Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
May 2018
Por favor citar este artículo como: Urbaniec K, Mikulčić H, Wang Y, Duić N, integración de sistemas es una necesidad para el desarrollo
sostenible, Diario de Producción Limpia ( 2018), doi: 10.1016 / j.jclepro.2018.05.178.
Este es un archivo PDF de un manuscrito inédito que ha sido aceptado para su publicación. Como un servicio a nuestros clientes estamos
proporcionando esta primera versión del manuscrito. El manuscrito será sometido a la corrección de estilo, composición y revisión de la prueba
resultante antes de que se publique en su forma final. Tenga en cuenta que durante los errores en el proceso de producción se pueden descubrir lo que
podría afectar el contenido, y todos los avisos legales que se aplican a la revista pertenecen.
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E-mail: k.urbaniec4@upcpoczta.pl
2 Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Arquitectura Naval, Universidad de Zagreb,
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Ivana Lu do yo do 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croacia, E-mails:
hrvoje.mikulcic@fsb.hr, neven.duic@fsb.hr
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3 Universidad de Fudan, Shanghai, China, E-mail:
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yutaowang@fudan.edu.cn
Reflejos U
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• Tres sistemas son de importancia estratégica para SOS desarrollo nable.
Abstracto
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Tras el Acuerdo de París 2015, el principal challe ESN para las economías del mundo hoy en día
sin duda requerirá el uso de la mejor ciencia disponible conocimiento cien- y vuelva constante
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Evaluación del proceso de desarrollo a la luz de t que los hallazgos científicos. Para asegurar eso
las ciencias tengan en cuenta las nuevas necesidades de una nd para abordar el desarrollo sostenible
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cuestiones. Esta virtual Edición Especial de la Revista o f Producción Más Limpia se dedica a
y Medio Ambiente Conferencia Systems. El Spe virtual Edición oficial se centra en cuatro principales
campos: Las cuestiones energéticas, las cuestiones ambientales de agua, ingeniería y gestión, y
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de artículos seleccionados de la siguiente manera la anterior Journal of Producción más Limpia Secciones Especiales
palabras clave: Energía; Agua; Aguas residuales; Gestión de residuos; Envi ronmental
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1. Introducción
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El desarrollo sostenible es un gran Interdisciplina ry concepto que implica la interacción de
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diversos sistemas. La integración de diversos sistemas, como en ergy, agua, y el medio ambiente, mediante el uso de
residuos de un, como recurso en sí, y en el exacto momento en el que es beneficioso para todos, es
fue establecido.
Dakota del Norte
En 2016, se realizaron dos conferencias SDEWES. En primer lugar TI yo en julio, fue el 2
celebrada en Lisboa, Portugal. Ambas conferencias, SDEWES VER 2016 con 195 participantes
y SDEWES 2016 con 324 participantes, trajo toge los investigadores de todo el ther
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mundo, para reunirse, compartir y discutir sus ideas y hallazgos, a fin de garantizar que la
retos.
Los artículos de este número especial virtual (VSI) son sobre la base de los artículos presentados en
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temas, desde los aspectos técnicos, económicos, ambientales y los estudios sociales, a los estudios
que investigó la sostenibilidad de la energía, tr ansport, el agua, el medio ambiente y los alimentos
manuscritos, que fueron presentados en tanto SDEWES Con ferencias 24 fueron seleccionados para este
Diario de Producción más Limpia (JCLEPRO) VSI. Como ar esultados de una cooperación exitosa
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papeles dentro de la VSI SDEWES 2016 se dividen en cuatro campos de investigación que han sido
SDEWES las Conferencias. Estos campos de investigación son: Las cuestiones energéticas (8 documentos); Agua
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previamente generado base de conocimientos SDEWES en estos cuatro áreas principales de investigación es
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2. Fondo
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El contenido de esta sección se basa en los documentos publicada bajo esta y otras diario de
y la sostenibilidad a gran escala se aproxima a) como en el XX e parte principal de este manuscrito, que es
Seccion 3.
las sociedades modernas. El cambio de combustibles fósiles basados para poder basada energía renovable
recursos, han sido ampliamente investigados por t O agotado las reservas de combustibles fósiles, y
vena, formas de mejorar y racionalizar el uso de fo SSIL combustibles en hornos existentes eran
países industrializados, induce un aumento de la demanda para la energía del “verde y limpio”
origen, producido por energía hidráulica, eólica, geotérmica, solar, y centrales de biomasa (Perkovi do
et al., 2018). En consecuencia, la producción de energía a partir de fuentes de energía renovables ha sido
reportado en numerosos estudios. Periódicos informaron el correo producción nergy de las centrales eléctricas
utilizando la energía geotérmica (Martínez-Gómez et al., 201 7), turbinas de gas usando alternativa
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combustibles (Seljak et al., 2016), centrales hidroeléctricas (Sa hin et al., 2017), plantas de energía de biomasa
(Rajh et al., 2016), la energía fotovoltaica en Hong Kong (Zh ang et al., 2017) y Portugal
(Casaleiro et al., 2018), plantas de energía eólica en Braz il (Schmidt et al., 2016) y Rusia
(Ermolenko et al., 2017), y el hidrógeno para transpor propósitos T (Firak y DJ Uki do, 2016).
sido el tema de numerosos trabajos de investigación. impr energía ovements en la producción de acero tienen
sido objeto de estudio de los papeles por un Gajic et l. (2017) que analizó la producción
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de acero inoxidable, y Dal Magro et al. (2017) quien investigado el acoplamiento de los residuos
de calor con generación de vapor sobrecalentado en el acero industria. China et al. (2017)
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evaluado el nexo de agua, energía y de efecto invernadero gas en la recuperación de calor alternativo
opciones en la fabricación de acero europea. El estudio realizado por un raújo et al. (2017) evaluaron CO
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ha estudiado ampliamente en Austria por Maier et al. (2017), en Japón por Ooba et al. (2016),
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y en Malasia por Shen Cómo et al. (2016). Bioethan la producción ol del desaceitada
biomasa de microalgas fue investigado por muei Chng et Alabama. (2016). Marques et al. (2018)
diferentes opciones analizadas para el pretratamiento de microalg Al biomasa para mejorar biogás
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producción. Cheah et al. (2017) hizo una tecno-econo análisis mic de combustible diesel
producción por hidro-procesamiento de aceite de semilla de goma. Refinación de aceite de semilla de caucho crudo como un
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materia prima para la producción de biocombustibles se estudió por Sin gh et al. (2017). gasificación de biomasa
en un fijo co-corriente gasificador de lecho fue discutido por Mikulandri do et al. (2016). Como un cuarto
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de la demanda total de energía primaria en el Europeo Unión se reunió con gas natural,
Miedema et al. (2016) investigaron un más sustainab sistema de suministro de energía le usando
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sector del transporte como un emisor importante de greenh gases de ouse ha sido ampliamente
estudió. Como motores de combustión interna son todavía t se utiliza en la tecnología predominante
vehículos de transporte, sus mejoras en la eficiencia, y las emisiones de gases siguen siendo considerablemente
investigado. Petranovi do et al. (2017) mostraron que los motores alimentados con biodiesel
mezclas de liberación inferior emisiones de óxido de nitrógeno que aquellos alimentados con diesel regular.
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Sin embargo, las tendencias actuales en el sector del transporte dev elopment indican papel creciente de
y Sodré (2016) informó que el vehículo eléctrico el consumo de energía es de aproximadamente cuatro ectric
veces menor que la energía vehículos de combustible convencional el consumo, y dióxido de carbono
el ahorro de energía y reducción de contaminantes tienen highli ghted los desafíos que se ponen en
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la sociedad, con el fin de adaptarse a la clima evidente cambios de TE (Hinker et al., 2017). Como
declarado por Klemes et al. (2013), el foco de la moderna enseñanza de la ingeniería en el campo de
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sistemas de energía es educar a los nuevos ingenieros de energía t o gestionar y resolver pertinente
problemas de una manera sostenible. Tec energía diferente hnologies, procesos y gestión
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opciones tienen diferente impacto en el bienestar humano (Novak Pintari do et al., 2015). Así,
los aspectos socioeconómicos del cambio de un fos U sil-combustible en base a energía renovable
sistema energético basado necesitan ser considerados cuidadosamente (Kozioł y Mendecka, 2015).
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Entre los artículos que tratan de La problemática del agua, el acceso al agua dulce y su
la gestión de las zonas áridas y semiáridas, donde la lluvia y el agua de rocío puede tener un efecto significativo
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impacto como nuevas fuentes de agua, se investigaron b y Sharan et al. (2017). factores urbanos
que afecta el consumo de agua en Italia fue estudiado por Romano et al. (2016). Usando un
municipal de agua y el río, la disponibilidad de agua y q alidad, y futuras necesidades de uso de agua en una
comunidad sudafricana. Dado que algunas regiones sufren de las aguas subterráneas agotado
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recursos, la utilización de fuentes alternativas de agua se estudia con prudencia. Czarny et al.
(2017) demostraron que en las zonas rurales, donde el acceso a el agua potable es escasa, el agua de lluvia
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después del proceso de tratamiento apropiado, se puede utilizar como agua potable. para remota
adaptación de los hogares con dev-eficiente del agua hielos y aparatos; donde el agua es una
recurso escaso, que debe ser cuidadosamente conservado y administrado, para que esté disponible para todos.
Las interacciones entre el suministro de energía y el uso del agua en tracted la atención de muchos
las regulaciones sobre el uso de energía y agua en la colina de la India pueblos. El estudio mostró que
reglamentos, si no se hacen cumplir de manera eficiente y siguen ed, conducen a un uso excesivo de ya
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los recursos hídricos y energéticos escasos en la India. Kollmann et al. (2017) discuten la práctica
aspectos de la integración de una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales en conceptos de suministro de energía locales, como
que tienen un alto potencial para la generación de calor. los la integración de las energías renovables
recursos y desalación por ósmosis inversa en un AR Identificación del país, para el suministro de agua fresca era
investigado por Novosel et al. (2015). la desalinización ción proceso también fue estudiada por
sistema de destilación por membrana impulsados por sal-gradien t estanque solar, y mostró que la
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sistema acoplado se puede utilizar para satisfacer las necesidades futuras de la energía y el uso de agua en una
de forma sostenible.
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Las medidas de tratamiento de aguas residuales y eficiente wat er el uso en la industria han sido
puesto de manifiesto en muchos estudios (Fijalkowski et al., 20 17). Centrándose en las fábricas textiles, Ozturk
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et al. (2016) estudiaron la minimización del consumo de agua , mientras Yukseler et al. (2017)
investigado las mejores técnicas disponibles para la U tratamiento de aguas residuales. Colla et al.
(2016) presentaron las posibilidades de reduct agua ion en las plantas de fabricación de acero. Combinatorio
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red intercambiador de calor y la red de agua (Ibri do et al., 2016), y agua integración
redes entre diferentes plantas (Ibri do et al., 2017), hace que sea posible alcanzar ahorros
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en el consumo de agua.
contaminantes de soluciones acuosas han sido Inves tigated ampliamente. Haslik et al.
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plantas de energía nuclear. filtración Riverbank en orde r para purificar el agua para las comunidades en
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India, fue estudiada por Kumar et al. (2017). Adsorpti ve eliminación de 2,4-
ácido diclorofenoxiacético de solución acuosa nosotros ing cenizas volantes bagazo como adsorbente era
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varios estudios analizaron la influencia de diferentes contaminantes sobre la salud humana, los residuos
estudios de Sýkorová et al. (2017) quien investigó la contaminación total del aire, y por Štrbova
variaciones en las emisiones de carbono negro. Bjørnåvold una d Van Passela (2017) discutido
solución sostenible para los sistemas de refrigeración de automóviles . La influencia de diferentes combustibles en
la producción fue investigado por Mikul do yo do et al. (2016). La reducción de la emisión de NO por
el proceso de reducción de NOx reducción no catalítica selectiva fue demostrado por Baleta et al.
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(2016). Chandrashekhar y Pandey (2017) investiga ted el uso de una bioquímica
procedimiento para la reducción de óxido nítrico (NO) a partir de emisiones gaseosas estacionarios.
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La influencia de la industria del hierro y fabricación de acero en s la calidad del aceite se analizó por
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la contaminación de cromo por aplicación de fosfato y sulfato. En el estudio subsiguiente,
Gheju et al. (2017) analizaron la chromiu hexavalente U m eliminación con hierro metálico,
Grobelak et al. (2017) realizaron experimentos de campo en la zona contaminada cerca de un zinc
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fundición donde la mala fertilidad del suelo y alta concentr ciones de cadmio, zinc y plomo tenían
ha detectado. Ferrucci et al. (2017) presentado una herramienta analítica que se puede utilizar para ser tter
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plantas incineradoras de residuos sólidos, y mostraron que el coche efully y responsablemente el manejo de la
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Se necesita incinerador de cenizas volantes .. Raclavska et al. (2 017) analizaron diferentes muestras de ceniza volante
a partir de plantas de incineración de residuos, lo que demuestra que adecuado evacuación de cenizas volantes como peligrosos
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los residuos pueden depender en gran medida de su composición. applic ación de polvo de cerámica de los residuos como
quien llegó a la conclusión de que es una energía eficiente y cuarto am- solución amigable para
ser nombrado como temas que se habían estudiado la mayoría de exten vamente. Los desastres naturales y la manipulación
de las cantidades significativas resultantes de gener residuos ado fueron estudiados por Tabata et al.
(2016). composición de los residuos sólidos municipales, así como la recogida y la manipulación, en el
región brasileña de Sao Paulo, se estudiaron b y Deus et al. (2017) y por Oliveira et
Alabama. (2017); este último estudio se centró en op vertedero ciones en la ciudad de Bauru. Utilizando el
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sistema de gestión de residuos sólidos municipales en Croacia. Los aspectos sociales y económicos
papel usado en la fabricación de papel eran informe ed por Seo et al. (2017).
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método de evaluación del ciclo (LCA) ha surgido como una Valu herramienta de apoyo de decisiones para poder
la evaluación de los impactos de la cuna a la tumba de un producto o proceso en el medio ambiente. Tiene
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ha utilizado ampliamente en diversas aplicaciones y s reflectores, tales como la evaluación de diferentes
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un contenedor estándar de carga de 20 pies (Obrecht y Kne z, 2017), así como en evaluatimg
Los sistemas solares de agua caliente doméstica (Zambrana-Vasquez U et al., 2015), los procesos de hierro y
la producción de acero (Olmez et al., 2016) y diferente rutas químicos en la producción perfume
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(Martínez-Guido et al., 2016). aplicaciones LCA por TaiNing utilización de renovables
recursos incluyen la producción a gran escala de BIODEG polímeros radable (Kozlovskiy et al.,
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2017), la producción de biodiesel a partir de soja en Brasil (Esteves et al., 2016), bio-aceite
la producción de pirólisis rápida y liq hidrotermal uefaction de palma de aceite de cáscaras de frutas
racimo (Chan et al., 2016), y enlatado anchoa indu stry (Laso et al., 2017).
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sostenibilidad a gran escala de los diferentes biomasa opciones de co-combustión para poder real
sistema se analizó por Kazagi do et al. (2016). El estudio utilizó criterios múltiples sosten incapacidad
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“biomasa para la energía” soluciones para una Potencia basada en el carbón utilidad r. Una evaluación integrada
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modelo para el nexo energía-agua comida alemana era pr esented por Schlör et al. (2018).
Marton et al. (2017) presentaron un caso en el que sudy la red de servicio público de vapor de una
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refinería fue modelado para evaluar la integración de calor Posibilidades de reequipamiento propuestos para la
sitio industrial. La correcta aplicación de discoun Ted metodología de flujo de caja para
la evaluación y el diseño de energía y química produc plantas ción fue presentado por Novak
mostró que un cambio de negocio, una aplicación sistémica Roach se puede utilizar para identificar en términos generales
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cuestiones de sostenibilidad y una multitud de métodos por el cual las preguntas pueden ser
método y proceso analítico jerárquico hace que sea POSS bles para reconocer situaciones donde
desarrollos de construcción podría ser potencialmente con control fuera; los conocimientos adquiridos
proporciona una base para un sistema de monitoreo. Para el b uilding sector y su abastecimiento energético
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lo que facilita el logro de una más eficiente y cl eaner estructura de suministro de energía.
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que todavía hay una necesidad de más investigación ingenio hin todos los campos tópicos revisados.
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3. temas de investigación y áreas representadas en este virtual Número especial
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Después de que el proceso de revisión, 22 documentos de SDEWES 201 6 Conferencias fueron
seleccionado para este VSI. Las ideas principales de estos pape rs que se encuentran entre los mejores artículos
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Documentos revisados en este apartado ilustran la la complejidad de los problemas actuales de
sistemas de energía incluyendo las funciones interrelacionadas de proporción el uso de energía nal y dióxido de carbono
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reducción de los diversos sectores de la economía, como wel l como fósiles y energía renovable
recursos.
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En la industria de fabricación de hierro, mineral de hierro pro sinterización ceso es responsable de una parte significativa
del consumo energético de la industria y emissi GEI complementos. Mediante el uso de la biomasa para la parcial
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sustitución de combustible sólido (típicamente, cisco de coque) en la sinterización de mineral de hierro, las emisiones pueden
ser reducido; sin embargo, la fuerza de sinterización puede ser WEA kened debido al calentamiento cambiada
patrón, especialmente a alta proporción de biomasa. En el documento de Cheng et al. (En este VSI) ,
la inyección de combustible gaseoso en sinterización a escala de laboratorio cama ING fue investigado experimentalmente
como método para resolver ese problema. patrón de calentamiento y el efecto en el caso base sinterización
(Cisco de coque como el único combustible) se compararon con t él efectos de los procesos llevan a cabo a
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20%, 40% y 60% de sustitución de carbón para Bree coque ze, aumentada con combustión
Se observó que el metano / approa mezcla de aire Ching la zona de combustible sólido
la combustión se precalienta por partículas de mineral caliente, entonces encendido para crear una auto-sostenida
zona de la combustión de combustible gaseoso. La medición re sultados mostraron que debido a la mejora
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patrón de calentamiento, la fuerza de sinterización mantuvo increasin g hasta que la concentración de metano
alcanzado 0,4-0,5%. En una proporción elevada de carbón vegetal en el combustible sólido, teniendo en cuenta la sinterización
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fuerza, el rendimiento, la productividad y el tiempo de sinterización, t se recomienda la concentración de metano
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de 0,5% dio como resultado la reducción de la rata combustible sólido e por 7,52%, en comparación con 100% de coque
caso de sinterización. En el futuro applicat a escala industrial iones, el metano puede ser reemplazado -
prácticamente sin costo alguno - por dis gas residual inflamable U cargado del proceso de fabricación de acero.
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Por otra parte, la reducción del consumo de combustible sólido puede ser espera que contribuya a una reducción
Debido a que progresa el agotamiento de un aceite convencional d recursos de gas, la producción costa afuera
de estos portadores de energía se vuelve más y más impo rtante, y perforación son plataformas
pasar de poco profunda para aguas profundas y ultraprofundas. Flotante de producción, almacenamiento y
contexto, Reis et al (en este VSI) exploración discutido de las reservas de petróleo con un alto gas / petróleo
ratio (por encima de 250 m 3 / metro 3) y el contenido de dióxido de carbono. Dicha reserva de petróleo s crear
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desafíos adicionales debido a los impactos en dic zona k de la planta de gas porque en
Además de otras operaciones de proceso de gas natural ING, la eliminación de dióxido de carbono en skid-
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módulos de membrana montados se requiere para satisfacer las ventas especificación de gas. Para evitar
las emisiones y aumentar la producción de petróleo, la SEPAR gas ácido ado se inyecta de nuevo para
la recuperación mejorada de petróleo, lo que implica que dióxido de carbono contenido e en el depósito será
autores desarrollaron modelos matemáticos por lo que es pos sible para optimizar la disposición
en el gas natural tratado menos de 3% en moles (Tipo 1 Constraint) o dióxido de carbono contenido
en el gas de inyección mayor que 75% en moles (Tipo 2 C onstraint). Los resultados de la optimización
incluido área total y la etapa de las membranas, coche contenido de dióxido de Bon en materiales retenidos y
impregna, y la producción de gas natural. re numérica sultados se obtuvieron para tres feed
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escenarios: 10, 30 y 50% en moles de CO 2 en gas natural crudo. Tipo 1 restricción conduce a HIG su
las pérdidas de metano, mientras que el tipo 2 exigencia impone la aplicación de la Química
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Absorción como un proceso de pulido adicional. Contras idering costes del ciclo de vida y el total
área de la huella de la sección de la actualización de gas, el la tter concepto de diseño se encontró que era
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más práctico para la composición variable en el tiempo de la gas natural crudo. CO 2 separación en una
disposición de membrana de una sola etapa se propuso como una U solución que satisface la
requisitos de las peri operación tempranas o intermedias DO de vida del proyecto cuando se alimenta de gas
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tener inferior o medio CO 2 contenido. Un subsistema de absorción química para apo t
disposición de separación con membrana durante el período o f la más alta CO 2 El contenido era
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sugirió.
La industria de la energía renovable es uno de los más rápidos creciendo las industrias en todo el mundo, siendo
uno de los 5 mejores industrias en 2015 en términos de la monto de la inversión asignada. Esta
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sus aplicaciones. Se dedicaron dos contribuciones para portadores de energía gaseosos incluyendo
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los producidos a partir de recursos renovables. En el pape r por panji do ko et al. (En este VSI) ,
que consiste en gran parte de la celulosa, hemicelulosa y lignina, que son difíciles de degradar
anaeróbicamente, debido principalmente al proceso de inhibición por productos de degradación de lignina, tales como
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Compuestos fenólicos. Un sistema de dos etapas se utilizó para digestión anaeróbica empleando una
realizado.
El rendimiento del proceso global fue characte torizado por la degradación total de sólidos
el proceso, sin embargo, estos compuestos eran han i ully degradado. Microbiológico
experimento, mientras que la comunidad archaeal fue sólo 31. 6% similar. proceso estable
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el sistema de dos etapas para la producción de biogás a partir de BSG .
El artículo de Di Marcoberardino et al. (En este VSI) analizó los resultados de tres
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proyectos europeos (hurón, FluidCELL, biónico) devo ted a la aplicación de la
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reactor concepto de membrana para la producción de hidrógeno y sistemas de micro-cogeneración que utilicen
tanto el gas natural y los biocombustibles (biogás y bio-etan ol) como materia prima. reactores de membrana
para la producción de hidrógeno puede aumentar tanto la hidro U Gen eficiencia de la producción en pequeña
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escala y la eficiencia eléctrica en micro-cogenera sistemas ción cuando se combina con
Polymeric Membrana de Electrolito (PEM) células de combustible. Th membranas e, utilizados para selectivamente
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tipo asimétrico con una capa delgada de aleación de Pd (<5 μ m), y están soportadas sobre una cerámica
En el proyecto FERRET (A flexibles Membr gas natural reformador ane para M-CHP
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Se validó la calidad del gas. El reactor se integrat ed en un sistema de micro-CHP y una red de
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eficiencia eléctrica de alrededor de 42% (8% puntos más altos que en el caso de referencia se logró).
En FluidCELL sistema de célula de combustible (Advanced m-CHP basado en una novela bio-etanol
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Fluidizado reformador membrana cama, 2014-2017), los EE.UU. e de bio etanol como materia prima para
sistema basado PEM micro-cogeneración era investigar d en aplicaciones fuera de la red y una red de
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se obtuvo la eficiencia eléctrica alrededor de 40% (6% hig ella que el caso de referencia). Finalmente,
el desarrollo, la construcción y la demostración de (a una verdadera b planta iogas) un concepto novedoso reactor a
En vista de las necesidades del sector del transporte, portadores de energía líquidos y su
producción a partir de recursos renovables son temas de c ontinuing interés. Hajek et al. (en esto
VSI) informaron los resultados de su investigación sobre el nuevo compañero rials that can be used as catalysts
for conversion of vegetable oil into biodiesel. Mg - Fe hydrotalcites with a constant molar
ratio (Mg/Fe 2.5:1) were synthesized from two types of precursors (chlorides and nitrates
of metals) and thermally pre-treated at different t emperatures (500 and 600 °C). It was
found that the crystallite size of hydrotalcite inc reases with an increasing aging time. The
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synthesized materials were characterized by several techniques such as X-ray Powder
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specific surface area, pore size distribution and b asicity of oxides and after that, tested in
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It was found that crystallite size, amount of the c rystalline phase and specific surface area
were almost the same for both precursors. After cal U cination, the mixed oxides from the
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nitrate precursors revealed higher amount of basic sites and population of stronger basic
sites than those obtained from the chloride precurs ors. The rehydration, i.e. the
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from nitrates calcined at 500 °C. However, in the c ase of chlorides, the hydrotalcite had
materials synthesized from chlorides resulted in a lower conversion (25 %) than that of
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are considered in some countries. In their work on Brazilian soybean biodiesel scenario,
Interlenghi et al. (in this VSI) compared the methylic and ethylic production route s to
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unveil whether ethanol-based biodiesel could be mor e promising from the viewpoints of
parameters of the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) an d fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE)
soybean biodiesel production chains, and `by quanti fying energy and material flows.
After that, Multi-criteria Analysis and Principal C omponent Analysis (PCA) were applied
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for data interpretation and identification of the m ost relevant factors affecting
with principles of green process design and proces sed to provide a one-dimensional
It was proved that due to social factors, more seve re conditions of the transesterification
process and extra transport demand, fatty acid ethy l ester is generally less sustainable
than the methylic counterpart. In addition, PCA ind icated average personnel costs, water
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intensity and carbon intensity as the influential indicators, more important than energy
consumption. Contrary to common beliefs, it was sho wn that the importance of social
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factors to the determination of sustainability leve l cannot be neglected, and soybean-
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based biodiesel production via FAME route has more potential to be sustainable than that
Libertini et al. (in this VSI) discussed the design of a Solar Assisted Combined Cycle
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(SACC) power plant based on a solar loop equipped w ith a double stage absorption
thermal collectors. The solar loop is coupled to a single-pressure Combined Cycle power
plant and the cooling action of the absorption chil ler is used to cool gas turbine inlet air,
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thereby enhancing system efficiency and electrical capacity. The operating temperatures
of solar collectors are sufficiently high to drive a two stage absorption chiller whose
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absorption chiller.
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In order to evaluate the technical (including energ y aspects) and economic feasibility of
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this technology, especially for applications in hot and dry areas, the SACC arrangement
was analysed through dynamic system simulation in T RNSYS software environment and
ASHRAE and ISO standards and manufacturers’ data. A iming at the maximum utilization
of solar energy for cooling purposes, a special con trol strategy for managing cooling
water flow was implemented to limit, as much as pos sible, water condensation within the
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cooling coil. The thermoeconomic model included sys tem capital and operating costs as
functions of design and operating parameters. A sim ulation study was performed
assuming system location in Almeria, southern Spain , whose hourly weather data files
were obtained from Meteonorm database. The simulati ons results showed that a very high
thermal efficiency of solar collectors, on average equal to 34%, could be achieved. The
calculated economic indices were found to be satisf actory and the pay back period was
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For decades, the renewable energy sector has been s upported by the governments through
various economic, regulatory, and political support policies. However, in the developing
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countries that lack own investment capital, exploit ation of renewable energy resources
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depends on the allocation of foreign direct investm ent (FDI) in the sector. As the situation
is widely differentiated between the developing cou ntries, Ryota Keeley and Ikeda (in
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this VSI) studied the effects of governmental support polici es on FDI as location
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determinants, focusing on wind energy. A compariso n was made with the effects of the
widely accepted institutional and macroeconomic det erminants such as corruption level,
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price stability, access to finance, and GDP growth. Information found in the pertinent
literature, as well as statistical data on the econ omies (including FDI) of developing
countries available from international institutions (OECD, IMF, IEA) and specialized
service companies (GlobalData, fDi Intelligence) w ere gathered and analysed employing
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such methods as Exploratory Factor Analysis and Str uctural Equation Modelling.
The results of the study showed that renewable ener gy support policies have equivalent or
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sector rather than looking at overall foreign direc t investment. Among policy implications
to attract FDI into renewable sector of the develop ing countries, the need was highlighted
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for improving the regulatory aspects of that sector such as guaranteed access to grid
The access to fresh water and sanitation is an issu e of global concern, with specific
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features that may vary depending on the geographica l location as well as on the level of
water-rich country, Russia faces a number of substa ntial administrative and structural
issues in the water sector and therefore, a long-te rm strategy for the management of this
strategic resource is needed. The paper by Proskuryakova et al. (in this VSI) outlined
long-term scenarios and strategies for the Russian water sector until 2030. Building upon
an earlier study on global trends and uncertainties related to water sector, and using a
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combination of foresight methods including scenario analysis, data mining, and various
expert methods, alternative futures for the Russian water sector were considered. The
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developed scenarios were characterized by qualitati ve and quantitative factors and
indicators of future developments in three key doma ins for the water sector:
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sustainability of water systems; water use by hous eholds and industry; and new water
products and services. Four alternative trajectorie U s of the development of the water sector
in Russia were presented. Among the scenarios work ed out, „Problem conservation”
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(approximately, Business as usual) and „Losses and accidents” (approximately,
Inadequate progress) were identified as the most pr obable ones. Possibilities to revert
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these scenarios into more desirable trajectories we re also discussed; for instance, if new
clean water technologies were widely applied, then a visionary scenario named „Nearly
Over the years, measures to reduce water use have b een implemented in various
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industries including coal-fired power plants. In th is line of action, the paper by Xiong et
al. (in this VSI), summarized the results of investigation of water recovery, combined
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with heat recovery, from low-temperature flue gases exiting a limestone-gypsum wet
fluorine plastic heat exchanger (FHE) was installed in a 660 MW lignite-fired power
plant in northern China. The operating principle of the system is based on the
condensation mechanism of water vapor. As the fluor ine plastic is resistant to acid
corrosion, the FHE can overcome the shortcomings of the conventional metal heat
exchangers, especially when flue gas temperature is below the acid dew point.
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According to the results of measurements done durin g test operation, the recovered
thermal power was about 92 MW of which more than 80 % was due to the heat of vapor
condensation. The efficiency of water recovery was found to increase with an increase in
cooling water velocity and a decrease in flue gas v elocity, and efficiency value higher
than 70 % was reached when the flue gas velocity wa s less than 5 m/s and the cooling
water velocity was above 0.24 m/s. The highest wate r recovery efficiency of the two-
stage FHE was 85 %, suggesting that this technology has an application potential in
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various industrial processes. The mass of water rec overed from the flue gas by
condensation was nearly equal to, or even exceeded, the mass of supplemental water
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consumed by the desulfurization system. This paves the way for achieving zero water
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FHE-based water & heat recovery systems. Potential water savings are of great
significance for power plants, especially ones oper U ated in water scarce regions.
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Efficient wastewater treatment is a factor of highe st importance to maintaining a healthy
regions. In this context, further progress is neede d in the development of reliable water
treatment technologies including ones that can elim inate refractory chemical compounds
such as 2,4-dichlorophenol. Its presence in wastewaters resulting from the use of crop
Aken et al. (in this VSI) , experimental research was reported on the effect of pre-
treatment in pilot-scale bioreactor. It was found t hat pre-ozonation may lead to the
formation of intermediate products that are not com pletely biodegradable. However,
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indications were observed of a positive effect, tha t is, enhanced sludge settleability while
As an unwanted by-effect of the continuing developm ent and market introduction of new
chemical products, new pollutants may penetrate the environment posing new risks to the
environment including water reserves in its aquatic part. The combustion of liquid fuels –
first of all, heavy oils – leads to the formation o f pollutants including nitrogen oxides
(NOx), sulfur dioxide and hydrocarbons. The emissio n of such pollutants can be reduced
by means of special fuel additives including a modi fier based on fatty acid ferric salts
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dissolved in fuel oil (May and Hirs, 2005) . In the conditions of the combustion process,
iron from ferric salts forms iron oxides which impr ove the fuels in terms of oxidation
iron compounds are then emitted in the flue gases. As iron at high concentrations is
known to be harmful to the aquatic environment, Guziałowska-Tic and Tic (in this VSI)
investigated the effects of the iron-based modifier on the aquatic flora and fauna. The
influence of modifier addition on algal growth inhi bition, acute toxicity to rainbow trout,
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and reproduction of daphnia has been experimentally examined.
According to test results, modifier concentration c apable of reducing the rate of algal
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growth by 50% after 72 hours was higher than 100 mg /L, and the mean concentration
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capable of killing 100% of the trout population aft er 96 hours (so-called lethal
concentration for 100%) was higher than 320 mg/L. D epending on modifier
iron-based modifier does so only when present in wa ter at rather high concentrations.
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Since it is used as a fuel additive in small quanti ties only, it appears not to endanger the
aquatic environment.
Apart from their possible effects on the aquatic en vironment, iron compounds –
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Tic and Tic (in this VSI - a) investigated also the effect of the iron-based fue l modifier on
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human health. The results of acute oral toxicity te sts, acute skin irritation/corrosion tests
in rabbit, and isolated chicken eye tests for ident ifying ocular corrosives and severe
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irritants have been analyzed. In the oral toxicity test and isolated chicken eye test, the
human health. However, the results of the acute de rmal irritation/corrosion test in rabbit
indicated that the modifier is a skin irritant. Acc ordingly, in practical situations of
handling the iron-based fuel modifier, particular a ttention should be paid to contact with
the skin.
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Coal-fired power plants are known as major sources of atmospheric emissions and solid
waste. In the countries dependent on coal as the ma in fuel for power generation,
systematic work is needed for adapting to increasin gly stringent emission regulations. In
the paper by Cao et al. (in this VSI), a novel technology for flue gas pre-treatment in coal-fired power plants was
elements from the gas. Using the results of researc h on wet particle removal, Brownian
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equipment piece called wet phase transition agglome rator (WPTA) was developed. As a
demonstration project, the WPTA and the wet electro static precipitator were combined
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into a wet dust removal system (WDRS), and installe d in a 660 MW ultra-supercritical
power generating unit in China. During test operati on, the concentrations of particles at
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WDRS inlet and outlet, as well as in the wastewater discharged from the system, were
performance significantly because at boiler operati ng loads of 90% and 75%, compared
to system operation without WPTA, the removal effic iency of total suspended particulates
rose 4.01 and 3.17 percentage points, respectively, and at 90% load, the efficiency of
PM1 removal was increased from 68.67% to 83.61%. WP TA was also found to enhance
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the removal of trace elements. Compared to system o peration without WPTA, mass flows
of Hg, As and Mn discharged in the wastewater were increased 4.2, 2.8 and 1.5 times,
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respectively.
As the investment and operation costs of emission c ontrol systems in coal-fired power
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plants are very high, engineering solutions are sou ght for easing the associated economic
burden on power production. This applies also to th e plants equipped with with semi-dry
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flue gas desulfurization (semi-dry FGD) systems tha t produce large amounts of solid
residue contaminated with calcium sulphite. To conv ert this residue into material useful
to, e.g. cement industry, and to avoid landfill dis posal, the study by de Andrade Cruz et
al. (in this VSI) suggested complementing semi-dry FGD by a residue treatment unit that
promotes dry oxidation of calcium sulfite to calciu m sulfate. After sizing the main
equipment of this unit on the basis of pilot-plant data and patents, economic evaluation
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was elaborated of capital expenditure, operational and maintenance costs, and sale of the
treated residue. This allowed the estimation of the levelized cost of produced electrical
energy to assess the impact of the technology on th e price of electricity from a power
plant that uses the proposed residue treatment unit . As a base case, a Brazilian coal-fired
power plant facing decision making process on semi- dry FGD waste destination was
selected.
According to calculation results, the plant equippe d with semi-dry FGD without the
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residue treatment unit, had total levelized cost of energy increased by 0.56% (from 94.44
to 94.97 USD/MWh) due to solid waste disposal. If t he treated semi-dry FGD residue
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was transferred (at zero revenue) as additive to th e cement industry, the levelized cost of
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energy of the power plant would remain approximatel y unchanged because the increase
resulting from the investment and operation and mai ntenance cost of the treatment unit
reduction of 2.83 USD/MWh (about 3%) in the leveliz ed cost of energy (to 92.14
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USD/MWh). In both cases, although the effect of the proposed treatment unit on the total
power plant levelized cost of energy is insignifica nt, residue management problems of
landfill saturation, land use and costs related to landfill maintenance would be solved.
This justifies the implementation of the treatment unit for semi-dry FGD residue in the
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studied power plant and encourages considering appl ication of such treatment units in
Certain waste streams may include materials that ar e difficult to process for recycling or
compounds (flame retardants) known for their danger ous properties including
persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential for tox icity, both in animals and in humans.
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In the paper by Kim et al. (in this VSI), research on the processing of bromine-containing epoxy-printed circuit
and thermoplastics, high density polyethylene (HDPE ) and polypropylene (PP) were co-
pyrolyzed over HZSM-5 and HY catalysts. The effects of catalytic co-pyrolysis were
spectrometry.
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The tests indicated successful elimination of the b rominated compounds, mainly bromo-
phenols and –bisphenol, however with elimination ef ficiency that was dependent on the
properties of the thermoplastics and catalysts. The lowest bromine content in the
pyrolysis gas was achieved when HDPE and HY(30), i. e. HY with SiO 2/ Al 2 O 3 ratio equal
to 30, were used as the co-feeding reactant and cat alyst on the pyrolysis of e-PCBs. The
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In oil and gas drilling operations, large volumes o f waste known as drill cuttings (broken
bits of solid material soaked with drilling fluid) are generated posing a risk to the
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environment. The available technologies for treatme nt and final disposal of this waste
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material are differing in multiple aspects so that overall sustainability of the technologies
the common approach is to use indicators that expre U ss the benefit of adding a waste
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management step. In this line of thinking, Almeida et al. (in this VSI) presented a
specificities of drill cuttings. This was illustrat ed by a case study in the area of oil-bearing
geological formations (known as pre-salt area) on t he continental shelf off the coast of
Brazil. The methodology was meant as a tool for con tributing to the decision-making
criteria analysis employing Sustainability Degree ( SD) index (Araújo et al., 2015) .
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disposal, offshore cuttings re-injection and microw ave treatment followed by onshore
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disposal. Process inventories were compiled and use d in the calculation of the SD index
for ranking of alternatives. From the ranking, the offshore discharge of drill cuttings was
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identified as the most sustainable among the evalua ted technologies, followed by
Consumption habits and population growth have drast ically increased the generation of
municipal waste around the world. This leads to ac ute environmental problems in some
developing countries where no adequate waste manage ment systems are available. In
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planning such systems, decisions are needed on the design of waste processing facilities,
sustainable public policies, cooperation among mult iple cities, etc. In the paper by
Santibañez-Aguilar et al. (in this VSI) , a mathematical formulation was proposed for the
optimal planning of a waste management system consi dering both waste from different
neighboring cities divided in several sites, and th e time dependence for the variables and
parameters. The input data were assumed to include potential locations for sites, landfills,
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waste, upper and lower limits, unitary costs for th e different activities carried out in the
waste management system and initial values fo r inventory and order levels. Using
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economic criteria, the model allows to determine th e optimal selection and location of the
entities of the waste management system as well as capacities of processing plants and
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material flows to be transported, processed, store d and sold. The proposed mathematical
formulation can be applied to any waste type, invol U ving different landfills, sites, cities,
The model was applied to a case study in a Mexican region which consists of 5 cities
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divided in 10 sites each; the region includes 10 pr ocessing facilities and 20 landfills.
Collection, storage and processing of five types of waste and several types of subwaste
were considered. The main results were presented as a Pareto curve for the consumed
waste and the net annual profit, and economic chara cteristics were identified for each
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The chemical industry contributes to the environmen tal impacts mainly due to the use of
non-renewable feedstocks and inefficient use of mas s and energy. This leads to excessive
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generation of waste and atmospheric emissions, espe cially carbon dioxide, which
contributes to global warming and climate change. R ather than treating carbon dioxide as
waste, it can be regarded as an alternative chemica l feedstock for the synthesis of fuels
paper by Machado et al. (in this VSI) evaluated the utilization of carbon dioxide as
comprising seven production plants, named Eco-Pole, would aim to increase the
sustainability of the sugarcane bioethanol industry located nearby the complex, using also
both carbon dioxide produced in sugarcane fermenta tion and bioethanol itself as
carbon dioxide to produce chemicals traditionally d erived from fossil raw materials,
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carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and ethylene glycol.
Using Aspen HYSYS software, process simulation was carried out to determine mass and
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energy balances to support the calculation of quant itative performance indexes (including
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net carbon dioxide emissions, energy intensity and water intensity) making it possible to
compare efficiencies of the individual processes ar ranged in the Eco-Pole. The ethylene
oxide plant showed best economic performance, while U the worst performance was found
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for the propylene unit. A multi-criteria analysis r anking sustainability performance
identified the the propylene plant as the poorest p erformer. The estimated cash flow of the
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Eco-Pole indicated deficient economic performance, but with profitability potential that
Nevertheless, the indexes of raw material and energ y consumption of the Eco-Pole were
satisfactory, and due to synergy between the produc tion plants, specific carbon dioxide
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In the paper by Saez et al. (in this VSI), environmental characteristics of the applications
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Taking advantage of nanotechnology, panel lifetim e is increased while the thickness, in-
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Wool. Due to its low thermal conductivity of 0.015 W/(mK), aerogel based panel 10
grave approach was adopted for the environmen tal evaluation of the product life-
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cycle, including its integration into an existing r esidential building and its insulation
The developed model was fed with the data of 5 Euro pean climate zones, to evaluate both
the performance of thermal insulation under differe nt weather conditions and the effect of
depending on the heating source used, and the comparison with other traditional
insulation materials was worked out. In all the stu died weather scenarios, net life-cycle
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environmental benefits were found for the applic ations of the aerogel based panel. Its
advantages including minimization of space occupie d by the insulation are clearly visible
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when the passive house requirements of façade thermal insulation are considered
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with thermal transmittance values in the range betw een 0.1 to 0.15 W/(m²K). This
implies the novel product is suitable for the r etrofit of existing buildings by both,
and economy sectors need to consider both measures to avoid economic losses and
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climate change that are predicted to affect the agr iculture incoming decades, wine sector
deserves special attention as it is extremely vulne rable to climatic risks. However, due to
variables, this sector lacks appropriate adaptation strategies. In order to close the
knowledge gap, Sacchelli et al. (in this VSI) presented a decision support system to identify adaptation strategies for
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of a wine farm’s economic performance when it adopt s measures to cope with climatic
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variability. Average values of parameters character izing climate change and extreme
approach was applied to integrate probability calcu lations, complex system analyses and
operational research.
The resulting model was tested on a case study loca ted in central Italy (Chianti Classico).
To maintain and improve future financial performanc e, organic farming and adjustments
as the average price of wine, were found to have a strong influence on farms’
As a key ingredient of the sustainable development, resource efficiency is about using the
Earth’s resources (metals, minerals, fuels, water, land, timber, fertile soil, clean air) in a
sustainable manner to satisfy society needs, produc ing more value with fewer resources,
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lessening environmental impact and rationalizing co nsumption. It is an essential priority
of the Europe 2020 Strategy and the associated Flag ship Initiative for a resource efficient
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Europe. In order to evaluate the progress of the Eu ropean Union towards the objectives of
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the Flagship Initiative, the paper by Moreno and García-Álvarez (in this VSI)
Index (RECI). This composite index was based on the U calculations of 29 indicators,
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which were grouped in three dimensions. The first d imension benchmarked EU-28
members according to the promotion of waste recycli ng, to the support of research and
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The second dimension benchmarked the countries acco rding to energy efficiency in
residential buildings and the third dimension - acc ording to the development of more
sustainable transport modes. The three dimensions w ere aggregated for a final ranking .
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Using statistical data for 2013, Denmark was indica ted to receive the highest ranking
with a composite index value of 3.35, followed by S weden (3.22) and Finland (3.13). The
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establishment of more effective policies was recomm ended to the member states with the
lowest RECI scores: Slovakia (1.8), Malta (1.92) an d Poland (1.93). It was also
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concluded that despite considerable progress made t owards resource efficiency in the last
decade, the EU needs to intensify the promotion of life-cycle thinking to increase waste
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recycling, to make public passenger transport more attractive, or to increase the energy
4. Concluding remarks
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production. The authors of this article believe tha t the selected papers and addressed
issues will considerably extend the knowledge body published in JCLEPRO and will be
of interest to its readers. The selected papers des cribe recent advances, and provide
insights into future development, in four main fiel ds that are of strategic importance to
the sustainable development: energy issues, water i ssues, environmental engineering and
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management, sustainable engineering solutions and l arge-scale sustainability approaches.
Future SDEWES Conferences will build upon the poten tial of presenting new
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practical experience and disseminating new knowledg e on shaping the future by building
upon the pillars of sustainability. Information on the upcoming events and other related
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activities can be found on the website of the Inter national Centre for Sustainable
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