Química asistidas por computadora. Teléfono: 834-1133. jamciena@costarricense.cr
Valencias de algunos elementos.
Símbolo # de oxidación. Símbolo # de oxidación. Ti 4+,3+ Bk 4+,3+ V 5+,4+,3+,2+ Tm 3+,2+ Cr 2+,3+,6+ Yb 3+,2+ Mn 2+,3+,4+,6+,7+ Sm 3+,2+ Fe 2+,3+ Eu 3+,2+ Co 2+,3+ Sc 3+ Ni 2+,3+ Y 3+ Cu 2+,1+ La 3+ Au 2+,1+ Ac 3+ Hg 2+,1+ Hf 4+ Nb 5+,3+ Ta 5+ Mo 6+,5+,4+,3+,2+ Zn 2+ Ru 2+,3+,4+,6+ Cd 2+ Rh 2+,3+,4+ Nd 3+ Pd 2+,4+ Pm 3+ W 6+,5+,4+,3+,2+ Th 4+ Re 7+,6+,4+,2+ Dy 3+ Os 2+,3+,4+,6+ Ho 3+ Ir 2+,3+,4+,6+ Er 3+ Pt 2,+,4+ Cf 3+ Ce 3+,4+ Cm 3+ Pr 3+,4+ Gd 3+ Pa 5+,4+ Lu 3+ U 6+,5+,4+,3+ Zr 4+ Np 6+,5+,4+,3+ Tc 7+ Pu 6+,5+,4+,3+ Ag 1+ Am 6+,5+,4+,3+