ASIGNACIÓN 4 – INGLÉS 2 – LIN 200 / LEN 323

SE COMPLETARON LAS ACTIVIDADES EN ROJO. EN AZUL

CUALQUIER COMENTARIO ADICIONAL DE APOYO.
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PASSIVE VOICE

STONEHENGE
LA PUERTA DEL SOL

Stonehenge is found in England. Some

people think that Stonehenge are dancing La Puerta del Sol is found in Bolivia, in a
giants transformed in stones. Some say that place called Tiwanaku. It is called “La
the stones were used to hang criminals back Puerta del Sol” because the people who
in 3,000 Before Christ. lived there 3,000 years ago B.C. used the
“door” to set the Aymara’s new year every
The truth is that Stonehenge means “hanging 21st of June and the beginning of the
stones” and prehistoric people used it to agricultural year every 21st of September.
work out their calendar from the position of
the shadows made by the sun shining on the The Aymara people worshipped the sun as a
stones. It was used as an “observatory” to source of life. The sun passes through the
view the various stages of the sun and moon. door on the dates mentioned above. It is
If you think of the stones as the computer, made of stone and has figures of the sun and
the sunlight is the input and the calendar is animals at the top.
the output.
STONEHENGE
Stonehenge es encontrada en Inglaterra. Algunas personas piensan que Stonehenge son gigantes
danzantes transformados en piedras. Algunos dicen que las piedras fueron utilizadas para colgar
criminales en el 3.000 a. C.

La verdad es que Stonehenge significa "piedras colgantes" y los pueblos prehistóricos lo usaron
para elaborar su calendario desde la posición de las sombras hechas por el sol brillando sobre las
piedras. Fue utilizado como un "observatorio" para ver las diversas etapas del sol y la luna. Si
piensas en las piedras como la computadora, la luz solar es la entrada y el calendario es la salida.
LA PUERTA DEL SOL

La Puerta del Sol es encontrada en Bolivia, en un lugar llamado Tiwanaku. Es llamada "La
Puerta del Sol" porque las personas que vivieron allí hace 3.000 años antes de Cristo usaban la
"puerta" para establecer el año nuevo de los aimaras cada 21 de junio y el comienzo del año
agrícola cada 21 de septiembre.

El pueblo aimara adoraba al sol como fuente de vida. El sol pasa por la puerta en las fechas
mencionadas anteriormente. Está hecha de piedra y tiene figuras del sol y animales en la parte
superior.

ACTIVITY 30: In pairs complete the following table.

Year Place Material Use

Stonehenge 3,000 B.C England Stones Work out their
calendar

La Puerta del Sol 3,000 B.C Bolivia Stones Work out their
calendar

ACTIVITY 31: With the information above, complete the following summary.

“Stonehenge” and “La Puerta del Sol” were built approximately the same year 3,000 B.C
Stonehenge is in England while “La Puerta del Sol is in Bolivia.

Both were made of stones and used the sun as energy source.

Stonehenge was a kind of computer because it followed the basic cycle of the computer system:
Input, Processing and Output. Prehistoric people used it as a calendar.

“La Puerta del Sol” was used to establish the New Year among the Aymaras and also to help
them with the plantations of potatoes.

There is still a ceremony every 21 st of June to receive the first sun´s ray which passes through
that door.

People still visit both places which are considered an important part of the culture of those
countries.

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VIDEO SOBRE VOZ PASIVA: https://youtu.be/SRcE7UPIDLo

La Voz Pasiva se usa en textos técnicos donde estamos más interesados en los hechos, procesos y
eventos que en las personas.

Subject Verb Object

CARLOS WRITES A LETTER.

A LETTER IS WRITTEN BY CARLOS

Aux. to be + participio pasado del verbo principal (do/ did/ done)

is done will be done
was done might be done
has been done should be done
is being done would have been done

Una oración en voz pasiva lleva una forma de “be” como auxiliar, seguida del participio del
verbo principal. El auxiliar del verbo “be” puede estar en cualquier tiempo excepto en el
presente perfecto continuo, pasado perfecto continuo, o puede tener un modal.

En la Voz Pasiva, el objeto (de la voz activa) es trasladado a la posición de sujeto.

Ejemplo: We sell computers. (Active) -Nosotros vendemos computadoras-

(object)

Computers are sold. (Passive) –Las computadoras son vendidas

(subject)

Cuando el sujeto de la oración activa es importante incluir en la pasiva, se utiliza la frase “by” al
final de la oración.

Ejemplo: Bill Gates found Microsoft. (active)

Microsoft was found by Bill Gates (passive)

PASSIVE VOICE IN ENGLISH

TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE TRANSLATION
PRESENT They record a video. A video is recorded. Un video es
SIMPLE grabado.
PRESENT They are recording a video. A video is being Un video está
CONTINUOS recorded. siendo grabado.
PAST SIMPLE They recorded a video. A video was recorded Un video fue
grabado.
PAST They were recording a A video was being Un video estaba
CONTINUOUS video. recorded. siendo grabado.
PRESENT They have recorded a A video has been Un video ha sido
PERFECT video. recorded. grabado.

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PAST They had recorded a video. A video had been Un video había sido
PERFECT recorded. grabado.
FUTURE They will record a video. A video will be recorded. Un video será
SIMPLE grabado.
FUTURE BE They are going to record a A video is going to be Un video va a ser
GOING TO video. recorded. grabado.
MODAL They must record a video. A video must be Un video debe ser
recorded. grabado.
MODAL They should have recorded A video should have Un video debería
PERFECT a video. been recorded. haber sido grabado.

ACTIVITY 32: Change the following active sentences into passive ones.

1. Scientists used vacuum tubes to build computers.

Vacuum tubes were used by scientists to build computers.

2. Second generation computers used less electrical power.

Less electrical power was used by second generation computers.

3. Scientists developed the C language in the 1970’s.

The C language was developed by scientists in the 1970´s.

4. Now, most notebooks use a trackpad.

Now, a trackpad is used by most notebooks.

5. A rechargeable battery can power a notebook.

A notebook can be powered by a rechargeable battery.

6. Humans invented computers.

Computers were invented by humans.

EN CADA ORACIÓN SE IDENTIFICA EN AZUL EL NOMBRE; EN NEGRILLAS EL

VERBO, Y EN ROJO EL OBJETO DIRECTO. LO DEMÁS ES SIMPLE COMPLEMENTO
DE LA ORACIÓN Y LO DEJAMOS DONDE ESTÁ.
 EL OBJETO DIRECTO EN LA VOZ ACTIVA (ROJO) PASA A SER SUJETO EN LA
VOZ PASIVA.
 EL VERBO EN LA VOZ ACTIVA (NEGRILLA) QUEDA COMO PARTICIPIO
DESPUÉS DE “BE” QUE SE ENCUENTRA EN EL MISMO TIEMPO DE LA VOZ
ACTIVA.
 EL SUJETO EN LA VOZ ACTIVA (AZUL), QUEDA AL FINAL DE LA ORACIÓN
PASIVA, LUEGO DE LA PREPOSICIÓN “BY”. ESTA EXPRESIÓN CON “BY”
PUEDE OMITIRSE SI NO ES IMPORTANTE QUIÉN O QUÉ REALIZA LA ACCIÓN.

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Hasta aquí len 323 of. 8.02.21
ACTIVITY 33: Read the text and answer the questions.
INSIDE A COMPUTER
AL INTERIOR DE UNA COMPUTADORA

Pulses of electricity do all the work inside computers controlled by parts called electronic
components. The components in the first computers were called valves.
Los pulsos de electricidad hacen todo el trabajo al interior de las computadoras controlados por
partes llamadas componentes electrónicos. Los componentes en las primeras computadoras
fueron llamados válvulas.

In the 1950’s, a new kind of component, called transistor, was invented. With transistors it was
possible to build much smaller, faster and more reliable computers.
En la década de 1950, un nuevo tipo de componente, llamado transistor, fue inventado. Con los
transistores fue posible construir computadoras mucho más pequeñas, más rápidas y más
confiables.

The greatest advance, though, came with the development of the integrated circuit or “chip, in
the 1960’s.
Sin embargo, el mayor avance vino con el desarrollo del circuito integrado o "chip", en la década
de 1960.
A chip is a tiny slice of a substance called silicon, on which millions of components are packed
closely together.
Un chip es una rodaja diminuta de una sustancia llamada silicio, en la que millones de
componentes están empaquetados muy estrechamente.

Integrated circuits (chips) are tiny but contain the equivalent of millions of transistors, all linked
together to form a circuit through which electricity can flow.
Los circuitos integrados (chips) son diminutos pero contienen el equivalente de millones de
transistores, todos interconectados para formar un circuito a través del cual la electricidad pueda
fluir.
Link……….. conectar
Link together………. Interconectar

1. What do electronic components control?

Pulses of electricity.
2. What component was used in computers before transistors were invented?
Valves.
3. Which were the three positive aspects of transistors?
Much smaller, faster and more reliable computers.
4. What is a chip?
A chip is a tiny slice of a substance called silicon.
5. What is the other name for a chip?
Integrated circuit.
6. What is the purpose of linking millions of transistors together?
To form a circuit through which electricity can flow.

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7. Do you know how chips are made?
Yes, I do / No, I don´t.

MAKE (HACER, FABRICAR) ---- MADE…………. MADE IN CHINA (FABRICADO)

ACTIVITY 34:
a. Match the pictures with the text
b. Translate the texts

HOW CHIPS ARE MADE

1.....F...
a. The circuit designs are then reduced to chip
size and photographically printed on the
silicon wafer, one at a time. A circuit will
not work if even a tiny speck of dust gets on
it, so all work is done in an ultra-clean, air-
conditioned room, and workers wear sterile
suits and masks.
2...C.
b. Chips have to be perfect many are faulty and
thrown away. Each tiny chip is put into a
plastic case with gold wire connecting the
circuits to the pins of the case. This is done
to make the chip easier to handle and to put
the chip into the equipment it will become
part of.
3.....E
c. The silicon wafers are placed in a furnace at
a temperature of over 1,000oC (1,830oF) and
exposed to certain chemical elements. In the
great heat of the furnace, atoms of the
chemical enter the surface of the silicon, but
only along the printed lines of the circuits.
d. Some chips have eleven or more different 4....D
circuits, each containing tens of thousands of
components. They are built up, one on top of
the other in the silicon. The circuits are
designed using a computer and drawn up
250 times larger than they will be on the
finished chip.

e. Stages three and four are repeated until all 5...A

of the circuits are chemically etched on the
chip, on top of each other. The chips are
then each tested to see if an electric current
can pass through the circuits. The wafer is

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 cut into individual chips by a diamond or
laser saw.

6....B
f. To make the chips, crystals of silicon
99.9999999% pure are grown in a vacuum
oven. The silicon is so pure that it will not
conduct electricity until treated with certain
chemicals. The silicon is sliced into thin
“wafers and up to 500 chips will be made
from each wafer.

HOW CHIPS ARE MADE

CÓMO SON FABRICADOS LOS CHIPS
To make the chips, crystals of silicon 99.9999999% pure are grown in a vacuum oven. The
silicon is so pure that it will not conduct electricity until treated with certain chemicals. The
silicon is sliced into thin “wafers and up to 500 chips will be made from each wafer.
Para hacer los chips, cristales de silicio con una pureza del 99.9999999% son cultivados en un
horno al vacío. El silicio es tan puro que no conducirá electricidad hasta que sea tratado con
ciertos químicos. El silicio es cortado en “obleas” delgadas y hasta 500 chips serán fabricados de
cada oblea.

The silicon wafers are placed in a furnace at a temperature of over 1,000oC (1,830oF) and
exposed to certain chemical elements. In the great heat of the furnace, atoms of the chemical
enter the surface of the silicon, but only along the printed lines of the circuits.
Las obleas de silicio son colocadas en un horno a una temperatura de más de 1,000 oC (1,830oF) y
expuestas a ciertos elementos químicos. En el gran calor del horno, los átomos de la sustancia
química ingresan a la superficie del silicio, pero solo a lo largo de las líneas impresas de los
circuitos.

Stages three and four are repeated until all of the circuits are chemically etched on the chip, on
top of each other. The chips are then each tested to see if an electric current can pass through the
circuits. The wafer is cut into individual chips by a diamond or laser saw.
Las etapas tres y cuatro son repetidas hasta que todos los circuitos estén grabados químicamente
en el chip, uno encima del otro. Los chips son entonces probados cada uno para ver si una
corriente eléctrica puede pasar a través de los circuitos. La oblea es cortada en chips individuales
mediante una sierra de diamante o láser.

Some chips have eleven or more different circuits, each containing tens of thousands of
components. They are built up, one on top of the other in the silicon. The circuits are designed
using a computer and drawn up 250 times larger than they will be on the finished chip.

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Algunos chips tienen once o más circuitos diferentes, cada uno conteniendo decenas de miles de
componentes. Están construidos hacia arriba, uno encima del otro en el silicio. Los circuitos son
diseñados usando una computadora y dibujados hasta 250 veces más grandes de lo que serán en
el chip terminado.

The circuit designs are then reduced to chip size and photographically printed on the silicon
wafer, one at a time. A circuit will not work if even a tiny speck of dust gets on it, so all work is
done in an ultra-clean, air-conditioned room, and workers wear sterile suits and masks.
Los diseños de circuitos son entonces reducidos a tamaño de chip y son impresos
fotográficamente en la oblea de silicio, uno a la vez. Un circuito no funcionará si incluso una
pequeña partícula de polvo lo cubre, por lo que todo el trabajo es realizado en una habitación
ultra limpia, con aire acondicionado, y los trabajadores visten trajes y máscaras estériles.

Chips have to be perfect many are faulty and thrown away. Each tiny chip is put into a plastic
case with gold wire connecting the circuits to the pins of the case. This is done to make the chip
easier to handle and to put the chip into the equipment it will become part of.
Los chips tienen que ser perfectos, muchos son defectuosos y descartados. Cada pequeño chip es
colocado en un estuche de plástico con un cable de oro conectando los circuitos a los pines del
estuche. Esto se hace para hacer que el chip sea más fácil de manejar y poner el chip en el equipo
del que formará parte.

ACTIVITY 35: True or false. Correct the false ones.

1. A circuit will not work if the environment is not completely clean. TRUE
2. Glass is used to make the chips. FALSE
3. Almost 500 chips are made from each wafer. TRUE
4. Some chips have more than eleven circuits. TRUE
5. A diamond or a laser saw are used to cut the wafer into individual chips. TRUE

2. SILICON IS USED TO MAKE THE CHIPS.

ACTIVITY 36: Using the information from the text, write the steps to make a chip.
1. ....................................................................................................................................................
2. ....................................................................................................................................................
3. ....................................................................................................................................................
4. ....................................................................................................................................................
5. ....................................................................................................................................................
6. ....................................................................................................................................................
7. ....................................................................................................................................................
8. ....................................................................................................................................................
9. ....................................................................................................................................................
10. ....................................................................................................................................................

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11. ....................................................................................................................................................

VOCABULARY RECORD SHEET

ACTIVITY 37: Write a definition, translation or example sentence for the new words in the
spaces provided. Add your own words to this list.

NEW WORDS NOTES

Translation or definition, example
To make mistakes Cometer errores, equivocarse
Carefully Cuidadosamente
To type Digitar, escribir a máquina
To develop Desarrollar
To carry out Llevar a cabo, realizar
To deal Tratar con
A flowchart Diagrama de flujo
A typewriter Máquina de escribir
To load Cargar, instalar
A label Etiqueta
To stick Pegar
To bend Doblar
An envelope Sobre
To attach Adjuntar
Metal sheath Hoja o cuchilla metálica
Mainframe Computadora central, mainframe
Powerful Potente, poderoso
To run a program Ejecutar un programa
On-board memory Tarjeta de memoria
Network Red
Multi-tasking Tareas múltiples
Reliability Confiabilidad
Vacuum tubes Tubos de vacío

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To store Almacenar
To plug Conectar, enchufar
To sort Ordenar, clasificar
Tiny Diminuto
A slice Rodaja, rebanada
A wafer Oblea
ACTIVITY 38: Read the text and answer the questions.

How Computers Work

Cómo Funcionan las Computadoras

How can a computer which contains only a mass of silicon chips, process a number, a word or
even a picture?
¿Cómo puede una computadora que contiene solo una masa de chips de silicio procesar un
número, una palabra o incluso una imagen?

The answer is that the electric current which passes through the chip does so in a series of pulses.
These form a code which can represent anything at all: numbers, letters or even colours.
La respuesta es que la corriente eléctrica que pasa a través del chip lo hace así en una serie de
pulsos. Estos forman un código que puede representar cualquier cosa: números, letras o incluso
colores.

The code of pulses is created by the transistors in the chips. These act like switches, turning the
current on and off. While the computer is working, millions of pulses are passing through the
circuits of the chips every second.
El código de pulsos es creado por los transistores en los chips. Estos actúan como interruptores,
encendiendo y apagando la corriente. Mientras la computadora está trabajando, millones de
pulsos están pasando a través de los circuitos de los chips cada segundo

Computers use a very simple code, consisting of only two signals: pulse and no-pulse, or “on”
and “off”. This is called binary code.
Las computadoras usan un código muy simple, consistente de solo dos señales: pulso y no pulso,
o "encendido" y "apagado". Esto es llamado código binario.

Another way of expressing it, which makes it easier to write down, is with the digits “1” for
pulse and “0” for no-pulse, as shown in the picture.
Otra forma de expresarlo, que lo hace más fácil para escribir, es con los dígitos "1" para pulso
y "0" para no pulso, como está mostrado en la imagen.

Turn the current on: encender

Turn off: apagar

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1. How does the electric current work?
In a series of pulses.

2. How is a code created?

A code is created by the transistors in the chips.

3. How many pulses are passing through the circuits?

Millions of pulses are passing through the circuits of the chips every second.

4. Which are the signals used in the codes?

Pulse and no-pulse, or “on” and “off”.

5. What do codes represent?

They represent anything at all: numbers, letters or even colors.
…………………………………………………………………………..
Hasta aquí lin 200 et – len 323

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