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No se detectan dificultades de sincronización o incumplimiento del examinado y
la administración puede ser considerada válida.

……… hizo gran cantidad de errores por Omisión. El porcentaje de los errores
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INTERPRETIVE GUIDE

The CPT provides a rich source of information. The report includes four sections. The first
section checks the validity of the administration. The second section defines the measures
and summarizes the respondent's performance on each measure. The third section
synthesizes the information from the measures into a performance profile and provides
substantive analysis. The fourth section uses discriminant analyses to provide an overall
assessment, which is summarized briefly in the QuickView section presented next.

QuickView
Respondent: Manel Pérez

Confidence Index Assessment (ADHD): Clinical, Confidence lndex= 79.4

Clinically Significant Attention Problem, Confidence lndex= 79.4. The CPT discriminant
function indicates that the

results better match an ADHD clinical profile than non-clinical profile. The confidence index
can be described in the

following way. The chances are 79.4 out of 100 that a clinically signficant problem exists.

Validity of Administration
The CPT-II performs a self-diagnostic check of the accuracy of the timing of each CPT
administration. There was no indication of any timing difficulties or respondent non-
compliance, and the current administration should be considered valid.

Definitions and Summary of Measures

This section defines each measure, and provides a brief statement regarding the
respondent's performance with respect to each of these measures. Substantive interpretation
is then provided in subsequent sections.

Omissions

Omissions result from the failure to respond to target letters (i.e., non-Xs).

Manel Pérez made a large number of omission errors. The percentage of omission errors was
substantially higher than the average of the normative group.

Commissions

Commission errors are made when responses are given to non-targets (i.e., Xs). The number
of commission errors made is within the average range.

Hit Reaction Time - Overall (Hit RT)

Overall Hit Reaction Time is the average speed of correct responses for the entire test.

Manel Pérez Overall Mean Reaction Time was very slow in comparison to the normative
group average.
 '

Standard Error - Overall (Hit RT Std Error)

Standard Error is a measure of response speed consistency. The higher the Overall Standard
Error, the greater the inconsistency in the response speed.

Celeste's reaction times were substantially more variable than the normative group average.
Reaction times were highly inconsistent.

Variability

Like Overall Standard Error, the Variability of Standard Error is a measure of response speed
consistency.

However, Variability of Standard Error measures "within respondent" variability. That is, the
amount of variability the individual shows in 18 separate segments of the test in relation to his
or her own overall standard error.

Although Variability of Standard Error is a different measure than Overall Standard Error,
typically the two measures produce comparable results. The higher the Variability of Standard
Error, the greater the inconsistency in the response speed.

Detectabilitv (d')

The value d' is a measure of the difference between the signal (non-X) and noise (X)
distributions. As such d' provides a means for assessing an individual's discriminative power
since, in general, the greater the difference between the signal and noise distributions, the
better the ability to distinguish and detect X and non-X stimuli.

The value d' is within the average range of the normative group.

Response Style Indicator (B)

Beta (B) represents an individual's response tendency: Some individuals are cautious and
choose not to respond very often. Conceptually, such individuals want to make sure they are
correct when they give a response. Higher values of Beta reflect this response style. The
emphasis is on avoiding commission errors. Other individuals respond more freely to make
sure they respond to most or all targets, and they tend to be less concerned about mistakenly
responding to a non-target. Lower values of Beta are produced by this response style. The
obtained value of Beta is within the average range of the normative group indicating a fairly
typical response style.

Perseverations

Any reaction time that is less than 100 ms constitutes a perseverative response. Given normal
expectations of physiological ability to respond, such responses are usually either slow
responses to a preceding stimuli, a random response, an anticipatory response, or a response
repeated without consideration of the stimuli or task requirements. The number of
perseverations made by the respondent is within the average range.

Hit Reaction Time by Block (Hit RT Block Change)

Hit RT Block Change measures change in reaction time across the duration of the test. High
values of Hit RT Block. Change indicate a substantial slowing in reaction times. Low values
indicate that responses got quicker as the test progressed.

The observed change in reaction time was about typical in comparison to others in the
normative group. There was no unusual slowing or quickening of reaction time over the
duration of the test.
 '

Standard Error by Block (Hit SE Block Change)

Standard Error by Block detects changes in response consistency over the duration of the test.
High values of Hit SE Block Change indicate a substantial loss of consistency as the test
progressed. Low values on this measure indicate sustained or improved response consistency.
The low score on this measure indicates that Manuel maintained response speed consistency
better than the norm group average.

Reaction Time by Inter-Stimulus Interval (Hit RT ISI Change)

This measure examines change in average reaction times at the different Inter-Stimulus
Intervals (i.e., when the letters are presented at 1, 2, or 4 sec. intervals). The high T-score on
this measure indicates that Celeste slowed down substantially in response to longer Inter-
Stimulus Intervals. Sometimes, this finding relates to activation/arousal needs. Consider
optimal stimulation levels in explaining performance.

Standard Error by Inter-Stimulus Interval (Hit SE ISI Change)

This measure examines change in the standard error of reaction times at the different Inter-
Stimulus Intervals (i.e., when the letters are presented at 1, 2, or 4 sec. intervals). The high T-
score on this measure indicates that Celeste showed substantially less consistency in reaction
times at the different Inter-Stimulus Intervals than was typical in the norm group. Sometimes,
this finding relates to activation/arousal needs. Consider optimal stimulation levels in
explaining performance.

Profile Analysis

This section integrates all of the CPT data obtained from the administration to provide clinically
relevant interpretations of the results. The interpretations given in this section should be
treated as hypotheses, and must be combined with other information about the respondent.

ADHD Assessment

In general, the profile resembles ADHD clinical respondents much more closely than non-
clinical respondents. Additional information to help interpret the CPT findings is provided
below.

Assessment Details

The following are noteworthy observations regarding CPT performance that may be helpful in
formulating possible hypotheses regarding Manuel functioning.

* There are indicators) of inattentiveness: Omissions, HitRT, Hit RT SE,Variability,Hit RT

ISI,Hit SE ISI Change

*Very Slow: Manuel average response time was ususually slow. This finding could be an
indication of problematically slow processing speed.

*Slow and inaccurate: Slow responses coupled with lots of errors is a distinctly
problematic pattern that cannot easily be explained by response style. Generally, this
pattern is a strong indicator of an attention-related deficit.

*Standard Error and Variability both pertain to consistency of performance, and

attentiveness. Since both of these measures are elevated, performance was generally
erratic and indicative of poor attention capacity.

*Manuel CPT performance was substantively affected by the Inter-Stimulus Interval.

Specifically, responses became slower and a lot more erratic when the ISI was slowed
from 1 second to 2 and 4 seconds. The difficulty making the necessary adjustment to the
 '

change in tempo of stimulus presentation may reflect limitations in the ability to adjust to
changes in task demands.

Overall Assessment

This section lists elevated T-scores (if any), and provides a suggested classification as well as
a description of the likelihood associated with the CPT assessment.

Measure with T-scores >= 65: Omissions, HitRT, HitSE, Variability, Hit RT ISI Change, Hit SE
ISI Change

Measure with T-scores 60 - 65: None

Clinically Significant Attention Problem, Confidence lndex= 79.4. The CPT discriminant
function indicates that the results better match an ADHD clinical profile than non-clinical profile.
The confidence index can be described in the following way. The chances are 79.4 out of 100
that a clinically signficant problem exists.

The index indicates that the suggested classification is made with a high degree of confidence.
The discriminant function suggests a close correspondence to response patterns shown by
individuals with significant attention problems. This result should be combined with other
sources of information to corroborate the CPT assessment.

Overall Index (Optional Subsection)

This section provides and summarizes the Overall Index (originally constructed for the DOS
version of the program) that has been retained for continuity with earlier versions of the CPT.

Overall Index = 24,50

The Overall Index is high suggesting a clinically significant attention problem. Combine this
result with the rest of this report, as well as with other sources of information, before making an
assessment.

Important Additional Notations

The comments in this report are based on general patterns apparent in the responses Manuel
Pérez. Always examine the graphs and information provided carefully to refine (and add to) the
interpretations given. For instance, you will want to consider the statistics that are not explicitly
discussed in this printed report. Please consult the CPT manual, or use the help keys while
examining "on screen" reports for information about the statistics.

The comments made in this report should be used as an aid in the assessment process. Other
sources of information (e.g., historical information , tests, observations) should be used in
conjunction with the information from the CPT when assessing an individual. The information
contained in this report should be treated as confidential.
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