𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝐶2 + 𝐶1 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝐶3 + 𝐶2 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑐

|𝑚 𝑛 1| = 5 | 𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑛 1|=5 |𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 1| = 5
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑦 +𝑧 𝑧

𝑎 +𝑏 𝑏 +𝑐 𝑐+ 𝑎 𝑎+ 𝑏 𝑏 +𝑐 𝑐 𝑎 +𝑏 𝑏 +𝑐 𝑎
|𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 1 + 𝑚| = |𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 1| + |𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 𝑚 |
𝑥 +𝑦 𝑦+𝑧 𝑧 +𝑥 𝑥+𝑦 𝑦+𝑧 𝑧 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑦 +𝑧 𝑥
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏 +𝑐 𝑐+ 𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+ 𝑐 𝑎
|𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 1 + 𝑚 | = 5 + |𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 𝑚 | = 5 + 5 = 10
𝑥 +𝑦 𝑦+𝑧 𝑧+ 𝑥 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑦+ 𝑧 𝑥

𝑎 +𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 +𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
|𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 𝑚| = |𝑛 𝑛 + 1 𝑚| = |𝑛 1 𝑚 | = |𝑚 𝑛 1| = 5
𝑥+ 𝑦 𝑦+𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦+𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

1 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
( ) = 1( ) + 2( ) +3( )+4( )
3 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

1
1 2 2
( ) =( )
3 4 𝐵 3
4 ℝ4

𝑃 (𝑥) = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 3 → 𝐵 = {1, 𝑥, 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 3 }
𝑎
𝑏
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 3 = ( )
𝑐
𝑑 ℝ4

(2,3) + (3,5) = (2 + 3,3 + 5)

𝑎 𝑏
𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 2 ) = ( )
0 𝑐
 𝑓(𝑃(𝑥) + 𝑄 (𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑃(𝑥)) + 𝑓(𝑄(𝑥))
𝑎 𝑏
𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 2 ) = ( ) → 𝑓: ℙ2 → 𝕄2𝑥2
0 𝑐
𝑓: ℝ3 → ℝ4

𝑎
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 ) = (𝑏)
𝑐 ℝ3
𝑎
𝑎 𝑏 𝑏
( )=( )
0 𝑐 0
𝑐 ℝ4
𝑎
𝑎
𝑏
𝑓 ((𝑏) ) = ( ) → 𝑓: ℝ3 → ℝ4
0
𝑐 ℝ3
𝑐 ℝ4
1 0 0 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
0 1 0 𝑏
𝑓 (𝑏) = ( ) (𝑏) =( )
0 0 0 0
𝑐 𝑐 3𝑥1
0 0 1 4𝑥3 𝑐 4𝑥1

𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 3 ) = 𝑏 + 2𝑐𝑥 + 3𝑑𝑥 2

𝑎 0 1 0 0 𝑎 𝑏
𝑏 0 0 2 0 ( 𝑏) 2𝑐
𝑓( ) = ( ) =( )
𝑐 0 0 0 3 𝑐 3𝑑
𝑑 0 0 0 0 𝑑 0

𝑓 (𝑥1 ,𝑥 2 ) = (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 , 1)
𝑓(𝑥1 + 𝑦1 , 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 ) = (𝑥1 + 𝑦1 − 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 , 1)
𝑓(𝑥1 + 𝑦1 , 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥1 ,𝑥 2 ) + 𝑓 (𝑦1 , 𝑦2 )
𝑓(𝑥1 + 𝑦1 , 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 ) = (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 , 1) + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 , 1)
𝑓(𝑥1 + 𝑦1 , 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 ) = (𝑥1 + 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 − 𝑥 2 ,2)

𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 ) = 𝑏 + 2𝑐𝑥
 𝑎 0 1 0 𝑎 𝑏
𝑓 (𝑏) = (0 0 2) (𝑏 ) = (2𝑐 )
𝑐 0 0 0 𝑐 0
𝑎
El núcleo son todos los polinomios 𝑏 ) que se transforman en el cero.
(
𝑐
0 1 0 𝑎 0
(0 0 2) (𝑏 ) = (0) → 𝑏 = 0,2𝑐 = 0 → 𝑎 ∈ ℝ, 𝑏 = 𝑐 = 0
0 0 0 𝑐 0
𝑎 𝑎 1
(𝑏) = (0) = 𝑎 (0) → 𝑃 (𝑥) = 𝑎
𝑐 0 0
Una base para el núcleo de 𝑓 es:
1
𝐵(ker(𝑓)) = {(0 )} → dim(ker(𝑓)) = 1
0

0 1 0 𝑎 𝑢
(0 0 2) (𝑏 ) = ( 𝑣 )
0 0 0 𝑐 𝑤

0 1 0 𝑢 0 1 0 𝑢
𝑣
(0 0 2 𝑣 ) → (0 0 1 )→𝑤=0
2
0 0 0 𝑤 0 0 0 𝑤
𝑢 𝑢 1 0
( 𝑣 ) = (𝑣 ) = 𝑢 (0) + 𝑣 (1)
𝑤 0 0 0

𝑢
𝑖𝑚(𝑓) = {(𝑣 ) ∈ ℙ2 : 𝑤 = 0 }
𝑤
1 0
𝑏(𝐼𝑚(𝑓)) = {(0) , (1)}
0 0
 𝑥 1 2 0 𝑥 𝑢
𝑇 (𝑦) = (1 0 0 ) (𝑦 ) = ( 𝑣 )
𝑧 1 1 𝑎 𝑧 𝑤
0 0
𝑇 (0) = (0 )
1 𝑎
2 2
𝑇 (0) = (2)
0 2

1 2
𝑇 (2 (0 )) = (2)
0 2
1 2
2𝑇 (0) = (2)
0 2
1 1
𝑇 (0) = (1)
0 1
1 3
𝑇 (1) = ( 1 )
1 2 +𝑎
0 1 0 3
(( ) ( ) (
𝑇 1 + 0 + 0 )) = ( 1 )
0 0 1 2+𝑎

0 1 0 3
( ) ( ) ( )
𝑇 1 +𝑇 0 +𝑇 0 = ( 1 )
0 0 1 2 +𝑎
0 1 0 3
𝑇 (1 ) + (1) + ( 0) = ( 1 )
0 1 𝑎 2+ 𝑎
0 3 1 0
𝑇 (1 ) = ( 1 ) − (1) − (0)
0 2+𝑎 1 𝑎
 0 2
𝑇 (1) = (0)
0 1

1 2 0 𝑥 𝑢
(1 0 0 ) (𝑦) = ( 𝑣 )
1 1 𝑎 𝑧 𝐵𝐶 𝑤 𝐵𝐶
1 2 0 𝑥′ 𝑢′
(1 0 0) 𝑃 (𝑦 ′ ) = 𝑃 ( 𝑣′ )
1 1 𝑎 𝑧 ′ 𝐵′ 𝑤′ 𝐵′
1 2 0 𝑥′ 𝑢′
𝑄 −1 (
1 0 0) 𝑃 (𝑦 ′ ) = ( 𝑣′ )
1 1 𝑎 𝑧 ′ 𝐴′ 𝑤′ 𝐵′

𝐴𝑋𝐴 = 𝑌𝐵
𝐴𝑀𝑋𝐴′ = 𝑁𝑌𝐵′
( 𝑁 −1 𝐴𝑀)𝑋𝐴′ = 𝑌𝐵′

1 0 −1 𝑎
0 1 0 ( 0 −1 𝑢
( ) 0 −1 0 ) (𝑏) = ( )( )
0 0 2 𝑐 𝐴′ 1 1 𝑣 𝐵′
0 0 1
1 0 −1 𝑎
0 −1 −1 0 1 0 ( 𝑢
( ) ( ) 0 −1 0 ) (𝑏) = ( ) ′
1 1 0 0 2 𝑣 𝐵
0 0 1 𝑐 𝐴′