NIQL 1 - ITKBAIV LK JBQLÙC A\IJVC KIZBMC R LK JBQLÙC NIAZCVBIK

AVBQZBIM IVGIMJC OBGLML_ E\BOC

ACJ? 94><299554

TVLQLMZIJC I? JBLEC IKFLVZC JLI_I

\MB^LVQBJIJ IFBLVZI R I JBQZIMABI \MIJ

TVCEVIGI IEVCMCGÇI

JBQLÙC LPTLVBGLMZIK

IFVBK JL 6464
 

BMZVCJ\AABCM

Lk prlslmtl trifioc triti jl jlsirrckki pcr gljbc jl virbifkls, ncrgukis

lmtrl ctrcs gâtcjcs piri ki acgprlmsbñm jlk tlgi i tritir i trivâs jl ki
rlikbzi
rlikbziabñm
abñm jl kcs lolraba
lolrababcs
bcs prcpuls
prcpulstcs
tcs lm lk aursc,
aursc, um niatcr
niatcr prbmabpi
prbmabpikk y um

niatc
niatcrr jl acmtr
acmtrck
ck c virbi
virbifk
fkl
l jl fkcqul
fkcqul qul bmtrc
bmtrcjua
juaçig
çigcs
cs acm
acm lk cfolt
cfoltc
c jl
lkbg
lkbgbm
bmir
ir su bmnk
bmnkul
ulma
mabi
bi lm ki virb
virbi
ifkl
fkl rlsp
rlspul
ulst
sti
i y isç
isç rlju
rljua
abr lk lrrc
lrrcr 
r 
lxplrbglmtik. Lk jbslùc lxplrbglmtik puljl slr acgpkltiglmtl ik izir, fkcquls
ik izir, fkcquls ik izir elmlrikbzijcs, auijrc kitbmc lta. R piri aiji umc jl
lstcs jbslùcs sl puljl tlmlr irrlekc niatcrbik jl kcs tritigblmtcs, sb lstcs sl
ncrgim pcr ki acgfbmiabñm jl mbvlkls jl virbcs niatcrls.

Lm lk jlsi
jlsirrc
rrckkc
kkc jl lsti
lsti ia
iatbv
tbvbji
bjij
j sl rlvbs
rlvbsiré
irém
m kcs numjig
numjiglm
lmtcs
tcs jlk
jlk
lx
lxpl
plrbg
rbglmt
lmtc
c y sus
sus lklgl
lklglmtc
mtcs,
s, jbslù
jbslùc
c lx
lxpl
plrbg
rbglm
lmtik
tik,, gcjlkc
gcjlkc ls
lsti
tijçs
jçstba
tbac
c y
trimsncrgiabñm jl jitcs, acm lk prcpñsbtc jl ipkbairkcs lm lk jlsirrckkc jl trls
lstujbcs jl aisc, ijlgés sl jiré rlspulsti i umis prleumtis prcpulstis lm ki
euçi jl iprlmjbziol. Tcr kc timtc lm lk trimsaursc jl lstl trifioc sl pcjrém
inbim
inbimzir
zir kcs acmal
acmalpt
ptcs
cs rlkia
rlkiabcm
bcmijc
ijcs
s acm kcs
kcs jbslù
jbslùcs
cs lxplr
lxplrbgl
bglmti
mtikls
kls y su
ipkbaifbkbjij lm lk aigpc iercplauirbc.
 

CFOLZB^CQ

CFOLZB^C ELMLVIK

Acmcalr lk acmalptc y kcs numjiglmtcs jlk jbslùc lxplrbglmtik lm lk

ér
érli
li jl ki
kis
s ablm
ablmab
abis
is ierc
iercpl
plau
auir
irbi
bis
s y ipkb
ipkbai
airk
rkcs
cs lm lxpl
lxplrb
rbgl
glmt
mtcs
cs piri
piri
prcalsirkcs l bmtlrprltirkcs piri jir acmakusbcmls vékbjis y cfoltbvis lm lk
jlsirrckkc jl lxplrbglmtcs.

CFOLZB^C LQTLABNBAC


 Ijqubrbr kcs acmcabgblmtcs
acmcabgblmtcs fésbacs jlk aursc
aursc jl jbslùc
jbslùc lxplrbglmtik
lxplrbglmtik
  Imikbzirr kis virbifkls
 Imikbzi virbifkls qul
qul bmnkuylm
bmnkuylm lm kcs lolrababcs
lolrababcs jijcs lm lk aursc
aursc
 Vlikbzir um imékbsbs niatcrbik
 

9. Jlk tlxtc
tlxtc bmjbaijc
bmjbaijc ufbqul
ufbqul lk aipçtukc
aipçtukc jl Jbslùc auijrc
auijrc kitbmc
kitbmc y rlebstrl?
rlebstrl?

 Gcjlkc.

Lstl jbslùc prlslmti kis sbeublmtls airiatlrçstbais?

Ki jbspcsbabñm jl kis virbimtls jlk lxplrbglmtc scfrl lk tlrrlmc sl `ial lm jcs

jbrlaabcmls
jbrlaabcmls plrplmjbaukirls
plrplmjbaukirls rlaçprcais y lstc ls kc qul kc jbnlrlmabi
jbnlrlmabi jlk fkcqul ik
izir.

Lm lstl kis virbimtls sl ierupim ijlgés jl fkcquls lm ackugmis kc qul ls um

mulvc lklglmtc lm âstl jbslùc. Ql puljl utbkbzir lm lxplrbglmtc ierc tâambac, isç
acgc jl slklaabñm jl virbljijls, plrc mc ls rlacglmjifkl lm lxplrbglmtcs
jcmjl sl utbkbal ki glaimbziabñm. Lkbgbmi ki virbifbkbjij jl ki nlrtbkbjij jlk sulkc lm
jcs jbrlaabcmls.

 Ki nñrguki jl Qugi jl Auijrijcs jl tcjcs kcs acgpcmlmtls jlk

imékbsbs jl virbimzi

Qugi jl Auijrijcs Zctikls?  

∙ P ¡ ∖ ∙ M 
6
(  P ¡ ) ¶
QJAtctik 7

Qugi jl auijrijcs jl tritigblmtcs?  

QJAtrit 7   ∙ (∙ trtrit
it .) ¶
∖
(∙  P ¡ )¶
³ jl cf
cfss . lmaijitr
lmaijitrit
it .  M 

Qugi jl Auijrijcs jlk lrrcr? 

QJAlrrcr 7 QJAtctik ∖ QJAtrit 

  Ikbstir jitcs
jitcs lm Lxalk piri prcalsc lm V. (lm lstl aisc ls rlvbs
rlvbsir
ir ki
ls
lstru
truatu
aturi
ri jlk
jlk ira`b
ira`b auijr
auijrcc vlrbn
vlrbnba
bair
ir lk ncrgi
ncrgitc
tc jimjc
jimjc ki cpabñ
cpabñm m
 

euirjir
euirjir acgc tbpc asv jlkbgbjlkbgbti
tijc
jc pcr
pcr acgi
acgis.)
s.).. Ql jlfl rlgbtbr 
rlgbtbr 
pimtikkizcs jl ki vlrbnbaiabñm jl ira`bvc.
 

 Jlsirrckkir lm V imékbsbs jl virbimzi, vikbjiabñm jl supulstcs jlk

gcjlkc y prulfi jl acgpiriabñm jl gljbis. Ql jlflm rlgbtbr
pimtikkizcs jl kcs rlsuktijcs lm lk prcerigi V. Ql jlfl jlsirrckkir
bmtlrprltiabñm jl kcs rlsuktijcs sbm bmtlrprltiabñm mc sl aikbnbai lk
pumtc.
 

EVINBACQ

Vljbgblmtc

      <
      6

      4
      6

     s
     l
      j       <
     i       9
      j
      b
     m
      \

      4
      9

      <

N9 N6 N1 N: N<

Zritigblmtc

BMZLVTVLZIABCM?

Tcstlrbcrglmtl jlspuâs jlk imékbsbs jl virbimzi

sl puljl bmtlrprltir qul lk vikcr T ls bmnlrbcr 4.4<
y pcr lmjl mc `iy rlsuktijc jl nbkis c jl
ackugmis.. Tcr timtc, sl kceri acmakubr acm um 2<%
ackugmis
jl acmnmnbbimzi
mzi qul `iy jbnl bnlrlmabis
abis lm kcs
tritigblmtcs lstijçstbacs.
 

6. Jlk tlxtc bmjbaijc ufbqul lk aipçtukc jl Jbslùc fbniatcrbik fkcquls ik

izir, y rlebstrl

 Gcjlkc

Kcs
Kcs lxp
lxplrbg
lrbglm
lmtc
tcs
s niat
niatcr
crbi
bikl
kls
s pulj
puljlm
lm acmj
acmjua
uabr
brsl
sl acm
acm jbslù
bslùcs
cs
acgpkltiglmtl ik izir, fkcquls ik izir c auijrijc kitbmc, ik beuik qul kcs
fbniatcrbikls.

 Ki nñrguki jl Qugi jl Auijrijcs jl tcjcs kcs acgpcmlmtls jlk

imékbsbs jl virbimzi.

Qugi jl Auijrijcs Zctikls? 

∙ P ¡ ∖ ∙ M 
6
(  P ¡ ) ¶
QJAtctik 7

Qugi jl auijrijcs jl tritigblmtcs? 

QJAtrit 7
  ∙ (∙ trit
trit .) ¶
∖
(∙  P ¡ ) ¶

³ jl cf
cfss . lmaijitr
lmaijitrit
it .  M 

Qugi jl Auijrijcs jlk lrrcr? 

QJAlrrcr 7 QJAtctik ∖ QJAtrit 

  Ikbstir jitcs lm Lxalk piri prcalsc

prcalsc lm V. (lm lstl aisc ls rlvbsir ki
lstruaturi jlk ira`bvc niatcrbik vlrbnbair lk ncrgitc jimjc ki cpabñm euirjir acgc
tbpc asv jlkbgbtijc
jlkbgbtijc pcr acgis.). Ql jlfl rlgbtbr
rlgbtbr pimtikkizcs
pimtikkizcs jl ki vlrbnbaiabñm
vlrbnbaiabñm
jl ira`bvc.
 

 EVINBACQ

 
 

 BMZLVTVLZIABCM?

Kulec
Kulec jlk imékbsbs
imékbsbs jl virbimz
virbimzi
i lk T vikcr
vikcr ls 4.4< pcr
pcr kc timtc mc `iy
acms
acmslau
laulm
lmabi
abi lm kis bmtlri
bmtlriaa
aabcm
bcmls
ls.. R cftuv
cftuvbgc
bgcs
s um 2<%
2<% jl acmnbi
acmnbimz
mzi,
i, y
lmac
lmacmtr
mtrigc
igcs
s qul
qul `iy
`iy jbnlr
jbnlrlma
lmabi
bi sbembn
sbembnbai
baitbv
tbvigl
iglmtl
mtl ls
lsti
tijçs
jçstba
tbai
i lmtrl
lmtrl kis
kis
virbifkls tritigblmtc y Fbcfrés, sl rla`izi ki @ 4.Jl lsti gimlri, ik gcjbnbair 
 

ki jcsbs jl Fbcfrés kis virbljijls jl aiùi pkimi sl acgpcrti jbnlrlmtl. R

Vlki
Vlkiab
abñm
ñm ac
acm
m kcs
kcs ipir
ipirlm
lmtl
tls
s gcjl
gcjlkc
kcs
s ls bg
bgpc
pcrt
rtim
imtl
tl bg
bgpk
pkim
imti
tirr qul,
qul, lk
rlmjbgblmtc acm lk niatcr virbljij? Mc sl acgpcrti iacrjl i umi virbimzi
acmstimtl.

ACMAK\QBCM

Jlspuâs jl jir rlspulsti i kcs aiscs lxpulstcs y jltlrgbmir kcs tbpcs

jl jbslùc y rlsplatbvis virbifkls ipkbaijis lm kcs lxplrbglmtcs jl aiji aisc
pcjlgcs acmakubr qul kcs jbslùcs lxplrbglmtikls
lxplrbglmtikls glmabcmijcs scm usijcs lm
ablma
ablmabi
bis
s iercp
iercplau
lauirb
irbis
is jimj
jimjc
c sckua
sckuabñm
bñm i kcs
kcs prcfk
prcfklgi
lgis
s iercm
iercmñg
ñgbac
bacs
s jl
muls
mulstrc
trcs
s auktb
auktbvcs
vcs lm muls
mulstrc
trc piçs,
piçs, acm
acm lkkcs
lkkcs pcjl
pcjlgcs
gcs tcgir
tcgir jlabs
jlabsbcm
bcmls
ls

bgpcrtimtls piri glocr y/c iuglmtir kis prcjuaabcmls y glocri ki aikbjij jl

vbji.

Kcs jbslùc
jbslùcs
s lxplrbg
lxplrbglmti
lmtikls
kls mcs plrgbtlm
plrgbtlm bjlmtbnb
bjlmtbnbair
air akiriglm
akiriglmtl
tl kis
jbnlrlmabis lmtrl añgc iatÿim kcs tritigblmtcs lm kis slgbkkis y jl lsi gimlri
pcjlr slklaabcmir gés néabkglmtl auik ls lk gés ijlauijc.
 

FBFKBCEVINBI

 Vulsei, E. B. (6445). Kbfrc jl lxplrbglmtiabñm ierçacki. Vlauplrijc jl

`ttps?//www.rlslira`eitl.mlt/pufkbaitbcm/16200464:SKBFVCSJLSLPTLVB 
GLMZIABCMSIEVBACKI

 Trlslmtia
tiabñm
bñm lm pcwlr pcbmt
bmt jl auijrc kit
kitbmc
bmc. Vlaupl
plrrijc jl
`ttps?//jrbvl.eccekl.acg/nbkl/j/92`xojtScOSZojUn0xfnZ:kALEg:1>s6r/vblw3
usp7s`irbme

 Tr
Trls
lslm
lmtia
tiabñm
bñm lm pcwl
pcwlrr pcbmt
pcbmt jl jbslùc
jbslùcs
s niatcr
niatcrbik
bikls
ls.. Vlau
Vlaupl
plrij
rijc
c jl
`ttps?//jrbvl.eccekl.acg/nbkl/j/9nZawgJKQiKQ11vTbyCI9Ize2GLx6IZlV/v
blw3usp7s`irbme