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Posibles Textos de Ingles Juridico II
Posibles Textos de Ingles Juridico II
juego en línea
Las acciones de las compañías de juegos de azar en línea han perdido más de la mitad de su
valor en la bolsa de valores de Londres hoy, tras un movimiento del Congreso de los Estados
Unidos que prohibió las apuestas por Internet. Si bien ha habido movimientos contra el juego
por Internet en los Estados Unidos durante algún tiempo, esta última acción del Congreso fue
un poco inesperada: la legislación se agregó a un proyecto de ley no relacionado con la
seguridad en los puertos estadounidenses.
Como resultado, las acciones de algunas de las grandes compañías involucradas en este sector
han sufrido mucho daño, perdiendo más de la mitad de su valor. El casino en línea más grande
del mundo, 888, ya suspendió sus operaciones en los EE. UU., Y otra compañía, PartyGaming,
dice que hará lo mismo una vez que la ley se firme.
Es un gran golpe para estas compañías, este es un mercado de seis mil millones de dolares al
año, PartyGaming genera hasta el 78 por ciento de sus ingresos de los Estados Unidos. Para
888, la cifra es de alrededor del 50 por ciento. Sin embargo, si bien el futuro inmediato de
estas empresas parece sombrío, muchos expertos dicen que el deseo de los clientes típicos de
jugar significa que, con el tiempo, probablemente se encontrarán formas de evitar estas
nuevas leyes. Matthew Davies, BBC.
El Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) es una organización de 189 países que trabaja para
fomentar la cooperación monetaria global, asegurar la estabilidad financiera, facilitar el
comercio internacional, promover el alto empleo y el crecimiento económico sostenible y
reducir la pobreza en todo el mundo. Formado en 1994 en la conferencia de bretton Woods,
entró en existencia formal en 1945 con 29 países miembros y con el objetivo de reconstruir el
sistema de pago internacional. Los países contribuyen con fondos a un grupo a través de un
sistema de cuotas del cual los países que experimentan dificultades en la balanza de pagos
pueden pedir dinero prestado.
The European Commission is to open an in-depth investigation into Ikea's corporate tax
structure.
The Commission said Dutch-based Inter Ikea, one of the Swedish giant's two divisions, may
have been given unfair tax advantages by the Netherlands.
European Competition Commissioner Margrethe Vestager said all firms "big or small,
multinational or not, should pay their fair share of tax".
The EU will look at whether Ikea's tax affairs breach EU rules on state aid.
Under EU law, member states cannot give selective tax benefits to multinational groups that
are not available to other firms.
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"The Commission has concerns that two [Dutch] tax rulings may have given Inter Ikea Systems
an unfair advantage compared to other companies," it said.
The move is the latest crackdown by the EU competition authority on tax deals between EU
countries and multi-nationals.
A spokesman for Inter Ikea Group said the way it had been taxed "has in our view been in
accordance with EU rules".
"It is good if the investigation can bring clarity and confirm that," he added.
The Commission's Ikea inquiry is focused on two tax agreements between the Netherlands and
Inter Ikea which it alleges "have significantly reduced" the firm's taxable profits in the
Netherlands.
Netherlands-based Inter Ikea operates the franchise business of Ikea. It collects royalties from
other parts of Ikea and pays little tax on the proceeds.
The Commission says that in 2006, a Dutch tax ruling enabled Inter Ikea to pay a "significant"
annual licence fee to another Ikea unit in Luxembourg, thereby shifting revenue to a
jurisdiction where it remained untaxed.
Then in 2011, after the Luxembourg tax scheme was deemed illegal, Inter Ikea arranged a
second tax ruling with the Netherlands.
This ruling focused on a loan deal with an Ikea unit in Liechtenstein, which enabled Inter Ikea
to shift "a significant part of its franchise profits" to a low-tax jurisdiction.
A senior Dutch EU official said it would look at the details of the case.
Richard Murphy, professor of practice in international political economy at City University, said
Ikea's tax arrangements were "unusually complicated" and as a result, an EU probe was
"inevitable".
"Is their level of tax disproportionate to their overall activity in a country is undoubtedly what
[the European Commission] are looking at here," he said.
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The European Commission is not so much worried about different countries in the European
Union having different tax policies, in fact considering it is supposed to be one, seamless
market, there are a whole range of company tax rates and policies across the EU.
What it does not like are tax deals that are available for one type of company, huge multi-
nationals, but not to everyone else.
Your local High Street furniture store has enough trouble competing with the likes of Ikea, with
its massive stores, name recognition, buying power and marketing budget, without Ikea also
having access to tax breaks that it could never use.
That is why Ikea is just the latest in a long line of giant companies that the European
Competition Commissioner Margrethe Vestager has gone after.
She has already had Amazon, McDonalds and Apple in her sights, and this is big-game hunting;
Apple alone was found to have benefited to the tune of £11.5bn in unfair tax breaks.
The Commission has recently ordered various member states to collect billons of euros' worth
of back taxes from Apple, Starbucks, Amazon and Fiat.
The European Commission is worried that giant companies gain an unfair advantage over
smaller rivals which have no chance of using similar tax schemes.