i corredor del borde de hielo del Atiaatico Norte: una posible ruta paieolitica al nuevo mundo Bruce Bradiey y Dennis Stanford ‘Smopsis Les primeros pabladores de! Nuevo Mundo han sido ws tema de imemsa imvestigaciém desde primipios vel sign veinte Sostzormes gaz a ealoque exchsixe de te investigacivia en wa puato de entrada Beringinnn no ta sido poodinctive, Evideacts se bn acumulado durante las dos dicaras pesaias indicando que cl primer ovigen de palblacién em Norte Amézica puede haber sido del suiveste Europes dwante la culminate do} maximo glacial pasado. En este sesame bosquejamos usa teoria de un Origem Solatreano de la cultora Clovis y brevemente prescatamos los dates arquentigions que sustentan esta afrmaciésa Palabras claves Clovis, ante-Clanis, Solutreano, colanizacidim det Nueva Muaxio, Pakeobadio, comedon del boatie de hielo introducciéa Debide a Ios tomimente modermos masges amatémices de los mativus amexicanos, los: antropélosns Ge grincipios del silo 20 argaben categivicamente ta posibilidad de que Jos bamanos estavicran presenis en las Américas ames de 4000 AC (Hikticka 1923. 481-95) En coutasie, un grupo dailicade de amudloges aficionados, cneyendo exroneamente que fas simples cradas herramientss de piedra ern comparahles en edad a las herramizntas de Encopa de principios dei Paleolitica, defesiierom wma comgaciéia mas antigia La resolacién de estes delctes vino em 1936 coa fa dovamentacia de wxa asocianiéa directa entre pryectiles y un bisuate extiito dd pleisiacenm en um (0 cerca de Folscan, Nucvo Mgjico (Figgins 1927. 22939) Unus pocas aiias daspass ro tipo & mia &c tamza acanalada in: cncontrada ¢a asociacie directa com Iamesos de mamnt cera de Clovis, | Mégjice {ver Bormichsem y Tommmire 1991) A Poser de que estes tempranes dsscubrimiestus ao fucrun fschados disectamente, fas _asaciaciones com animales eNtinias confininaros Gue el Continente Norte Americano fine poblado al final dei Pleisiooeao, Desde su descabsimienta partas aramakndss tipo (Clovis lan sido desde el fa eusta del Atlintico ast fa del Pacifico w deste sur de Canadi hasta América Cestral (Andersen y Gillam 1999), Despais ddd Pleistocene tardio fa presencia humana en Noste América fire estabiecid, os amgooslozes kescaroa dc explicar el origen de ta tecnologia Clovis imica Se peusaba qne los ancesiros d= fos Clovis debian haber venido dr Asia crarandéo am pumite de Bera, conecido como puonte de Boringia, que cumcath Siberia y Alaskacomeazaron a demedinse, crcamdo wn “corredor libre de hicko” entre ef Autioa y el resto ‘de fas Amonces. Usando el conedor como rita migatoria, los Clovis sc especicrm ade Eta teoria pomce emtinesteasente ligica yo que Siberia esta silo 2 una corta distancia ia Sin cnbaigs, uma concxion con Asia y ef origea de le culinma y tcomologia Clovis aim “pormanece en misterio. Linea de Comienzo Clovis A pesar de que esti bien esiablecide gue Ia gente Clovis estino en Noste: Ansézica s ‘constants a través de diversos madioarsiientes, que van desde ef sub-tragico al sub-— Zntion, Esta annplia distribuctén serevalica sussere que el cosjunto de hecamicats fe disciado para exploiaciéa cléctiva de casi todo medioambiente. Mientras mas sitins som Gacontrades musto entendaniento de esi cuftura primstiva cece, y Jos estmiocos tis renemnent Se oompleged (Coli: (Cais 2002) Do cst, Sin cmos Jd fiempo 0 espacio, los artefacims Clovis guard um consisiencia termilsgicr ‘Sorprendenie Tos picapicdas Clovis usaron dos tecmolasias bisicas de picdsas2 sofisueaies padres sosmnir ses jograde por secuencias de reddorciém altauneute eneaniz: y Ia aplicacion de ena muy dificaltesa téonice conocida como “corte de um sol gotpe Cuands se utiliza este método, les fragmemtas son golpeades dc mencra que cruzan ef ameto total de bas des cares, mucins veres remaviend um pegunia parcion de el bord opwcsio de Ia superticie golpeamie (Bradley 1982), Como picapiedas, vemmas este mettado como comreinuitive mo es la remocién de partes de axobes bodes une desventaja cuandn se trata die afiior ume doble cara proporcienalmenie? Uo osumiria que este es el caso, pero, cuando se ejecoia cuidadosa & intenciomalmente, este enctods pov asks ztenb Aqpeadse “(G19 -R561 moje 32) seojIq Jo ommoemue ayy 2oF sqeue}eM mer onOxe BAGO or OYA jeNads v apeuT siaddeuy ueaNnIOS Jani UTPAY C907; mrs sIAOID :p ‘suodiey sop 2025 mo teFRs UearnjOg :9 ‘INE ToL) 9109 |pRIg SiAO1D :9 *eMvAN}MpY £97] CON} 2100 apRIQ UBAIINIOS cr ‘spaRjaIse SOLD Pur UEaN|OS z aenFhy 9b Jopisios a8p2-201 qnuony yioN aye46% Bauee Aradtey ened Dernas Stunfincl that scholars should seriously consi unique technological and culiual si Solutean asseinbiage were found in Siberia, Clovis origins resol wee Soluizean and Clovis. Tf ould consitier the question of Crossing the water During the LGM, the Polar F: tirning the Iberian pevinsvla i ‘as pushed to latitudes as far south as Portugal, ppe-tundra red ndioned ox become sare in ihe interior regions of oa si vnment with lowered tempera ues, shortening growing vensons a extent and git we animals may have al Figure 3 Eatly indented base projectile points a: unifacial Clovis point, Dehnacva Peninsule, Maryland; b: Page-Ladson point, Page-Ladson site, Florida; c: Page-Ladson point, Delmarva Peninsula, Maryland: d, ¢: Cactus Hill points, Cactus HLUl, Virginia; f, g. h: Soluttean points, Las Caldas, SpainThe North Atloniic ice-edge corrider 469 Western Europe, forcing both animal and himan populations into more favourable areas along the rivers and the coastlines of south-western Europe (Straus 1977). In northern Spain, the Solutrean population lived in a narrow strip of coastal plain and foothills wedged between monutains with glaciers and heavy snow pack and an ice-covered ovean for much of the yeat Although hunting was probably seasonally effective in the nearby mountains (Butzer 1986; Rigaud and Simek 1990; Straus 1990), people augmented their food supply by turning to alternative food resources, including hunting and fishing along the river estuaties and beaches (Straus 20008). ‘The perennial Arctic ice formed much further south during the LGM, covering major portions of the North Atlantic and connecting Europe and Nosth America with an ice bridge (Webb et al. 1993) This pushed the active young ice-edge margin and the animals adapted to sub-Arctic waters southward. The ice margin is a region with intense biological productivity, providing a major food source for much of the marine food chain ‘Sub-Asctic sea surface productivity was higher during the LGM than during intesglacial periods as a result of major increases of nutrients from sea bottom ooze eroding from exposed continental shelves, loess filtered out by the upper atmosphere jet stream and ae Nate Ne Rata eee a ie ie eh Be Frere], <0.4°C Northern Winter Sea tee Figure 4 The North Atlantic region at the Last Glacial Maximum4T4 Bruce Bradley uni Dens Stentiond Adovasio, J and Pape, 1 2002 The First Americans tu Pursuit of tev havlogy s Gonatost Stystery New York: Random House Adowsto. JM, Gunn, J D., Donshue, f, Stuckemtath, R, Guilday. £ and Lord, K 1938 Meadowcroft Rockshelter tn Early Alen a simerica fronn a Circus Pecific Perspective (ed AL. Bayan), Edmonton: University of Ale Nel, ep 140-80 Anderson, D. G and Gilluz, 1 C_ 1999 Palzoindisn eoloneation of the Americas: implications {coo an examinztion of physiopraphy, dewowraphy, and av tif 65; 4360 Belout, L 1958 L’Abii Andre-R, Prebisionique Froncaire, $5: $99-62 epartment of Anthrapalogy, Oceastonal Pape C distribution America utiqity, Out au Bois-du-Ree: touilles de 1957 Bulletin de be Sacicté Parker, G nd Broster,} 1956 The occupation in Tenness fnson site (S0Dvs00): a datest Palevindian and Early A reba Central Basin. Journal of Mabame Archiv ology, 42. 97153 Beaudoin, AB, Wright, Mand Ronsghan, B 1996. Late Quaieinary sindscape fistory und archaeology in the ‘ice-teee corridor”: sore recent results trom Al 113-26 Quaternary taernationad, 2 Bednasik, R 1997. The earliest evidence of ocean navigation furernuiomal Jonrnal of Watical Archaeology, 26: 183-91 Boldurian, A. and Colter, 1 1999 Clovis Revisit: New Perspectives on Puleviniin Adaptations from Blackwater Draws, New Mexico Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, University Museuso, Monograph 103 Bonnichsen, R. and Tummire, K (eds) 199) Clovis Origin ad Adeprations Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, Center for the Sludy of the First Americans Bradiey, B1982. Lithic typology und technology at the Agate Basin Site Iu The lgute Buin Site feds G C Frison and D Stanford) New York: Atademie Press, pp 181-208 Bradley. B 1995 Clovis ivory and bone tools Ia Le Travail ut Finage de Vivone au Peléolthique Supérieur (eds J Hahn, M. Menu, Y Tuborin, P Walter and F Wideman) Ravello: Centro Universitario Furopeo pet i Beni Cultural, Actes de ht Table Ronde Bradley, B. 1997 Flaked stone (echnology at the Sloan Site In The Slows Site (ed D. Morse) Washington: Smithsonian Press Burns, } A. 1995, Vertebrate pulcontotogy and the alleged ice fice corridor: the meat of the matter Quaternary International, 32: 107-12 Butzer, KW. 1986. Paleolithic adaptations and settlement in Cantabrian Spain. In Advances in World eirchacology 5 (eds F Wendorl and E Close) New York: Academie Press, pp. 201-52 Carlisle, RC and Adovasio, J. M1982 Meadawerefi- Collected Papers on the archuculegs af Meuloweraft Rockvhelier and the Cross Creek Drainage Papers Prepaved for the Syniposiau» Tl Meadowcroft Rockshelter Rolling Thunder Review: Last Act 47th Annual Mosting of the Society (or American Archacology, Minneupolis Catlson, R. 1. 1991 Clovis from the perspective of the icestree comtidoe. In Clovic. Origins and Adaptations (eds RBonnichsen and K Tusnenite) Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, Center for the Study of the First Americans, pp. 81-50. Cleyet-Merle, 1 and Mudeluine, § 1995. Inland evidence of human sea coust exploitation in Palaeolithic France. In Af and Sea in the Mesolithic (ea. A Fischer), Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp wreThe North Adantic tce-edge corridor 475 Colinvaus, P1996 Introduction: recoasteucting the environment. In American Beginiings. The Prehistory and Palacoccology of Beringia(ed FH. Westy Chicago, IL: University of Chicugo Press, pp 1-19 Collins, M. 1999. Clovis Blade Technology Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. Collins, M_ 2002 The Gault Site, Texas, and Clovis research. Athena Review, Peopling of the Americas 32) Collins, M. B, Hester, T. R. and Headrick, P. J. 1991. Engraved cobbles from the Gault Site, Central Texas. Current Research in the Pleistocene, 9: 3-4 Cotter, J L_ 1935 Yume and Folsom att University of Desver C1ass, Band Holmes, C. 2004, Swan Point: a case for land bridge migration in the peopling of North America abstracts of the 691h Annual Mecting, Society for American Archaeology. cls. MA dissertation, Department of Anthropol 8. Dixon, E 3. 1993, Quest for the Origins of he First Americans. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press Dixon B,J. 1999 Bones, Boats and Bison Archeology and the first Colonization of Western North America Adbuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. Dunbar, J. and Hemmings, CA 2004 Florida Paleoindian points and knives. In New Perspectives (on the Fitst Americans (eds B. Lepper and R Bonnichsen), College Station, TX: Texas A & M Press, pp 65-72, Elias, S_ 2002. Selting the stage: environmental conditions in Beringia as people entered the New World In The Fist Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World (ed. N Jablonski) Sun Francisco, CA: Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 27, pp 9-26. Erlandson, J. M., Rick, T.C., Vellanoweth, R.L. and Kenneth, D. J. 1998. Maritime subsistence at 5.9300 year old shell midden on Santa Ross Island, California. Journal of Field Archucology. 26: 255-65. Etlandson, J M., Rick, T. C, Vellanoweth, R. Land Kenneth, DJ. 2002 Anatomically modern humans, mucitioe voyaging, and the Pleistocene colonization of the Americas. In The First Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World (ed. N Jablonski). San Francisco, CA: ‘Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 27, pp. 59-92 Fagan, B. 1991. Ancient North America, the Archaeology of a Continent London: Thames and Hudson. Fedje, DW and Josenhans, H. 2000, Drowned forests and archaeology on the continental shelt of British Columbia, Canada. Geology, 28: 99-102 Figgins, 1 1927. The antiquity of wan in North America. Natural History, 27: 228-39. Fladmark, K R_ 1979, Routes: alternative migration corridors for early man in North America, American Antiquity, 44: 55-69 a Frison, G and Bradley, B 1999. ihe Feri Cache, Clovis Weapons and Tools Santa Fe, NM: One Horse Land & Cattle Co, Goebel, F £, Powers, W. R. and Bigelow, N. 1991. The Nenana Complex of Alaska and Clovis origins. In Clovis Origins and Adaptations (eds R. Bonnichsen and K. Turnmite). Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, Center for the Study of the Firs! Ameticans, pp 49-78. Gocbel, T , Waters, M. and Dikova, M. 2003. The erchusology of Usbki Luke, Kamehstka, and the Preistocene peopling of the Americas Science, 301: 501-5. Goldberg, P, Arpin, T. and Donahue, J. 1999. Micromorphological analyses of sediments from Meadowerof! Rockshelter, Pennsylvania: implications for radiocarbon dating Jounal of Field Archacology, 26: 325-42.nd 476 Bruce Bradley evel Benans Stern Greenman, FF 1963 Thee Upper Pabeolthic and the New Wor J Curreur duclogpalue, 4: 81-91 Gutheie, KD 198. Faw oj the Manwnok Steppe. Chicigss, W- Viniversity et Chica Hamilion, TD sand Goebel, t 1999. Late Pleistocene peepling of Alasks. In Clow Originy end Lelaptations (eds & Bonnici K. Tumnmire) Corvatis, OR: Oregon Stite University, Center for the Study of the First Americans, pp. 156-99 Heaton, TH 1996 Th Wisconsin vertebrate f of Wales Island, Alasice a of On Your Knees Cave, northern Prince Paleorsoligy, 16 40-1 Hediiska, A. 1923. The origin aad antiquity of the America Indion In dnnuol Report of the Bodrd aj Repent of te Swtinonisn taviation Washington, DC: Governnert Printing Ofiee, pp. 48-93 Jackson, LE, Ir and Duk-Rodkin, A 1996 Quaternary geology ol the ice-liee corridor: glacial controls on the peopling of the New World Is Yrehistorin AYongolaid Diapers (28s T Akacwva and BJ. Szathmary} New York: Oxford University Press, pp 214-27 Jelinek, A J. 1971 Eatiy mun i the New World: a (echnalogical perspective sire tie cndhrupolog 8 Ll Josenhans, H , Kedeie, D., Pienita, R and Southon, J. 1996 Ear Holocene Sea levels in the Queen Charlotte Islands-Hecate St Seieree, 277: 1-4 humans aud rapidly changing Buitish Columbis, Canada King, M and Slobodin, S 1996 A fluted point from the Uplar Site, aorthesstem Sibecis. Science, M1: 6-6 Kinch, P_V. 2000. Ou she Rond of the Wind, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press Kunz, M,, Bover, M. und Adkins. ©. 2003. Te Mesu Site Palevindians ubove the Arctic Circle Anchorage, Alaska: BLM-Alaska, Open File Report 86 McAvoy, J Mand McAvoy, L D. 1997 Archaeological Investigations of Site 44SX 202, Cats Hill Sassen County, Faginia Mason, VA: Virginia Depsttmert of Historic Resources, Reseatch Repost Series No & Mandryk, CA 19%). Could humans suivive the ice-free corrido1? Late-Glickil vegetition and climate in West Central Alberia. in Megafienus and Man’ Discovery of Anvevica’s Heca than (eds L D Agenbroad, 1. Mead und L Nelson) Hol Springs. SD: The Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, South Dakota, Ine Sciealific Papers. Vol 1, pp. 67-79. Melizei, D_ 1993 Search for the First Americans. Washingion, DC: St Remy Pess ani the Smithsonian Fastitution Nami, H., Norton, M, Stanford, D and Brewster, J. 1997. Evidence of Clovis heat treating fechnology from the Carson-Conn-Short Sie, Tennessee Curent Reseunch in the Pleivtocene, 13: 62 Pitulko, V , Nikotsky. P . Girya, & , Basilyn, A., Tumskoy, V , Koulakov, S , Astakhov, S , Pavlova, E and Anisimov, M2004. The-Yana RHS Site: hums in the Arctic before the Lust Gliciul Maxinucr Science, 303: 52-6 Powers, WR, and Hollécker, J F 1989 The Ploistocene settlement in the Nenana Valley, Central Alaska American Antiquity, SA: 263-87, Reanier, R 199M The Putu Site: Pleistocene or Holocene? Current Reveurch it the Pleiwtacene, 1 148-50 Rigaud, J and Simek, J 1990. The Last Plenigtacia in the south of France (24,000-14,000 years 20) In The World at 15.000 8P High Latituder (eds O. Soffer and © Gamble). London: Unwin Hyman, pp 69-88.The North Adlautic iceredge co idor 477 Saenthein, M., PAaumann, U and Weinell, M2003, Past extent of sea ice in the northern North Atanic inferred from foraciniferal puleotemperature estimates Paleaceauogiaphy, 18: 251-8 Smith, PE 1963 A Guted point trom the Old World. American Aniguity 28: 397-9 Smith, PE 1966 Le Solureen en France Bordeaux: Ieaprimaeries Det Stafford, T. W., Hare, P, Currie, L, full, A.J. and Donahue, D. J, 1991. Accelerator radiocarbon dating at the wiolecular level Jounal of Archeological Science, 18: 35-12. Straus, LG 1977. Of deerslayers und mountain men: Paleolithic faunal exploitation in Cantabrian Spain Ia For Theory Building in Archaeology (ed. L.R. Binford) New York: Academie Press, pp. 41-76 Stiaus, LG 1979. Cantabria and Vascongadas, 21,000-17,000 BP: toward 2 Solutreun settlement, pattern. Atunib, 31: 195-202 Straus, LG 1985 Stone Age prehistory of northern Spain. Science, 230: 501-7 Straus, L G_ 1999 The Last Glacial Meximom in Cantabrian Spain: the Solutrean. In The World at 18.000 BP. High Latitudes (eds O Soffer and C Gamble) London: Unwin Hyman, pp 88-108 Suaus, LQ. 1992 fberia before the therians~ The Stone Age Prehistory of Cantabrian Spain Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press Straus, LG 20004. Solutrean settlement of North Ametica? A review of reality, American Antiquity, 65: 219-26 Straus, L. G 2000b. A quarter-century of reseatch on the Solutcean of Vasco-Cantabria, Iberia and beyond. Antirapological Research, 56: 39-38 Straus, LG. and Clack, G A 1986. La Riera Cave Stone Age Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations in Northern Spain. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University, Anthropological Reseaich Papers No. 36, ‘Tynan, C.T and DeMustet, D. P_ 1997. Observations and predictions of Axctic climatic change: potential fects on marine manmals.Arcite, $0: 308-22, Wagner, D P. und McAvoy, 1M. 2004 Pedourchaeology of Coctus ill, sandy Paleoindiun Site in southeastern Virgina, US.A Geourchacology~ An International Journal, 19: 297-322 Webb, T., Rucdiman, W F , Steeet-Pertott, F. A, Mackgraf, V, Kutebach, J, Buetlein, P. J, Wright, H. E. and Prell, WL. 1993 Climatic changes during the past 18,000’ years: regional syntheses, mechanisms, and causes. [n Glohal Climates since the Las! Glacial Mastinurn (eds F1. E Wright, JE Kutabach, T Webb, W. F Ruddiman, F A, Steet-Perrott aad P. J. Bactlin) Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 514-42 West, F, 1981 The Archaeology of Beringia. New York: Columbia University Press. Wiloo, M, and Bums, 1. 1999. Searching for the earliest Canadians: wide corridors, nasrow doorways, small windows In ke Age Peoples of North America Environments, Origins, and Adaptations of the First Americans (eds R. Bonoichsen and K. Turamite) Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, Center for the Study of.the First Americans, pp. 213-8. Zilhdo, 3. 1990. The Portuguese Estremadura ut 18,000 BP: the Solutrean. In The World at 19,000 BP: High Lasitues (eds O. Softer and C. Gamble). London: Unwin Hyasan, pp. 309-25 Bruce Bradley is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Exeter, UK, having received a BA from the University of Arizona and a PhD from the University of Cambridge. He has done extensive research on Palevindian topics, especially flaked stone technology, and is widely published on the topic. Other research ateas include the Upper Palaeolithic of Eurasia, the Copper Age of Central Asia and formative cultures in the Nort American south westAIS Bruce Bradley and Dennis Stanford Deon anford is Curaio: of Archaeology and Director of the Peleoindiaa/Palenecoloyy Program and former Chait of the Department ef Anthropology at the National Museum of Nawal History of the Smithsonian Institution. He has conducted extensive archaeological seseaich in the Asctic and the High Plains of North America seeking evidence for New World osigins and Paleoindian adaptations to changing environments