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1. დიდი გეოგრაფიული აღმოჩენები
1. დიდი გეოგრაფიული აღმოჩენები
saragosas xelSekrulebam faqtobrivad daakanona arsebuli mdgomareoba, romliTac espaneTs rCeboda filipinebi,
portugalias ki _ molukis k-bi. zusti antimeridianiT ki filipinebic portugalias unda darCenoda.
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ukanaskneli didi geografiuli aRmoCena ganxorcielda ukve XIX saukuneSi. 1820w. rusuli eqspedicia fabian gotlib fon
belingshauzenisa da mixail lazarevis meTaurobiT miuaxlovda antarqtidis sanapiros da daafiqsira axali materikis
arseboba, xolo 1821w. amerikeli selapebze monadire jon devisi pirveli adamiani Seiqna, romelic gadavida
axladaRmoCenili kontinentis napirze.
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rom SeenarCunebinaT erTmaneTs Soris 100-miliani manZili. kompaniis mflobelebs egonaT, rom
isini TavianT xarjebs amoiRebdnen oqroTi, zeiTunis zeTiT, RviniT da a.S., magram praqtikulad
arc erTs ar hqonda warmodgenili, rom realurad am koloniebis mTavari saSemosavlo wyaro
gaxdeboda Tambaqos plantaciebi. 1607w. 6 maiss londonis kompaniis mier gagzavnilma samma
gemma gadasxa kolonistebi virjiniaSi (ewoda dedofal elisabedis, `qalwuli dedoflis~ pativsacemad)
da ramdenime xnis Semdeg daaarsa pirveli kolonia _ jeimstauni. kolonistebi, romlebic Tavda-
pirvelad oqros saZieblad iyvnen Camosuli, ganwiruli iyvnen sikvdilisaTvis, rom ara kapitan jon
smiTisa energiuli xelmZRvaneloba da adgilobrivi indielebis mxardaWera (indielebma ingliselebs
aswavles simindis moyvana). am midamoebSi arsebobda 30 tomisagan Semdgari gaerTianeba,
romelsac xelmZRvanelobda pamunkis tomis beladi pouhatani (am saxeliT iyo is cnobili ingliselebi-
saTvis, Tumca namdvili saxeli iyo vahunsonakoki). pouhatanis kargi damokidebuleba kolo-
nistebisadmi mniSvnelovnad iyo ganpirobebuli misi qaliSvilis, matoakas (igive pokahontasi)
daaxloebiT ingliselebTan. koloniam Tavisi krizisi gadaitana 1609-1610 wlebis zamTarSi, rodesac
kolonistebs erTdroulad ramdenime problema daatyda Tavs. gubernatorma de la varma (delavari)
gaagzavna kolonistebis axali partia 500 kacis SemadgenlobiT droebiTi gubernatoris geitsis
xelmZRvanelobiT. geitsi gzaSi iZulebuli gaxda, bermudis kunZulebze darCeniliyo, romlis
misadgomebTanac CaiZira misi ori xomaldi, magram danarCenebma gza ganagrZes da daaxloebiT
400 kaci Cavida jeimsTaunSi, sadac am droisaTvis 80 kaci iyo darCenili da sakvebi aSkarad ar iyo
samyofi yvelasaTvis. amas isic daerTo, rom jon smiTi daSavda Tofiswamlis afeTqebis Sedegad da
iZulebuli gaxda, dabrunebuliyo inglisSi. zamTari umZimesi gamodga: kolonistebma sakvebad
gamoiyenes praqtikulad yvelaferi (cxenebis CaTvliT). gadmocemis Tanaxmad, erT-erTma
kolonistma sakuTari colic ki SeWama. maisSi geitsma, romelmac Tavis xalxTan erTad gacilebiT
iolad gadaitana zamTari bermudis kunZulebze, miaRwia virjinias axlad agebuli ori gemiT, Tumca
mas mxolod 60 kaci daxvda. miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba koloniis datovebis Sesaxeb, magram
ukve daZrul kolonistebs ivnisSi moulodnelad SeefeTa lordi delavari sami gemiTa da 150 axali
kolonistiT. Sedegad, kolonistebi dabrundnen jeimsTaunSi da ganavrces kidec Tavisi samflobeloebi
henrikos (Tan. riCmondi) CaTvliT. koloniis mdgomareoba ki sabolood ganamtkica jon rolfma,
romelmac 1612-1616 wlebSi SeZlo Tambaqos specialuri sortis gamoyvana da amave periodSi
iqorwina pokahontasze, romelic am droisaTvis ukve qristianad iyo monaTluli da saxelad `ledi
rebeka~ erqva (1616w. rolfma Tavisi coli inglisSi waiyvana, sadac indielma `princesam~ didi
yuradReba miipyro, Tumca ukan dabrunebamde mcire xniT adre is yvaviliT gardaicvala). 1619w.
Seikriba koloniis pirveli warmomadgenlobiTi sabWo da amave periodSi koloniaSi Camoyvanili
iqna 90 qali, romlebic miaTxoves kolonistebs. zangebis pirveli gamoCenac swored 1619w. moxda,
rodesac erT-erTma holandielma kapitanma 20 zangi datova koloniaSi garkveuli safasuris
sanacvlod.
miuxedavad warmatebebisa, male kolonias isev daudga mZime dReebi. 1622w. moxda pirveli
didi Setakeba indielebTan. pouhatani ukve gardacvlili iyo da misi adgili daikava Zmam,
openCankanugma, romelmac jeimsTaunze Tavdasxma gadawyvita. SetakebaSi 347 kolonisti
daiRupa (daRupulTa Soris iyo jon rolfic). urTierTobebi indielebTan amis Semdeg didxans metad
daZabuli iyo, rac dasrulda 1644w. kidev erT TavdasxmaSi. ingliselebis msxverpli daaxloebiT
iseTive gamodga, rogorc 22 wliT adre, magram amjerad isini iseTi sisastikiT gauswordnen
indielebs, rogoric manamde arasdros ar momxdara. Sedegad, Tavdasxmebi koloniaze Sewyda.
amave periodSi koloniis mmarTvelobaSi seriozuli cvlilebebi moxda. 1624w. virjinia samefo
koloniad gamocxadda, 1629 wlidan adgilobrivi sabWos Tavyrilobebi yovelwliuri gaxda, Tumca
mxolod 1839w. iqna isini cnobili oficialur organod. 1642 wlidan koloniis gubernatori gaxda uiliam
berkli, romelic Semdgomi 34 wlis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis Sesvenebebis gareSe marTavda kolonias.
1634w., virjiniis samefo koloniad gamocxadebidan 10 wlis Semdeg, Cesapikis yuris CrdiloeT
napirebze dafuZnebul iqna axali kolonia, romelsac dedofal henrieta marias (Carlz I-is meuRle)
pativsacemad merilendi ewoda. es iyo pirveli kolonia, romelsac ara romelime kompania, aramed
kerZo piri flobda. kolonia mefem uwyaloba jorj kalverts, lord baltimors. kalverti, romelic Riad
aRiarebda kaTolicizms 1625 wlidan, kolonias ganixilavda TavSesafrad ingliseli kaTolikeebisaTvis
(es ukanasknelni inglisSi idevnebodnen). kolonia daafuZna misma vaJma, sesil kalvertma. mefis
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mier boZebuli qartiiT, mflobels praqtikulad damoukidebeli monarqis uflebebi eniWeboda im
pirobiT, rom adgilobrivi kanonebi inglisis kanonebTan unda yofiliyo msgavsebaSi moyvanili.
kolonia Tavdapirvelad fermerebze iyo orientirebuli, magram male, virjiniis msgavsad, Tambaqoze
aRmoCnda damokidebuli. kalvertebma, kromvelisa da uiliam III-is mmarTvelobis periodis garda,
praqtikulad damoukideblobamde omamde SeinarCunes TavianTi samflobelo uflebebi merilendze.
londonis kompaniisagan gansxvavebiT, plimuTis kompanias gacilebiT meti dro dasWirda
koloniebis Camosayalibeblad. 1607w. iyo pirveli aseTi mcdeloba md. sagadahokis (Tan. menis
teritoria) midamoebSi, magram is uSedegod dasrulda. mxolod 1620w., virjiniis kompaniis
reorganizaciis Semdeg (ganaxlebul kompanias ewoda niu inglendis _ axali inglisis _ sabWo)
ganaxlda mcdelobebi, Tumca sanam es organizebul xasiaTs miiRebda, puritani piligrimebisagan
Semdgarma jgufma daaarsa plimuTis yuris kolonia (inglisis saporto qalaqis mixedviT). es
garkveulwilad SemTxveviTobac iyo. Tavdapirvelad piligrimebi, romlebic ekuTvnodnen puritanebis
yvelaze ufro mkacr seqtas _ separatistebs. aRniSnuli jgufis wevrebma 1607w., devnis SiSiT,
datoves inglisi da holandiaSi, kerZod leidenSi gadabargdnen, magram aTi wlis Semdeg
`aRmoaCines~, rom iq maT da maTi Svilebis `ingliselobas... safrTxe emuqreboda~ da gadawyvites
axal samyaroSi, ecadaT bedi. aiRes kidec patenti virjiniisken gasamgzavreblad, magram gzaSi
maTi xomaldi `meiflaueri~ qariSxalSi moxvda da 1620w. 21 noembers miadga keip kods, Tan.
provinsTaunis (masaCusetsis Stati) maxloblad, virjiniisagan Sors, CrdiloeTiT. 66-dRiani
mgzavrobis Semdeg gaTanguli piligrimebis sabednierod maT umal moaxerxes didi zomis indauris
mokvla, rac bednier niSnad miiCnies. mcire Sesvenebis Semdeg maT ganagrZes mgzavroba da 26
dekembers dafuZndnen plimuTis yureSi. zamTari mZime gamodga da kolonistebis raodenoba
ganaxevrda, Tumca uampanoagis tomis indielTa daxmarebis Sedegad maT sirTuleebi gadaitanes,
1621w. ki miiRes patenti miwaze niu inglendis sabWosagan. 1630w. e.w. `bredfordis patentiT~
koloniis sazRvrebi ufro zustad iqna gansazRvruli. kolonia ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT
gansakuTrebulad xelsayrel regionSi sulac ar iyo ganlagebuli, magram mis popularizebas xeli
Seuwyo gubernatoris uiliam bredfordis mier dawerilma `plimuTis kolonizaciis istoriam~
(dasrulebuli iqna 1651w.). koloniam damoukidebeli arseboba Sewyvita 1691w., rodesac is
SeuerTes masaCusetsis kolonias.