQWL¿FDUFXiOHVVRQ
ORVUHTXLVLWRVTXHKDFHQSURFHGHQWHHOFDVRIRUWXLWRRIXHU]DPD\RU

3.3.3. Análisis práctico

'HODGH¿QLFLyQGHIXHU]DPD\RU\FDVRIRUWXLWRODMXULVSUXGHQFLDKD
H[WUDtGRORVHOHPHQWRVTXHORFRQVWLWX\HQ\TXHVRQH[LJLGRVFRSXODWLYD
PHQWH$OUHVSHFWRQXHVWUD([FPD&RUWH6XSUHPDKDVHxDODGR

³4XHHOFDVRIRUWXLWRRIXHU]DPD\RUOODPDGRWDPELpQVis DivinaRFatum
Fatalitas,HVGHILQLGRSRUHO&yGLJR&LYLOHQVXDUWtFXORFRPRµHOLPSUHYLVWR
DTXHQRHVSRVLEOHUHVLVWLU¶'HHVWDGHILQLFLyQVHGHVSUHQGHQVXVHOHPHQWRV
FRQVWLWXWLYRVDVDEHUž&DXVDH[WUDxDDOGHXGRURGLFKRHQRWURVWpUPLQRV
HOKHFKRQRGHEHVHUOHLPSXWDEOHž(OKHFKRGHEHVHULPSUHYLVWRLPSRVLEOH
GHFRQMHWXUDUORTXHKDGHVXFHGHUHQXQFiOFXORGHSUREDELOLGDGHVHVGHFLU
FXDQGRQRKD\QLQJXQDUD]yQSDUDFUHHUHQVXUHDOL]DFLyQ\ž+HFKRLPSR
VLEOHGHUHVLVWLUORTXHVLJQLILFDTXHHOHYHQWRTXHDFRQWHFHHVLQVXSHUDEOHHQ
VXFRQVWLWXFLyQ\HIHFWRVGHPDQHUDTXHQLHOGHXGRUQLSHUVRQDDOJXQDTXH
VHFRORTXHHQWDOFLUFXQVWDQFLDSRGUtDLPSHGLUORVXFHGLGR´

 6HQWHQFLD GH OD ([FPD &RUWH 6XSUHPD URO 1ž (Q HVWH PLVPR VHQWLGR


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'HHVWHPRGR\DDQDOL]DGRFXiQGRHVLPSXWDEOHHOFDVRIRUWXLWRRIXHU]D
PD\RUFDEHDQDOL]DUODLPSUHYLVLELOLGDG\ODLUUHVLVWLELOLGDGFRPRHOHPHQWRV
GHOFDVRIRUWXLWR/DLPSUHYLVLELOLGDGGHOFDVRIRUWXLWRRIXHU]DPD\RU
VLJQL¿FDTXHUDFLRQDOPHQWHQRH[LVWHPDQHUDGHDQWLFLSDUVXRFXUUHQFLDR
PiVSUHFLVDPHQWHTXHVHGHVFRQRFHFRQDQWHODFLyQODFDXVDTXHORSUR
YRFDUD]yQSRUODFXDOHODIHFWDGRQRSRGUiGHGXFLUORFRQXQFLHUWRJUDGR
GHVHJXULGDGRFHUWH]D3DUDSUHYHUXQDGHWHUPLQDGDVLWXDFLyQHVQHFHVDULR
TXHHODJHQWHVHUHSUHVHQWHPHQWDOPHQWHFRPRSUREDEOHODFDXVD\GHHOOD
SXHGDGHGXFLUHOHIHFWR

3RURWURODGRODLUUHVLVWLELOLGDGVLJQL¿FDTXHTXLHQORVXIUHVHDLQFDSD]
GHHYLWDUVXRFXUUHQFLDFRPRVXFHGHDOGHFLUGHOPLVPR&yGLJRHQXQ
QDXIUDJLRXQWHUUHPRWRXQDFWRGHDXWRULGDG)LQDOPHQWHDXQFXDQGROD
OH\QRORHVSHFL¿TXHHOKHFKRQRSXHGHKDEHUVLGRSURYRFDGRSRUTXLHQOR
DOHJDSXHVWRTXHHOORLPSOLFDUtDH[RQHUDUVHGHUHVSRQVDELOLGDGSRUKHFKR
SURSLR\YROXQWDULR

3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHSDUDTXHHOFDVRIRUWXLWRFRQVWLWX\DXQDFDXVDOH[LPHQWH
GHUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHVLQGLVSHQVDEOHTXHVHDODFDXVD~QLFDGHOGDxR\TXH
QRFRQWULEX\DODFXOSDGHODJHQWHYDOHGHFLUTXHQRORKD\DSURYRFDGR\
TXHHQVXSURGXFFLyQQRKD\DFRRSHUDGRFRQVXQHJOLJHQFLD

1XHVWUD([FPD&RUWH6XSUHPDKDGLVWLQJXLGRHQWUHLUUHVLVWLELOLGDGGHO
KHFKRSRVLWLYRTXHDOWHUyHOPDUFRIiFWLFR\ODLPSRVLELOLGDGMXUtGLFDGH
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³4XHVHDLPSUHYLVWRVLJQL¿FDTXHGHQWURGHORVFiOFXORVRUGLQDULRVGHXQKRPEUHQRUPDO


QRHUDGDEOHHVSHUDUVXRFXUUHQFLD/RUHQ]RGHOD0D]DGH¿QHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVLPSUHYLVWRV
FRPRDTXHOORVSRFRIUHFXHQWHVTXHSRUH[FHSFLyQVXHOHQVREUHYHQLU\TXHQRKDQVLGRWRPDGRV
HQFXHQWDSRUODVSDUWHVDOPRPHQWRGHFRQWUDWDU´5ൺආඈඌ5HQpS

&IURevista de Derecho y Jurisprudencia, 71žVHFS
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TXHpOSURGXFHHQDEVROXWD\UHODWLYD(QHOSULPHUFDVRUHVXOWDHYLGHQWHTXH
ODREOLJDFLyQVHH[WLQJXHSRULPSRVLELOLGDGItVLFDRMXUtGLFDTXHHOGHXGRUQR
SXHGHGHVSHMDU(QHOVHJXQGRORVHIHFWRVGHOFDVRIRUWXLWRSXHGHQDWDMDUVH
QRREVWDQWHODLQHYLWDELOLGDGGHVXRFXUUHQFLD6XUJLUiHQWRQFHVHOSUREOHPD
GHFODULILFDUHQTXHRFDVLRQHVHOGHXGRUVHUiUHVSRQVDEOHRPiVSUHFLVDPHQWH
FXDQGRHVWDUiREOLJDGRDVDOYDUORVDOXGLGRVHIHFWRV(VWDVLWXDFLyQVHGHEHUi
WUDQVSDUHQWDUDWHQGLHQGRDOJUDGRGHGLOLJHQFLD\FXLGDGRTXHOHLPSRQtDOD
REOLJDFLyQ(QFDVRV±FRPRHOGHDXWRV±HQTXHVHUHVSRQGDGHFXOSDOHYH
GHEHUiHOGHXGRUHPSOHDUHQHOVDOYDPHQWRGHODHVSHFLHODGLOLJHQFLDGHOEXHQ
SDGUHGHIDPLOLDHVWRHVDTXHOODTXHRUGLQDULDPHQWHRFXSDQORVKRPEUHVHQ
VXVQHJRFLRVSURSLRV>«@´

)LQDOPHQWH HO FDVR IRUWXLWR R IXHU]D PD\RU HV LQLPSXWDEOH FXDQGR

SURYLHQHGHXQDFDXVDHQWHUDPHQWHDMHQDDODYROXQWDGGHODVSDUWHVRGHO
SUHVXQWRLQIUDFWRUHQHOVHQWLGRGHTXHpVWDVQRKD\DQFRQWULEXLGRHQIRUPD
DOJXQDDVXRFXUUHQFLD

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WLSRVGHGHVDVWUHVHOFDVRIRUWXLWRRGHIXHU]DPD\RUSXHGHVHUDUJLGR
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LLFRQWLQXLGDGRSURORQJDFLyQWHPSRUDOGHOGHVDVWUHLLLHIHFWRVDGYHUVRV
GHOGHVDVWUH/RDQWHULRUVHGHGXFHGHOVLJXLHQWHFXDGUR


³>«@'HORH[SXHVWRVHGHVSUHQGHTXHODGRFWULQDFOiVLFDVREUHHVWDPDWHULDKDFRQIXQGLGR
ODµLUUHVLVWLELOLGDGGHOFDVRIRUWXLWRLPSRVLELOLGDGGHOGHXGRUGHHYLWDUVXRFXUUHQFLDFRQOD
LPSRVLELOLGDGGHHMHFXWDUODSUHVWDFLyQFRQYHQLGD¶$VLPLVPRVHKDFRQIXQGLGRODµLPSRVLELOLGDG
DEVROXWDFRQODLPSRVLELOLGDGUHODWLYD¶GHVFRQRFLpQGRVHTXHORVHIHFWRVGHOFDVRIRUWXLWRSXHGHQ
\GHEHQDWDMDUVHHQDOJXQRVFDVRVORTXHGHSHQGHUiGHODGLOLJHQFLD\FXLGDGRGHTXHUHVSRQGD
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&KLOHDxR´6HQWHQFLDGHOD([FPD&RUWH6XSUHPDURO1ž

6HQWHQFLDGHOD([FPD&RUWH6XSUHPDURO1ž/RDQWHULRUVHFRQFOX\HGHO
LQFLVRVHJXQGRGHODUWtFXORTXHHVWDEOHFH“[…] el deudor no es responsable del caso
fortuito, a menos que se haya constituido en mora, (siendo el caso fortuito de aquellos que
no hubieran dañado a la cosa debida, si hubiese sido entregada al acreedor), o que el caso
fortuito haya sobrevenido por su culpa […]”.
 &උංඌඍඬൻൺඅ6ൺඅඏൺൽඈඋ2ඌඈඋංඈ9ൺඋ඀ൺඌ

'HVDVWUH -XULVSUXGHQFLD
,QFHQGLR ³>«@ORVMXHFHVGHODLQVWDQFLDHVWLPDURQTXHel incendio no constituye
caso fortuito o fuerza mayor considerando para ello que el siniestro no fue
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3.4. Estado de necesidad

3.4.1. Concepto

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“Artículo 10. Están exentos de responsabilidad criminal:

[…] 7. El que para evitar un mal ejecuta un hecho que produzca daño en la
propiedad ajena, siempre que concurran las circunstancias siguientes:

1ª Realidad o peligro inminente del mal que se trata de evitar.

2ª Que sea mayor que el causado para evitarlo.

3ª Que no haya otro medio practicable y menos perjudicial para impedirlo.

[…] 11. El que obra para evitar un mal grave para su persona o derecho o
los de un tercero, siempre que concurran las circunstancias siguientes:

1ª. Actualidad o inminencia del mal que se trata de evitar.

2ª. Que no exista otro medio practicable y menos perjudicial para evitarlo.

3ª. Que el mal causado no sea sustancialmente superior al que se evita”.

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3.4.2. Análisis práctico

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3.5. El que obra en cumplimiento de un deber o en el ejercicio

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IV. Prueba

1. Concepto

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2. Antecedentes normativos

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desde la fecha de éste se entenderá conocida de todos y será obligatoria.

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Art. 8º. Nadie podrá alegar ignorancia de la ley después que ésta haya entrado en vigencia.
Sin embargo, en cualquiera ley podrán establecerse reglas diferentes sobre su publicación
y sobre la fecha o fechas en que haya de entrar en vigencia”.
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3.2. Antecedentes normativos

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“Art. 318 (308). Concluidos los trámites que deben preceder a la prueba, ya
se proceda con la contestación expresa del demandado o en su rebeldía, el
tribunal examinará por sí mismo los autos y si estima que hay o puede haber
controversia sobre algún hecho substancial y pertinente en el juicio, recibirá


(OLQFLVRSULPHURGHODUWtFXORGHODOH\1žVHxDOD“Artículo 34. El Consejo,
DQWHVGHDSOLFDUVDQFLyQDOJXQDGHEHUiQRWL¿FDUDODFRQFHVLRQDULDGHORGHORVFDUJRVTXH
existen en su contra. Ésta tendrá el plazo de cinco días hábiles para formular sus descargos y
solicitar un término de prueba para los efectos de acreditar los hechos en que funde su defensa.
Vencido este plazo, sin descargos o existiendo éstos, sin que se haya decretado un término
probatorio, o vencido dicho término, se haya rendido prueba o no, el Consejo resolverá sin más
WUiPLWHV/DSUXHED\ODVQRWL¿FDFLRQHVVHUHJLUiQSRUODVQRUPDVHVWDEOHFLGDVHQHODUWtFXOR
27 de esta ley”. $VXYH]HOLQFLVRWHUFHURGHODUWtFXORLQGLFD“Vencido el plazo para el
traslado, con o sin la respuesta del asignatario, el Presidente del Consejo, de haber hechos
sustanciales, pertinentes y controvertidos, recibirá la reclamación a prueba, la que se regirá
por las reglas establecidas en el artículo 90 del Código de Procedimiento Civil. Vencido el
término de prueba, háyanla o no rendido las partes, el Presidente del Consejo citará a sesión
especial para que éste se pronuncie sobre la reclamación. Igual procedimiento se aplicará si la
reclamación no se hubiese recibido a prueba. El Consejo deberá resolver dentro de los quince
días hábiles siguientes al vencimiento del término probatorio”.
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la causa a prueba y fijará en la misma resolución los hechos substanciales

controvertidos sobre los cuales deberá recaer.

Sólo podrán fijarse como puntos de pruebas los hechos substanciales con-
trovertidos en los escritos anteriores a la resolución que ordena recibirla”.

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3.3. Análisis práctico

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4. Fijación de la prueba

4.1. Concepto

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4.2. Antecedentes normativos

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4.3. Análisis práctico

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5. Ampliación del término probatorio

5.1. Concepto

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5.2. Antecedentes normativos

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“Artículo 51. Inc 2º.

Los hechos constatados por los funcionarios a los que se reconocen la calidad de ministro
de fe, y que se formalicen en el expediente respectivo, tendrán el valor probatorio señalado
en el artículo 8º, sin perjuicio de los demás medios de prueba que se aporten o generen en el
procedimiento”.
“Artículo 8º. Inc 2º.
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“Artículo 11. En asuntos civiles, las aseveraciones de los funcionarios de la Superintendencia
pertenecientes o asimilados a las plantas de Fiscalizadores, Profesional y Técnica, y Directiva,
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7.1. Concepto

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8. Informes

8.1. Concepto

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OHJDOH[SUHVD

8.2. Antecedentes normativos

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WHQHUORDODYLVWD

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(OLQFLVRVHJXQGRGHODUWtFXORGHOD/%3$VHxDOD“Los informes, dictámenes u
otras actuaciones similares, deberán evacuarse dentro del plazo de 10 días, contado desde
la petición de la diligencia”.
$UWtFXORž/D6XSHULQWHQGHQFLDWHQGUiODVVLJXLHQWHVIXQFLRQHV\DWULEXFLRQHV


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para el debido cumplimiento de sus funciones, de conformidad a lo señalado en la presente
ley”.

$UWtFXORž/D6XSHULQWHQGHQFLDWHQGUiODVVLJXLHQWHVIXQFLRQHV\DWULEXFLRQHV
“i) Requerir, previo informe del Servicio de Evaluación, mediante resolución fundada y
bajo apercibimiento de sanción, a los titulares de proyectos o actividades que conforme al
artículo 10 de la ley Nº 19.300, debieron someterse al Sistema de Evaluación de Impacto
$PELHQWDO\QRFXHQWHQFRQXQD5HVROXFLyQGH&DOL¿FDFLyQ$PELHQWDOSDUDTXHVRPHWDQD
dicho sistema el Estudio o Declaración de Impacto Ambiental correspondiente.
j) Requerir, previo informe del Servicio de Evaluación, mediante resolución fundada y
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de sus proyectos o actividades que, conforme al artículo 10 de la ley Nº 19.300, requieran
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a ingresar adecuadamente al Sistema de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental cuando éstos
hubiesen fraccionado sus proyectos o actividades con el propósito de eludir o variar a
sabiendas el ingreso al mismo, sin perjuicio de lo señalado en el inciso segundo del artículo
11 bis de la ley Nº 19.300”.
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8.3. Antecedentes normativos

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DFWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRTXHFXPSOLUiFRQORVVLJXLHQWHVUHTXLVLWRV

± Las condiciones generales para dictar un acto administrativo: /D

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XQDFWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYR(VWRTXLHUHGHFLUTXHGHEHVHxDODUVXIHFKDGHEH
HVWDUGHELGDPHQWHWLPEUDGR\IROLDGRVXVFULWRSRUODDXWRULGDGFRPSHWHQWH
HQWUHRWUDVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVTXHVHLQGLFDURQHQHOFDStWXORVREUHGLVSRVLFLRQHV
FRPXQHVDWRGRSURFHGLPLHQWR

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“b) La ejecución de proyectos y el desarrollo de actividades para los que la ley exige
5HVROXFLyQGH&DOL¿FDFLyQ$PELHQWDOVLQFRQWDUFRQHOOD$VLPLVPRHOLQFXPSOLPLHQWRGHO
requerimiento efectuado por la Superintendencia según lo previsto en las letras i), j), y k) del
artículo 3º”.
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PDWHULDREMHWRGHOSURFHVR

±Petición concreta:(ODFWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRTXHGHFUHWDODVROLFLWXGGH
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DOQRVDWLVIDFHUHOREMHWRSRUHOFXDOIXHVROLFLWDGR

±Motivación:(ODFWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRTXHGHFUHWDODVROLFLWXGGHLQIRUPH
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SXHGHVHUGHFUHWDGDSRUFDSULFKRRSRUOLEUHDUELWULR

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9. La carga de la prueba

9.1. Concepto

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\Dque se refiere a hechos precisos, y es más singularizada que la anterior,
pues establece cuáles de los varios hechos que forman el tema de la prueba
en el proceso interesa a cada parte que sean demostrados para que sirvan de


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base a sus pretensiones o excepciones; mas es también abstracta respecto del

juez, porque es una regla de juicio de alcance general sobre la manera como
debe decidir el juez a falta de prueba y no un conjunto de reglas concretas
para los diversos procesos (cfr., núm. 126)´

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9.2. Antecedentes normativos

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 “Por tanto, la presunción de inocencia origina que en el procedimiento sancionador


la carga de la prueba pese sobre la Administración que es la que sostiene la acusación”.

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“Art. 1698. Incumbe probar las obligaciones o su extinción al que alega

aquéllas o ésta.

Las pruebas consisten en instrumentos públicos o privados, testigos, pre-

sunciones, confesión de parte, juramento deferido, e inspección personal
del juez”.

9.3. Análisis práctico

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4.3. La clasificación de la infracción administrativa

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4.4. Los criterios para la determinación

de la sanción administrativa

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“Artículo 79. Constituyen circunstancias atenuantes de responsabilidad:
a) Subsanar los incumplimientos reportados por la Superintendencia, dentro del plazo de
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b) Que no le haya sido impuesta una de las sanciones previstas en la normativa educacional
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y en los últimos dos, por una leve.
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cualquier infracción a la normativa educacional.
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a) La no concurrencia de los representantes legales, administradores o dependientes de
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conforme a lo dispuesto en el artículo 49, letra f).
b) El incumplimiento reiterado de las instrucciones formuladas por la Superintendencia.
Se entenderá que son reiterados aquellos incumplimientos que, en un mismo año calendario,
se repitan en dos o más ocasiones.
c) Haber sido sancionado con antelación en virtud de alguno de los procesos administrativos
previstos en la normativa educacional vigente, en los términos establecidos en la letra b) del
artículo anterior.
En el caso de la letra c) de este artículo, la multa deberá ser aumentada hasta el doble,
como máximo, conforme a los criterios señalados en el artículo 73 letra b)”.
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6. La reapertura del procedimiento sancionador

6.1. Concepto

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1. Planteamiento

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2.2. Antecedentes normativos

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HVHSURFHGLPLHQWR

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OD$GPLQLVWUDFLyQGHFODUDUiDEDQGRQDGRHOSURFHGLPLHQWR\RUGHQDUiVX
DUFKLYRQRWL¿FiQGRVHORDOLQWHUHVDGR

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2.3. Análisis práctico

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3. Desistimiento

3.1. Concepto

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3.2. Antecedentes normativos

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ORVLQWHUYLQLHQWHVHQHOSURFHVR

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3.3. Análisis práctico

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4. Imposibilidad de continuar el procedimiento

por causa sobreviniente

4.1. Concepto

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4.2. Antecedentes normativos

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SURFHGLPLHQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRSRULPSRVLELOLGDGGHFRQWLQXDUHOSURFHGL
PLHQWRSRUFDXVDVREUHYLQLHQWH

4.3. Análisis práctico

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“Artículo 41. La Fiscalía deberá recibir e investigar, según corresponda, las

denuncias que formulen particulares respecto de actos que puedan importar
infracción a las normas de la presente ley, sin perjuicio de remitir a las autori-
dades competentes aquellas que deban ser conocidas por otros organismos en
razón de su naturaleza. Para determinar si corresponde investigar o desestimar
las denuncias que se formulen, la Fiscalía podrá solicitar, dentro del plazo de
60 días de recibida la denuncia, antecedentes a particulares, como también
llamar a declarar a cualquier persona que pudiere tener conocimiento del
hecho denunciado. La entrega de antecedentes y la prestación de declaración
señaladas previamente serán siempre voluntarias, y la Fiscalía Nacional
Económica no podrá ejercer el apercibimiento previsto en el inciso primero
del artículo 42 mientras no haya iniciado formalmente una investigación”

“Artículo 4º. Corresponde a la Superintendencia velar por que las personas

o instituciones fiscalizadas, desde su iniciación hasta el término de su liqui-
dación, cumplan con las leyes, reglamentos, estatutos y otras disposiciones
que las rijan, y, sin perjuicio de las facultades que éstos le otorguen, está
investida de las siguientes atribuciones generales:

a) Interpretar administrativamente, en materias de su competencia, las leyes,

reglamentos y demás normas que rigen a las personas o entidades fiscalizadas,
y fijar normas, impartir instrucciones y dictar órdenes para su aplicación y
cumplimiento.

Si en el ejercicio de estas facultades de interpretación y aplicación se origi-

naren contiendas de competencia con otras autoridades administrativas, ellas
serán resueltas por la Corte Suprema;

b) Absolver las consultas y peticiones e investigar las denuncias o reclamos

formulados por accionistas, inversionistas u otros legítimos interesados, en
materia de su competencia, determinando los requisitos o condiciones previas
que deban cumplir para entrar a conocer de ellas; […]´

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III. Causales de extinción de la responsabilidad administrativa

1. Planteamiento

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2. Muerte

2.1. Concepto

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“[…] se presume muerto el individuo que ha desaparecido, ignorándose si
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2.2. Antecedentes normativos

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“Art. 93. La responsabilidad penal se extingue:

1º. Por la muerte del responsable, siempre en cuanto a las penas personales,
y respecto de las pecuniarias sólo cuando a su fallecimiento no se hubiere
dictado sentencia ejecutoriada”.

2.3. Análisis práctico

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3. Disolución de personas jurídicas

3.1. Concepto

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4. La prescripción

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públicas:

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“Artículo 21 A. La Contraloría General efectuará auditorías con el objeto de

velar por el cumplimiento de las normas jurídicas, el resguardo del patrimonio
público y la probidad administrativa”.

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±Tramitación paralela o sucesiva:

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“La sanción administrativa es independiente de la responsabilidad civil y

penal y, en consecuencia, las actuaciones o resoluciones referidas a ésta,
tales como el archivo provisional, la aplicación del principio de oportunidad,
la suspensión condicional del procedimiento, los acuerdos reparatorios, la
condena, el sobreseimiento o la absolución judicial no excluyen la posibilidad
de aplicar al funcionario una medida disciplinaria en razón de los mismos
hechos”.

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“Artículo 54. Interpuesta por un interesado una reclamación ante la Admi-

nistración, no podrá el mismo reclamante deducir igual pretensión ante los
Tribunales de Justicia, mientras aquélla no haya sido resuelta o no haya
transcurrido el plazo para que deba entenderse desestimada.

Planteada la reclamación se interrumpirá el plazo para ejercer la acción

jurisdiccional. Este volverá a contarse desde la fecha en que se notifique
el acto que la resuelve o, en su caso, desde que la reclamación se entienda
desestimada por el transcurso del plazo.
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Si respecto de un acto administrativo se deduce acción jurisdiccional por el

interesado, la Administración deberá inhibirse de conocer cualquier recla-
mación que éste interponga sobre la misma pretensión”.

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“Artículo 41. Recursos.

Los actos del instructor que denieguen la apertura del período probatorio
o la práctica de algún medio de prueba propuesto por las partes, serán sus-
ceptibles de recurso, en el plazo de tres días, ante el órgano competente para
resolver el procedimiento, el cual decidirá, sin más trámite, en el plazo de
tres días, considerándose su silencio desestimatorio”.


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II. Medios de control administrativo

1. Recurso de reposición y recurso jerárquico

1.1. Concepto

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1.3. Análisis práctico

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2. Invalidación

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4.1. Concepto

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5. Contraloría General de la República

5.1. Concepto

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S~EOLFRHQHODUWtFXORLQFLVRžGHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQHQHIHFWR“[…] la
tutela judicial es exigible frente a la administración como consecuencia
del contenido y redacción del artículo 38, inciso 2º, del texto constitucio-
nal […]´.

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3. Antecedentes normativos

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“Artículo 41 Recursos.

Los actos del instructor que denieguen la apertura del período probatorio
o la práctica de algún medio de prueba propuesto por las partes, serán sus-
ceptibles de recurso, en el plazo de tres días, ante el órgano competente para


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resolver el procedimiento, el cual decidirá, sin más trámite, en el plazo de

tres días, considerándose su silencio desestimatorio”.

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“Artículo 151: Los reclamos que se interpongan en contra de las resoluciones

u omisiones ilegales de la municipalidad se sujetarán a las reglas siguientes:
[…] h) La Corte, en su sentencia, si da lugar al reclamo, decidirá u ordena-
rá, según sea procedente, la anulación total o parcial del acto impugnado;
la dictación de la resolución que corresponda para subsanar la omisión o
reemplazar la resolución anulada; la declaración del derecho a los perjuicios,
cuando se hubieren solicitado, y el envío de los antecedentes al Ministerio
Público, cuando estimare que la infracción pudiere ser constitutiva de delito”.

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2.1. Recurso de protección

2.1.1. Concepto

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