Elementos

nativos
Luis Alberto Maydana Vilca
Profesor Mineralogía
Facultad de Minas
Universidad Nacional del Altiplano – Puno - Perú
 Generalidades

 24 conocidos naturalmente.
 Estado reducido = elementos nativos.
 No combinados con aniones.
 Raros en la naturaleza pero importantes.
 Metales preciosos: Au, Ag, PGE, etc.
 Uso industrial: Fe, Al, Mg, Cu, grafito,
etc.
 Gemas preciosas: diamante.
Clasificación con base en propiedades
que se derivan del enlace
 Metales.
– Enlaces metálicos puros.
– Propiedades: lustre metálico, opacos, alta
conductividad eléctrica y térmica, maleabilidad.
– Ejemplos: Au, Ag, Pt, Cu, Fe, entre otros.
 No metales.
– Enlaces covalentes.
– Propiedades: pobre conductividad eléctrica,
brillo no metálico.
– Ejemplos: diamante, grafito, azufre, entre otros.
 Semimetales.
– Intermedios entre METALES Y NO METALES.
– Ejemplos: As, Sb, Bi, entre otros.
 Clasificación con base en la
estructura cristalina
 METALES.
– Tipo ABC= CCP (o SD)*
 CN=12.
 PE= 74.05%
 Ejemplos: Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Pt, Pd, Ni, Ir, Rh.
– Tipo AB= HCP*
 CN= 12
 PE= 74.05%
 Ejemplos: Os, Zn, Mg, entre otros.
– Tipo (4/3)1/2 SD = BCC distorsionada*
 CN= 8
 PE= 68.02.
 Ejemplos: Ta, Fe de baja.
 Oro
 Chemical Formula: Au
 Composition:
Molecular Weight = 196.97 gm
100.00 % Au
______
100.00 %
 Empirical Formula: Au
 Environment: Quartz veins and alluvial deposits.
 IMA Status: Valid Species (Pre-IMA) Prehistoric
 Locality: Sierra Nevada Mountains, Nome, Alaska
and many other places in the world.
 Name Origin: Anglo Saxon, of uncertain origin.
 Synonym: Electrum - Ag Alloy
 Propiedades Físicas

 Cleavage: None
 Color: Yellow, Pale yellow, Orange, Yellow white, Reddish
white.
 Density: 16 - 19.3, Average = 17.64
 Diaphaniety: Opaque
 Fracture: Hackly - Jagged, torn surfaces, (e.g. fractured
metals).
 Habit: Arborescent.
 Habit: Granular - Generally occurs as anhedral to subhedral
crystals in matrix.
 Habit: Platy - Sheet forms (e.g. micas).
 Hardness: 2.5-3 - Finger Nail-Calcite
 Luminescence: None.
 Luster: Metallic
 Magnetism: Nonmagnetic
 Streak: yellow
 Plata
 Chemical Formula: Ag
 Composition:
Molecular Weight = 107.87 gm
100.00 % Ag
______
100.00 %
 Empirical Formula: Ag
 Environment: In sulfide ore veins.
 Locality: Mexico and Norway have large deposits
of silver. Known to ancient civilizations.
 Name Origin: Anglo-Saxon, of unknown origin.
 Synonym:
– Cocinerite-mixture with chalcocite
– Electrum - Au Alloy
 Propiedades Físicas
 Cleavage: None
 Color: Silver white, Gray white, Gray.
 Density: 10 - 11, Average = 10.5
 Diaphaniety: Opaque
 Fracture: Hackly - Jagged, torn surfaces, (e.g. fractured
metals).
 Habit: Arborescent - "Tree like" growths of branched systems
(e.g. silver).
 Habit: Dendritic - Branching "tree-like" growths of great
complexity (e.g. pyrolusite).
 Habit: Massive - Uniformly indistinguishable crystals forming
large masses.
 Hardness: 2.5-3 - Finger Nail-Calcite
 Luminescence: None.
 Luster: Metallic
 Magnetism: Nonmagnetic
 Streak: silver white
Thick, ropy, native silver wires with blocky, well-crystallized stephanite on
white and tan calcite matrix.
Location: Freiberg, Erzgebirge, Saxony, Alemania, Germay
Comments: Black metallic massive mckinstryite with wire silver.
Location: Peregrina Mine, Guanajuato, Mexico.
 Plata y cobre

Plata y calcita
 Cobre
 Chemical Formula: Cu
 Composition:
Molecular Weight = 63.55 gm
100.00 % Cu
______
100.00 %
 Empirical Formula: Cu
 Environment: Cap rock of copper sulfide veins and
in some types of volcanic rocks.
 Locality: Northern Michigan, USA, Cyprus island,
Greece.
 Name Origin: From the Greek, Kyprios, the name
of the island of Cyprus, once producing this metal.
 Synonym:
– Cuivre
– Kupfer
 Propiedades Físicas

 Cleavage: None
 Color: Brown, Copper red, Light pink, Red.
 Density: 8.94 - 8.95, Average = 8.94
 Diaphaniety: Opaque
 Fracture: Hackly - Jagged, torn surfaces, (e.g.
fractured metals).
 Habit: Arborescent - "Tree like" growths of
branched systems (e.g. silver).
 Habit: Nodular - Tuberose forms having irregular
protuberances over the surface.
 Hardness: 2.5-3 - Finger Nail-Calcite
 Luminescence: None.
 Luster: Metallic
 Magnetism: Nonmagnetic
 Streak: rose
Cobre nativo
Cobre nativo
Cobre nativo
 Platino

 Chemical Formula: Pt
 Composition:
Molecular Weight = 195.08 gm
100.00 % Pt
______
100.00 %
 Empirical Formula: Pt
 Environment: Mainly in grains and nuggets in
alluvial deposits.
 Locality: Most notably from the Urals, Russia and
Brazil. Discovered in Colombia!!!!
 Name Origin: Spanish, platina = "silver."
 Synonym: ICSD 64917 PDF 4-802
 Propiedades Físicas

 Cleavage: None
 Color: Whitish steel gray, Steel gray, Dark gray.
 Density: 14 - 22, Average = 18
 Diaphaniety: Opaque
 Fracture: Hackly - Jagged, torn surfaces, (e.g.
fractured metals).
 Habit: Granular - Generally occurs as anhedral to
subhedral crystals in matrix.
 Habit: Nuggets - Irregular lumps produced by
stream transport of malleable metals.
 Hardness: 4-4.5 - Between Fluorite and Apatite
 Luminescence: Non-fluorescent.
 Luster: Metallic
 Magnetism: Naturally weak
 Streak: grayish white
Comments: Crystallized platinum nugget.
Location: Russia.
Scale: 0.5 x 0.7 cm.
Comments: Stream-worn, platinum nugget with chromite? Inclusions.
Location: Rio Tinto, San Juan River Basin, Popayan, Cauca, Colombia.
Scale: Picture size 1.5 cm.
 Hierro
 Chemical Formula: Fe
 Composition:
Molecular Weight = 55.85 gm
100.00 % Fe
______
100.00 %
 Empirical Formula: Fe0+
 Environment: In meteorites and rarely basalts that
have intruded carbon-rich sediments.
 Locality: Asteroid fragments and in German and
Greenland basalts.
 Name Origin: Probably Anglo-Saxon in origin.
 Synonym: Eisen Fer ICSD 64795 PDF 6-696
 Propiedades Físicas
 Cleavage: (001) Perfect, (010) Perfect, (100) Perfect
 Color: Iron black, Dark gray, Steel gray.
 Density: 7.3 - 7.9, Average = 7.6
 Diaphaniety: Opaque
 Fracture: Hackly - Jagged, torn surfaces, (e.g. fractured
metals).
 Habit: Disseminated - Occurs in small, distinct particles
dispersed in matrix.
 Habit: Granular - Generally occurs as anhedral to subhedral
crystals in matrix.
 Habit: Massive - Uniformly indistinguishable crystals forming
large masses.
 Hardness: 4-5 - Fluorite-Apatite
 Luminescence: None.
 Luster: Metallic
 Magnetism: Naturally strong
 Streak: gray
 L
o
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:

P
l
a
t
o

P
u
t
Very rare! Native iron (ferrite nuggets)
o
Loc: Plato Putorana, Siberia, Russia
r
Peso1.5 kg
a
Comments: Specimen of volcanic rock containing dark gray
grains of native Iron. This locality is one of the very few
known localities for terrestrial native iron.
Location: Disko Island, Greenland.
Scale: Picture size 1 cm.
 Clasificación con base en la
estructura cristalina

 SEMIMETALES.

– Estrutura tipo nABC*

 Parecida a la ABC= CCP.
 Distorsionada debido al carácter
fuertemente covalente.
 Paso de ISOMÉTRICO A
ROMBOEDRAL.
 Distrosión principal en dirección (111)

 Ejemplos: As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te.

 Antimonio
 Chemical Formula: Sb
 Composition:
Molecular Weight = 121.75 gm
100.00 % Sb
______
100.00 %
 Empirical Formula: Sb
 Environment: Hydrothermal veins.
 Locality: Sala Silver Mine, Sala, Västmanland,
Sweden.
 Name Origin: From the Arabic, al-uthmud, to
Medieval Latin, antimonium; originally applied to
stibnite, the sulfide of antimony.
 Synonym: ICSD 64695 PDF 35-732
 Propiedades Físicas
 Cleavage: (0001) Perfect
 Color: Light gray, Tin white.
 Density: 6.61 - 6.72, Average = 6.66
 Diaphaniety: Opaque
 Fracture: Brittle - Generally displayed by glasses and
most non-metallic minerals.
 Habit: Massive - Lamellar - Distinctly foliated fine-
grained forms.
 Habit: Massive - Uniformly indistinguishable crystals
forming large masses.
 Habit: Reticulate - Fibers or columns cross in "Net-like"
crystalline growths (e.g. cerrusite).
 Hardness: 3-3.5 - Calcite-Copper Penny
 Luminescence: None.
 Luster: Metallic
 Magnetism: Nonmagnetic
 Streak: lead gray
Antimonio nativo
Antimonio nativo
Antimonio nativo
Antimonio nativo
 Selenio
 Chemical Formula: Se
 Composition:
Molecular Weight = 78.96 gm
100.00 % Se
______
100.00 %
 Empirical Formula: Se
 Environment: Low temperature due to sublimation of
fumarolic vapors. Oxidation-reduction of selenium-bearing
solutions in sandstone U and U-V deposits.
 Locality: Grants District, McKinley County, New Mexico,
USA.
 Name Origin: From the Greek, Selene, "goddess of the
Moon" to contrast Tellure, "earth".
 Synonym: ICSD 22251 PDF 42-1425 Selen tellurium-
Mixture with tellurium
 Propiedades Físicas

 Cleavage: (0112) Good

 Color: Gray, Purple gray, Reddish.
 Density: 4.81
 Diaphaniety: Opaque
 Fracture: Flexible - Flexible fragments.
 Habit: Crystalline - Coarse - Occurs as well-formed
coarse sized crystals.
 Habit: Disseminated - Occurs in small, distinct
particles dispersed in matrix.
 Habit: Granular - Generally occurs as anhedral to
subhedral crystals in matrix.
 Hardness: 2 - Gypsum
 Luster: Sub Metallic
 Streak: red
Selenio nativo
Selenio nativo
Selenio nativo
 Bismuto
 Chemical Formula: Bi
 Composition: Molecular Weight = 208.98 gm
100.00 % Bi
______
100.00 %
 Empirical Formula: Bi
 Environment: Hydrothermal ores of Co, Ni, Ag,
and Sn. In pegmatites and topaz-bearing Sn-W
veins.
 IMA Status: Valid Species (Pre-IMA) 1500
 Locality: Schneeberg District, Erzgebirge, Saxony,
Germany.
 Name Origin: Probably from the Arabic bi ismid,
meaning having the properties of antimony.
 Synonym: ICSD 64703 PDF 5-519
 Propiedades Físicas
 Cleavage: (0001) Perfect
 Color: Silver white, Pinkish white, Red.
 Density: 9.7 - 9.8, Average = 9.75
 Diaphaniety: Opaque
 Fracture: Uneven - Flat surfaces (not cleavage) fractured in
an uneven pattern.
 Habit: Granular - Generally occurs as anhedral to subhedral
crystals in matrix.
 Habit: Lamellar - Thin laminae producing a lamellar structure.
 Habit: Platy - Sheet forms (e.g. micas).
 Hardness: 2-2.5 - Gypsum-Finger Nail
 Luminescence: None.
 Luster: Metallic
 Magnetism: Nonmagnetic
 Streak: silver white
Estructura cristalina
Bismuto nativo
Bismuto nativo
 Clasificación con base en la
estructura cristalina

 NO METALES.
– Estructuras muy variables
(Polimorfos del C)
– Ejemplos: diamante*, grafito* y
azufre*.
 Diamante
 Chemical Formula: C
 Composition:
Molecular Weight = 12.01 gm
100.00 % C
______
100.00 %
 Empirical Formula: C
 Environment: Gas rich, ultra-basic diatremes from mantle
depths (>30 km)and alluvial placer deposits derived from the
Kimberlite rocks. Kimberlite = olivine, garnet, pyroxene, and
calcite.
 Locality: Kimberly, republic of South Africa. India. Brazil. Ural
Mountains, Russia. Murfreesboro, Arkansas, USA.
 Name Origin: From the Greek, adamas, meaning "invincible"
or "hardest."
 Synonym: Boart, Booart, Carbonado
 Propiedades Físicas
 Cleavage: (111) Perfect, (111) Perfect, (111) Perfect
 Color: Colorless, White, Gray, Black, Blue.
 Density: 3.5 - 3.53, Average = 3.51
 Diaphaniety: Transparent to Subtransparent to
translucent
 Fracture: Conchoidal - Fractures developed in brittle
materials characterized by smoothly curving surfaces,
(e.g. quartz).
 Habit: Euhedral Crystals - Occurs as well-formed
crystals showing good external form.
 Habit: Granular - Generally occurs as anhedral to
subhedral crystals in matrix.
 Hardness: 10 - Diamond
 Luminescence: Fluorescent.
 Luster: Adamantine
 Streak: colorless
Comments: Single octahedral crystal of diamond.
Location: Ghana, Africa.
 Comments: Translucent diamond penetration twin crystals.
Location: Mbuji-Mayi (Miba), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire).
Scale: 3.70 carats, 7x7x7 mm.
 Comments: Photomicrographs (PPL) of numerous microdiamonds in
Kumdy-Kol caboniferous dolomite marble (Elements v1, no 2).
Location: Kokchetav Massif, Kumdy-Kol ultra high pressure facies area,
northern Kazakhstan.
 Grafito

 Chemical Formula: C
 Composition:
Molecular Weight = 12.01 gm
100.00 % C
______
100.00 %
 Empirical Formula: C
 Environment: Metamorphosed limestones,
organic-rich shales, and coal beds.
 Locality: Ticonderoga, New York. Madagascar and
Ceylon.
 Name Origin: From the Greek, graphein, "to write."
 Synonym: Black Lead, Plumbago
 Propiedades Físicas
 Cleavage: (0001) Perfect
 Color: Iron black, Dark gray, Black, Steel gray.
 Density: 2.09 - 2.23, Average = 2.16
 Diaphaniety: Opaque
 Fracture: Sectile - Curved shavings or scrapings
produced by a knife blade, (e.g. graphite).
 Habit: Earthy - Dull, clay-like texture with no visible
crystalline affinities, (e.g. howlite).
 Habit: Foliated - Two dimensional platy forms.
 Habit: Tabular - Form dimensions are thin in one
direction.
 Hardness: 1.5-2 - Talc-Gypsum
 Luminescence: None.
 Luster: Sub Metallic
 Magnetism: Nonmagnetic
 Streak: black
 Comments: A crystal of graphite in gneiss.
Location: Forchheim, Pockau, Erzgebirge, Saxony, Germany.
Scale: Picture size 6 mm.
 Comments: Black, sub-hexagonal crystal of graphite in calcite.
Location: Lead Hill Mine, (near Ticonderoga), Essex Co., New York, USA.
Scale: Crystal size 1 mm.
Grafito (enlaces  y )
 Azufre
 Chemical Formula: S8
 Composition:
Molecular Weight = 256.53 gm
100.00 % S
______
100.00 %
 Empirical Formula: S8
 Environment: Volcanic exhalations and bacterial
reduction of sulfates in sediments.
 Locality: Notable localities are in Sicily, Italy and
salt domes of the United States Gulf Coast.
 Name Origin: Sanskrit, sulvere = "sulfur;" Latin
sulphurium.
 Synonym: ICSD 63082 PDF 8-
247 Schwefel Soufre
 Propiedades Físicas
 Cleavage: (???) Imperfect, (???) Imperfect
 Color: Yellow, Yellowish brown, Yellowish gray, Reddish,
Greenish.
 Density: 2.05 - 2.09, Average = 2.06
 Diaphaniety: Transparent to translucent
 Fracture: Sectile - Curved shavings or scrapings produced by
a knife blade, (e.g. graphite).
 Habit: Massive - Uniformly indistinguishable crystals forming
large masses.
 Habit: Reniform - "Kidney like" in shape (e.g.. hematite).
 Habit: Stalactitic - Shaped like pendant columns as stalactites
or stalagmites (e.g. calcite).
 Hardness: 1.5-2.5 - Hardness very near Gypsum
 Luminescence: Non-fluorescent.
 Luster: Resinous
 Streak: white
 Gracias mil y mil
por su atención!!!!!